c

 


c


 


Formulas:

y Einstein¶s photoelectric equation:

Kmax=hRJo
y E= hR
y E= Kmax+Jo
y Jo= hRS
y Kmax=eRSwhere e is charge of e-
y H=6.63 x 10-34 (unitè Js)
D
y P= = mv , where p is momentum


m is mass
v is velocity


y R=

y C= 3 x 108 m/s
y Broglie¶s relation:
D D
P= =
 
o these are all the formulas and constants that
you¶ll use in this chapter.
:=)

Definitions:

y Work function:

Defn- Amount of energy required to pull an

e- out of metal surface.
ymbol- JS
Unit- eV

y Electron volt:

Defn-1 eV is the energy gained by an e-

when it has been accelerated by a potential
difference of 1 volt.

1 eV=1.602 x 10-19J

y Threshold frequency
 Defn- minimum amount of frequency to eject
out an e-
ymbol- RS

y Photosensitive substances- some alkali
metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium,
caesium, and rubidium, sensitive to even
visible light. i.e. less threshold frequency
needed for them to emit e-.

y aturated current- when accelerating

potential difference does not increase the
photocurrent, then that maximum
photocurrent is called saturated current. 

y Cut off / stopping potential- for a certain
frequency of radiation, the minimum ±ve
potential difference applied to a plate for
which the photocurrent stops.







›iscellaneous

y Electrons can be emitted by three ways:

-thermal emission
-field emission
-photo-electric emission- when light of suitable
frequency is illuminated on a metal surface,
electrons are emitted out of it. (phenomena
discovered by heinrich hertz)

y No. of photoelectrons emitted per second is

directly proportional to the intensity of incident
radiation.
y For a given frequency of incident radiation, the
stopping potential is independent of its intensity.
y aturation current is directly proportional to
intensity
y Kinetic energy of electrons ejected or stopping
potential is proportional to frequency of light but
independent of intensity
y Photoelectric emission is an instantaneous
process
y Wave theory of light cannot explain:
- Independence of Kmax on intensity
- Existence of threshold frequency(RS
- Instantaneous nature of the process of
electron emission without any time lag.
y According to Einstein, radiation energy is built
up of discrete units called quanta of energy of
radiation.
y Each quanta has energy hRwhere h is plank¶s
constant and Ris the frequency of light.
y In photoelectric effect en electron absorbs a
quantum of energy

y If the quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the

minimum energy needed for an electron to
emit(JS), the electron is emitted with maximum
kinetic energy

Kmax= hRJ

è hRJ!eRS

divide by e.

l 
è

y=mx+c
-

}
= RS
Î

 l
slope=

y Properties of photon:
energy= hR
l
- momentum=


- speed= c, where c is the speed of light
- chargeless
- massless
- can¶t be deviated by electric or magnetic
field
- photon is not conserved
y Broglie said that if radiation shows dual aspects,
so should matter and proposed a relation:

D D
P= =
 

where h is plank¶s constant

p is momentum
m is mass
v is speed of matter
y De Broglie wavelength of 1 electron:

i i
K= mv2 = p2/m (p=mv)

i
è K= p2/m

è 2 Km= p2

è —
= p2

è — =p (K=eR

D D
è P= =
—


i

è nm
—

Where h is plank¶s constant

e is charge of e-
m is mass of e-
y Davisson and germer: the wave nature of
electron was experimentally verified by them in
1927 who observed diffraction effects with
beams of electron scattered by crystals.
y From their experiment, the wavelength of matter
was found to be 0.165nm
And de Broglie wavelength for electron with
R=54
D i

P= = nm
 —
=0.167 nm

Therefore, the experiment confirms de broglie¶s

hypothesis.

:=)