Chapter 2
Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.1 A pile driver, having a mass of 500 kg,
is released from rest. It falls for a distance of 25
m when it strikes the piling. What is the ideal
velocity of the pile driver just before impact?
Let g = 9.81 m/s2.
2.2 An elevator, having a mass of 10,000
kg, is to be raised a distance of 150 m at a
location where the acceleration of gravity is 9.81
m/s2. What is the minimum work required?
2.3 A jet of water is being delivered in a
vertical direction from a nozzle with a velocity
of 95 ft/s at a location where g = 32.174 ft/s2.
What is the ideal velocity of the jet at a point
that is 100 ft directly above the nozzle?
2.4 A hydraulic turbine receives water from
a reservoir at an elevation of 100 m above it.
What is the minimum water flow, in kg/s, to
produce a steady turbine output of 50,000 kW?
2.5 Water flows over a waterfall at the rate
of 5,000,000 gal/h and drops 200 ft. Determine
the ideal amount of power (in kilowatts) that can
be generated by a power plant located at the
bottom of the fall.
2.6 The mass of an automobile and its
occupants is 2000 kg. What is the minimum
energy needed to bring the automobile from rest
to a speed of 88 km/h?
2.7 A linear spring is initially at its free
length. It is then compressed 25 cm, if the
average applied force is measured to be 125 N,
what is the spring constant in N/m?
2.8 A linear spring has a spring constant of
100 N/m. How much work is needed to stretch it
from a free length of 1.5 m to a final length of
2.0 m?
2.9 A 25-kg mass falls from rest for a
distance of 5.0 m until it hits a linear spring that
is initially at its equilibrium position. If all the
energy of the falling body goes into compressing
the spring, how far will the spring be deflected?
The spring constant is 500 N/m.
2.10 A 12-V storage battery delivers current
at the rate of 40 A. In a 30-min period, the heat
lost from the battery is 90 kJ. What is the change
in internal energy of the battery for the
discharging period?
2.11 In charging a battery, it is supplied with
45 A at 12 V for a period of 30 min. During this
time, the heat loss from the battery is 100 Btu.
Determine the change in internal energy of the
battery in this period.
2.12 A closed system undergoes a process
during which 150 kJ of heat is added to it. The
system is then restored to its initial state. If heat
transfer and work transfer for the second process
are 50 kJ and +75 kJ, respectively, what is the
work transfer for the first process?
2.13 The stored energy of a closed system
decreases by 5 kJ while 50 kJ of work is done to
it. Determine the amount of heat transfer to or
from the system.
2.14 The pressure, specific volume, and
internal energy of a fluid at a given state are 100
kPa, 1.8 m3/kg, and 2500 kJ/kg, respectively.
Calculate the enthalpy (in kJ/kg) of the fluid at
this state.
2.15 The pressure, specific volume, and
enthalpy of a fluid at a certain state are 50 kPa,
3.0 m3/kg, and 1560 kJ/kg, respectively.
Calculate the internal energy (in kJ/kg) of the
fluid at this state.
2.16 One kilogram of fluid undergoes a
quasi-static process inside a cylinder at a
constant pressure of 250 kPa. If 75 kJ of heat is
removed while its volume changes from 0.5 m3
to 0.2 m3, determine
(a) the change of internal energy of the fluid
in kJ.
(b) the change of enthalpy of the fluid in kJ.
2.17 Show in the figure below, a cycle
consisting of three processes executed by a
closed system. Process 1-2 is quasi-static at
constant volume, process 2-3 is quasi-static at
constant pressure, and process 3-1 is not quasi-
static. Determine the net heat transfer for the
cycle if work done by the system along the non-
quasi-static process is 200 kJ.
2.18 Water at 25°C flows through a pipe with
an inside diameter of 5.0 cm. Calculate the
mass-flow rate of water (in kg/s) through the
pipe if the average velocity of water is 3.0 m/s.
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
2.19 Water at 25°C is being drained through
a circular hole at the bottom of a tank with an
average velocity of 15 m/s. The diameter of the
hole is 10 cm. What is the rate of change of
water in the tank?
2.20 Air flows through a compressor under
steady-state steady-flow conditions. At the
compressor suction, the specific volume and
velocity of air are 12 ft3/lbm and 100 ft/s,
respectively, the compressor discharge, the
specific volume and velocity of air are 4 ft 3/lbm
and 160 ft/s, respectively. Determine the ratio of
the diameter of the discharge pipe to that of the
suction pipe.
2.21 Crude oil flows into a storage tank at the
steady rate of 5 m3/min. At the same time, crude
oil is pumped out of the game tank at the steady
rate of 260,000 kg/h. After 2 h of operation,
what is the change of crude oil (in kilograms) in
the storage tank? The density of the crude oil is
700 kg/m3.
2.22 A water pump takes suction from a
cylindrical tank having diameter of 1.5 m. If the
mass-flow rate of water through the pump is 500
kg/s, what is the rate of change of the liquid
level in the tank?
2.23 Water flowing in a stream contains 1000
ppm salt. The salt concentration is found to be
1100 ppm after 10 lbm/h of salt has been dumped
into the stream by industrial plants. What is the
flow rate of water in the stream? Give your
answer in lbm/h and gal/ min. (Note: ppm = parts
of salt per million parts of water, by weight.)
2.24 A vapor is compressed in a water-
jacketed compressor under steady-state steady-
flow conditions. The enthalpy of the vapor at the
inlet and. at the outlet is 185 kJ/kg and 210
kJ/kg, respectively. If heat removed from the
vapor is 10% of the work input, what is the
power input in kilowatts for a flow rate of 75
kg/min? Changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy are negligible.
2.25 Calculate the enthalpy of 1 lbm of fluid
which occupies a volume of 10 ft3 if the internal
energy is 450 Btu/lbm and the pressure is 85 psia.
2.26 A fluid enters a steady-state steady flow
work-producing device at a rate of 1.0 lb m/s. The
enthalpy and velocity of the fluid at the entrance
are 100 Btu/lbm and 300 ft/s, respectively. At the
exit, the enthalpy and velocity are 75 Btu/lb m
and 50 ft/s, respectively. If the process is
adiabatic, and if the change in potential energy is
negligible, what is the horsepower output of the
device?
2.27 If we want to design a diffuser so that
the enthalpy of the working fluid will be
increased by 40 kJ/kg, what must be the velocity
of the fluid at the inlet of the diffuser? Heat
transfer and velocity at the outlet of the diffuser
are both negligible.
2.28 A fluid expands in a turbine under
steady-state steady-flow conditions. It enters the
turbine with a velocity of 3.0 m/s through a 2.5-
cm-diameter pipe. At the entrance, the enthalpy
of the fluid is 2400 kJ/kg and the specific
volume is 0.34 m3/kg. At the exit, the enthalpy
is 2100 kJ/kg. Neglecting heat transfer and
changes in kinetic and potential energies, what is
the power output of the turbine in kilowatts?
2.29 A nozzle is to be designed to produce an
outlet velocity of 800 m/s under steady-state
steady-flow conditions. Neglecting inlet velocity
and heat transfer, what must be the drop in
enthalpy (in kJ/kg) of the working fluid?
2.30 Steam enters a nozzle steadily with a
velocity of 100 ft/s and an enthalpy of 1280
Btu/lbm and leaves with an enthalpy of 1160
Btu/lbm. Neglecting heat transfer, what is the
velocity of steam at the nozzle outlet?
2.31 A gas expands quasi-statically inside a
cylinder from 5000 kPa to 600 kPa according to
the equation Pv = 100, where P is the pressure in
kPa and v is the specific volume in m3/kg.
Determine the work done by the gas in kJ/kg.
2.32 Air enters a diffuser with a velocity of
1000 ft/s and temperature of 60°F and leaves
with a velocity of 100 ft/s. What is the
temperature of air at the diffuser outlet? Neglect
heat transfer and assume that the relationship
between enthalpy and temperature for air is
h = 0.24T + ho, Btu/lbm,
where T is in °R and ho is a constant.
2.33 Air enters a diffuser with a velocity of
300 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 15 m/s and
a temperature of 100°C. What is the temperature
of air at the diffuser inlet? Neglect heat transfer
and assume that the relationship between
enthalpy and temperature
for air is h = T + ho, kJ/kg
where T is in Kelvin and ho is a constant.
2.34 A steady flow of steam enters a
condenser with an enthalpy of 2330 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 850 m/s. The condensate leaves the
condenser with an enthalpy of 140 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 6 m/s. What is the amount of heat
given to the cooling medium by each kilogram
of steam condensed?
2.35 Steam enters a radiator steadily at 15
psia. At the entrance, the specific volume and
enthalpy of the steam are 26.29 ft3/lbm and
1160.9 Btu/lbm, respectively. After condensing
in the radiator, the condensate leaves at a
pressure of 15 psia. At the exit, the specific
volume and enthalpy are 0.01673 ft 3/lbm and
181.2 Btu/lbm, respectively. If changes in kinetic
and potential energies are negligible, what is the
heat transfer from the radiator per lbm of steam?
2.36 A piston, having a diameter of 25 cm,
moves a distance of 10 m when acted on by a
constant gas pressure of 500 kPa. Neglecting
friction, determine the work done by the gas.
2.37 A gas expands quasi-statically in a
piston—cylinder arrangement against the
atmosphere and a spring. Initial pressure and
volume are 400 kPa and 0.2 m3, respectively.
The final volume of the gas is 0.6 m 3. Determine
the work done by the gas if the spring force is
proportional to the volume of the gas. The
atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.

2.38 Fifty pounds of air are compressed

quasi-statically in a cylinder at a constant
pressure of 25 psia from an initial volume of 415
ft3 to a final volume of 400 ft 3. It is found that
the amount of heat removed from the air is 243
Btu. Determine:

(a) the change of internal energy of the air.

(b) the change of enthalpy of the air.

2.39 A gas in a rigid vessel is initially at 100

kPa and 25°C. Heat is then added to it in the
amount of 30 kJ. If the increase in enthalpy of
the gas is 40 kJ, what is the final pressure of the
gas in kPa? The volume of the vessel is 0.50 m3.