WELCOME

Seminar On: -

COMPUTED TOMOGAPHY

Submitted by:

CHETNA .R. AGARWAL

ROLL NO. 18

CO DEPARTMENT

B.L. PATIL POLYTECHNIC

BHAVNA S.L.MURADE

GUIDE HOD
 INDEX

Definition.

Terminology.

Experimentation of CT

Applications of CT.

Uses.

Pictures

Checking of bags.

Industrial Usage

3D rendering techniques.

Advantages of CT over traditional radiography.

Application of software programming.

Strengths and limitations of CT.

Innovative in CT.

Industrial usage.

Menacing by CT.

Working principle of computed tomography.

Ultrasound effects.
DEFINATION

Diagnostic imaging method using a low-dose beam of x-rays that crosses the body in a single plane
at many different angles.

. Detectors record the strength of the exiting X-rays; this information is then processed by computer
to produce a detailed two-dimensional cross-sectional image of the body.

A series of such images in parallel planes or around an axis can show the location of abnormalities
(especially tumours and other masses) more precisely than can conventional X-ray images.
TERMINOLOGY

TOMAGRAPHY:-

Derived from Greek word:

Tomb (slice) and graphein (to write).

The word "tomography" is derived from the Greek tomos (slice) and graphein (to write).

Computed tomography was originally known as the "EMI scan".

EXPERIMENTATION OF CT

General Working principle of CT

1. This CT- scanner is composed of a translating and rotating tables with 5 phase step motors,
detector table with detector collimator, scintillation detector liquid organic scintillator, radiation
measuring instruments, main controller and image reconstruction computers.

2. The photomultiplier output signal is fed directly to the signal input of the pulse
shape discrimination. Discrimination of undesired pulses of neutrons or gamma-rays was

achieved by a method based on pulse shape discrimination technique.

Fig 1: Schematic diagram of the experimental layout and measuring process

APPLICATIONS AND USES OF CT

Commercial safety measure of baggage checking.

Industrial applications.

In medical field.

Ultrasound effect.

For 3d crystal size distribution.

For porosity measurement of sedimentary rock.
Non-destructive material testing
USES
Although most common in medicine, CT is also used in other fields, such as nondestructive
materials testing. Another example is archaeological uses such as imaging the contents of sarcophagi or
the Digi Morph project at the University of Texas at Austin which uses a CT scanner to study biological
and paleontological specimens.
PICTURES

A EMI-Scanner

The prototype CT scanner

Brain vessels reconstructed in 3D after bone has

been removed by segmentation
 CHECKING OF BAGS

DRAWBACKS
FUNCTIONS

Functions:

Most major airports have a computer tomography (CT) scanner. A CT scanner is a hollow tube
that surrounds your bag. The X-ray mechanism revolves slowly around it, bombarding it with X-rays and
recording the resulting data. The CT scanner uses all of this data to create a very detailed tomogram (slice)
of the bag. The scanner is able to calculate the mass and density of individual objects in your bag based on
this tomogram. If an object's mass/density falls within the range of a dangerous material, the CT scanner
warns the operator of a potential hazardous object.

This diagram shows how the X-ray system in a CT scanner rotates around a bag.
Drawbacks:

CT scanners are slow compared to other types of baggage-scanning systems. Because of this, they
are not used to check every bag. Instead, only bags that the computer flags as "suspicious" are checked.
 3D RENDERING TECHNIQUES
* USING EDGE DETECTION

*ALLOWANC OF DIFFERENT COLORS

Surface rendering
A threshold value of radio density is set by the operator (e.g. a level that corresponds to bone).
From this, a three-dimensional model can be constructed using edge detection image processing algorithms
and displayed on screen.

Multiple models can be constructed from various different thresholds, allowing different colors to
represent each anatomical component such as bone, muscle, and cartilage.
SOFTWARE STRATEGIES

*SPIRAL CT MACHINES

*VOLUMETRIC INFORMATION
1. Newer machines with faster computer systems and newer software strategies can process not
only individual cross sections but continuously changing cross sections as the gantry (structure supporting
the travelling crane). These are called helical or spiral CT machines.

2. Their computer systems integrate the data of the moving individual slices to generate three
dimensional volumetric information (3D-CT scan).

This is in turn viewable from multiple different perspectives on attached CT workstation monitors.
ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

*MULTIPLANAR REFORMATTED IMAGING

*ACCURACY

*HIGH CONTRAST

There are several advantages that CT has over traditional 2D medical radiography.
Because of the inherent high-contrast resolution of CT, differences between tissues that differ in
physical density by less than 1% can be distinguished.
Computed tomography (CT) scan has been shown to be more accurate than radiographs.
Data from a single CT imaging procedure consisting of either multiple contiguous or one helical
scan can be viewed as images in the axial, coronal, or sagittal planes, depending on the diagnostic
task.
This is referred to as multiplanar reformatted imaging.
APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING

* CONTEMPORARY CT SCANNERS

*STACKING

* DISPLAY THE VOLUME

Contemporary (MODERN) CT scanners offer isotropic (HAVIN SAME PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES IN ALL DIRECTIONS) or near isotropic, resolution.
Display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial (putting around a
axis) images.
Instead, it is possible for a software program to build a volume by "stacking" the individual
slices one on top of the other.
The program may then display the volume in an alternative manner.

TYPICAL SCREEN LAYOUT FOR DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE ,SHOWING 3D.

STRENGTHS N LIMITATIONS OF X-RAY COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY

Strengths

 Entirely non-destructive 3D imaging

 Little or no sample preparation required

Limitations

 Resolution limited to about 1000-2000x the object

cross-section diameter;
 high resolution requires small objects
 Finite resolution causes some blurring of material
boundaries.
 Large (dm-scale) geological specimens cannot be
penetrated by low-energy X-RAYS.
 Image artefacts can complicate data interpretation.
 Large data volumes (gigabytes+) can require
considerable computer resources for visualization
and analysis
ADVANCES IN CT

In the mid-1980s, an innovation called the "power slip ring" allowed scanners to rotate
continuously. This development led to a new type of CT called "spiral" or "helical" scanning.

 SPIRAL AND HELICAL CT

 "MULTI-SLICE" SPIRAL CT SCANNERS

* Non-invasive imaging

* Less time

* Patient comfort.

This new technology will provide for more non-invasive imaging of a wider range of conditions in less
time and with greater patient comfort.

 "VIRTUAL REALITY" IMAGING ADVANCES”

Virtual endoscopy performed with CT visualizes same organ interiors without using an invasive endoscope.
INDUSTRIAL USAGE

Industrial use of Computed tomography (CT)

1. To resolve industrial problems, for materials characterizations flaws in parts.

2. In greater reliability and greater safety for workers;

3. To provide quality control of fresh fruits and vegetables, enhancing the safety of food.
MENACING (HAZARDOUS EFFECTS) BY CT

*Exactly how much radiation is too much?

-DNA vulnerability

-Fatal cancers

DNA is more vulnerable to damage because of rapid cell divisions.

Fatal cancer cells are prone to be introduced by radiations of CT scan in one’s body is as high as 1 in
500.
Many report severe life-threatening allergic reactions.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

HOW DOES A CT SCAN WORK?

How Does A CT Scan Work?

CT uses a computer and a rotating x-ray device to create detailed, cross-sectional images, or slices, of
organs and body parts.

A CT machine resembles a large, square doughnut. A flat "patient couch" is situated in the circular
opening, which is about 24 to 28 inches in diameter. The patient lies on the couch, which can be moved up,
down, forward, and backward to position the patient for imaging.

The CT scanner itself is a circular, rotating frame with an x-ray tube mounted on one side and a banana-
shaped detector mounted on the other. A fan-shaped beam of x-rays is created as the rotating frame spins
the x-ray tube and detector around the patient. For each complete rotation, one cross-sectional slice of the
body is acquired.

As the scanner rotates, the detector takes numerous snapshots called "profiles." Typically, about
1,000 profiles are taken in one rotation. Each profile is analyzed by computer, and the full set of profiles
from each rotation is compiled into to form the slice-a two-dimensional image.
 ULTRASOUND EFFECT

The Ultrasound CT Imaging System is an automated, fully digital imaging

device that uses transmission ultrasound to produce two unique images of the object;
one based on the speed of sound and one based on attenuation of sound.
Example of it is CT scanning of chest on projection of heartbeats.
ABSTRACT

CT is often used to image complex fractures, especially ones around joints, because of its ability to
reconstruct the area of interest in multiple planes computed axial tomography can use any penetrative
radiation differentially absorbed by a sample. CT scans constituted 7% of all radiologic examinations-ray
computed tomography (CT) as a technique that can link petrography and petro physics.
CONCLUSION:

CT machines are now so sophisticated that the test can be done with a patient visit of
5 minutes with an approximate scan time of only 5 seconds or less. Because contrast CT
scans rely on administered contrast in order to provide superior image quality. Computed
tomography (CT) scan has been shown to be more accurate than radiographs
REFRENCE

From: -
WWW: - Wikipedia
(Google search)
Book: - Britannica Encyclopaedia.
THE END...