BDA 1052

FLUID MECHANICS 1

Siti Mariam Basharie

Department of Plant and Automotive
Engineering (JKLA)
Room : C16-101-22
Tel : 07- 4537823
H/p : 012 7504074
mariam@uthm.edu.my

LECTURE PLAN - Go to document RPP 04

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS?

The Application of Fluid Mechanics

The fluid mechanics principle and application can be found in many

engineering system include the system of water supply, vacuum cleaners, air
conditioners, vehicle engines, aircrafts, in oil and gas industries, and even in the
human body.

The heart is constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body
through the arteries and veins, and the lungs are the sites of airflow in
alternating directions. Needless to say, all artificial hearts, breathing machines,
and dialysis systems are designed using fluid dynamics.

The piping systems for cold water, natural gas, and sewage for an individual
house and the entire city are designed primarily on the basis of fluid mechanics.
The same is also true for the piping and ducting network of heating and air-
conditioning systems. A refrigerator involves tubes through which the refrigerant
flows, a compressor that pressurizes the refrigerant, and two heat exchangers
where the refrigerant absorbs and rejects heat.

We can also see numerous applications of fluid mechanics in an automobile.

All components associated with the transportation of the fuel from the fuel tank
to the cylinders—the fuel line, fuel pump, fuel injectors, or carburetors— as well
as the mixing of the fuel and the air in the cylinders and the purging of
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combustion gases in exhaust pipes are analyzed using fluid mechanics. Fluid
mechanics is also used in the design of the heating and air-conditioning system,
the hydraulic brakes, the power steering, automatic transmission, and lubrication
systems, the cooling system of the engine block including the radiator and the
water pump, and even the tires. The sleek streamlined shape of recent model
cars is the result of efforts to minimize drag by using extensive analysis of flow
over surfaces.

On a broader scale, fluid mechanics plays a major part in the design and
analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines, rockets, jet engines, wind turbines,
biomedical devices, the cooling of electronic components, and the transportation
of water, crude oil, and natural gas. It is also considered in the design of
buildings, bridges, and even billboards to make sure that the structures can
withstand wind loading. Numerous natural phenomena such as the rain cycle,
weather patterns, the rise of ground water to the top of trees, winds, ocean
waves, and currents in large water bodies are also governed by the principles of
fluid mechanics.

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Figure 1.1 : Applications of Fluid Mechanics

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  Fluid mechanics is the study of the behavior of fluids, either at rest or in
motion.
 Fluids : gaseous, water, gasoline, lubricant, milk.
 Not fluids (Solid) : steel, diamonds, rubber bands, and paper.
 Divided into 3 sub-disciplines : Fluid Statics, Fluid Kinematics and Fluid
Dynamics.

Fluid Statics : Study of fluids at rest (E.g of fluid at rest : fluids in tank,
reservoir, lake, sea etc)
E.g : Calculating hydrostatics forces on water gate and dam.

Fluid Dynamics : Is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid

flow—the natural science of fluids in motion.

E.g : Calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate
of petroleum through pipelines, blood flow and predicting weather patterns.

Fluid Kinematics : Fluid kinematics is the study of how fluids flow and how to
describe fluid motion. It deals with describing the motion of fluids without
necessarily considering the forces and moments that cause the motion.
E.g :
 Study of flow fields includes streamlines, streaklines, pathline, timelines.
 Steady flow , unsteady flow, uniform flow, ununiform flow, laminar,
turbulence flow etc.
 Study of the concepts of vorticity, rotationality, and irrotationality.

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 Figure 1.2 : Study of flow fields/ flow pattern through visualization technique.

1.2 WHAT IS FLUID?

solids liquids gaseous

 Fluid is a substance that can be flow or deforms continuously under applied

shear.

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  A solid is ―hard‖ and not easily deformed, whereas a fluid is ―soft‖ and is
easily deformed.
 So, among three types of matter : solids, liquids and gaseous, only liquids
and gaseous are consider as fluids.

The different between liquids and gaseous.

liquids
The molecules are close together,
held together by significant force of
attraction.
When a liquid held in a container, it
tends to take the shape of the
container, covering the bottom and
the sides.
gaseous
The molecules are far apart, have very
weak forces of attraction.
When a gas is held under pressure in a
closed container, it tends to expand
until it encounters the walls of the
container and completely fills the
entire available space.

If the container in opened, the gas

tends to expand more and escape
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 from the container.

Forms a free surface in the presence Gaseous cannot form a free surface.
of gravity.

 Because of their molecular spacing, liquids normally have higher densities

than gases.
 Liquids – ideally is a incompressible fluid where the density is considered
as constant (but not in practice).
 Gaseous – is compressible fluid.

 Compressible Vs Incompressible fluids

A flow is classified as being compressible or incompressible, depending on

the level of variation of density during flow. Incompressibility is an
approximation, and a flow is said to be incompressible if the density remains
nearly constant throughout. Therefore, the volume of every portion of fluid
remains unchanged over the course of its motion when the flow (or the
fluid) is incompressible.
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The densities of liquids are essentially constant, and thus the flow of liquids
is typically incompressible. Therefore, liquids are usually referred to as
incompressible substances. Gaseous, on the other hand, are highly
compressible.

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1.3 FLUID PROPERTIES

What is the importance of knowing the fluid properties?

Different fluids can have grossly different characteristics.

For example, gases are light and compressible, whereas liquids are heavy (by
comparison) and relatively incompressible. A syrup flows slowly from a
container, but water flows rapidly when poured from the same container. To
quantify these differences, certain fluid properties are used. In this topic, we
will look into a several properties that play an important role in the fluid
mechanics analysis.

1.3.1 Density

 Designated by the greek symbol  (rho).

 It describe the ―heaviness‖ of a fluid.
 The density  is defined as the mass per unit volume:

m
 
V

 The SI units for the density is kg/m3

 How to measure the density of a material (conventional method)?

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 Values of density for some common liquids at Patm = 1.013 bar and
T= 4 °C.
ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3
ρair = 1.23 kg/m3
ρHg = 13546 kg/m3

There are 3 samples of water which obtained from different sources

i) sample from Johor River
ii) sample from Muar River
iii) sample from SAJ

Question : Do all the samples have the same density (i.e = 1000
kg/m3)?

However, for gaseous, the density can be obtain using ideal gas
equation pV=mRT where the density is given by ,

p
 
RT

Where p is absolute pressure, R is gas constant and T is absolute

temperature.

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1.3.2 Specific gravity

 Designated by the symbol SG.

 Also known as relative density.
 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance
or fluid to the density of water.


fluid
SG

fluid
H 2O

 Have no units/ dimensionless.

 E.g :
SGH2O = ρH2O / ρH2O = 1000/1000 =1
SGHg = ρHg / ρwater = 13546/1000 = 13.546

 If SGfluid >1 , that means the fluid/substance is denser than water

and vice versa (SGfluid <1 = the fluid is less dense).

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1.3.4 Specific weight

 Designated by the greek symbol γ (gamma).

 Specific weight is defined as the weight of a substance per unit
volume and expressed as
  g
where g is the gravitational acceleration.

 The SI units for the specific weight is N/m3

 Some common values of γ at 4 °C.

γ H2O = 1000x9.81 = 9810 N/m3

γ air = 1.23 x 9.81 = 12.07 N/m3

1.3.5 Viscosity

 Viscosity is a measure of frictional resistance of fluid to flow.

 It describes the ―fluidity‖ of the fluid.
 There are two types of viscosity : dynamics and kinematics
viscosity.
 The term ―viscosity‖ always refers to the dynamic viscosity.
….*
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1.3.5.1 Dynamic viscosity

- Newton's law of viscosity is given by


 
du / dy

Force/Area

velocity/d istance

where  = viscosity of fluid

 = shear stress

du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient

 The SI units for dynamic viscosity is N.s/m2 or kg/ms.

 Other unit is poise where 1 poise = 0.1 N.s/m2.

1.3.5.2 Kinematics viscosity

 The kinematics viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the

density of a substance.
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 
 


 The SI unit for kinematics viscosity is m2/s.

 Other unit is Stokes, St atau centistokes, cst di mana 104 St = 1 m2/s.

 Newtonian fluids
- Any fluids that behave in accordance with Newton's law of viscosity are
called as Newtonian fluid.
- Most common fluids such as water, oil, gasoline, benzene, kerosene, alcohol
and glycerin are classified as Newtonian fluids.

 Non-Newtonian fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate of
shearing strain or in other word fluids which do not obey the Newton's law of
viscosity are designated as non-Newtonian fluids.

Generally non-Newtonian fluids are complex mixtures like slurries, pastes,

gels, polymer solutions etc.

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 Although there are a variety of types of non-Newtonian fluids, the simplest
and most common are the fluids with time-independent behaviors as shown
in Figure below.

Time-Independent behaviors:

- Properties are independent of time under shear.

- Bingham-plastic: Resist a small shear stress but flow easily under larger
shear stresses.

E.g : tooth-paste, jellies, chocolate, mustard, mayonnaise, and some

slurries.

- Pseudo-plastic: For pseudo-plastic or also called as shear thinning fluids,

the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing velocity gradient, the
harder the fluid is sheared, the less viscous it becomes. Many colloidal
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 suspensions and polymer solutions are pseudo-plastic. For example, latex
paint does not drip from the brush because the shear rate is small and the
apparent viscosity is large. However, it flows smoothly.
Other e.g: polymer solutions, blood plasma, molten polyethylene, latexes,
syrups, adhesives, molasses and inks.

- Dilatant fluids: The viscosity increases with increasing velocity gradient but
the curve begins with a low slope, indicating a low apparent viscosity. They
are uncommon and also called as shear thickening fluids.

E.g : water-corn starch mixture and water-sand mixture (―quicksand‖).

Time dependent behaviors:

- Those which are dependent upon duration of shear.

- Thixotropic fluids: for which the dynamic viscosity decreases with the time
for which shearing forces are applied. e.g. thixotropic jelly paints.

- Rheopectic fluids: Dynamic viscosity increases with the time for which
shearing forces are applied. e.g. gypsum suspension in water.

- Visco-elastic fluids: Some fluids have elastic properties, which allow them
to spring back when a shear force is released. e.g. egg white.

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1.3.6 Capillary Effect

Such narrow tubes or confined flow channels are called capillaries.

The rise or fall of a liquid in this small-diameter tube or channel is called
capillary effect.

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1.3.7 Surface Tension

 Surface of the liquid acts like a stretched elastic membrane under tension.
 The pulling force that causes this tension acts parallel to the surface and is
due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid.

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Properties of Some Common Fluids

Table 1.2 : Properties of some common Liquids at T=20°C

Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor

Density
FLUIDS Viscosity Viscosity Tension Pressure
(kg/m3)
(kg/m.s) (m2/s) (N/m) (Pmutlak)
Water 1000 1.00 X 10-3 1.00 X 10-6 7.28 X 10-2 2.34 X 103
Sea water 1025 1.07 X 10-3 1.04 X 10-6 7.28 X 10-2 2.34 X 103
Gasoline 680 2.92 X 10-4 4.29 X 10-7 2.16 X 10-2 5.51 X 104
Kerosene 804 1.92X 10-3 2.39 X 10-6 2.80 X 10-2 3.11 X 103
Glycerol 1260 1.50 1.19 X 10-3 6.33 X 10-2 1.40 X 10-2
Mercury 13600 1.57 X 10-3 1.15 X 10-7 4.66 X 10-1 1.60 X 10-1
Oil SAE30 891 2.90 X 10-1 3.25 X 10-4 3.50 X 10-2 -

Table 1.3 : Properties of some common gaseous at T=20°C

Dynamic Kinematic Gas

Density Specific
FLUIDS Viscosity Viscosity Constant
(kg/m3) Heat Ratio
(kg/m.s) (m2/s) (J/kg.K)
Air 1.23 1.79 X 10-5 1.46 X 10-5 2.869 X 102 1.40
Nitrogen 1.16 1.76 X 10-5 1.52 X 10-5 2.968 X 102 1.40
Oxygen 1.33 2.04 X 10-5 1.53 X 10-5 2.598 X 102 1.40
Gas CH4 6.67 X 10-1 1.10 X 10-5 1.65 X 10-5 5.183 X 102 1.31
Helium 1.66 X 10-1 1.94 X 10-5 1.15 X 10-4 2.077 X 103 1.66
Hydrogen 8.38 X 10-2 8.84 X 10-6 1.05X 10-4 4.128 X 103 1.41
Carbon 1.83 1.47 X 10-5 8.03 X 10-6 1.889 X 102 1.30
dioxide

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