Current Electricity EMF,

LECTURE 8 Internal Resistance &

Combination of Cells
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Cause of flow of Current

The cause of flow of current through a conductor

is potential difference applied across its ends.

+ -

This is done by connecting a source of electric energy

(or emf) across the conductor, called cell.
Concept of Battery

Maintains potential difference across its terminals

+ -
Concept of Battery

Fb: Internal Force due to battery’s mechanism

+ - that makes the charges inside the battery move

Fb
Concept of Battery

+ -

Fb

Fb: Internal Force due to battery mechanism (Non-

Electrostatic in Nature)

Makes the charges inside the battery move

Concept of Battery In steady state

Fb =
+ -

Fb
If a charge q is taken from the negative terminal
to the positive terminal, the work done by
the battery force Fb is

Wb = Fbd = qEd = qV

V: Potential diff between terminals

Battery & EMF

EMF is work done by the battery per unit charge

V: Potential diff across terminals

ε: Electromotive Force or emf

Fb: Non-electrostatic force of battery

Battery & EMF

E & Fe decreases as free electrons accumulate

+ on +ve terminal. Fb remains same as before

-

Fb

Net force on positive charge inside the battery

Battery drives positive charges from negative

terminal to positive inside the battery
Battery & EMF

EMF (ε) of battery is potential difference between its terminals

when terminals are not connected externally.

+ -
Internal Resistance of a Battery

Resistance offered by the conductors placed inside the battery

ε
r

ε
r
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Determine the current delivered by the battery:

A. 1A
5V 1Ω
B. 2A

C. 3A

D. 4A
9Ω
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

The internal resistance of cell is 0.1 Ω and its emf is 2V.

When a current of 2 A is being drawn from it,
the potential difference across its terminals will be -

A. more than 2V

B. 2V

C. 1.8V

D. none of the above

 Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

When a cell is connected to 1 ohm resistance, 1 ampere current flows

through the circuit. When 3 ohm resistance issued then 0.5 amp
current flows, then internal resistance of the cell is -
A. 1 ohm

B. 1.5 ohm

C. 2 ohm

D. 2.5 ohm
Cells in Series

r1 r2 r3 rn

A B
Cells in Series

r1 r2 r3 rn req

A B A B

𝛆eq = 𝛆1 + 𝛆2 + 𝛆3 + ………… + 𝛆n

req = r1 + r2 + r3 + ………… + rn

If all cells in series are identical?

Identical Cells in Series
If n identical cells are in series

r r r r
𝛆eq = n𝛆 req = nr

n
i=?
R
 Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Negative terminal of 4 V cell (internal resistance 1 Ω is connected to
positive terminal of another 2 V cell with same internal resistance. What
is the current in the load resistor 10Ω due to combination of these two:
A. ¼ A 4V 2V
1Ω
1Ω
B. ⅙ A
C. ½A
D. None of these 10Ω
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

3 identical cells (ε, r) are connected in series such that

negative terminal of one cell is connected to positive terminal
of the next one. If polarity of one such cell is reversed the
equivalent emf of combination will be:

A. 𝞮eq = 𝞮

B. 𝞮eq = 2𝞮
C. 𝞮eq = 3𝞮
D. None of these
 Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

n identical cells (ε, r) are connected in series such that

negative terminal of one cell is connected to positive terminal
of the next one. If polarity of one such cell is reversed the
equivalent emf of combination will be:
A. 𝞮eq = n𝞮

B. 𝞮eq = (n-1)𝞮
C. 𝞮eq = (n-2)𝞮
D. None of these
Cells in Parallel
r1

r2

A r3 B
A req B
rn
Cells in Parallel
r1

r2

A r3 B

rn
Cells in Parallel
r1

r2
r3 A req B
A B

rn

If all cells in parallel are identical?

Identical Cells in Parallel

N identical cells in Parallel

r

A r B

i = ? if connected to external resistor R

 Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

In adjacent circuit, current flowing in 1 Ω resistance will be -

12 V A. 3A
3Ω
1Ω B. 4A

12 V C. 5A
3Ω
D. 6A

3Ω
12 V
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Find current in the 5 Ω resistor

A. 1A

B. 2A

C. 3A

D. 4A
Identical Cells in Multiple Arc

1 2 m m = number of cells in each row.

n = number of rows
A B mn = number of identical cells.

i R
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