Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

JEFFERSON FAJARDO
Group 61
1117527051

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
An electrical transmission line is basically the physical medium through which
the transmission and distribution of electrical energy is carried out, it is made
up of: conductors, support structures, insulators, fittings accessories between
insulators and support structures, and guard cables (used in high voltage lines,
to protect them from atmospheric discharges); The study of the electrical
characteristics in the conductors of the lines is of utmost importance, these
cover the parameters impedance and admittance, the first is made up of the
resistance and inductance uniformly distributed along the line and is
represented as an element in Serie. The second is made up of susceptance and
conductance and in this case it is represented as a parallel element, the
conductance represents the leakage currents between the conductors and the
insulators, this is practically negligible so it is not considered an influential
parameter.
2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
Input impedance, Z IN or input resistance as it is often called, is an important
parameter in the design of a transistor amplifier and allows amplifiers to be
characterized according to their effective input and output impedances, as well
as their powers and current ratings.
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
The Standing Wave Ratio or SWR refers to the geometric ratio between the
maximum value and the minimum value of the voltage amplitude observed in
an electrical standing wave condition such as it would be along a transmission
line.
c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
Electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of electrical power
transmission lines. This quantity is usually designated by the letter θ.
It is defined as the product between the phase constant of the wave and the
distance at which they are separated from the load.
3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of
waves?

Is a special polar diagram containing resistance circles, constant reactance

circles, constant standing wave ratio circles, and radial curves representing the
offset loci on a constant value line; used in troubleshooting waveguides and
transmission lines
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 61 corresponds to the
group number and 051 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.2𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (61 + 10)𝜇𝑚
𝑎 = 2𝑥10−4 𝑚
𝑏 = 2𝑥10−2 𝑚
𝑡 = 7.1𝑥10−5 𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.1 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 51 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Frequency= 𝑓 = 51𝑥103 𝐻𝑧

Initially we will calculate the depth of penetration with the following formula:
𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝒑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎
√𝝅𝒇𝝈𝒄 𝝁𝟎 √𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 ∗ 𝟓𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑯𝒛 ∗ 𝟒. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑺𝒎/𝒎 ∗ 𝟒𝝅𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎 . 𝑲𝒈 . 𝑪−𝟐

Values in GeoGebra
 a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
1 1 1
R= ( + )
2πσc δρ a b
1 1 1
R= ( + )
2 ∗ 3.1416 ∗ 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 ∗ 1.075𝑥10−5 2𝑥10 −2 2𝑥10−4
Values in GeoGebra
R = (0.00003443)(5050) = 0.1738 𝑚Ω/𝑚
Values in GeoGebra

𝝁𝟎 𝑏
L= 𝐿𝑛 ( )
2π a
𝟒𝝅𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎 . 𝑲𝒈 . 𝑪−𝟐 2𝑥10−4
L= 𝐿𝑛 ( ) = −9.21𝑥10−7 𝑛𝐻/𝑚
2 ∗ 3.1416 2𝑥10−2

Values in GeoGebra

2π ε
C=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (a )

2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 1,86𝑥10−11
C= = −2,54𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
2𝑥10−4
𝐿𝑛 ( )
2𝑥10−2
Values in GeoGebra

2π σc
G=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (a )

2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

G= = −586683204,0693 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
2𝑥10−4
𝐿𝑛 ( )
2𝑥10−2
Values in GeoGebra
 b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

γ = ±√(R + jωL)(G + jωC)

𝛄
𝒎Ω 𝑺𝒎
= ±√(𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟖 + 𝐣 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟏𝟕 ∗ −𝟗. 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒏𝑯/𝒎) (−𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟐, 𝟏𝟓𝟏 + 𝐣𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟏𝟕 ∗ −𝟐, 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎)
𝒎 𝒎
= 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟑 + 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟏𝒋

Values in GeoGebra

R + jωL
z0 = √
G + jωC

𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟖 𝒎Ω/𝒎 + 𝐣 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟏𝟕 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒏𝑯/𝒎

z0 = √ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 + 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒋
𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟐, 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝑺𝒎/𝒎 + 𝐣𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟏𝟕 ∗ 𝟐, 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎

Values in GeoGebra

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
 Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.
𝛼 = (498912.30476)(−8.68) = −4330558.805
𝛽 = 806.403349𝑗

Values in GeoGebra

propagation velocity
𝑤 1489114.917
𝑣𝑝 = = = 1846.6118𝑗 + 0
𝛽 806.403349𝑗

Values in GeoGebra

Wavelength
2𝜋 2∗3.1416
𝜆= = = 7.79 × 10−3 𝑚
𝛽 −806.403349𝑗

Values in GeoGebra
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝, 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚.
In this case, they give us the dimensions of the coaxial cable, such as its
radius, among others that facilitate calculations such as the propagation speed,
the length of the propagation wave that depends on the attenuation frequency
of the signal that is transmitting. the coaxial cable.

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 61 𝑚 long and

the wavelength is 51 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Input Impedance
2𝜋 2 ∗ 3.1416
𝑧𝐿 + 𝑗𝑧0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐿) (35 − 𝑗75) + 75 tan ( ∗ 61)
𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧𝑜 ( 𝜆 ) = (75)( 0.051
2𝜋 2 ∗ 3.1416
𝑧0 + 𝑗𝑧𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐿) 75 + (35 − 𝑗75) tan ( ∗ 61)
𝜆 0.051
𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 62.8535 − 27.1442𝑗

Values in GeoGebra

Reflection Coefficient

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 (35 − 75𝑗) − 75
Γ= = = 0.069 − 0.6346𝑗
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 (35 − 75𝑗) + 75
 Values in GeoGebra

standing wave ratio

1 + |Γ| 1 + (0.069 − 0.6346𝑗)

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 0.4667 − 0.9997𝑗
1 − |Γ| 1 − (0.069 − 0.6346𝑗)

Values in GeoGebra

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛, Γ and VSWR.
These calculations indicate the reflection coefficient of a coaxial cable and the
Angle that is reflected depending on the impedance of the cable material, in
order to determine how much electromagnetic wave signal can be transported
that translates into clarity or sharpness on arrival of the arrival of the signal by
this means.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
 Figure 3: Letter of Smith.

Video link

URL:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HllshfhJn0k&feature=youtu.be&ab_chann
el=jefersonfajardobarrera

References

Reference 1:

Examples of reference formats:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the
book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

EBook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved
from http: // ...
Chapter of an electronic book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the
book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http:
// ...