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PUTRAJAYA CAMPUS
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2, 2009 / 2010
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
Page 1 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
(b) Determine the value of k for which the given differential equation is exact.
Then, solve the equation by using that value of k .
y2
x
( y
)
+ cos y dx + k y ln x − x sin y + ye dy = 0 , x>0 [8 marks]
A spring whose constant is 18 N/m is attached with a 1-kg mass. The entire system is
then submerged in a liquid that imparts a damping force numerically equal to 11 times
the instantaneous velocity. Determine the equation of motion if the 1-kg mass is initially
released from a point 4m below the equilibrium position, with an upward velocity of
−1
1 ms .
Page 2 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
Obtain two linearly independent power series solutions about x = 0 for the differential
equation,
y ′′ − (1 + x ) y = 0
(Write down ONLY the first four non-zero terms for each series solution)
(b) Use the Laplace Transform to solve the given integral equation.
t
f (t ) = e− t + t 2 − ∫ f (t −τ )dτ
0
[9 marks]
Page 3 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
SOLUTIONS
dy 4 + y 2 + 4 x + xy 2
1(a) = , y (4) = 0
dx x−3
dy 4(1 + x ) + y 2 (1 + x)
=
dx x −3
dy (4 + y 2 )(1 + x)
=
dx x −3
dy 1+ x
∫ 4+ y 2
= ∫
x −3
dx
( x − 3) + 4
= ∫ dx
x−3
4
= ∫ 1 + dx
x −3
1 −1 y
tan = x + 4 ln x − 3 + c
2 2
Given, y (4) = 0
1 −1
tan ( 0 ) = 4 + 4 ln 4 − 3 + c
2
c = −4
1 −1 y
tan = x + 4 ln x − 3 − 4
2 2
Page 4 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
y2
1(b) ( )
+ cos y dx + k y ln x − x sin y + ye dy = 0, x > 0
y
x
∂f y2
= M ( x, y ) = + cos y,
∂x x
∂f
= N ( x, y ) = k y ln x − x sin y + ye y
∂y
∂M 2 y ∂N ky
= − sin y , = − sin y
∂y x ∂x x
⇒k=2
∂f y2
⇒ f ( x, y ) = ∫ dx = ∫ + cos y dx
∂x x
= y 2 ln x + x cos y + g ( y )
∂f
= 2 y ln x − x sin y + g ′( y ) = 2 y ln x − x sin y + ye y
∂y
g ′( y ) = ye y
g ( y ) = ∫ ye y dy = ye y − e y + c1
f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x + x cos y + ye y − e y + c1 = c2
or
f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x + x cos y + ye y − e y = c
2. y (5) − 2 y (4) + 16 y ′ − 32 y = 0 .
m5 − 2m 4 + 16m − 32 = 0
(m − 2)(m 4 + 16) = 0
Page 5 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
m − 2 = 0 ⇒ m1 = 2,
m 4 + 16 = 0 ,
but
π + 2 kπ π + 2 kπ
(−1)1/ n = cos + i sin , k = 0, ±1, ±2,..
n n
so,
π + 2 kπ π + 2 kπ
2(−1)1/ 4 = 2 cos + i sin , k = 0, ±1, ±2,..
4 4
π π
for k = 0, m2 = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
2 2
= 2 + i
2 2
= 2 + 2i
3π 3π
for k = 1, m3 = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
2 2
= 2 − + i
2 2
= − 2 + 2i
so, m4 = 2 − 2 i and m5 = − 2 − 2 i
Page 6 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
y = c1e 2 x + c2 e 2x
cos ( )
2 x + c3e − 2x
cos ( )
2 x + c4 e 2x
sin ( )
2 x + c5e − 2x
sin ( 2x )
x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 4 y = 0
m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0
(m − 2)(m − 2) = 0
m1 = m2 = 2
y1 = x 2 , y2 = x 2 ln x
yc = c1 x 2 + c2 x 2 ln x
f ( x) = ln x
x2 x 2 ln x
W ( x , x ln x) =
2 2
2x x + 2 x ln x
= x 2 ( x + 2 x ln x) − 2 x( x 2 ln x)
= x3
0 x 2 ln x
W1 ( x , x ln x) =
2 2
ln x x + 2 x ln x
= 0 − ln x( x 2 ln x)
= − x 2 (ln x) 2
x2 0
W2 ( x 2 , x 2 ln x) =
2 x ln x
= x 2 ln x
Page 7 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
W1 − x 2 (ln x ) 2 −(ln x) 2
u1′ = = =
W x3 x
W2 x 2 ln x ln x
u2′ = = =
W x3 x
−(ln x) 2 1
u1 = ∫ dx let u = ln x, du = dx.
x x
u3 (ln x )3
= − ∫ u 2 du = = − =−
3 3
ln x 1
u2 = ∫ dx let u = ln x, du = dx.
x x
u 2 (ln x) 2
= ∫ u du = = =
2 2
y p = u1 y 1 +u2 y2
x 2 (ln x)3
=
6
x 2 (ln x)3
y = c1 x + c2 x ln x +
2 2
d 2 x β dx k
4. Since + + x = 0,
dt 2 m dt m
Page 8 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
d 2x dx
we have 2
+ 11 + 18 x = 0
dt dt
Roots m = −2, m = −9
x(0) = 4 ⇒ c1 + c 2 = 4
x ′(0) = −1 ⇒ − 2c1 − 9c 2 = −1
Solve to obtain c1 = 5, c 2 = −1
5. y ′′ − (1 + x ) y = 0
∞
Let y ( x ) = ∑c
n =0
n xn .
∞ ∞
y ′( x) = ∑ nc n x n −1 , and y ′′( x) = ∑ n(n − 1)c n x n −2
n =1 n =2
∞ ∞ ∞
∑n(n −1)c
n =2
n x n −2 – ∑c
n =0
n xn – ∑c
n =0
n x n +1 = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
∑ (k + 2)(k + 1)ck + 2 x k –
k =0
∑ ck x k –
k =0
∑c
k =1
k −1 xk = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
2c 2 + ∑ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k =1
k +2 x k – c 0 – ∑ ck x k –
k =1
∑c
k =1
k −1 xk = 0
∞
2c 2 – c 0 + ∑{
k =1
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck + 2 − ck − ck −1 } xk = 0
Page 9 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
ck + ck −1
c2 = 12 c0 and ck + 2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)
for k = 1, 2, ,3,...
c1 + c 0 1 1
k =1 : c3 = = c1 + c0
6 6 6
c 2 + c1 1 1
k =2 : c4 = = c1 + c0
12 12 24
c3 + c 2 1 1
k =3 : c5 = = c1 + c0
20 120 30
∞
y ( x) = ∑ c n x n = c 0 + c1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + ...
n=0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= c 0 + c1 x + c0 x 2 + c1 x 3 + c0 x 3 + c1 x 4 + c0 x 4 + c1 x 5 + c 0 x 5 + ...
2 6 6 12 24 120 30
1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 5
= c 0 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x + ... + c1 x + x 3 + x + x + ...
2 6 24 6 12 120
1 1 4 1 5
y 2 ( x ) = c1 x + x 3 + x + x + ... ,
6 12 120
Page 10 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
8e −π s
6(a) ℒ-1
s( s + 6 s + 4)
2
8 A Bs + C
= + 2
s ( s + 6 s + 4) s s + 6 s + 4
2
A = 2, B = −2, C = −12
2 −2 s − 12 −π s
=ℒ-1 + 2 e
s s + 6 s + 4
2e −π s ( s + 6)e −π s
= ℒ-1 − 2 ℒ -1
( s + 3) − 5
2
s
2e −π s ( ( s + 3) + 3) e −π s
=ℒ -1
−2ℒ
-1
( s + 3) − 5
2
s
2e −π s ( s + 3)e −π s 3e −π s
=ℒ -1
−2ℒ
-1
−2 ℒ
-1
( s + 3) − 5 ( s + 3) − 5
2 2
s
2u (t − π ) − 2e −3(t −π ) cosh ( )
5(t − π ) u (t − π ) −
6 −3( t −π )
5
e sinh ( )
5(t − π ) u (t − π )
6(b) ℒ { f (t )} = {
−t
ℒ e +t −
2
∫ 0
t
f (t − τ )dτ }
1 2 1
F (s) = + 3 − F ( s)
s +1 s s
1 1 2
F (s) 1 + = + 3
s s +1 s
s +1 1 2
F (s) = + 3
s s +1 s
s 2
F (s) = + 2
( s + 1) 2
s ( s + 1)
Page 11 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
( s + 1) − 1 2 2 A B C
F (s) = + 2 = + 2+
( s + 1) 2
s ( s + 1) s ( s + 1) s s
2
s +1
A = −2, B = 2, C = 2
1 1 2 2 2
F (s) = − − + 2+
s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
s s s +1
f (t ) = e −t − te −t − 2 + 2t + 2e −t
or
f (t ) = 3e −t − te −t − 2 + 2t
t , 0≤t <2
7. f (t ) = 2 , 2≤t <4
tet , t≥4
ℒ { f (t )} {
=ℒ t + (2 − t )u (t − 2) + (te − 2)u (t − 4)
t
}
{
=ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + ℒ (te − 2)u (t − 4)
t
}
{
= ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + e −4s ℒ (t + 4)e
( t + 4)
−2 }
4
{
= ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + e −4s ℒ e (te + 4e ) − 2
t t
}
1 e −2 s −4 s e4 4e 4 2
= − + e + −
s2 s2 ( s − 1) s −1 s
2
Page 12 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
e− s
s 2Y ( s ) − sy (0) − y′(0) + 5( sY ( s ) − y (0)) + 6Y ( s ) = + e −2 s
s
e− s
s Y ( s ) − 1 + 5sY ( s ) + 6Y ( s) =
2
+ e −2 s
s
e− s
( s 2 + 5s + 6)Y ( s ) = + e −2 s + 1
s
e− s e −2 s 1
Y (s) = + +
s ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2)( s + 3)
1 A B C
= + + ⇒ A = 1/ 6, B = −1/ 2, C = 1/ 3
s ( s + 2)( s + 3) s s + 2 s + 3
1 D E
= + ⇒ D = 1, E = −1
( s + 2)( s + 3) s + 2 s + 3
So,
1 1 1 −s 1 1 −2 s 1 1
Y (s) = − + e + − e + −
6 s 2( s + 2) 3( s + 3) s+2 s +3 s+2 s+3
1 1 1
6 2 3
( )
y (t ) = − e −2( t −1) + e −3(t −1) u (t − 1) + e −2( t − 2) − e −3( t − 2) u (t − 2) + e −2t − e −3t
Page 13 of 14
Semester
2, 2009/2010
Page 14 of 14