Presentation on cost effective architecture and it’s

Elements
Needs and
Techniques to use

Aaarushi Wadhwa
16025006003
Semester 09
 Shelter is one of the basic needs for human development and it is an important quality
measure of living standards.
 Nowadays development focuses on the cost effective construction through appropriate and
alternative building materials and technologies.
 Ar. Laurie Baker is the one who worked on the cost effective construction techniques at it’s
best.
 Baker showed, in fact, that sustainable technologies when adopted with care and creativity,
could lead to a unique architectural expression, one that moved the expert and the layman
alike.
 Proper materials is the basic need to develop any construction technique.
 Brick, wood, stone are three major materials which can be used in India for any type of
construction.
• Building Cost - The building construction cost can be divided into two parts
Building material cost: 65-70% and Labour cost: 65-70%.
• Size – The smaller the project in terms of scope or the number of square feet, the more it will cost per
square foot.
• Type – Different types of project have different levels of complexity & details.
• Special Combination – Complexity can greatly increase the cost of the project. For exp-Renovation,
especially if it requires altering or moving structural components, can be costly because it necessitates
demolition as well as building. It may also be necessary to shield surrounding space from fire, noise and
other hazards.
• Project accessibility
• Labour rates
• Material costs
• General Economic Pressure
• Time of year
The cost effective materials and technology which is utilized for housing are,
• Stabilized mud blocks,
- Stabilized compressed earth blocks
• Funicular shell roofing,

• Ferro-cement ,

• Fly ash blocks,

- Fly ash gypsum stabilized mud blocks
- Fly ash lime gypsum products
• Precast doors and window frames,
- Precast stone blocks
- Precast concrete blocks
• Micro concrete tiles,

• Clay red mud burnt bricks,

• Brick panel filler slab.

Foundation
• Random rubble masonry in mud/cement mortar placed in excavation over thick sand bed. Rubble pointing
above ground level in stabilized cement mortar.
• Use of lean cement concrete mix 1:8:16 for base with brick masonry in 1:6 cement mortar footings.
• Use of lean cement concrete mix as above for base and over burned bricks masonry in cement lime mortar
(1:2:12) footings.
• Arch foundations in place of spread foundations.
• COSTS
i. Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total building.
ii. It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.(0.6m) for normal soil like gravely soil, red soils etc.
iii. It is suggested to adopt arch foundation ordinary soils.
iv. In case of black cotton and other soft soils, it is recommend to use under ream pile foundation which
saves about 20 to 25% in cost over the conventional method of construction.
• Plinth
• It is recommended to adopt 1 ft. height above ground level
for the plinth and maybe constructed with a cement
mortar of 1:6.
• The plinth slab of 4 to 6" which is normally adopted can be
avoided and in its place brick on edge can be used for
reducing the cost.
• By adopting this procedure the cost of plinth foundation
can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.
• Walls
• Brick works in 1:6 cement mortar using bricks from black
cotton and inferior soil stabilized with fly-ash.
• Rat-trap bond brick work in 1:2:12 cement lime
mortar/1:1.5:3 cement sand mortar.
• Hollow concrete block masonry in cement mortar.-
Compressed mud blocks masonry in mud mortar.
• Stabilized mud blocks masonry (4% cement or lime) in
stabilized mud mortar.
• Sand lime brick walls in 1:6 cement mortar.- FAL-G sand
block with 1:6 cement mortar.
• FAL-G sand block with 1:6 cement mortar.
  While laying bricks, the manner in which they overlap is called bond.
 The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4? (100mm), with
alternate course of stretchers and headers. The headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent
layers to give more strength to the walls.
 This technology has about 25% overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9" construction. The
structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns. with this
technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25% as with conventional English bond(9"thk wall)
350 bricks are required per cu. m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the
reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption.
Brick Jali
• The common burnt brick is one of man’s great inventions. All over the world, with only a few
exceptions, nearly all bricks are roughly the same shape and size – that is about 9x4.5x3 inches.
• In many of these situations listed above a “Jali” is just as effective. Far from being a lot more costly
than basic wall, if made of brick it can be less costly than the house wall.
Roofs
• Domes and vaults in Roofs/Intermediate slabs
brick or stabilized
mud block with
• Filler slabs
appropriate mortar. • Partly precast RCC planks and joist in M15 concrete
• Upgraded thatch roof
• Partly precast RCC joist and brick panels
on appropriate frame
work. • Partly precast RCC in hollow concrete blocks.
• Pre cast RCC ”L” panel • Thin RCC ribbed slabs
• Precast RCC cored • Ferrocement channels
units in M15 concrete.
• Precast Waffle units in
• Brick funicular shell on edge beam
M15 concrete. • Bamboo reinforced concrete
• Burnt clay tube • Brick funicular shells with RCC edge beams.
roofing in vault form.
• Brick jack arched over RCC joist
• Precast RCC channel units in M15 concrete.
• Precast RCC cored units in M15 concrete.
 Mud block is prepared by pouring slightly
MUD BLOCK ADVANTAGES
moistened soil into a steel press and compressing
manually or by mechanical means. • Easily available
 Mud blocks are available in different shapes. Mud • Saves time and money
block can also be stabilized by mixture of suitable
raw materials like cement or lime and then it is • Non hazardous material
called stabilized compressed earth block. • Renewable resources
 Properties –
Dimension variation : +/- 2mm
• Easy to manufacture
Wet compressive strength : 20-30 kg/cm2 • Cost efficiency
Water absorption <18% by weight
Textural characteristics : no pitting on the surface
 Manufacturing of mud block –
Block – 230 X109 X76 mm
Machine – 1500X600X1200 mm
Weight – 180 kg
No. of blocks – 2/cycle
Man power required – 5 to 8
Operation – manual
Compressive strength – 20 to 30 kg/cm2
 It can be prepared from moulds of standard size.
They are used as roofs for simple primitive and non
load barring structures. Funicular shell roofs are
available from 1 m square
 Advantages –
 Cost effective
 Weightless and easy to manufacture
 Strength is establishes
 Specifics of Funicular shell –
 Diameter of rod : 6mm
 Concrete : m15
 Ratio : 1:2:4
 Aggregates : 6-12mm
 Weight : 225kg
 Cost : Rs.175/-
 It is prepared using mesh and cement
mortar. This panels can be used for
constructing walls, roofs, doors and in
water storage structures.
 Significance –
 Low cost
 Saves time
 Less in weight
 Temporary low structures can made
easily
 Not suitable for load bearing walls
Made By – Aarushi Wadhwa