Neutral Earthing - Siemens

Neutral Grounding
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Topics
Introduction
Theoretical background
Methods applied for neutral grounding
Practical aspects
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 1 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Significance of earth faults for network operation
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May 1 year
April
March 8760 hours
February
January
31 536 000 seconds
Method of neutral earthing has no influence on behaviour in normal operation
Kaleidoscope of methods available
Isolated neutral
Earth fault compensation KNOSPE
Solid earthing
NOSPE
High-impedance neutral earthing

Arc suppression
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Floating neutral
Effective earthing
Petersen coil
Resonant earthing
Short-time earthing
Statistical data of German networks
Voltage level 10 kV 20 kV 110 kV 380 kV

Line lengths
Overhead line 28 000 km 111 000 km 60 000 km 17 000 km

Cable 98 000 km 89 000 km 4 000 km 16 km
Amount of faults
6 11 6 3
per 100 km and year
Isolated neutral 23 % - - -
Earth fault compensation 60 % 95 % 78 % -
Low-impedance neutral
8% 2% 22 % 100 %
earthing
Source: VDEW 1993
Display methods for system values
UL1 UL1
UL1(t) = ÛL1 sinωt
t
t Mathematical
equations
Time characteristic Vector display
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
UL1
Zero sequence
Phase-related
display Symmetrical
components
The transient phase of an earth fault
Isolated neutral
Discharge
Charging oscillation
Characteristics of transient phase
Frequency
Discharge 500 Hz . . . 100 000 Hz
Charging oscillation 100 Hz . . . 4 000 Hz
3Û LE max
Overvoltage factor kt = = 1.2...2.7...3.5
2U b
Permanent earth fault
ICE
Isolated neutral
Vector diagram for system with isolated neutral
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2
Normal operation
UL2
Earth fault
Characteristics of power frequent voltage rise
ULE Max 1
Coefficient of ZE = ... 1
Ub 3
earthing
3 ULE Max
Earth-fault factor cf = 1 ... 3
DIN VDE 0111
Ub
IEC 71-1
Network calculation
3-phase short-circuit
UN
IK =
3⋅ Z
Network calculation
Symmetrical components
U1L1
Positive 1
sequence U1 = 3 (UL1+ a UL2+ a² UL3)
U1L2
UL1
U2 L1
Negative
1
U2 L3 sequence U2 = (UL1+ a² UL2+ a UL3)
3
UL3
UL2
Zero 1
U0 L1
sequence U0 = 3 (UL1 + UL2 + UL3)
Example
a2 UT
a US
UR
U1
a UT
a2 US
UR
U2
US
UR U0
UT
Example
a2 UT
a US
UR
U1
U2
U0
Line to ground fault
I 1 = I R + I S ⋅ a + I T ⋅ a2
I 2 = I R + I S ⋅ a2 + I T ⋅ a
Boundary requirements at the fault location are
I0 = IR + IS + IT fulfilled by series connection of component
systems
IS = 0
S
~
Positive sequence
R
UR = 0
Negative sequence
Boundary requirements
at the fault location
IS = IT = 0
UR = 0 Zero sequence
Fault current calculation
System with isolated neutral
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
IF =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Isolated neutral
ICE
ICE - capacitive earth fault current
ICE = 3 UN⋅ ω ⋅ C0
Isolated neutral
y Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 3.0

y Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf ≤ 3
y ICE = f (Type of lines, voltage level, size of network)
y Operation under permanent earth fault possible
Estimation of capacitive earth fault current
Line type Voltage level Capacitive earth fault current ICE
Overhead lines
110 kV 0.36 A/km
20 kV 0.06 A/km
10 kV 0.03 A/km
Cables
Oil cable 110 kV 13.3 ... 36.1 A/km

XLPE cable 110 kV 7.5 ... 11.4 A/km
Lead-sheath cable 20 kV 2.2 ... 5.3 A/km

Lead-sheath cable 10 kV 1.2 ... 2.7 A/km

Intermittent earth fault
-0,5
First earth fault Recovery Second earth fault
Ice (t2) = 0
Intermittent earth fault
First earth fault

Recovery
Second earth fault
Ferro resonances
Prerequisite:
Circuit with non linear characteristic
e.g. saturation on reactance
Principle:
Driving voltage UN
From operational point 1 to point 2
But operational point 2 not stable
Current reversal to operational point 3
Types:
Nominal frequency, 3rd harmonic
Trigger: About 2nd harmonic
Switching events About 0.5 nominal frequency (subharmonic)
Ferro resonances
Example in three phase system:

Stable ferro resonance of 2nd harmonic level
No disturbance of phase to phase voltage URS
Possible configurations:
Single phase voltage transformer with bus bar or short cable
Energising reactor via short cable
Earth fault compensation
Petersen
coil Ires Ires - Residual current
• Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 2.7

• Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf ≤ 3
• Ires = f (Detuning, Harmonics, quality factor of the coil )
• Transient earth faults
• Operation under permanent earth fault possible
• Extinction limit
System with earth fault compensation
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
Estimation of residual current
Line type Voltage level Residual current Ires
Overhead lines 110 kV approx. 5 % of ICE

20 kV approx. 8 % of ICE
i.e. 8 A per 100 A coil current
Cables 110 kV approx. 2 % of ICE

i.e. 3 A per 100 A coil current
Reappearing of phase voltage
Exact tuning v = 0
Tuning v = -10
Solid earthing
Ik1
Ik1 – short-circuit current
Solid earthing
y Transient overvoltages kt < 1.8

y Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf ≤ 1.4
y Ik1 = f (Short-circuit capacity, zero-sequence impedance) Ik1 ~ Ik3
y Selective fault clearing
Solid earthing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
I k1 = 3I0 =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Vector diagram for system with solid earthing
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2 UL2
Normal operation 1-phase short circuit
Examples for zero-sequence impedances of lines
Line type Voltage level Zero sequence Zero sequence

resistance R'0 reactance X'0
Overhead lines
110 kV 0.4 ... 0.2 Ω /km 1.0 ... 1.5 Ω /km

20 kV 0.6 ... 0.2 Ω /km 1.5 Ω /km
10 kV 0.6 ... 0.2 Ω /km 1.6 Ω /km
Cables
Oil cable 110 kV 0.8 ... 0.4 Ω /km 0.4 ... 0.2 Ω /km
XLPE cable 110 kV 0.6 ... 0.5 Ω /km 0.3 ... 0.2 Ω /km
Lead-sheath cable 20 kV 0.6 ... 0.4 Ω /km 0.4 ... 0.3 Ω /km
Lead-sheath cable 10 kV 2.0 ... 1.1 Ω /km 0.5 ... 0.2 Ω /km
Ik1
Ik1 – 1-phase short-circuit current
y Transient overvoltages for earthing via resistor kt ≤ 1.8

y Transient overvoltages for earthing via reactor kt ≤ 2.7
y Ik1 = f (Neutral impedance, fault location) Ik1 << Ik3
y Selective fault clearing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
I k1 = 3I0 =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
IF
IF - Earth fault
current
y Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 2.7

y IF = IR ≥ ICE
2 2
I +I
R CE
y Selective fault clearing possible
System with high-impedance neutral earthing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
Practical aspects
Methods applied
Criteria for comparison
High voltage systems
Medium voltage systems

Isolated neutral
Resonant grounding
Low impedance neutral grounding
Neutral earthing practice in Germany
380/220 kV Interconnected systems NE IK1 ≤ IK3
110 kV Regional systems EFC (Bavaria NG)

City system (cable) NE with limitation IK1 = 5 ... 10 kA
20 kV Regional & urban network EFC or EFC with SE

Urban cable network NE IK1 = 1.5 ... 2 kA
10 kV Small network IS ICE = 20 ... 100 A

Large network EFC or EFC with SE ICE ≤ 500 A
Urban cable network NE IK1 = 1 ... 2 kA
Industry Small systems IS ICE = 5 ... 30 A

5 ... 20 kV Large systems EFC ICE ≤ 300 A
NE = Low-impedance neutral earthing IS = Isolated neutral SE = Short time earthing EFC = Earth fault compensation
Criteria for comparison of methods
– Voltage stress
– Current stress
y Destruction at the fault location
y Potential rise
y Inductive interference; EMC
– Operational aspects
y Fault detection
y Fault localisation
y Amount of switching required
y Fail safe situation
– Investment costs
– Development in the future
Earth fault transients and voltage rise
Isolated neutral
ICE = 100 A
Fault duration min ... h
Ik1 = 1.5 kA Neutral resistor
Fault duration ms
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
U / ULE
1.8 3
IK1 / IK3
1.6
1.4
1.2 Voltages of the fault-free phases

U / ULE
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 Fault current

IK1 / IK3
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 ∞ Z0 / Z1
Solid Isolated neutral

Low-impedance Earth fault compensation
Effective neutral neutral earthing
earthing
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
N Neutral earthing with voltage

rise below 1.4
S Neutral earthing with voltage
rise exceeding 1.4
W Low impedance neutral
earthing
K Earth fault compensation
I Isolated neutral
Neutral earthing in high voltage networks
IK1 ≥ IK3
IK1< IK3
IK1< IK3
Required protection for transmission systems
Low-impedance neutral earthing (110 kV ... 380 kV)
Overhead line
Distance protection, Overcurrent protection (Back-up)
1-phase auto reclosure
Cable
Differential protection, Distance protection ,
Overcurrent protection (Back-up)
Earth fault compensation (110 kV)
Overhead line
Transient earth fault relay
Cable
-
Operational aspects
System with isolated neutral
3I0A
3I0B
ICE
3I0C
3I0E
3I0D
Determination of zero sequence voltage
L1
L2
L3
UN
3
UL1 + UL2 + UL3 = 3 · U0

100V
3
58 V Normal operation
100 V Earth fault
3 U0
100V
Open delta winding 3
100 V Earth fault
Determination of earth fault current
Holmgreen
L1
L2
L3
IL1 + IL2 + IL3= 3 · I0 Relay
Operational aspects
System with earth fault compensation
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
Petersen coil details
Type of coil Connection point to network neutral

Fixed coil • Feeding transformer
Tapped coil 1:3 • Neutral busbar
Plunger coil 1:10 • Earthing transformer
Plunger coil with controller
Location of coil in the network

Central compensation
Distributed coils in the network
Types of Petersen coil
Plunger coils for medium voltage
Fixed coil for 110 kV
Tuning of Petersen coil
IE Earth fault current

in case of fault
Uneutral
Overhead line
Voltage of neutral point
in normal operation
Cable
under-compensated over-compensated tuning
Double earth fault current distribution
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
3
IEE ≤ IK2 = 2
IK3
Directional earth fault relay
U0 U0
Ires
ICE ICE Icoil
Capacitive Wattmetric
directional earth fault relay directional earth fault relay
Required protection relays for earth fault detection
y Signalling relay for zero sequence voltage
y Central earth fault detection relay
y Directional earth fault relay
Overcurrent relay with directional earth fault relay

Distance relay with directional earth fault relay
Differential relay + Back-up overcurrent relay with directional earth fault relay
y Transient earth fault relay
Determination of residual current
Window type current transformer
3 · I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
L1 L2 L3
I Fault I Sheath
I Earth
L1
L2
L3
t [ms]
Fault indication survey
Increase of residual current
3I0ZA 3I0ZA
3I0ZB 3I0ZA
IAdditional
Ires + IAdditional
Pulsating residual current
Icoil
ICE
Ires + IPulse
IPulse
Detection by 5th harmonic
ICoil
ICE
Ires
Combined method
Earth fault compensation with phase grounding
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
Combined method
3I0A
3I0B
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
Ires Icoil 3I0
Combined method
L3
L2
L1
Load current
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
Induced loop current
Combined method
Residual current compensation
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires = 0
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
~
~
Ires
Earth fault trial in 20 kV network
System circuit 150 2
3I0 in A
110/20kV 0
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 t/sec.
Residual current
1.6
1.2
150 2 1 pu
3I0 in A 0.8
0
0.4
0.0
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 t/sec. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
f/fg
3I0 in the feeding cable Harmonic analysis of residual current
Earth fault trial in compensated network
Voltages and current at the fault location
U [kV]
20 kV
110 kV
t [ms]
Ires
Ires [A]
Ires [A]
t [ms]
t [ms]
Operational aspects
System with low-impedance neutral earthing
3I0 = IK1
IK1
Ineutral
IK1 >> ICE
Fault current indicator
Comparison of neutral resistor and reactor
UR UR
US US
UT UT
IR IR
t t
Neutral resistor Neutral reactor
Short circuit trial
Voltages at medium- and low-voltage level
U [kV]
t [ms]
10 kV
U [V]
0.4 kV
t [ms]
Design types of neutral resistors
Connection possibilities for a neutral resistor
110 kV 110 kV 110 kV
10 (20) kV 10 (20) kV 10 (20) kV
Design types of earthing transformers
Earthing transformer for 6 kV
Earthing transformer with increased

zero sequence impedance for 10 kV
Required protection for low-impedance neutral
earthing
y 3phase protection equipment necessary
• Overcurrent relay
sensitive earth fault detection 0.1 IN
• Distance protection
Overcurrent pick-up
Earth fault for loop selection
Impedance pick-up
in meshed networks
y Transformer differential protection

Suppression of neutral current
Test circuit for measurements
Current source
Remote station Feeding station
Test
voltage
Active power
Test
UE current
V
Sheath
current
Earth
current
Uind
Z0
Combined method
Short term neutral earthing for detection

IK1
Ires/ IK1/ Ires
Short term earthing for detection tSE < tprotection
Combined method
Reverse short term neutral earthing

IK1
IK1/ Ires
Short term earthing for detection tSE < tprotection
Combined method
Short term neutral earthing for trip

IK1
Ires/ IK1
Short term earthing for trip tSE > tprotection
Comparison of neutral earthing schemes
France - Germany
Cable system Overhead line system
France Germany France Germany
Ik1 max = 1000A

Ik1 max = 300A
Ik1 max = 2000A
Trip

Neutral Earthing - Siemens

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Neutral Grounding

Sector Energy PTI NC

Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Methods applied for neutral grounding

Method of neutral earthing has no influence on behaviour in normal operation

High-impedance neutral earthing

Voltage level 10 kV 20 kV 110 kV 380 kV

Overhead line 28 000 km 111 000 km 60 000 km 17 000 km

Earth fault compensation 60 % 95 % 78 % -

Source: VDEW 1993

Time characteristic Vector display

y Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 3.0

Line type Voltage level Capacitive earth fault current ICE

Oil cable 110 kV 13.3 ... 36.1 A/km

Lead-sheath cable 20 kV 2.2 ... 5.3 A/km

Lead-sheath cable 10 kV 1.2 ... 2.7 A/km

First earth fault Recovery Second earth fault

First earth fault

Second earth fault

Example in three phase system:

Earth fault compensation

• Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 2.7

Line type Voltage level Residual current Ires

Overhead lines 110 kV approx. 5 % of ICE

Cables 110 kV approx. 2 % of ICE

y Transient overvoltages kt < 1.8

Normal operation 1-phase short circuit

Line type Voltage level Zero sequence Zero sequence

110 kV 0.4 ... 0.2 Ω /km 1.0 ... 1.5 Ω /km

Low-impedance neutral earthing

y Transient overvoltages for earthing via resistor kt ≤ 1.8

y Transient overvoltages kt ≤ 2.7

y Selective fault clearing possible

Criteria for comparison

High voltage systems

Medium voltage systems

380/220 kV Interconnected systems NE IK1 ≤ IK3

110 kV Regional systems EFC (Bavaria NG)

20 kV Regional & urban network EFC or EFC with SE

10 kV Small network IS ICE = 20 ... 100 A

Industry Small systems IS ICE = 5 ... 30 A

– Development in the future

Fault duration min ... h

Low-impedance neutral earthing

Ik1 = 1.5 kA Neutral resistor

1.2 Voltages of the fault-free phases

0.4 Fault current

Solid Isolated neutral

N Neutral earthing with voltage

Low-impedance neutral earthing (110 kV ... 380 kV)

Earth fault compensation (110 kV)

UL1 + UL2 + UL3 = 3 · U0

100 V Earth fault

IL1 + IL2 + IL3= 3 · I0 Relay

Type of coil Connection point to network neutral

Tapped coil 1:3 • Neutral busbar

Plunger coil 1:10 • Earthing transformer

Plunger coil with controller

Location of coil in the network

Distributed coils in the network

Plunger coils for medium voltage

Fixed coil for 110 kV