Laplace Not Solved Examples

Overview of Laplace Transforms for Circuit Analysis
• Passive element equivalents

• Review of ECE 221 methods in s domain
• Examples
J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Laplace Circuits Ver. 1.64 1
Prerequisite and New Knowledge
Prerequisite knowledge
• Ability to find Laplace transforms of signals
• Ability to find inverse Laplace transforms
• Ability to perform DC circuit analysis using all of the standard
methods
New knowledge
• Ability to solve for any current or voltage in a circuit with the
basic linear elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors, op amps,
switches, and sources)
• No longer restricted to DC or sinusoidal steady-state analysis
Example 1: Circuit Analysis
We can use the Laplace transform for circuit analysis if we can define
the circuit behavior in terms of a linear ODE.
For example, solve for v(t). Check your answer using the first-order
response methods discussed in ECE 221.
i(0-) = -2 mA
5 kΩ +
10 u(t) 5 mH v(t)
Example 1:Workspace
Hint: [r,p,k] = residue([-2e-3 2e3],[1 1e6 0])
r = -0.0040, 0.0020,
p = -1000000, 0
k = []
Example 1:Workspace
Laplace Transform Circuit Analysis Overview
• LPT is useful for circuit analysis because it transforms differential
equations into an algebra problem
• Our approach will be similar to the phasor transform
1. Solve for the initial conditions
– Current flowing through each inductor
– Voltage across each capacitor
2. Transform all of the circuit elements to the s domain
3. Solve for the s domain voltages and currents of interest
4. Apply the inverse Laplace transform to find time domain
expressions
• How do we know this will work?
Kirchhoff’s Laws
N
N

vk (t) = 0 Vk (s) = 0
k=1 k=1
M
M

ik (t) = 0 Ik (s) = 0
k=1 k=1
• Kirchhoff’s laws are the foundation of circuit analysis

– KVL: The sum of voltages around a closed path is zero
– KCL: The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum
of currents leaving a node
• If Kirchhoff’s laws apply in the s domain, we can use the same
techniques that you learned last term (ECE 221)
• Apply the LPT to both sides of the time domain expression for
these laws
• The laws hold in the s domain
Defining s Domain Equations: Resistors
i(t) R I(s) R
+ v(t) - + V(s) -
v(t) = R i(t) V (s) = R I(s)

• Generalization of Ohm’s Law
• As with KCL & KVL, the relationship is the same in the s domain
as in the time domain
• Note that we used the linearity property of the LPT for both
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws
Defining s Domain Equations: Inductors
i(t) L
I0
s
+ v(t) -
L I0
I(s) Ls I(s) Ls
+ V(s) - + V(s) -

di(t) 1 t
v(t) = L i(t) = v(τ ) dτ + I0
dt L 0-
1 1
V (s) = L [sI(s) − I0 ] I(s) = V (s) + I0
sL s
V (s) = sLI(s) − LI0
Where I0 i(0- )
Defining s Domain Equations: Capacitors
i(t) C CV0
+ v(t) -
V0
1 1
s
sC sC
I(s) I(s)
+ V(s) - + V(s) -

dv(t) 1 t
i(t) = C v(t) = i(τ ) dτ + V0
dt C 0-

1 1 1
I(s) = C [sV (s) − V0 ] V (s) = I(s) + V0
C s s
1 V0
I(s) = sCV (s) − CV0 V (s) = I(s) +
sC s
Where V0 v(0- )
s Domain Impedance and Admittance
V (s)
Impedance: Z(s) =
I(s)
I(s)
Admittance: Y (s) =
V (s)
• The s domain impedance of a circuit element is defined for zero
initial conditions
• This is also true for the s domain admittance
• We will see that circuit s domain circuit analysis is easier when we
can assume zero initial conditions
i(0-) = -2 mA
5 kΩ +
10 u(t) 5 mH v(t)
Solve for v(t) using s-domain circuit analysis.
Example 2: Workspace
t=0 1 kΩ +
sin(1000t) 1 μF vo
Given vo (0) = 0, solve for vo (t) for t ≥ 0.
Hint: [r,p,k] = residue([1e6],conv([1 0 1e6],[1 1e3]))
r = [ 0.5000, -0.2500 - 0.2500i, -0.2500 + 0.2500i]
p = 1.0e+003 *[ -1.0000, 0.0000 + 1.0000i, 0.0000 - 1.0000i]
k = []
[abs(r) angle(r)*180/pi]
ans = [ 0.5000 0, 0.3536 -135.0000, 0.3536 135.0000]
Example 3: Plot of Results
1 Total
Transient
0.8 Steady State
0.6
0.4
vo (t) (V)
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (ms)
50 Ω
50 Ω 100 Ω
t=0
175 Ω
175 Ω
10 mF +
v 10 mH
40 V
-
Solve for v(t).
Hint: [r,p,k] = residue([1e-3 20 0],[1 21.25e3 10e3])
r = [-1.2496, -0.0004]
p = [-21250,-0.4706]
k = [0.0010]
Example 5: Parallel RLC Circuits
i(t) C L R v(t)
-
Find an expression for V (s). Assume zero initial conditions.
0.125 μF 8H 20 kΩ v
iL
-
Given v(0) = 0 V and the current through the inductor is

iL (0- ) = −12.25 mA, solve for v(t).
Hint: [r,p,k] = residue([98e3],[1 400 1e6])
r = [ 0 -50.0104i, 0 +50.0104i]
p = 1.0e+002 * [ -2.0000 + 9.7980i, -2.0000 - 9.7980i]
k = []
[abs(r) angle(r)*180/pi]
ans =[ 50.0104 -90.0000, 50.0104 90.0000]
Example 6: Plot of v(t)
60
40
v(t) (V)
20
−20
−40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (ms)
Example 6: MATLAB Code
function [] = RLCImpulse ();
figure ;
FigureSet (1 , ’ Slides ’ );
t = 0:0 .01e -3:40 e -3;

v = 100* exp ( -200* t ) . * sin (979 .8 * t );
t = t *1 e3 ;
h = plot ([0 t ( end )] ,[0 0] , ’k ’ );
set (h , ’ LineWidth ’ ,0 .2 );
hold on ;
h = plot (t ,v , ’b ’ );
set (h , ’ LineWidth ’ ,1 .2 );
hold off ;
xlim ([0 max ( t )]);
ylim ([ min ( v ) -0 .025 * range ( v ) max ( v )+0 .025 * range ( v )]);
box off ;
AxisSet (8);
xlabel ( ’ Time ( ms ) ’ );
ylabel ( ’v(t) ( V ) ’ );
FigureLatex ;
print ( ’ RLCImpulse ’ , ’ - depsc ’ );
0.25 v1(t)
10 kΩ v1(t) 20 mH
v2(t)
6 u(t) 0.1 μF 14 kΩ
Write the nodal analysis and mesh equations that would permit you to
solve for V2 (s). Assume zero initial conditions.
+
v(t) R vo(t)
-
iL
L
Find an expression for vo (t) given that v(t) = e−αt u(t) and
iL (0) = I0 A.
Summary
• The Laplace transform permits us to solve for currents and circuits
with arbitrary independent source signals
– No longer restricted to DC and sinusoidal steady-state sources
• Laplace transform is easier than solving circuit ODEs directly
• Perform an “s domain” circuit analysis directly
– Kirchoff’s laws still hold
– Resistors act like resistors
– Capacitors and inductors now act like Thévenin or Norton
equivalents
• Requires ability to find Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace
transforms

Laplace Not Solved Examples

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Overview of Laplace Transforms for Circuit Analysis

• Passive element equivalents

• Kirchhoﬀ’s laws are the foundation of circuit analysis

v(t) = R i(t) V (s) = R I(s)

Solve for v(t) using s-domain circuit analysis.

Given vo (0) = 0, solve for vo (t) for t ≥ 0.

ans = [ 0.5000 0, 0.3536 -135.0000, 0.3536 135.0000]

Solve for v(t).

Find an expression for V (s). Assume zero initial conditions.

Given v(0) = 0 V and the current through the inductor is

ans =[ 50.0104 -90.0000, 50.0104 90.0000]

function [] = RLCImpulse ();

t = 0:0 .01e -3:40 e -3;

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