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UE – SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes chan Introduction
Proofreading, one of the six questions in Section C, is difficult for candidates
who are weak in grammar and usage. They find it difficult because of the
following reasons: (i) Unable to analyze the syntax of sentences; (ii) Unable to
locate and identify the errors; (iii) Unable to apply their logic to help them
understand the meaning of the sentence, and (iv) Their inadequate knowledge of
English grammar & usage. The question items in proofreading can be categorized
into the following 4 levels: Four Levels of Questions 1.Elementary, e.g. on
Saturday, in the morning; use of articles 2.Intermediate, e.g. passive voice,
tenses, prepositions, phrasal verbs, part of speech, subject verb agreement,
etc. 3.Advanced, e.g. participles, verb forms, relative clauses, participle
clauses, verb forms in conditional sentences, subjunctive mood, causative,
independent clause as the subject. 4. Other tricky questions SUMMARY OF SKILLS —
Proofreading 1. Read thew hole sentence. 2. Analyze the syntactic structure of
each sentence, e.g. subject, verb, verb-to-be, complement, participle clause /
phrase, object, etc. 3. Locate & identify the errors. 4. Do not correct thoseps
eudo-errors, e.g. styles of writing: changing ‘a’ into ‘the’, changing the
singular noun into the plural form, changing another word which carries the same
meaning. These are not dead errors that can make the sentence ungrammatical. 5.
Look forbig & dead errors, e.g. verb form, tense, subject verb agreement, finite
& non- finite (gerund, infinitive & participle), complement, independent clause
as the subject, etc. © Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 1 - UE – SECTION C
– Proofreading instructor: agnes chan Frequent Grammar Items in UE Proofreading
Verbs: 1.verb forms, e.g. pp form after ‘have / has / had’, ing form after
verb-to-be, etc. 2.Transitive & Intransitive verbs 3.passive & active voice
(main verb not in p.p. form, missing of auxiliary verb ‘be’, missing of
preposition ‘by’ – agent) 4.missing of verb-to-be before the subject complement
5.participles, participle clause 6.Subordinate clause without finite verbs (e.g.
When entering the room, before entering…) 7.conditional sentence verb forms
(e.g. use of modal verbs, verb forms) 8. Phrasal Verbs 9.preposition + verb
(gerund), e.g. 97UE No. 79 Nouns: 1.Plural noun referring to somethinggener al
2.Number in a noun, e.g. one of the resource(s), either (singular noun) or
(sing. Noun)
3.Noun functioning as an adjective (hotel safe: 1997UE No. 94)
Sentence Structures: 1.Sentence structures (subject, verb, clauses, direct
object & indirect object) parallel structure (consistency of verb forms / tense)
2.Phrases & Clauses (Prepositional Phrase, Noun Clause, Relative Clause,
Subordinate Clause, etc.) Part of Speech: 1.Part of speech, e.g. noun
adjective; wrong word, e.g. destruct (correct one: destroy), comparative &
superlative adjectives Prepositions: 1.Preposition (either missing / wrong use)
Pronouns: 1.Pro n o u n s (relative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, possessive
pronoun, etc.) Special Expressions e.g. used to, be used to © Copyrights
reserved UE Proofreading - 2 - UE – SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes
chan Quick Revision of Grammar Items Item 1 — Sentence Structures Basic Sentence
Structures Remarks 1. Subject + Verb (transitive) + Object [SVO] e.g. He has
drunk a bottle of wine. (Active voice) e.g. A bottle of wine hasb een drunk by
him. (Passive voice) * SVO can be written in passive voice * Passive Voice verb
form: BE + verb (past participle) 2. Subject + Verb (intransitive) [SV] e.g. He
swam alone. (Subject + v.i. + adverb) * SVcannot be written in passive voice *
The verb in SV is not a verb- to-be, e.g. is, am, are, etc. 3. Subject +
Verb-to-be + Complement [SVC] e.g. Agnes Chan is a tutor. (Noun)
e.g. Agnes Chan is an English tutor. (Noun group)
e.g. Agnes Chan is diligent. (Adjective)
e.g. Agnes Chan is in her room. (Prepositional Phrase)
*Complement: Noun / Noun group, Adjective, or Prepositional Phrase Sentence
Types Conjunctions / Connectives? 1. Simple Sentence (Subject + 1 finite verb)
e.g. Agnes Chan (Subj.) is (finite verb)an English tutor.
e.g. Agnes Chan (Subj.) studies (v.i.) at City University
of HK.
e.g. Agnes Chan (Subj.) majors (v.t.) English (object).
NIL 2. Compound Sentence (SV + SV) e.g. Agnes Chan is an English tutor (1st
clause) and
(conjunction) she studies English at City University of
HK. (2nd clause)
And, or, nor, for, but, so, yet joining individual words, phrases or clauses.
3. Complex Sentence (Subordinate Clause + Main Clause) e.g. Agnes Chan has been
teaching students English (1st clause)s ince she was a Sixth Former. (2nd
clause) after, although, as, because, before,
how, if, once, since, than, that,
though, till, until, when, where,
whether, and while showing the
relationship between sentences.
Item 2 — Phrases & Clauses © Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 3 - UE –
SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes chan Phrases & Functions Examples 1.
Noun Phrase Function (1): Subject, (2) Object, (3) Direct Object, (4) Subject
Complement, (5) Object Complement, (6) Adverbial F(1): A university student
majors the subject s/he likes. (Subj.) F(2): He hit a university student. (Obj.)
F(3): He gave a university student a campus map. (Direct Obj.)
F(4): She is a university student. (Subj. Comp.)
F(5): I regard him a university student. (Obj. Comp.)
F(6): This semester will end next week. (Adverbial)
2. Prepositional Phrase Function (1) adjective
after a noun, (2) adverb
after an adjective, (3)
adverb of place, (4)
adverb of time, (5)
adverb of manner.
F(1): I’ve read a book about cooking. (adj. After noun) F(2): You will be happy
with your new arrangement. (adv. After
noun)
F(3): The cockroach is hiding under the table. (adv. Of place)
F(4): I will have a meeting with Rodney in the morning. (adv. Of
time)
F(5): In my opinion, we should hold more activities for students
this year. (adv. Of manner)
Clauses & Functions Examples 1. Non-finite Clause F(1): subject of sentence
F(2): show another action
F(3): direct object
F(4): show time
F(5): show role of subj.
F(1): Thinking about how to teach students better is his usual practice. (gerund

as the subj. of the sentence) F(2): He helped me send a letter to Mr. Smith.
(another action)
F(3): I like dancing. (direct object)
F(4): Punished by Mr. Lee, he felt very guilty. (role of subject)
2. That-clause F(1): Subject
F(2): Object
*The ‘that’ here can help
make the independent
clause into a dependent
clause / noun clause.
F(1): That he leaves Hong Kong is his final decision. (Subj.) F(2): I know that
George wanted to copy Henry’s assignment to his. (Obj.) 3. Wh-Clause Clauses
start with wh-
word, e.g. what, who,
when, whom, how, where
F(1): Subject of a sentence: Why she made this decision was understandable.
F(2): Object of a sentence:
A tourist asked me where Hong Kong Cultural Center was.
Clauses & Functions Examples 4.Relative Clause Modify the preceded (who): The
manwh o is sitting next to my friend is my uncle. (whom): The manwhom you are
talking to is very nice. © Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 4 - UE –
SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes chan noun (形容名詞) Relative pronouns:
Who (subj.), whom
(obj.), that (subj / obj.),
Which, whose
(preposition + whom): The girlwithwhom you are discussing the
issue is kind. (Original: You are discussing the issue with the girl)
(which): The notesw hich Agnes typed to me are quite useful.
(in which): The theatreinwh ich you performed in is very big.
(Original: You performed in the theatre.) (whose): Mrs. Wuw hos e daughter has
taken HKCEE is very poor. (Original: Mrs. Wu’s daughter has taken HKCEE.) 5.
Subordinate Clause Function: provide more
information about the
time, place, condition,
purpose, manner that
things happen.
(time): When you came back home, you had to finish all the tasks. (place):
Staying in New York, she didn’t feel secured.
(condition): If you have got a cold, you can’t go to the party
tonight.
(purpose): To get good results in the test, he revised all the
chapters of the textbook last night.
(manner): Karen gave a blind eye to George, as if he had done
something wrong to her. (manner---showing attitude, how
something is like.)
Item 3 — Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Examples 1. Noun[名詞] 1.1 Concrete Noun
[實質名詞] Computer, printer, bottle, water, disks, teddy bear, cassette tapes,
mouse, keyboards, etc. 1.2 Abstract Noun [抽象名詞] --- ideas Feminism, Racism,
pollution, dignity, humiliation, immigration, exploitation, etc. 1.3Count Noun
[可數名詞] ---singular & plural form [ 可單 可雙] Computer, printer, bottle, disks,
teddy bear, cassette tapes, mouse, keyboards, words, books, pens, etc. 1.4
Uncountable Noun [不可數名詞] --- singular only! Water, sand, salt, sugar, light,
air, information, research, etc. Parts of Speech Examples 1. Noun [名詞]
(continued) 1.5 Singular Noun [單數名詞] Computer, mouse, monitor, a disk, a bottle,
a pen, a ruler, person, alumnus, phenomenon, etc. 1.6 Plural Noun Computers,
mouse, monitors, disks, bottles, pen, ruler, people, © Copyrights reserved UE
Proofreading - 5 - UE – SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes chan [眾數名詞]
alumni, phenomena, etc. 2. Verb[動詞] 2.1 Finite Verb The first verb element in
a verb group, showing
the tense & no. of
agreement. Shed oes not want to go to school. Shewan ts to go shopping with her
husband.
Shewas having her lunch at 3:30 p.m.
Sheh ad submitted the loan for her tuition fees.
2.2 Non-finite Verb (gerund, infinitive, participle) (Gerund):Hik ing is my
favorite hobby. (To-infinitive): She wants to go shopping with her husband.
(bare infinitive): She suggested mew rite a letter to my teacher to
make the application of this scholarship.
(present participle): She washaving her lunch at 3:30 p.m.
(past participle): My brother hasb rok en the vase.
(perfect participle): Having been to the UK for more than 3
months, I have got used to the life there.
2.2.1 Gerund verb + ing => Verbal Noun [動名詞] Being a successful English tutor is
not easy. (subj.) I don’t liketalking on the phone. (obj.) 2.2.2 Infinitive i)
To-infinitive ii) Bare infinitive (to-infinitive) I want to be an excellent
language teacher in Hong Kong. (bare infinitive) Please let mek n ow your
difficulties. 2.2.3 Participles i) Present Participle ii) Past Participle iii)
Perfect Participle i) I have beens w imming in this pool for 2 hours. (Present
Participle) ii) I havesw um in this pool for 2 hours. (Past Participle)
iii) Having swum for 3 hours, I felt very exhausted. (Perfect
Participle)
2.3 Modals Can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, need, care, must,
have to, will, would, may, might, etc. 2.4 Auxiliary Verbs Do, does, did, done;
be, is, am, are, was, were, being, been; have, has, had 2.5 16 Verb Forms 1)
Present Simple — write 2) Present Continuous — is / am / are writing 3) Present
Perfect — has / have written 4) Present Perfect Continuous — has / have been
writing © Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 6 - UE – SECTION C –
Proofreading instructor: agnes chan 5) Past Simple — wrote 6) Past Continuous —
was / were writing 7) Past Perfect — had written 8) Past Perfect Continuous —
had been writing 9) Future Simple — will write 10) Future Continuous — will be
writing 11) Future Perfect — will have written 12) Future Perfect Continuous —
will have been writing 13) Past Future Simple — would write 14) Past Future
Continuous — would be writing 15) Past Future Perfect — would have written 16)
Past Future Perfect Continuous — would have been writing 3. Adjective[形容詞] 3.1
Positive Form Beautiful, convenient, clear, loud, soft, strong, weak, bad, good
3.2 Comparative FormMore beautiful, more convenient, clearer, louder, softer,
stronger, weaker, worse, better 3.3 Superlative Form The most beautiful, the
most convenient, the clearest, the loudest, the softest, the strongest, the
weakest, the worst, the best 4. Adverb[副詞] 4.1 Adverb of Place In the building,
at home, at school, in the jungle, in the office 4.2 Adverb of Time In the
morning, at noon, at midnight, at 4:30 4.3 Adverb of MannerBeautifully,
conveniently, clearly, loudly, fast, quickly, well 4.4 Adverb of Degree Very
much, so, quite, rather, pretty, less, more 5. Preposition[介詞] In, on, at, from,
against, about, concerning, beside, behind, under, with, beneath, between, into,
onto, to, etc. 6. Article[冠詞] AF(1): any one of a particular thing F(2): before
singular count noun F(3): words begin with consonant sounds F(1): a computer, a
cup, a printer, a table, a desk, etc. F(2): I’ll be in the UK for a year.
Please wait for a minute. I’ll come back to your
question later.
F(3): a university / / , a one-
parent family / /
An F(1): words starting with avowel sound F(2): same as the Function (1 ~ 2) of
‘a’ F(1): an orphan / /,an The F(1): something unique
F(2): before a superlative adjective
F(3): there is only one of a particular thing
F(4): a thing / person that is modified by a
relative clause (i.e. a particular thing)
F(1): Beijing isthe capital city of China. F(2): Charlene Choi istheyounges t
female singer
holding her first concert in The Hong Kong
Coliseum.
F(3): the sun, the North Pole, the world, the
international market, etc.
© Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 7 -
UE – SECTION C – Proofreading instructor: agnes chan F(5): with phrases
beginning ‘of…’ / ‘The
of…’
F(6): a thing / person mentioned in the 2nd
time
F(4):The teacher who teaches us English is very
nice.
F(5): Do you knowthe meaning of these new
words? F(6): I put a coin into a cup, and the coin sinks. Zero F(1): uncountable

and plural nouns F(1): I always like hearing good news. (= good news in general)
Lazy students like finding excuses for their
laziness. (= excuses in general; lazy students in
general)
7. Conjunction 7.1 Co-ordinating Conjunction Joining words, phrases or
independent clauses — And, or, so, but, nor, for, yet 7.2 Subordinating
Conjunction Indicating the nature of the relationship among the independent
clause(s) and the dependent clause(s) — after, although, as,
because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until,
when, where, whether, and while.
8. Pronoun[代名詞] 8.1 Personal Pronoun 8.1.1 As subjects I, you, we, they, he,
she, it 8.1.2 As objects Me, you, us, them, him, her, it 8.1.2 As adjectives My,
your, our, their, his, her, its 8.2 Possessive PronounMine, yours, ours, theirs,
his, hers, its 8.3 Indefinite PronounOne, other (plural), the other (1 out of 2,
singular), the others (the left people / things), others (other people / things)
another
(singular), someone (singular), everybody (singular), anybody
(singular), neither (singular / plural), all, many, etc.
8.4 Reflexive PronounMyself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves,
himself, herself, itself. e.g. Although Sandy is an 8-year-old girl, she takes
care ofhers elf. © Copyrights reserved UE Proofreading - 8 -
Proofreading Skills
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