Name: Trista Rossa Azzahra

NIM: 200222608449

Literature basically is a written work that is considered to be long-lasting artistic

value. Literature is divided into two categories which are utilitarian and creative. Both of
these categories have a different approach. And the approach is going to determine in what
categories the literature falls off. Utilitarian literature is informational literature, it has a
purpose. Or you could say that the utilitarian literature is not just for show, it’s something that
could be helpful. The example of utilitarian literature is paper and scientific journals.
Whereas creative literature is made for an entertainment purpose. Creative literature is more
expressive than utilitarian literature since it was for show only. The aim of creative literature
is to provide pleasure for people who read it. The examples of creative literature are poetry
and dramas.

Creative literature is divided into four formal divisions such as fiction, poetry,
nonfiction, and drama. Fiction is imaginary literature. Fiction is divided into two parts which
are novels and short stories. To be called a novel, it is required to have 100 pages minimum.
Novels subject matter is divided into two categories, which are sociological-panoramic and
dramatic-intimate. Sociological-panoramic covers a wide-range story that has various times
and settings. While the dramatic-intimate covers a story with a restricted setting and time.
Oftentimes, novels are also divided by subject matter, such as epistolary, historical, manners,
gothic, psychological, picaresque, and sentimental.

A short story is a fiction that can be read at one time. Short stories are usually
required to have a minimum of 40 up to 100 pages. Short stories don’t have maximum pages.
Short stories normally only focus on the unity of characterization, effect, and theme. In one
episode, short stories portray only a single effect and use a limited number of characters. An
example of a short story is a fable.

Moving on from fiction, we're going to talk about poetry. What is poetry? Well,
poetry is fictional literature where it focuses on rhymes, rhythm, and the arrangements of
stanzas and arrays. Poetry is divided into three types such as narrative, lyric, and dramatic.
Narrative poetry is a type of poetry where it tells a story. There are four major types of
narrative poetry which are epic, ballad, lay, and idyll. Epic poetry usually tells a story about
heroism. Ballad poetry tells a story and was set into music. Lay poetry tells a story about
romance and adventure. While the idyll poetry tells a tragic story.
 Lyric poetry was originally intended to be sung, it is a type of poetry that expresses
personal feeling or emotions of the poet. However, lyric poetry is not the same like song
lyrics. You may ask why it’s not the same. Well, the answer is quite simple, it’s because the
lyric poetry is not set into music while the song lyrics is.

There are two types of sonnet which are Petrarchan and Shakespearean. Petrarchan
sonnet is from Italy and was named after an Italian poet. The fixed verse of Petrarchan poetry
has fourteen lines. The first eight lines of the Petrarchan sonnet represents the problem or the
theme. While the final six lines of Petrarchan poetry represents the resolution of the problem
or a change of mind. Whereas Shakespearean sonnet was influenced by Italian sonnet and
evolved in England. As it was adapted from the Petrarchan sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet
also has fourteen lines. It was grouped into three quatrains and a couplet. Three quatrains are
equal to four lines.

In the first place, dramatic poetry is meant to be acted on. Almost the same as
narrative poetry, dramatic poetry also tells a story. Dramatic poetry can also be called a
dramatic monologue. Dramatic poetry is written in a manner where it can easily be enacted or
understood.

After fiction and poetry, now we’re going to read about nonfiction. Nonfiction
literature is obviously the opposite of fiction literature. Nonfiction literature was based on
fact rather than imagination like fiction literature. Nonfiction literature was written based on
history. In this summary, nonfiction is grouped into these major forms such as biography,
essays, and sacred scriptures. Biography is formal nonfiction literature that tells details about
someone’s life story. There are four basic types of biographies such as the prophetic
biography, fictional academic, historical fiction, and academic.

In general, the essay is nonfiction literature that talks about the writer’s argument
about something. The definition is fuzzy because it overlaps with the definition of paper or an
article. The essay is divided into two categories, formal and informal. A formal essay is
designed to persuade the readers. It is longer and has more clear structure than the informal
one. A formal essay also tends to focus more on impersonal subjects and doesn’t show the
writer’s personality. However, an informal essay is an essay that was written in a
conversational tone and it tends to be brief. Informal essay feels more personal as they
present the writer personality when they react to the occasion. The purpose of writing an
informal essay is for a gentle reflection and entertainment.
 Sacred scriptures are the literature that was considered sacred or holy by a religious
group. Sacred scriptures have various form, age, volume, and the degree of sacredness, but
the usual attribute is that their words are considered sacred by the followers. Sacred scriptures
have some distinctive features such as transformative effect and every time it was read, recite,
or studied the power can be felt. The characteristics of sacred scriptures are that they only had
one type, never changed, and can be used forever. The examples of sacred scriptures are Al-
Qur’an, Bible, and Veda.

The last division of creative literature is drama. In literature, the drama is a portrayal
of a fictional or non-fictional character to tell a story that usually involves emotions through
performance. Commonly, dramas are intended to be in theatre. But we can classify drama as
literature too because sometimes there are dramas that were made just to be read-only.

How is it put together? Fiction is put together with the help of point of view,
character, appearance and reality, tone, theme, plot, and symbols. The following are the
explanation for each point:

1. Point of View:
Point of view represents the author's perspective when they tell a story to the readers.
Point of view is divided into three types: first-person, third-person omniscient, and
third-person singular.
2. Character:
Character plays an important part in fiction literature. The character draws our interest
because we see a human character struggling with problems and we want to see how
the author makes the character resolves their problem.
3. Appearance and Reality:
Fictions insist that it tells the true events that happened in life. But the truth is that the
author is the one who invented the sequence of events in fiction.
4. Tone:
The tone is the atmosphere of the story. It portrays the attitude of the author’s
viewpoint towards the events in the story.
5. Theme:
The theme can be defined as the main ideas of a story. The best artwork is if the
author knows how to pick a meaningful theme and successful in developing them.
 The author has normally revealed the theme as the story moves from beginning to
end.
6. Plot:
The plot is another important point that fiction must-have. The definition of plot is the
sequence of events in the story where each event has a domino effect or it affects the
other.
7. Symbols:
Symbols are something that represents something else in the story. In this regard, all
words can function as symbols. In literature, symbols give the story a lot of appealing
points.

As for poetry, it was put together by four important points. Such as language,
structure, sound structures, and meter. And the following is the explanation of each point:

1. Language:
When we discuss the language in poetry, we should focus on this sixth things. Such as
rhythm, imagery, metaphor, figures, symbols, and allegory. Rhythm in poetry can be
defined as the pace and beat of a repeated pattern. Imagery is a vivid representation of
feelings and objects that appeals to the reader’s imagination. A metaphor is a
comparison between two things but it doesn’t use the comparison signal words.
Figures can be described as taking the words beyond their real meaning. Symbols
represent an object, a person, event, or place. Allegory is a work in which the
associated symbols work together with events, characters, or arrangements that
represent ideas.
2. Structure:
The structure in poetry consists of similar structure and length tied to another line by
ending the rhymes.
3. Sound Structures:
There are four kinds of sound structure: rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and
consonance. Rhyme is couplets of words that sound alike. Alliteration is the type
where it repeats an initial sound for an effect. Assonance using the similarity between
vowels, but not consonants. Consonance is when the sound structure repeating
identical or similar consonants.
4. Meter:
 Meters are the basic rhythmic structures of a line. There are four kinds of feet, which
are, iambic, anapestic, dactylic, and trochaic. The verse in meters helps to determine
the base rhythmic pattern of the poetry.

And as for the nonfiction parts in this summary. We’re going to talk about
biographies. To write a biography, the writer needs basic things that consist of facts and
anecdotes. Facts are something that is known to be the truth. Facts should also be a verifiable
detail. Nevertheless, the lives of another important individual have been written in such nice
detail. Anecdotes are when you take the basic facts and turn them into something more
illustrative, thus creating attentiveness. Either true or not, anecdotes' purpose is to create
unforgettable generalization. Sometimes, anecdotes could cause controversy or debate.
How does literature help to stimulate senses? Literature could help us stimulate the
senses by using the following three things such as pictures, sounds, and emotions. Skillful
wordplay can help bring pictures. We can hear a sound when it was stimulated by words. The
author’s choice to choose words can cause sounds to grow in our heads. And for the
emotions, words have the power to invade the personal world and move us away.