ANNA UNIVERSITY (REG 2013)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

MA6251 – ENGINEERING MATHS 2

UNIT-I VECTOR CALCULUS

1. GRADIENT IN VECTOR CALCULAS

A DERIVATIVE FOR EACH VARIABLE OF A FUNCTION. THE GRADIENT

SYMBOL IS USUALLY AN UPSIDE-DOWN DELTA, AND CALLED “DEL”

(THIS MAKES A BIT OF SENSE – DELTA INDICATES CHANGE IN ONE

VARIABLE, AND THE GRADIENT IS THE CHANGE IN FOR ALL VARIABLES)

2. DIVERGENCE IN VECTOR CALCULAS

IN VECTOR CALCULUS, DIVERGENCE IS A VECTOR OPERATOR THAT

OPERATES ON A VECTOR FIELD, PRODUCING A SCALAR FIELD GIVING

THE QUANTITY OF THE VECTOR FIELD'S SOURCE AT EACH POINT

3. CURL IN VECTOR CALCULAS

IN VECTOR CALCULUS, THE CURL IS A VECTOR OPERATOR THAT

DESCRIBES THE INFINITESIMAL CIRCULATION OF A VECTOR FIELD IN

THREE-DIMENSIONAL EUCLIDEAN SPACE.

4. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES

THE RATE OF CHANGE OF F(X,Y)F(X,Y) IN THE DIRECTION OF THE UNIT

VECTOR →U=⟨A,B⟩U→=⟨A,B⟩ IS CALLED THE DIRECTIONAL

DERIVATIVE AND IS DENOTED BY D→UF(X,Y)DU→F(X,Y). THE DEFINITION

OF THE DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE IS,

5. IRROTATIONAL VECTOR FIELDS

AN IRROTATIONAL VECTOR FIELD IS A VECTOR FIELD WHERE CURL IS

EQUAL TO ZERO EVERYWHERE. IF THE DOMAIN IS SIMPLY

CONNECTED (THERE ARE NO DISCONTINUITIES), THE VECTOR FIELD

WILL BE CONSERVATIVE OR EQUAL TO THE GRADIENT OF A FUNCTION

(THAT IS, IT WILL HAVE A SCALAR POTENTIAL)

6. INCOMPRESSIBLE VECTOR FIELS

AN INCOMPRESSIBLE VECTOR FIELD (ALSO KNOWN AS A SOLENOIDAL

VECTOR FIELD) IS ONE IN WHICH DIVERGENCE IS EQUAL TO ZERO

EVERYWHERE. SUCH A VECTOR FIELD WILL HAVE A VECTOR

POTENTIAL (IT WILL BE EQUAL TO THE CURL OF SOME FUNCTION)

 7. SOLINOIDAL VECTOR FIELD

IN VECTOR CALCULUS A SOLENOIDAL VECTOR FIELD (ALSO KNOWN AS

AN INCOMPRESSIBLE VECTOR FIELD, A DIVERGENCE-FREE VECTOR

FIELD, OR A TRANSVERSE VECTOR FIELD) IS A VECTOR

FIELD V WITH DIVERGENCE ZERO AT ALL POINTS IN THE FIELD

8. VECTOR INTEGRATION REFERS TO FOUR TYPES OF INTEGRALS

OF VECTORS:

▪ ORDINARY INTEGRALS, INDEFINITE OR DEFINITE

▪ LINE INTEGRALS: THE VECTOR VALUES WITH RESPECT TO POINTS ON A

LINE

▪ SURFACE INTEGRALS: SUM THE VECTOR VALUES WITH RESPECT TO AN

AREA (PERFORMED AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL FOR EACH COORDINATE)

▪ VOLUME INTEGRALS: SUM THE VECTOR VALUES WITH RESPECT TO A

VOLUME (PERFORMED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL FOR EACH COORDINATE)

9. ORDINERY INTEGRALS

THE ORDINARY (DEFINITE OR INDEFINITE) INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR IS

DONE BY INTEGRATING EACH ORTHOGONAL COMPONENT

SEPARATELY
 10. LINE INTEGRALS

THE LINE INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR IS THE SUMMATION OF THE DOT

PRODUCT OF THE VECTOR FUNCTION WITH THE POSITION VECTOR

ALONG THE CURVE. IN PHYSICS, AN EXAMPLE OF A LINE INTEGRAL IS

THE WORK PERFORMED BY A VECTOR FORCE ALONG AN OBJECT AS IT

MOVES ALONG THE LINE OR PATH

11. SURFACE INTEGRALS

THE SURFACE INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR IS THE SUMMATION OF THE DOT

PRODUCT OF THE VECTOR FUNCTION WITH THE OUTWARD UNIT

NORMAL PERPENDICULAR FOR EACH POINT ON THE SURFACE

12. VOLUME INTEGRALS

THE VOLUME INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR OR NON-VECTOR FUNCTION IS

SIMPLY THE TRIPLE INTEGRAL OF THE FUNCTION OVER THE

ORTHOGONAL COORDINATES OF THE SPACE

13. GREEN’S THEOREM STATEMENT

LET C BE THE POSITIVELY ORIENTED, SMOOTH, AND SIMPLE CLOSED

CURVE IN A PLANE, AND D BE THE REGION BOUNDED BY THE C. IF L AND

M ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF (X, Y) DEFINED ON THE OPEN REGION,

CONTAINING D AND HAVE CONTINUOUS PARTIAL DERIVATIVES, THEN THE

GREEN’S THEOREM IS STATED AS

 14. GAUSS THEOREM

THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM STATES THAT THE SURFACE INTEGRAL OF

A VECTOR FIELD OVER A CLOSED SURFACE, WHICH IS CALLED

THE FLUX THROUGH THE SURFACE, IS EQUAL TO THE VOLUME

INTEGRAL OF THE DIVERGENCE OVER THE REGION INSIDE THE

SURFACE. INTUITIVELY, IT STATES THAT THE SUM OF ALL SOURCES OF

THE FIELD IN A REGION (WITH SINKS REGARDED AS NEGATIVE

SOURCES) GIVES THE NET FLUX OUT OF THE REGION.

15. STOKES THEOREM

THE STOKE’S THEOREM STATES THAT “THE SURFACE INTEGRAL OF

THE CURL OF A FUNCTION OVER A SURFACE BOUNDED BY A CLOSED

SURFACE IS EQUAL TO THE LINE INTEGRAL OF THE PARTICULAR

VECTOR FUNCTION AROUND THAT SURFACE.

16. CUBE

A CUBE IS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE WHICH IS DEFINED XYZ

PLANE. IT HAS SIX FACES, EIGHT VERTICES AND TWELVE EDGES. ALL

THE FACES OF THE CUBE ARE IN SQUARE SHAPE AND HAVE EQUAL

DIMENSIONS
 17. CUBOID

A CUBOID IS ALSO A POLYHEDRON HAVING SIX FACES, EIGHT

VERTICES AND TWELVE EDGES. THE FACES OF THE CUBOID ARE

PARALLEL. BUT NOT ALL THE FACES OF A CUBOID ARE EQUAL IN

DIMENSIONS

18. PARELLELOPIPED

IT IS FORMED BY SIX PARALLELOGRAM SIDES TO RESULT IN A THREE-

DIMENSIONAL FIGURE OR A PRISM, WHICH HAS A PARALLELOGRAM

BASE
UNIT 1 PROBLEMS
 UNIT 2 – ORDINERY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. HIGHER ORDER LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

THE LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF

THE NTH ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS CAN BE WRITTEN

AS

Y(N)(X)+A1Y(N−1)(X)+⋯+AN−1Y′(X)+ANY(X)=0,

WHERE A1,A2,…,AN ARE CONSTANTS WHICH MAY BE REAL OR

COMPLEX.

2. METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETER

3. CAUCHY–EULER EQUATION

IN MATHEMATICS, AN EULER–CAUCHY EQUATION, OR CAUCHY–

EULER EQUATION, OR SIMPLY EULER'S EQUATION IS

A LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS. IT IS SOMETIMES

REFERRED TO AS AN EQUIDIMENSIONAL EQUATION. BECAUSE OF

ITS PARTICULARLY SIMPLE EQUIDIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE THE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION CAN BE SOLVED EXPLICITLY.

4. LEGENDRE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

THE LEGENDRE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IS THE SECOND

ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (ODE) WHICH CAN BE

WRITTEN AS

5. FIRST ORDER LINEAR EQUATION

A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF TYPE

UNIT 2 PROBLEMS
 UNIT 3 – LAPLACE TRANSFORM

1. LAPLACE TRANSFORM

THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM PROVIDES A USEFUL METHOD OF

SOLVING CERTAIN TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WHEN

CERTAIN INITIAL CONDITIONS ARE GIVEN, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE

INITIAL VALUES ARE ZERO

2. TRANSFORM OF ELENTRY CONDITION

A FUNCTION IS SAID TO BE PERIODIC IF IT REPEATS THE SAME

VALUES AFTER A PARTICULAR INTERVAL OR PERIOD. THERE ARE

MANY PHENOMENA LIKE OSCILLATION AND WAVE ETC. THAT

DEMONSTRATE PERIODICITY. MATHEMATICALLY, A FUNCTION IS

PERIODIC IF

3. TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS, DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

LET US SEE HOW THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM IS USED FOR

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. FIRST LET US TRY TO FIND THE LAPLACE

TRANSFORM OF A FUNCTION THAT IS A DERIVATIVE.

4. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF THE UNIT STEP FUNCTION

IN ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, WE FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTER

FUNCTIONS WHOSE VALUES CHANGE ABRUPTLY AT SPECIFIED

VALUES OF TIME T. ONE COMMON EXAMPLE IS WHEN A VOLTAGE

IS SWITCHED ON OR OFF IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AT A

SPECIFIED VALUE OF TIME T

5. LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF IMPULSE FUNCTION

THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF IMPULSE FUNCTION IS A FUNCTION

WHICH EXISTS ONLY AT T = 0 AND IS ZERO, ELSEWHERE. THE

IMPULSE FUNCTION IS ALSO CALLED DELTA FUNCTION. THE UNIT

IMPULSE FUNCTION IS DENOTED AS Δ(T).

6. LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTION

THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF THE PERIODIC FUNCTION F(T) WITH

PERIOD P, EQUALS THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF ONE CYCLE OF

THE FUNCTION, DIVIDED BY

7. INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFOR

IN MATHEMATICS, THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF A

FUNCTION F(S) IS THE PIECEWISE-CONTINUOUS AND

EXPONENTIALLY-RESTRICTED REAL FUNCTION F(T) WHICH HAS THE

PROPERTY:

8. CONVOLUTION THEOREM

IN MATHEMATICS, THE CONVOLUTION THEOREM STATES THAT

UNDER SUITABLE CONDITIONS THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF

A CONVOLUTION OF TWO FUNCTIONS (OR SIGNALS) IS

THE POINTWISE PRODUCT OF THEIR FOURIER TRANSFORMS

UNIT 3 - PROBLEMS
 UNIT 4 – Analytic functions

1. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE

FUNCTIONS OF (X, Y) THAT DEPEND ONLY ON THE COMBINATION (X + IY)

ARE CALLED FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE AND FUNCTIONS OF

THIS KIND THAT CAN BE EXPANDED IN POWER SERIES IN THIS VARIABLE

ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST

2. CAUCHY–RIEMANN EQUATIONS

IN THE FIELD OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS IN MATHEMATICS, THE CAUCHY–

RIEMANN EQUATIONS, NAMED AFTER AUGUSTIN CAUCHY AND BERNHARD

RIEMANN, CONSIST OF A SYSTEM OF TWO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS WHICH, TOGETHER WITH CERTAIN CONTINUITY AND

DIFFERENTIABILITY CRITERIA, FORM A NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT

CONDITION FOR A COMPLEX FUNCTION TO BE COMPLEX DIFFERENTIABLE,

THAT IS, HOLOMORPHIC

3. HARMONIC FUNCTION

IN MATHEMATICS, MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND THE THEORY

OF STOCHASTIC PROCESSES, A HARMONIC FUNCTION IS A

TWICE CONTINUOUSLY DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION F : U → R, WHERE U IS

AN OPEN SUBSET OF RN, THAT SATISFIES LAPLACE'S EQUATION, THAT IS,

4. HORMONIC CONJUCATE

IF TWO GIVEN FUNCTIONS U AND V ARE HARMONIC IN A DOMAIN D AND

THEIR FIRST-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES SATISFY THE CAUCHY-

RIEMANN EQUATIONS (2) THROUGHOUT D, V IS SAID TO BE A HARMONIC

CONJUGATE OF U.

5. CONFORMAL MAPPING

IN MATHEMATICS, A CONFORMAL MAP IS A FUNCTION THAT LOCALLY

PRESERVES ANGLES, BUT NOT NECESSARILY LENGTHS

6. MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS ARE A SET OF COUPLED PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS THAT, TOGETHER WITH THE LORENTZ

FORCE LAW, FORM THE FOUNDATION OF CLASSICAL

ELECTROMAGNETISM, CLASSICAL OPTICS, AND ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS

7. BILINEAR TRANSFORM

THE BILINEAR TRANSFORM MAPS THE LEFT HALF OF THE COMPLEX S-

PLANE TO THE INTERIOR OF THE UNIT CIRCLE IN THE Z-PLANE. THUS,

FILTERS DESIGNED IN THE CONTINUOUS-TIME DOMAIN THAT ARE STABLE

ARE CONVERTED TO FILTERS IN THE DISCRETE-TIME DOMAIN THAT

PRESERVE THAT STABILITY.

 UNIT 4 – PROBLEMS

.
 UNIT 5 – COMPLEX INTERGRATION

1. CONTOUR INTEGRATION

TO DEFINE THE CONTOUR INTEGRAL IN THIS WAY ONE MUST FIRST

CONSIDER THE INTEGRAL, OVER A REAL VARIABLE, OF A COMPLEX-

VALUED FUNCTION. LET F : R → C BE A COMPLEX-VALUED FUNCTION

OF A REAL VARIABLE, T. THE REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF F ARE

OFTEN DENOTED AS U(T) AND V(T), RESPECTIVELY, SO THAT

2. CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL THEOREM

A REGION IS SAID TO BE SIMPLY-CONNECTED IF ANY CLOSED CURVE

IN THAT REGION CAN BE SHRUNK TO A POINT WITHOUT ANY PART

OF IT LEAVING A REGION. THE INTERIOR OF A SQUARE OR A CIRCLE

ARE EXAMPLES OF SIMPLY CONNECTED REGIONS.

3. CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL FORMULA

4. TAYLOR AND LAURENT SERIES

AN INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES HAS THE SAME FORM AS THE

FINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES EXCEPT THERE IS NO LAST TERM

 5. TAYLOR AND LAURENT SERIES FORMULA

6. CAUCHY’S RESIDUAL THEOREM

THE LINE INTEGRAL OF F AROUND Γ IS EQUAL TO 2ΠI TIMES THE SUM

OF RESIDUES OF F AT THE POINTS, EACH COUNTED AS MANY TIMES

AS Γ WINDS AROUND THE POINT

7. CAUCHY’S RESIDUAL THEOREM FORMULA

UNIT 5 - PROBLEMS