To set up and study various logic gates using diode

Objectives:
 Understand how to use the breadboard to patch up, test your logic design and debug it.
 Wire and operate logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR.
 Understand how to implement simple circuits based on a schematic diagram using logic gates

Abstract:
In this experiment, we study the behavior of different logic gates by using diode. We observe that AND
gate is a multiple circuit in which the output is 1 when only all inputs are 1. OR gate which the output is 1
when any of input is 1. Furthermore, NOT is inverter with respect to OR and AND gate. The output is 1
when input is 0. NOR followed OR gate as an inverter. We also plot truth table or each gate.

Introduction:

History:
The first logic gates were developed around 1837 and were of mechanical form. These gates went through
much development until Nikola tesla developed circuit-based logic in 1898. Furthermore, Boolean
algebra was introduced to circuit analysis during the mids-19th century.

Logic gates:
Electronic circuit are often referred to as switching circuits because they switched between the two
extremes of ON and OFF in their control device. Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuit.
Combination of the logic gates from circuit are used to perform the specific function of the computer. For
example, logic gates are combined to form specific task like Multiplexer, Encoder and Decoder etc.

Logic gates are electronic circuit which perform logical function on one or more inputs to produce one
output. There are seven logic gates.

Truth table: when all the input combination of a logic gates is written in a series and their corresponding
outputs then this input/output combination is called truth table.

Property of logic gates: a logic gate is assigned as an elementary building block of digital circuits. It has
ability to produced one output level with combination of input levels. Input and output pf logic gates is
two level termed “high and low or true and false, or on and off, or simply 1 and 0”

Boolean function: In mathematics and logic, a Boolean function is a function whose arguments, as well

as the function itself, assume values from a two-element set (usually {0,1}). As a result, it is sometimes
referred to as a "switching function". The binary variables and logic operations are used in Boolean
algebra. The algebraic expression is known as Boolean Expression, is used to describe the Boolean
Function. The Boolean expression consists of the constant value 1 and 0, logical operation symbols, and
binary variables.

Figure 1. Logic gates

Name Circuit Symbol Truth Table Equations

X1 X2 Z

0 0 0

AND 0 1 0 Z = X1 • X2

1 0 0

1 1 1

X1 X2 Z

0 0 0

OR 0 1 1 Z = X1 + X2

1 0 1

1 1 1

X1 Z

NOT 0 1 Z =  X1

1 0

X1 X2 Z

0 0 1

NAND 0 1 1 Z =  X1  • X2

1 0 1

1 1 0
 X1 X2 Z

0 0 1
Z =  X1 +
NOR 0 1 0
X2
1 0 0

1 1 0

X1 X2 Z

0 0 0

EXCLUSIVE OR 0 1 1 Z = X1 Å X2

1 0 1

1 1 0

Materials and methods

Materials:
LED, bread board, DC supply, 2 diodes/transistor, 3 resistor and connecting wires.

Construction of set up:

 Assemble the circuit on bread board for required operation (AND/OR).

 Turn on power supply to experimental circuit.
 Apply all four possible combination of input from the power supply.
 For each input note output and create the truth table.
 Compare result with truth table of logic operation.
 (OR gate using diode)

(AND gate using diode)

Practical display video link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/18mtfQhhvHDy4dFa93hs7n88AKTIXxB
1G/view?usp=sharin
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1He_gs4oBPpqT4d3jdQpSj8CzHMcCiPI
t/view?usp=sharing
(click right click on link and open link or copy this link and paste on google you would get video of
working of practical)
Calculation:

Result and Discussion:

In this experiment we observe behavior of different logic gates by using diodes. AND gate is a multiple
circuit in which the output is 1 when only all inputs are 1. OR gate which the output is 1 when any of
input is 1. Furthermore, NOT is inverter with respect to OR and ANDs gate. The output is 1 when input is
0.

Application of logic gates:

 NAND Gates are used in Burglar alarms and buzzers.

 They are basically used in circuits involving computation and processing.

 They are also used in push button switches. e.g., Door Bell.

 They are used in the functioning of street lights.

 AND Gates are used to enable/inhibit the data transfer function.

Advantages of Logic Gates:

The advantages of Logic Gates are:

 Logical Operations are performed using Boolean Algebra which makes the circuit design more
economical and simpler.

 Logic ‘1’ and Logic ‘0’ can be easily distinguished.

Disadvantages of Logic Gates:

The disadvantages of Logic Gates are:

 Operating Voltage is limited.

 Time delay occurs between input and output

Conclusion:
we study behavior of different logic gates and plot their truth table. We conclude that AND gate is a
multiple circuit in which the output is 1 when only all inputs are 1. OR gate which the output is 1 when
any of input is 1. Furthermore, NOT is inverter with respect to OR and AND gate. The output is 1 when
input is 0.

Videos references:

https://youtu.be/AT_GjUjNFpo

https://youtu.be/gowWRvzchV4

References:
“Experimental physics” by “M.H Mosaddeq”

“Practical physics” by scholars

https://circuitfever.com/logic-gates-using-diodes-and-transistor/

http://ecelabs.njit.edu/ece394/lab1.php

https://scalar.usc.edu/works/aqsamalik_210_sidibe/lab-
report#:~:text=Abstract%3A,the%20was%20provided%20to%20system.

https://electricalfundablog.com/logic-gates-types-working-principle/