Draft

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools

SYLLABUS

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS

Curriculum Development Centre

Ministry of Education Malaysia
2004
INTRODUCTION

The aspirations of the nation will be achieved with the emergence of a well informed
and knowledgeable society well versed in the use of Mathematics in daily life. To
achieve this goal, efforts need to be taken to ensure that the society assimilates
Mathematics into their daily lives. Hence, the ability to solve problems and
communicate mathematically must be nurtured from an early age so that pupils
acquire the skills to make decisions effectively.

Mathematics is the driving force behind the various developments in the fields of
science and technology. The mastery of Mathematics is essential towards preparing a
workforce capable of meeting the demands of a progressive nation. In line with the
nation’s objective of becoming a knowledge-based economy, the skills of Research &
Development in the field of mathematics must be nurtured and developed while still
in school.

Additional Mathematics is an elective subject in the secondary schools. This subject

focuses on the needs of students who are inclined towards Science and Technology as
well as Social Science. Thus, the content of the curriculum has been organised to
achieve this objective.

The Additional Mathematics syllabus has been designed bearing in mind the contents
of the Mathematics subject. New branches of mathematics are also introduced in this
curriculum, coinciding with the new development in the teaching of Mathematics.
Besides that, the emphasis is placed on the heuristics of problem solving in the
process of teaching and learning. Through this emphasis, students can gain ability and
confidence in using Mathematics under new circumstances.

The learning of a topic emphasises understanding of concepts and mastery of related

skills. Problem solving is the main focus in the teaching and learning process. Besides
that, the skills of communication through mathematics are also stressed in the process
of learning Mathematics. When students explain concepts and their work, they should
be guided to use the correct and precise mathematical terms and sentences. Emphasis
on Mathematics communications will develop students’ ability in interpreting certain
matters into mathematics models or vice versa.

The use of technology especially Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

is encouraged in the teaching and learning process. It will benefit students by
increasing their understanding of certain concepts, providing visual pictures and
making complex calculation easier. Calculators should be used as a tool in the
teaching and learning process for related topics. The usage of software that can help
to visualise mathematical concepts are needed to help students to understand abstract
mathematical concepts more effectively. Besides that, the usage of software can help
students to model problems, which they can explore more effectively.

Evaluation is part and parcel of the teaching and learning and is on-going to determine
the strengths and weaknesses of students. Continuous evaluations need to be
conducted to provide feedback to students on their progress and to enable schools to
design internal programs to assist students. Evaluation in Additional Mathematics

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needs to include aspects such as concept understanding, mastery in skills and non
routine questions which demand the application of problem solving strategies.

Project work is encouraged in Additional Mathematics to provide opportunities for

students to apply the knowledge and skills learnt in the classroom into real-life and
challenging situations. Project work carried out by students includes the exploration
of mathematical problems. With the introduction of this project, students will gain a
lot of benefits. For instance, it activates their minds, makes the learning of
Mathematics more meaningful, and enables students to apply Mathematics concept
and skills learnt and to further develops their communication skills. Project work is
limited to cases using mathematical knowledge from the compulsory and elective
package taken by the students.

Besides playing a role in developing students’ mathematical abilities, cultivating

intrinsic and moral values of Malaysian community is also needed in the teaching of
this curriculum.

AIM

The Additional Mathematics curriculum is designed to increase the knowledge, ability

and interest of students in Mathematics. It is hoped that students are able to use
Mathematics responsibly and effectively to communicate and to solve problems, so as
to provide them with adequate preparation for future studies and be productive in their
future careers.

OBJECTIVES

The Additional Mathematics curriculum enables students to:

1. widen their ability in the field of numbers, shapes and relationships as well as to
gain knowledge in calculus, vector and linear programming;
2. enhance problem-solving skills;
3. develop the ability to think critically, creatively and to reason out logically;
4. make inference and reasonable generalisation from given information;
5. relate the learning of Mathematics to daily activities and careers;
6. use the knowledge and skills of Mathematics to interpret and solve real-life
problems;
7. debate solutions in accurate language of Mathematics;
8. relate Mathematical ideas to the needs and activities of human beings;
9. use hardware and software to explore Mathematics;
10. practice intrinsic mathematical values.

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 CURRICULUM ORGANISATION

The contents of the Additional Mathematics curriculum are arranged into two learning
packages. They are the Core Package and the Elective Package.
The Core Package is compulsory for all students and consists of five components, that
is:
• Geometry;
• Algebra;
• Calculus;
• Trigonometry; and
• Statistics.

The Elective Package consists of two packages, that is:

• Science and Technology Application; and
• Social Science Application.
Students need to choose only one Elective Package according to their inclination in
their future field. Those who are inclined towards science and technology are
encouraged to choose Science and Technology Application Package while those who
are inclined towards commerce, literature and economy are encouraged to choose
Social Science Application Package.
In the Core Package, each teaching component consists of topics related to one branch
of mathematic. Topics in a teaching component are organised hierarchically so that
easier topics are learnt first before going on to more complex topics.

CONTENT

This part lists the topics contained in each learning package.

Core Package
The Core Package consists of five learning components.

Geometric Component
G1. Coordinate Geometry
1. Distance between two points.
2. Division of line segment.
3. Area of polygon.
4. Equation of straight line.
5. Parallel and perpendicular lines.
6. Equation of locus involving distance between two points.

G2. Vector
1. Introduction to vector and its properties.
2. Addition and subtraction of vectors.
3. Expressing a vector as a combination of other linear vectors.
4. Vectors in the Cartesian plane.

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 Algebraic Component
A1. Functions
1. Relation.
2. Functions.
3. Composite functions.
4. Inverse functions.

A2. Quadratic Equations

1. Quadratic equation and its roots.
2. Solving quadratic equations.
3. Conditions for quadratic equations to have
• Two different roots
• Two equal roots
• No roots.

A3. Quadratic Functions

1. Quadratic function and its graph.
2. Maximum and minimum values of quadratic functions.
3. Sketch graphs of quadratic functions.
4. Quadratic inequalities.

A4. Simultaneous Equations

1. Simultaneous equations in two unknowns; one linear equation and one
non-linear equation.

A5. Indices and Logarithms

1. Indices and laws of indices.
2. Logarithms and laws of logarithms.
3. Change the base of logarithms.
4. Equations involving indices and logarithms.

A6. Progressions
1. Arithmetic progressions.
2. Geometric progressions.

A7. Linear Law

1. Line of best fit.
2. Application to non-linear functions.

Calculus Component
C1. Differentiation
1. Gradients of curves and differentiation.
2. Differentiation of axn; (n is an integer), differentiation of the sum of
algebraic functions; tangents and normals to curves.
3. Differentiation of the products and quotients of algebraic functions;
differentiation of composite functions.
4. Application to minimum and maximum values, rates of change, small
changes and approximations.
5. Second derivative.

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C2. Integration
1. Integration as an inverse of differentiation.
2. Integration of axn (n is an integer, but n ≠ – 1).
3. Integration by substitution.
4. Definite integrals.
5. Integration as a sum; area and volume.

Trigonometric Component
T1. Circular Measure
1. Radian.
2. Length of arc of a circle.
3. Area of sectors.

T2. Trigonometric Functions

1. Positive and negative angles in degrees and radians.
2. Six trigonometric functions of any angle.
3. Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent functions.
4. Basic Identities:
sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1 , sec 2 A = 1 + tan 2 A , cos ec 2 A = 1+ cot 2 A.

5. Addition formulae and double angle formulae:

sin( A ± B ), cos( A ± B ), tan( A ± B ) , sin 2 A , cos 2 A , tan 2 A

Statistic Component
S1. Statistics
1. Measures of central tendency: mean, mode and median.
2. Measures of dispersion: range, interquartile range, variance and
standard deviation.

S2. Permutations and Combinations

1. Permutations.
2. Combinations.

S3. Probability
1. Probability of an event.
2. Probability of mutually exclusive events.
3. Probability of independent events.

S4. Probability Distributions

1. Discrete probability distribution and binomial distribution.
2. Continuous probability distribution and normal distribution,

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Elective Package

The Elective Package consists of two application packages. Students choose only one
application package.

Application Package for Science and Technology.

AST1. Solutions of triangles.
1. Sine rule.
2. Cosine rule.
3. Area of triangles.

AST2. Motion along a straight line.

1. Displacement.
2. Velocity.
3. Acceleration.

Application Package for Social Science.

ASS1. Index Number
1. Index number
2. Composite index.

ASS2. Linear Programming

1. Graphs of linear inequalities.
2. Solving linear programming problems.