THE EQUATION OF CHANGE

1. The Equation of Continuity

A mass balance over a stationary volume element x y z through which

the fluid is flowing:

{rate of mass accumulation} = {rate of mass in} – {rate of mass out}

The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the x axis at x:
(v x ) x yz
The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the x axis at x+x:
(v x ) x+ x yz
The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the y axis at y:
(v )
y y xz

The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the y axis at y+y:
(v )
y y + y xz

The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the z axis at z:

(v z ) z xy
The rate of mass through the face perpendicular to the y axis at z+z:
(v z ) z +z xy

The mass balance then becomes:


xyz = (v x ) x yz - (v x ) x + x yz + (v y ) y xz - (v y ) y + y xz
t
+ (v z ) z xy - (v z ) z + z xy

Dividing by x y z

    
= − v x + v y + v z 
t  x y z 
 
Or = −(. v )
t
     v v v 
+ vx + vy + vz = −   x + y + z 
Or t x y z  x y z 
D
Or = −  (. v )
Dt

2. The Equation of Motion

A momentum balance over a stationary volume element x y z through

which the fluid is flowing:
{rate of momentum accumulation} = {rate of momentum in} – {rate of
momentum out} + {sum of forces acting on system}

For x component of momentum:

xyz
v x
t
(
= v x v x x − v x v x x + x )yz + (v v y x y − v y v x y + y )xz +
(v v z x z − v z v x z + z )xy + ( xx x − xx x + x )yz + ( yx y − yx y + y )xz +
( zx z − zx z + z )xy + (p x −p x + x )yz + g x xyz

Divided by x y z and take the limit as x, y and z approach zero:

v x         p
= − v x v x + v y v x + v z v x  −   xx +  yx +  zx  − + g x
t  x y z   x y z  x

For y and z components of momentum can be derived similarly:

v y         p
= − v x v y + v y v y + v z v y  −   xy +  yy +  zy  − + g y
t  x y z   x y z  y

v z         p
= − v x v z + v y v z + v z v z  −   xz +  yz +  zz  − + g z
t  x y z   x y z  z

In single vector equation:


v = −. vv − p − .  + g
t

Utilizing the equation of continuity, x component of momentum can be

written as:
 Dv x p    xy  zx 
 = − −  xx + +  + g x
Dt x  x y z 

Similar rearrangement can be made for y and z components, and adding the
three components results in:

Dvx
 = −p − (. ) + g
Dt
Application of Equation of continuity and Equation of motion in solving
previous problem (flow through a circular tube) :

v z P  1   v z   2 v z 
So: v z =− +  r + 2 
z z  r r  r  z 

From equation of continuity:

v z
➔ =0
z
 P  1   v z 
Therefore: 0=− +  r 
z  r r  r 

dvz   − L  2
First integration: r = − 0 r + C1
dr  2L 
dvz
But = 0 at r = 0 ➔ C1 = 0
dr

  − L  2
Second integration: v z = − 0 r + C 2
 4L 

 − 
But v z = 0 at r = R ➔ C 2 =  0 L  R 2
 4 L 

  − L  2
So: v z =  0 (
 R − r 2 )
 4L 

3. The Equations of Energy

{rate of accumulation of internal and kinetic energy} = {rate of internal and

kinetic energy in by convection} – {rate of internal and kinetic energy in by
convection} + {net rate of heat addition by conduction}- {net rate of work
done by the system on surroundings}
  

t
( ) ( 
) ( 
U + 12 v 2 = − vx U + 12 v 2 + v y U + 12 v 2 + vz U + 12 v 2 ) ( )
 x y z 
 q q q      
−  x + y + z  +  (vx g x + v y g y + vz g z ) −  pvx + pvy + pvz 
 x y z   x y z 
    
−  ( xx vx +  xy v y +  xz vz ) + ( yx vx +  yy v y +  yz vz ) + ( zx vx +  zy v y +  zz vz )
 x y z 

This equation can be written:


t
( ) ( ( ))
 U + 12 v 2 = − . v U + 12 v 2 − (. q ) +  (v. g ) − (. pv) − (. . v)

Or

 
  (U + 12 v 2 ) + (v. (U + 12 v 2 )) + (U + 12 v 2 ) + (. v )
 
 t   t 
= −(. q ) +  (v. g ) − (. pv) − (.  . v )

Using Equation of continuity, can be rewritten:


D
Dt
( )
U + 12 v 2 = −(. q ) +  (v. g ) − (. pv) − (. . v)

Subtract by equation of change for kinetic energy results:

= −(. q ) + p(. v ) − ( : v )
DU

Dt
 U U  p 
Remember: dU =   +   dT = − p + T    dV + C v dT
 V  T  T V   T V 

 DU    p   DV DT
Therefore:   = − p + T    + C v
 Dt    T V  Dt Dt

D 1 1 D
= ( . v )
DV
But  =   = −
Dt Dt     Dt

 p 
= −(. q ) − T   (. v ) − ( :v )
DT
So: Cv
Dt  T V
(Equation of energy in terms of temperature)
4. The Equations of Continuity for A Binary Mixture