literatura

elene darianis
istoria TamTa melaSvili
msoflio literaturaSi mkvidri adgili ZiriTadad kac avtorebs uWiravT. gamonaklisi arc
qarTuli literaturaa. saxelmZRvaneloebSi, wignis Taroebze, biblioTekebsa Tu maRaziebSi
umeteswilad kac avtorebs vxedavT. es imdenad bunebriv mocemulobad migvaCnia, rom, SesaZloa,
kiTxvac ar gagviCndes – sad arian qalebi literaturaSi? da Tu arian, ratom arian isini ase co-
ta?
aq mTavari am kiTxvis dasmaa, pasuxi ki – martivi. qalebs, rogorc araprivilegirebul
jgufs, saukuneebis manZilze ar miuwvdebodaT xeli wera-kiTxvaze, ganaTlebaze, pirad sivrce-
sa da finansebze, ojaxuri saqmianobisgan Tavisufal droze. es yvelaferi isaa, rac literatu-
ris SeqmnisTvis upirobod aucilebelia da rac kacebs yovelTvis hqondaT. roca qalebisTvis
erT dros sruliad daxSuli sivrceebi gaixsna, maT nel-nela daiwyes gamosvla samwerlo aspa-
rezze.

74
 elene dariani

saqarTveloSi es pro-
cesi XIX saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan iwyeba da maSindel
bevr mniSvnelovan politikur, eko-
nomikur Tu socialur movlenas ukav-
Sirdeba. qalTa masobrivi SeWra literatu-
raSi ki XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiniSneba. am
dros gamoCndnen qarTul prozaSi iseTi SedarebiT
cnobili saxeebi, rogoricaa ekaterine gabaSvili, anas-
tasia erisTavi-xoStaria da despine gelovani. poezia, am
mxriv, ufro mravalferovani aRmoCnda. qalTa da socialur
sakiTxebze wera aqtiurad am dros bevrma qalma daiwyo. maT
Soris iyvnen: babilina xositaSvili, kato miqelaZe, lidia meg-
reliZe, marijani, mariam gariyuli, safo mgelaZe. Tumca dRes
qarTul kanonikur literaturaSi maTi saxelebi sruliad mi-
viwyebulia.
qalTa samwerlo moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT 1910-iani wlebidan gaZlierda. am periods mie-
kuTvneba qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli movlena – elene dariani, romlis
saxelma pirvelad 1915 wels gaiJRera. elene darianis fenomeni Tavidanve saintereso da skanda-
lur movlenad iqca, rac ara mxolod misma idumalebam, aramed Semoqmedebamac gansazRvra. da-
riani Tavis leqsebSi pirvelad Seexo qalis sxeuls, emociebsa da gancdebs, mis seqsualobas da
es yvelaferi romantikuli grZnobebis prizmaSi warmoaCina.
vin iyo elene dariani? didxans, 1950-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli, miiCneoda, rom da-
riani cnobili qarTveli poeti, cisferyanwelTa ordenis wevri paolo iaSvili iyo, ufro swo-
rad ki, misi literaturuli gardasaxva. paolo iaSvili, bevri misi Tanamedrove mwerlis msgav-
sad, sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis msxverpli gaxda – is 1930-iani wlebis represiebma Seiwi-
ra. man tragikulad, reJimis zewolis Sedegad, 1937 wels TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocx-
le. aRsaniSnavia, rom sicocxleSi paolos poeziis krebuli arc erTxel ar gamocemula, Tumca
is Zalian aqtiur literaturul saqmianobas eweoda, iyo cisferyanwelTa poeturi ordenis
erT-erTi gamorCeuli lideri, mweralTa kavSiris wevri, araerTi literaturuli gamocemis
iniciatori. swored misi xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida 1916 wels quTaisSi poeturi ordenis Jur-
nalis – `cisferi yanwebis~ – pirveli nomeri. paolo iaSvilis pirvelma poeturma krebulma misi
sikvdilis Semdeg, gardacvalebidan TiTqmis 20 wlis Tavze, ixila mzis sinaTle. es 1950-iani
wlebis bolos, misi reabilitaciis mere moxda. iaSvilis pirvelive krebulSi, romelic maSin-
delma sabWoTa literatorebma Seadgines, gamoCnda 1915-1923 wlebSi dawerili 14 leqsi `daria-
nuli ciklis~ saxelwodebiT, romelSic elene darianis leqsebi gaerTianda.

75
literatura

didxans qarTul akademiur da litera-

turul wreebSi erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnev-
dnen, rom am leqsebis avtori paolo iaSvi-
lia. poeti iSviaTi niWiTa da SemoqmedebiT –
transformaciuli sizustiT – aRwerda qa-
lur grZnobebsa da sasiyvarulo gancdebs.
Tumca, 1990-ian wlebSi qarTul presaSi gaC-
nda sxva versia elene darianis vinaobis Sesa-
xeb, romelmac Tavidanve didi miTqma-moTq-
ma gamoiwvia. versiis avtori istorikosi gi-
orgi javaxiSvili iyo. man mopovebul saar-
qivo masalaze dayrdnobiT ganacxada, rom
elene dariani ara mistikuri pirovneba da
paolo iaSvilis poeturi gardasaxva, aramed
realuri qali – elene baqraZe – iyo. mogvia-
nebiT, 2001 wels, javaxiSvilma wignic gamos-
ca saxelwodebiT `elene darianis legenda
da sinamdvile~, sadac mikvleul saarqivo
masalas Tavi mouyara da masze dafuZnebiT
argumentirebulad scada darianis vinaobis patara elene baqraZe
garkveva. misma versiam Tavidanve mtrulad
ganawyo qarTvel literatorTa didi nawili elenem moskovi male datova. 1918 wels
– maTTvis darianis baqraZesTan gaigiveba saqarTveloSi dabrunda da Tbilisis saxel-
sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda. mwifo universitetSi filosofia-fsiqo-
logiis fakultetze daiwyo swavla. mogvia-
vin iyo elene baqraZe? is 1897 wels Tbi- nebiT elene meored, amjerad siyvaruliT
lisSi daibada, bavSvoba monasterSi gaatara, gaTxovda. misi rCeuli Salva qarTveliSvi-
aTi wlisa ki mSoblebTan erTad sacxovreb- li iyo. iqorwina paolo iaSvilmac. baqraZe-
lad ganjaSi, azerbaijanSi, gadavida, sadac sa da iaSvils Soris romantikuli grZnoba
wminda ninos saxelobis qalTa saswavlebelSi naz megobrobaSi gadaizarda. aRsaniSnavia,
miabares. elene ganjidan saqarTveloSi yo- rom qarTveliSvili swored paolom gaacno
vel wels Camodioda sazafxulo ardadegeb- elenes cnobil avangardul kafe `qimeri-
ze, romelsac, ZiriTadad, qarTlsa da ime- onSi~.
reTSi atarebda. swored imereTSi, lesevSi,
naxa pirvelad 15 wlis elenem paolo iaSvili.
sami wlis mere isini kvlav lesevSi Sexvdnen
erTmaneTs. maTi cxovreba ukve radikalurad
iyo Secvlili. axalgazrda elene garigebiT
iyo gaTxovili giorgi (gigo) beriSvilze, pa-
olo ki axali dabrunebuli iyo parizidan.
baqraZis arqivSi SemorCenili werilebis mi-
xedviT, swored im zafxuls gaCnda mZafri sa-
siyvarulo grZnoba maT Soris. amave arqivSi
daculia darianis, rogorc fsevdonimis,
warmoSobis istoriac. irkveva, rom Seyvare-
bulma elenem paolos oskar uaildis gmiris
mixedviT doriani uwoda, sapasuxod ki satr-
fom mas dariani daarqva.
1916 wlis seqtemberSi elene moskovSi
gaemgzavra samedicino universitetSi ga-
naTlebis misaRebad, magram swavlas male da-
aneba Tavi. rogorc aRmoCnda, mas sxva inte-
resebi hqonda. is Tavisufal msmenelad esw-
reboda leqciebs filologiasa da filoso-
fiaSi, gaicno da dauaxlovda rus litera-
torebs. elene baqraZe-dariani da gigo beriSvili

76
 statiis saxeli elene dariani

elene baqraZe meuRlis, paolo ia-

Svilisa da bevri megobrisgan gasxvave-
biT, stalinur represiebs gadaurCa. is
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rusul enasa da
literaturas aswavlida Tbilisis
konservatoriasa da pedagogiur ins-
titutSi. elene baqraZe 1979 wels 82
wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
darianis istorias met iduma-
lebas is faqti sZens, rom paolo
iaSvils sicocxleSi arasodes
uTqvams, rom darianuli leqse-
bis avtori Tavad iyo. Tumca is
pirveli iyo, vinc 1915 wels
quTaisSi sajarod waikiTxa
darianis erT-erTi leqsi. am
leqsis erotikulobis gamo
iaSvils agresiiT Sexvdnen.
msmenelTa didma nawilma
darbazi protestis niSnad
datova. elene dariani sazo-
gadoebam amoralurad Serac-
xa. `elene dariani saSiSia. mas
temperatura aweuli aqvs. suli-
eri saunje darians ar gaaCnia. mas
ar moepoveba qaluri mokrZaleba
da sinaze~, – werda imdroindeli
presa. pornografiulad Seracxul
leqsebze maSindel periodikaSi aR- elene baqraZe
da Salva qarTveliSvili
SfoTebul kritikasTan erTad pa-
rodiebi da karikaturebic gaCnda.
bevri miiCnevda, rom msgavsi leqsebi qarTve-
li qalisTvis Seuferebeli iyo da mis bunebas ewinaaRm- iq, d
degeboda. mz qo sdu n pi
rw
iq, d i s d s m bi
1916 wels qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi axali, sdu n e davw
n p i bi mz
mniSvnelovani furceli gadaiSala – Seiqmna cisfer- n bi, bi f s
ni Tv ilaze,
yanwelTa ordeni da maTi pirveli Jurnalic gamoq-
veynda. imave wels elene darianis saxeliT daibeWda n gaf i, ni mkl
cnobili da dRemde Zalian popularuli leqsi `pi- Tv ns c n a bi,
i ni sina
ramidebSi~. ordeni Tormet mamakacs aerTianebda, d i, ze.
yv i,
Tumca maSinve gavrcelda xmebi cisferyanwelTa da n l
mecamete dafaruli wevris Sesaxeb. mecamete wev- d kocn s ce
tkbi i gorc n
ri, ra Tqma unda, qali – elene dariani – iyo. mis iqn a T f s, T
az wo
ls
mzi c l
vinaobas ordenis wevrebi ar amxeldnen, maT So- s Sin silaze n da
af i C ni T cols.
ris – arc paolo iaSvili, rac darianis figuras g aSi
p i v a g
kidev ufro met idumalebas sZenda. saarqivo bS ...
masalebiT dasturdeba isic, rom elene baqra- l j i ir
sfinqsT dini
Ze icnobda, aqtiurad urTierTobda da me- si
t iT va, did T Si
mwv e m x s
t R din k g ucq s da
gobrobda sxva cisferyanwelebTanac. mis ar-
qivSi SemorCenilia tician tabiZis, galak- g ofx Si dav a S daR
tion tabiZis, grigol robaqiZis werilebi. l i bT C i T .
dauwy n i n s
Si sfi
sZ n nqs y vn
noSi T iT, s;
a ss
v
s.

77
literatura

e. baqraZis arqivSi daculia 1916 wliT

daTariRebuli werilebi. maT Soris aris bi-
Zisa da megobrisaTvis miwerili sapasuxo we-
rilebic, sadac is uaryofs Tavis dariano-
bas. baqraZisagan sakuTari avtorobis uar-
yofa advilad SegviZlia avxsnaT im mZafri
reaqciebiTa da kritikis qar-cecxliT, ro-
melic erTmniSvnelovnad sajarod amuna-
Tebda avtors – qarTvel qals ase Tavisuf-
lad sakuTar vnebebze ar unda ewera. mniSv-
nelovania is faqtic, rom giorgi javaxiSvi-
lis mtkicebiT, mogvianebiT, ukve 1950-iani
wlebis bolos, rodesac paolo iaSvilis
pirveli krebuli gamovida, elene baqraZem
mweralTa kavSiris maSindel Tavmjdomares,
irakli abaSiZes, sTxova, darianuli ciklis
leqsebi iaSvilis krebulSi ar SeetanaT,
radgan avtori Tavad iyo, Tumca misi Txov-
na, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRes.
logikur kiTxvaze pasuxi, Tu ratom ar is-
urva elene baqraZem sakuTari saavtoro uf-
lebebis dacva, albaT isev imdroindeli
konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT unda veZeboT.
sabWoTa periodi sruliad araxelsayreli
iyo elene baqraZis, rogorc erotikuli
leqsebis avtoris, reabilitaciis dasawye-
bad. mas totalitarul saxelmwifoSi uxde-
boda cxovreba, sadac adamianis, gansakuT-
rebiT ki qalis, seqsualobis kontroli da
represireba ideologiisa da praqtikis Se-
madgeneli nawili iyo.
saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiri
ki, sadac umravlesoba, ra Tqma unda, kaci
iyo, ZiriTadad maskulinur sivrces war-
moadgenda da gansakuTrebuli patriarqa-
luri dinamikiT xasiaTdeboda. iq araTu
elene darians, aramed sakuTari saxeliTa da
gvariT cnobil mweral qalebs uWirdaT ad-
gilis damkvidreba. mweralTa kavSiris saar-
qivo masala, aseve mweral qalTa arqivebSi
daculi piradi mimowera TvalnaTlad da
utyuarad asaxavs imas, Tu rogor xdeboda
qali avtorebis gandevna, marginalizacia da
uaryofa qarTuli literaturuli sivrci-
dan.
am patriarqalur Seviwroebas Tan erT-
voda reJimis politikuri represiebic. to-
talitarulma saxelmwifom qalTa mimarT
specifikuri politika airCia. isini fiziku-
rad ar gaunadgurebia, Tumca maT xma waarT-
va. rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisis sazoga-
do moRvawe, feministi da poeti kato miqe-

78

laZe aRniSnavda, saxelmwifom mwerali qa-
lebi `xelovnurad daamunja~. marTlac, ma-
Ti didi nawili iZulebuli gaxda fizikuri
gadarCenis sanacvlod `damunjebuliyo~,
nawilma ki, magaliTad, lidia megreliZem da
marijanma sabavSvo literaturaSi hpoves
TavSesafari. aRmoCnda, rom swored sabavS-
vo literatura moiniSna im erTaderT sivr-
ced, sadac qalebs literaturuli saqmiano-
bis ufleba miecaT, magram, raRa Tqma unda,
sabWoTa propagandis yvela adaT-wesis dac-
viTa da gaTvaliswinebiT. is faqti, rom
dRes Cven naklebad an sulac ar vicnobT
qarTvel mweral qalebs Cveni uaxloesi war-
sulidan, swored am patriarqalur-tota-
elene dariani
litaruli praqtikis Sedegia. am praqtikam
qalebi gandevna kanonikuri literaturi-
dan, maTi saxelebi ki mizanmimarTulad dai-
viwya.
aseT konteqstSi elene baqraZis da misi
avtorobis versiis uaryofis mcdeloba
sruliad gasagebi xdeba. mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos isic, rom jer kidev 1990-ian
wlebSi gamoTqmuli azri, rom darianuli
ciklis avtori SesaZloa qali yofiliyo,
aranakleb miuRebeli aRmoCnda umravleso-
bisTvis, vidre XX saukunis dasawyisSi am
leqsebis gamoCena. aRmoCnda, rom dResac
qarTul sazogadoebas miTebisa da legende-
bis xiblSi yofna ufro metad moswons, vid-
re warsulis gadaazreba da misi xelaxla Se-
faseba. es ki, bevr sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTx-
Tan erTad, realuri qalebis, maTi Semoqme-
debisa da Rvawlis aRiarebasac moiTxovs.
elene darianis istoria ki am aRiarebis au-
cileblobis saukeTeso magaliTia.
79