1. What is Distance protection & how did it work?

Distance protection relays work on the value of Z = V/I. Whenever there is a

fault, the value of I increases and thus the value of Z is reduced. It is by this
value of impedance the relay senses the distance of the fault from its location.
It is also called as Ohmic method of Protection.

2. What is Differential protection & how did it work?

3. What is REF protection & how did it work?

4. What is SBEF protection & how did it work?

5. What is Low & High Differential protection bus bar & how did it work?

6. What is DIRECTIONAL O/C & E/F protection & how did it work?

7. What is NON DIRECTIONAL O/C & E/F protection & how did it work?
In short:
1.Distance relays, which are typically used to detect multiphase faults on
transmission lines, act on the measured voltage and current in the line.
Three phase distance elements use what is called a memory circuit to retain
some prefault voltage in the relay and allow the relay to make a proper
directional decision for a close-in fault (where the voltage may collapse
to nearly zero). Phase to phase distance elements do not require this
memory circuit, since there is always one unfaulted phase voltage to use as
a directional reference.

If one uses distance relays to protect a transmission line and the

breakers are closed onto a bolted three phase fault on the line, there will
be no prefault voltage in the memory circuit and no fault voltage either,
so the distance relay will not operate. This is a bad thing...

Switch onto fault protection is usually (at least in my region) built

with a medium sensitivity, instantaneous, non-directional overcurrent
element, which is only enabled for a short period of time during breaker
closing. The enabling is performed either using a breaker 52b contact, or
a very sensitively set overvoltage relay, which then goes into a time
delayed dropout relay to provide coverage for the short period of time
after the breaker closes (or line voltage is restored).

2.If you are switching on to fault,Voltage is not going to rise as it

should and fault current as decided by the fault MVA is going to flow.
Many Line protections include this SOTF protection as a built in
logic.
The closing of CB enables the logic for a set time say 200ms.
If the Voltage does not rise to 50-60 % of the rated voltage in one
cycle & if the current is more than the set current it is sensed as a
SOTF and a three phase tripping impulse is given and recloser is
blocked.