CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE IMPORTANT DYNAMICS IN ENGINEERING
3. DIFINITION
4. BASIC CONCEPT OF DYNAMICS
5. EQUATION OF MOTION
6. TOPIC OF STUDY
7. FORCE
8. LAWS OF MOTION
9. NEWTON'S LAWS
10. TYPES OF MOTION
11. RELATIONSHIP TO STATICS, KINETICS, AND KINEMATICS
FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE IN ENGINEERING,
12.
DIMINISHING EMPHASIS IN PHYSICS
13. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
14. VECTOR ANALYSIS (VECTOR MECHANIC)
15. FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD’S)
16. SIMPLE STRUCTURES
17. INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
18. REFEREENCE
19. ENCLOSURE
INTRODUCTION

Dynamics is that branch of mechanics which deal with the motion of bodies under the
action of forces. The study of dynamics in engineering usually follows the study of statics,
which the action of forces on bodies at rest. Dynamics has two distinct parts: kinematics,
which is on study of motion without reference to the forces which cause motion, and kinetic,
which related the action of forces on bodies to their resulting motions. The student of
engineering will find that the thorough comprehension of dynamics will provide one of his or
her most useful and powerful tools for analysis in engineering.

Historically, dynamics is a relatively recent subject compared with statics. The

beginning of a rational understanding of dynamics is credited to Galileo (1564-1642), who
made careful observations bodies in free fall, motion on an inclined plane and motion of
pendulum. He was largely response for bringing a scientific approach the investigation of
physical problems. Galileo was continually under severe criticism for refusing to accept the
established beliefs of his day, such as the philosophies of Aristotle which held for example
that heavy bodies fall more rapidly than light bodies. The lake of accurate means for the
measurement of time was a severe handicap to Galileo, in further significant to development
in dynamics awaited the invention of the pendulum clock by Huygens in 1657.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), guided by Galileo’s work, was able to make accurate
formulation of the laws of motion and, hence, to place dynamics on a sound basics. Newton’s
famous work was published in the first edition of his Principia (1687), which is generally
recognized as one of the greatest of all recoded contribution to knowledge. In addition to
stating the law governing the motion of particle, Newton was the first correctly formulate the
law of universal gravitation although his mathematical description was accurate, he felt that
the concept of remote transmission of gravitational force without a supporting medium was
an absurd notion. Following Newton’s time, important contributions to mechanics were made
by Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, Poinsot, Coriolis, Einstein, and others.
THE IMPORTANT OF DYNAMICS IN ENGINEERING

The primary purpose of the study of engineering mechanics is to develop the

capacity to predict the effects of force and motion in course of carrying out the creative
design function of engineering. Successful prediction requires more than a mere knowledge
of the physics al and mathematical principles of mechanic. Prediction also requires the ability
to visualize physical configuration in terms of material, actual constraints, and the practical
limitations that govern the behavior of mechanic of structure.

One of our primary objectives in teaching mechanics is to help the student develop
this ability to visualize, which is also vital to problem formulation. Indeed, the
construction of meaningful mathematical model is often a more important experience than its
solution. Maximum progress is made when the principles and their limitations are learned
together within the context of engineering application.

The other objective is to develop the fundamental equations that characterize the
kinematics and Newtonian dynamics of a particle, systems of particles, and rigid bodies. Next
objective is to develop the students' abilities to model and analyze the dynamic behavior of a
particle, systems of particles, and rigid bodies and to provide experience in the application of
dynamic analysis to elementary problems in engineering practice.

The student learning outcome from the mechanic of dynamic is:-

 Students will demonstrate the ability to choose analysis methods that are appropriate
to given situations, e.g. work-energy vs. impulse-momentum or force-acceleration
approaches; cylindrical vs. rectangular or normal-tangential coordinates; particle vs.
system or rigid body formulations.
 Students will properly formulate the equations governing the motion of particles and
rigid bodies subject to given constraints and initial conditions.
 Students will solve the governing equations for the dynamic behavior of simple
problems representative of those encountered in engineering practice. The dynamic
behavior will include kinematics and kinetics of particles moving in 2-D and 3-D and
rigid bodies experiencing 2-D motion.
DEFINITION

Engineering mechanics dynamics is a fundamental building block to a clear understanding of

motion in real-world engineering applications. Dynamics deals with the forces and
interactions that occur in rigid and elastic bodies that are in dynamic equilibrium. It is the
analysis of how two and three-dimensional simple structures react and support the applied
loads that occur during motion.

BASIC CONCEPT IN DYNAMICS

In mechanics, real body (e.g. planets, cars, planes, tables, crates, etc) are represented or
modeled using certain idealizations which simplify application of the relevant theory. In this
topic, most refer to only such models:

Models Definition
Particle A particle has a mass but size / shape that can be neglected.
- For example, the size of an aircraft is insignificant when compared to
the size of the of the earth and therefore the aircraft can be modeled as
a particle when studying its three-dimensional motion in space.
Rigid Body A rigid body represents the next level of sophistication after the particle. That
is, a rigid body is a collection of particles which has a size / shape cannot
change.in other word, when a body is modeled as a rigid body, we assume that
any deformation (changes in shape) are relatively small and can be neglected.
- For example, the actual deformations occurring in most structures and
mechanics are relatively small so that the rigid body assumption is
suitable in these cases.
EQUATION OF MOTION

 PARTICLE:
- ∑ F = ma
 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES:
- ∑ F = maG
 RIGID BODY
- Basic : ∑ F = maG

- Rotational Equation : ∑ MG = IGα

- General Form : ∑ MP = ∑ (Mk)P

TOPICS OF STUDY

During the study of dynamics, the student will learn how to apply Newton's Laws to
simple engineering systems. Concepts of rectilinear and angular motion will be applied
during the study of particle kinematics. Determining equations of motion and applying work
and energy principles are also important concepts to be learned. Principles of vector
mechanics and matrix algebra will be also be used throughout the study of engineering
dynamics. Introduction to beginning vibration theory and time response analysis will form
the basis for possible further study in mechanics of materials and vibration. Finally,
understanding the motion of non-rigid systems will typically conclude the study of dynamics
at the elementary level.

FORCE

From Newton, force can be defined as an exertion or pressure which can cause an
object to move. The concept of force is used to describe an influence which causes a free
body (object) to accelerate. It can be a push or a pull, which causes an object to change
direction, to speed or have new velocity, or to deform temporarily or permanently. Force
causes an object's state of motion to change. For an example, when we exert force on a
trolley at supermarket the trolley will move from rest because there is changes in motion.
LAWS OF MOTION

In physics, motion in the universe is described through two sets of apparently

contradictory laws of mechanics. Motions of all large scale and familiar objects in the
universe (such as projectiles, planets, cells, and humans) are described by classical
mechanics. Whereas the motion of very small atomic and sub-atomic sized objects is
described by quantum mechanics

NEWTON'S LAWS

Newton described force as the ability to cause a mass to accelerate.

 Newton's first law states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless a force is
applied. This law deals with inertia, which is a property of matter that resists
acceleration and depends only on mass.
 Newton's second law states that force quantity is equal to mass multiplied by the
acceleration (F = ma).
 Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction

Dynamics are more related to Newton’s first laws where it stated that an object in
motion will stay at in motion if there is no force applied on the object.( F=0). A object which
does not move is said to be at rest, motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have constant
(time-invariant) position.

TYPES OF MOTION

 Simple harmonic motion – (e.g. pendulum).

 Linear motion – motion which follows a straight linear path, and whose displacement
is exactly the same as its trajectory.
 Reciprocating (i.e. vibration)
 Brownian Motion (i.e. the random movement of particles)
 Circular motion (e.g. the orbits of planets)
 Rotary motion – a motion about a fixed point ex. the wheel of a bicycle
 Curvilinear Motion – It is defined as the motion along a curved path that may be
planar or in three dimensions
RELATIONSHIP TO STATICS, KINETICS, AND KINEMATICS

Historically, there were three branches of classical mechanics: "statics" (the study
of equilibrium and its relation to forces); "kinetics" (the study of motion and its relation to
forces) and "kinematics" (dealing with the implications of observed motions without regard
for circumstances causing them).These three subjects have been connected to dynamics in
several ways. One approach combined statics and kinetics under the name dynamics, which
became the branch dealing with determination of the motion of bodies resulting from the
action of specified forces; another approach separated statics, and combined kinetics and
kinematics under the rubric dynamics. This approach is common in engineering books on
mechanics, and is still in widespread use among mechanicians.

FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE IN ENGINEERING,

DIMINISHING EMPHASIS IN PHYSICS

Today, dynamics and kinematics continue to be considered the two pillars of

classical mechanics. Dynamics is still included in mechanical, aerospace, and other
engineering curriculums because of its importance in machine design, the design of land, sea,
air, and space vehicles and other applications. However, few modern physicists concern
themselves with an independent treatment of "dynamics" or "kinematics", nevermind
"statics" or "kinetics".

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

 Newton's laws of motion

 Inertia
 Acceleration
 Momentum
 Reaction
 Newton's law of universal gravitation
 Special theory of relativity
VECTOR ANALYSIS (VECTOR MECHANICS)

Vector analysis is a critical skill that will be used throughout the study of engineering
dynamics. It is often convenient to resolve a single force into two distinct forces. Known as
components, these forces, when acting together, have the same external effect on a body as
the original force (the resultant). This process is derived from the study of physics, and is
called vector analysis or vector mechanics. When forces are being represented as vectors, it is
important to show a clear distinction between a resultant and its components. The resultant
could be shown with color or as a solid line and the components shown as dashed lines, or
vice versa.

FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD'S)

Experience has shown that drawing Free Body Diagrams (FBD's) is the most important skill
needed for solving engineering mechanics problems. By emphasizing the importance of
visual analysis, text discussion, and homework problems, students will learn that drawing
free body diagrams will greatly benefit their engineering education. Further study in vibration
and mechanics of materials is strongly tied to the concept of free body diagrams.

SIMPLE STRUCTURES

In engineering mechanics, an arrangement of rigid members connected in specific patterns is

called a structure. A bridge, a communication tower, and the frame of an automobile all are
considered structures. Simple structures include plane and space trusses, beams, frames, and
machines. These simple structures are the types that are studied in engineering dynamics.
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS

There are many instructional aids that can help the student or engineer understand the
principles of engineering mechanics dynamics. Example problems and homework are
probably the best teaching aid because they illustrate the application of fundamental theory to
practical engineering problems. Graphical methods of force resolution were developed before
the turn of the century, but are still applicable today. Photos that show the connection
between physical situations and their mathematical simulations are very helpful. Video and
tutorial animations that are available online illustrate dynamics in a unique teaching format.
Optional MATLAB and MathCAD worksheets online are also helpful, as well as solution
manuals.
REFEREENCE

1. Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, R. C. Hibbeler, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,

2001
2. Kejuruteraan Mekanik Dinamik, 2006
3. Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, Volume 2, 3th Edition, 1993 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
4. http://www.ces.clemson.edu/me/studentinfo/undergrad/syllabus/EM202.pdf
5. http://engineeringmechanicsdynamics.com/
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(Mechanics)
ENCLOSURE