A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more

objects together.

FASTENER FAILURES
Threaded fasteners are considered to be any threaded part that may be removed
after assembly. Nuts and bolts are commonly used threaded fasteners. Rivets,
pin fasteners, and special purpose fasteners are some other commonly used
fasteners. Some common locations for fastener failures are listed below:
• Head to shank failure
• First thread inside the nut
• Transition from thread to shank
A fastener may experience either static loading or fatigue loading. Static loading
may be tension, shear, bending, or torsion. These static loading conditions may
occur in combination. One example of fatigue loading is vibration. In addition to
overload and fatigue, some other common reasons for fastener failures include
environmental issues, manufacturing discrepancies, and improper use or
incorrect installation.
Some common questions concerning fasteners are listed below:
• How were the fasteners torqued?
• In what order were fasteners tightened?
• What is the best way to verify the torque on fasteners?
• How does torque value vary over time?
Fatigue is one of the most common failure modes for threaded fasteners.
Fretting failures may result from small movements between adjacent surfaces.
Additionally, atmospheric corrosion, liquid immersion corrosion, galvanic
corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen damage
may contribute to fastener failure
Material selection, heat treatment, cutting or rolling threads, manufacturing,
assembly, and design are some of the factors that effect fastener failures.
Failure analysis can determine the cause of the fastener failure and determine
the primary or contributing causes of fastener failure.

About Titanium
Titanium Grade 1-4 is pure Titanium, the other grades are alloys. Pure Titanium is used due
to it's high corrosion resistance, the alloys because of the extremely high strength to weight
ratio.

Grade 1 Pure Titanium, relatively low strength and high ducility. Plate heat exchangers
Grade 2 The pure titanium most used. The best combination of strength, ducility and
weldability. Piping systems.
Grade 3 High strength Titanium, used for Matrix-plates in shell and tube heat exchangers.
Grade 5 The most manufactured titanium alloy. Exceedingly high strength. High heat
resistance. Aerospace, subsea.
Grade 7 Superior corrosion resistance in reducing and oxiding enviroments. Chemical
Industry.
Grade 9 Very high strength and corrosion resistance. Hydraulic piping, subsea.
Grade 11 Applications as for gr 7. Suitable for deep drawing.
Grade 12 Better heat resistance than pure Titanium. Applications as for grade 7 and 11.
Shell and tube heat exchangers.

Standard: Make acc to DIN, ISO, ANSI, BS standard.

DIN 912 DIN 933 DIN 934

DIN 963 DIN 931 DIN 985

ISO 7380 DIN 6912 DIN 125

DIN 7984 DIN 913 DIN 9021

DIN 7991 DIN 6921 DIN 127