Madiha Khalid

madiha.khalid@pucit.edu.pk
Punjab University College of Information Technology
University of the Punjab, Lahore
 Application Software
 Software written to address specific needs—to
solve problems in the real world

 System Software
 Software that manages a computer system at a
fundamental level
 A system software that
 manages computer resources, such as memory
and input/output devices [system perspective]
 provides an interface through which a human can
interact with the computer [user perspective]
 allows an application program to interact with
these other system resources [application
perspective]
 Make computer system
easier to use

 Manages the resources of

computer system
 Are OS’s essential for “every” kind of
computers?
 How things worked before OS ? ? ?
 A single user ran a single program ran on a single
computer – Manual job loading and unloading

 Computer operators who ran multiple programs

for multiple users one after the other – Batch
processing
1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. File Management
4. Device Management
5. Security
6. Application Interface
7. User Interface
 What is a process?

 Objective is to manage the processes submitted

to a system such that idle time of processor
remains minimal.
▪ Idle time is when processor is free and process doing some other
operation like input output
 A very basic form of parallel processing.
 several programs run at the same time on a
uniprocessor.

 Since there is only one processor, there can

be no true simultaneous execution of
different programs.
 OS must
 allocate resources to processes
 enable processes to share and exchange
information
 protect the resources of each process from
other processes
 enable synchronization among processes
 CPU bound jobs
 I/O bound jobs
 Large Memory
▪ to accommodate a good number of user programs & OS
 Memory Protection
▪ requires a memory protection mechanism to prevent a
job (program + Data)
 Job Status Prevention
▪ To enable this, the OS must preserve the jobs' complete
status information. When it takes away CPU from it, and
must restore this information
 Proper Job Mix
▪ A multiprogramming system requires a proper mix of IO
and CPU bound jobs to overlap the operations of CPU
and IO devices effectively.
 CPU Scheduling
▪ when CPU become free, OS must have a mechanism to
decide to which one of these ready jobs it should
allocate. This decision is called CPU scheduling.
 Same meaning of multiprogramming but in a
more general sense.
 Refers to having multiple (programs,
processes, tasks, threads) running at the
same time.
 At any time the CPU is executing one task
only while other tasks waiting their turn.
 Uni-programming Memory Model
 Multi-programming Memory Model
 MFT
 MVT

 Virtual Memory
 The OS manages storage through one of its sub-
modules, the File Manager

 A file system is a collection of directories,

subdirectories, and files organized in a logical order.

 File manager maintains an index of the filenames &

where they are located on the disk.

 File manager make it easy to find the required file in

a logical and timely fashion.
 Applications talk to devices through the OS
and OS talks to and manages devices through
Device Drivers
 App developers do not need to know much
about the HW, while they are developing
their app.
 The OS provides all apps with a straight-
forward and consistent interface to the HW
 User Interface
 CLI
 GUI

 Security
 External
 Internal
 Sequential Access
 Random Access
o A file name is the complete title of a file
o Two purposes of file extensions
o to distinguish same file names by placing different extensions
o to associate files with applications
 Loader
 Kernel
 Device Manager
 File Manager
 User Interface
 Real Time (e.g. RTOS)
 Single user, single tasking (e.g. Palm OS)
 Single user, multi tasking (e.g.windows, MAC)
 Multiuser, multi tasking (LINUX, UNIX, VMS,
main frames)
 Uni-processor OS’es
 Multiprocessor OS’es
 DOS
 Microsoft Windows
 Mac OS.
 LINUX/UNIX

 OS’es for mobile phones

 Andriod
 IOS
 Disk formatting utility
 Data compression utility
 Data backup utility
 Anti virus
 Disk Defragmenter
 Device driver
Questions?