POLGOV REVIEWER 1ST TERM

Pointers of Exams Comparative Government

✓ Branches of Political Science - study of substantive political systems of
✓ Forms of Government countries and identifying and explaining
✓ State and Nation similarities and differences between these
✓ Political Ideology countries using common concepts.
✓ Political Philosophers
✓ Globalization, Authority, Power, and ex. Phil: no imprisonment for debt | Malaysia:
Legitimacy there's imprisonment
✓ Origin of State - Understanding the laws in each country.

BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Politics

1. Constitutional Law
2. Public Administration
3. International Relation
4. Comparative Government
Constitutional Law
- branch of public law of a nation or state which
treats of the organization, powers and frame of
government, distribution of political and
governmental authorities and functions, the
fundamental principles which ade go regulate
the relations of government and citizens.
Public Administration
- study of government decision making, the
making of policies and the inputs necessary to
produce alternative policies.
ex. China: one child policy | Phil: use of
contraceptives. (Alternative policy to the other
country)
International Relation
- study of relationships between countries, roles
of states, multinational corporations, and
organizations of:
• IGOs: Inter-governmental Organizations
• INGOs: International nongovernmental
Organizations
• NGOs: Non-governmental organizations
- Having relations to neighbor countries is very
important.
ex. Exportation, importation
- science or art or political government
- science pf good sense, applies to public affairs
- polis (Gk) – a city-state
- scire (Latin) – to know
- practice or profession of conducting political
affairs.
- organizing collective human activity
- seeking and using the power of the state to
make allocations of scarce resources throughout
a given polity.
- "who gets what, when, how"
Political Science
- branch of knowledge that deals with systems of
government; the analysis of political activity and
behavior
- Systematic study of the state and government
Society
- involves anthropology, sociology, and political
science
- Can change the way we see things, change
people's perspectives.
➢ Sub-Disciplines:
✓ Sociology - actions and interactions
✓ Anthropology - practices and traditions
✓ Political science - power relation
Government
- systems and principles to rule the people

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Governance
- manner of running the affairs of the country.
▪ Characteristics of Good Governance
• Consented oriented
• Accountable
- decisions or actions taken by private
sector and civil society.
• Transparent
- decisions taken
- Enforcement: rules & regulation
- Information: provided and
understandable forms & media
• Participatory
- men and women: key cornerstone of
good governance.
• Follows the rule of law
- fair legal frameworks that are
enforced impartially
- full protection of human rights
• Effective and efficient
- Effective: processes result oriented
meets the society's with best use of
resources. We follow the guidelines
and have clear laws.
- Efficiency: sustainable use of natural
resources
• Responsive
- Consensus: best interest of the whole
community and it can be achieved
• Equitable and inclusive
Public Utilities
2) Plato
• followed the influence of Socrates
• Greek Philosopher
• Born in Athens in 427 BC
• Aristocratic Family
• The Republic: masterpiece
• Introduced the principles of justice,
courage, wisdom and moderation
within government and individual
• follower of Aristotle
3) Aristotle
• Greek Philosopher
• Student of Plato
• Father of Philosophy (384 BC)
• Father of Political Science
• Aristotle's ta politika "affairs of state,"
governing and governments
1769: "a person's political allegiances
or opinions"
• Founded the School of Philosophy
"Lyceum"
Athens vs Sparta
The Big Idea: the two most powerful city-states
in Greece, had very different cultures and
became bitter enemies in the 400BC
• Mesopotamia: cradle of civilization
• Athens: Cradle of Culture and Western
Civilization

 Electric
 Water Human Evolution
 Telecom
- needs to develop technological expertise
 Health
 Infrastructure ✓ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright
 Efficient services - inventors of the first engineered plane
Political Scientists - "Flying machine"
- airplane: "flat surface", "smooth"
1) Socrates - successful flight was in December
• Father of Western Philosophy 1903
• Died 469/470BC
• "Socratic Dialogues": dialogue and
debate truth
• Human choice motivated by an inner
desire for happiness
• followed by Plato

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LIBERALISM VS CONSERVATISM Causes of Revolution:

- happened during the French Revolution ✓ dissatisfaction with lack of

- Dawn of the modern era "triumph of liberalism "
- American Revolution
- Justify, overthrow, tyrannical rule
representation governing parliament
overseas
✓ Taxation policies that violate their
rights
✓ Tyranny of British monarchy

Napoleon Bonaparte- first consul centralizing Liberalism

power and streamlining bureaucracy
- categorized that individual rights come first

- Government power is built around them

Reforms:
- liberalis (Latin) – liberty, equal rights
1. Liquidation of feudal system
- liber (Latin) – free
2. Liberalization of property laws

3. End of seigneurial dues

Philosophical Tradition of Liberalism
4. Abolition of Association: classes in society
- natural rights
5. Legalization of Divorce
- Social contract
6. Disintegration of Jewish Ghettos
- Rule of Law: replace absolutism in government
7. Permanent destruction of the Holy Roman
Empire - Rulers are subject to the consent of the
governed
8. Elimination of church courts and religious
authority - Private individuals: fundamental right to life,
liberty, and property
9. Establishment of merit system

10. Equality under law for all men

Liberal Ideas
11. Civil Code greatest achievement
 Constitutionalism
 Liberal Democracy
 Free and fair elections
Timeline:
 Human Rights
1776: Independence  Capitalism
 Freedom of Religion
1787: Republic with federal structure

: Bill of Rights
Liberal Arts (1375)
1789: Declaration of the rights of man and of the
- free in bestowing, free from restraint
citizen

1792: Republic

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Influential People in Liberalism - Opposed sovereignty derived from the people,

the authority of parliament and freedom of
1.) John Locke religion
- influenced the American Declaration of
Independence - Conservative: wide variety of views
- Father of Liberation
- liberals: expansion of civil rights and
free markets and free trade Liberal Conservatism

2.) Adam Smith - combination of economic liberalism "laissez-

- Wealth of Nation established in the faire markets" and tradition respect for authority
field of economics and religious values
- Introduced the Theory of Free of
Change
Two Identifiable Branch of Conservatism
3.) Laissez (french word) - emerged in us
and uk 1. Moral Sphere

- a good society is one which people place

4.) Thomas Hobbes
greater value on "self-restraint" than self-
- "Limited liberty is justified
expression and pleasure
5.) John Rawls - erosions of traditional moral values as the
- theory of justice primary cause of social ills
- "Each person have an equal right to an
extensive system" - Liberals: primary cause of social ills die
because of poverty and racism

e.g- restriction for obscene artistic

Democracies expression marijuana use, same sex marriage
✓ Britain and Germany competing for the
most powerful navy
✓ Colonization of Africa 2. Economic concern
✓ French vs. Germans
- Defend work ethic by maintaining an economic
✓ World war 2: Britain & France declared
system that rewards initiative, talent, and hard
war on Germany following Germany's
work while penalizing idleness
invasion of Polland

Conservatism Influential People in Conservatism

- conservare (Latin) – to preserve 1.) Edmund Burke
- "Founder of Conservatism in Britain"
- A political and social philosophy promoted
Adheres to the principle: stability,
maintenance of traditional institutions and
continuity, absolute monarchy
supports

- It advocates minimal and gradual change in 2.) Joseph de Maistre

society - "Continental conservatism"
- do not support separation of Church
- developed in Restoration England from and state
royalism - state recognition of and cooperation
with the Catholic Church
- Royalists supported absolute monarchy,
sovereign governed by divine right

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- adheres to the patriotism and - "Social ownership": may refer to any one of
nationalism as traditional values they or a combination of, the following:
support
- German conservatives were the first to a) cooperative enterprises
embrace nationalism, which was b) common ownership
previously associated with liberalism c) direct public ownership
and the revolution in France d) autonomous state enterprises

GOVERNANCE
Fundamental element of conservatism: Democratic political
Social Justice Revolution
"Tradition values strength society." channels

Adopts policies and

programs for greater
Customs and Tradition economic equality
Political Decision
Distrust election
Making People express
- define the character of a society are essential views and free to
in preserving stability, culture, and progress. choose among
competitive parties.
Just distribution of
wealth
Democratic process
French Revolutionaries Democracy
accepted.
Eliminate class
divisions
- Destroyed French culture which create
▪ Contributions of Socialist Ideology in
disorder, injustice, and lower quality of life for all
the Modern Economy
1. Public ownership of banking,
communication, transportation,
Glorious Revolution of 1688 and steel production, to ensure
- conservatives known as "Tories" that allocation is in the public
interest
- You are accepted if you’re from these 3 2. Regulate private industries
estates: crowns, lords, commons who held extensively
sovereignty jointly - government prescribed worker
safety, equity in compensation of
employees, consumer safety, and
environmental protection
COMMUNISM vs CAPITALISM
3. Government employs a large
Communism
proportion of the workforce
- social, political, and economic ideology that implement programs for social
aims at the establishment of a classless, security, education, income
moneyless, stateless, and socialist society maintenance, and health care
structured upon common ownership of the 4. Basic income and adequate
means of production. medical care, welfare state
(housing, health care and
Socialism education)
5. Higher public spending relative to
- an economic system characterized by social
the size of economy
ownership or control of the means of production
6. High taxes and extensive welfare
and cooperative management of the economy,
state
and a political philosophy advocating such a
7. Favors public service delivery
system.
over private services. Advocates
public education rather than private
education that foster elitism

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8. Public services (public safety, road Socialism

building and repair, garbage
collection) - a just society based on public interest and
9. Government to make policy eliminate profit – seeking and self – interest in
choices addresses community political life that caused division in society and
purposes selfishness by private interest
10. Government provides employment POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS
opportunities not qualified to get
private jobs
KARL MARX  Father of Communism
(German philosopher)
Marxism  Father of Capitalism
 Father of modern economics
- an economic and sociopolitical worldview and ADAM SMITH and capitalism
method of socioeconomic inquiry (Scottish social philosopher)  The Wealth of Nations: first
modern work of economics
- Form of government in which the state
operates under a one-party system and declares VLADIMIR ILYICH
allegiance  Soviet Union
ULYANOV “LENIN”

- economic conflict between a ruling class and  “fruits of the earth belong
JEAN JACQUE RONSSEAU
an exploited lower class is the driving force in equally to us all and the earth
(French Philosopher)
itself to nobody”
social and political life  first one to use the term
‘socialism’
- poor people are exploited because of  free-market system
economic structure of capitalist society ROBERT OWEN  children below 12 years old is
(British Industrialist) not permitted to work 13 hrs a
day
 establishment of state schools
Marxism-Leninism

- "Vanguard of the proletariat"

- a firmly organized unit that protects
▪ Characteristics of Marxist-Leninism
ideology
1. Communist party
- only authentic party that protects the
true interest of the people at the heart
and the other politics party system are
illegitimate
2. Class conflict
- intellectual justification for repressing
political, religious, and artistic
expression
3. Religious freedom-restricted
- Orthodox and Catholic Church
distracts the working class form its true
political interest
"Religion is the opium of the people" – K. Marx
Capitalism
- refers both to an economic system and to an
ideology
- Economic exchange and private ownership to
allocate society's resources
- Profit-seeking behavior, not governmental
decision making, determines what happens in
the economy
▪ Characteristics of Capitalism as
Ideology
 No specific adversary
 No future state of perfect human
development
▪ Elements of Capitalist Ideology
1. Individualism
- general good is best served
when each individual seeks his
or her economic self-interest

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- Factories are built, jobs are

PRINCIPLES OF
provided, and wealth is CAPITALISM MARXISM
GOVERNANCE
generated all as the result of free Motive of Economic
Individual Profit State Profit
individuals seeking profits in a "free Benefit
market." Decision Making Ruling Classes State equal

2. Distrust of government control of

Quantity basis of
social resources Quality basis of
Quality production for
production
- Bureaucracies as inherently everybody
wasteful and inefficient
Control by the state to
Authority Individual protect people’s
3. Government decisions interest
- vague, bi-informed, misguided Inefficiency of
Issues Address Exploitation of People
state services
motivations of leaders, no precise
incentives of profit seeking
STATE AND NATION
4. Market
- multitude of individual decisions Nation
driven by self-interest, rational and
- large group of people consider themselves as
productive
one and distinct from others due to common
ancestry, history, culture, language, beliefs,
customs and traditions.
▪ Contribution of Capitalist to Modern
Economy State
1. Deregulation - refers to the community of persons occupying
- extensive framework of regulations on a definite portion of territory, possessing a
pricing decisions and safety measures government and enjoying independence from
for workers, consumers, and the external control.
environment
2. Policy Choices ✓ Factors to consider living in a state:
- strengthen private production of goods  Security
and services and consumers with wider  Convenience
range of choices  Finances
3. Advocate tax policies  Relationship
- goal of economic equality
▪ Elements of a State
4. Free-market forces
1. People
- individual choices of prices and - refers to the rational inhabitants of
induces private enterprise to control a state
pollution emissions, disposal of waste, - bind by law, living together for a
and sufficient safety protection in common purpose.
automobiles or workplace - most important element of state
5. Imperialism - No people no state
- dominating metropolitan centre ruling a - It stands as the basis of
distant territory organized political entity
- Maintenance of an unequal economic, - Ability to procreate and defend the
cultural, and territorial relationship, state
usually between states and often in the - Size is not required: population
equal to the capacity of the national
form of an empire
economy
- Domination and subordination by
expansionist, mercantilist policies.

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Biggest population – 2B China
Smallest population – 2,000 Vatican
2. Territory
- is the geographical profile of a
state it includes the land, water, and
the space above.
✓ Terrestrial – land
✓ Fluvial – river
✓ Aerial – air
✓ Maritime – internal water,
territorial sea, exclusive
economic zone
3. Government
- is the agency and the machinery of
the state wherein the will of the
people is formulated, expressed,
and carried out.
▪ Functions of Government:
✓ Constituent Function
 compulsory
✓ Ministrant Function
 welfare of the common
people/ interest of the
society
✓ Parens Patriae’ Doctrine
 Serve and protect the
rights of the people in
its territory
▪ Classification of Government:
✓ De facto Government
 exist and control without
legal title (revolution,
revolt)
✓ De jure Government
 duty constituted by the
government with a legal
title as defined by the
constitution
4. Sovereignty
- supreme power of the state to
exact obedience to its law upon the
citizens
▪ Kinds of Sovereignty:
✓ Internal
 power of the state to
govern its people
✓ External
 independence, freedom
of the state from
external control or
intervention
▪ Principles of Sovereignty:
✓ Auto Limitation
 consent, expressed, or
implied, submit to a
restriction of its
sovereign rights.
✓ Imperium
 passing laws governing
a territory, maintaining
peace and other over it,
and defending it against
foreign invasion
✓ Dominium
 capacity of the state to
own or acquire territory
▪ Manifestations of Sovereignty:
✓ Territorial
 authority of the sate
over all persons, things
within its territorial limits
to be completely subject
to its control and
protection.
✓ Personal
 authority of the state
over its nationals, their
persons, property and
acts, whether within or
outside its territory
✓ Extra Territorial
 authority of the state
over persons, things, or
acts, outside its
territorial limits by
reason of their effects
to its territory.
Effects of Sovereignty
- All laws shall be enforced by its leaders,
whether it is in conformity or inconformity with
the new administration
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State law ▪ Limitations of Taxation:

 public use
- is called positive or civil law sum total of
 cannot be delegated to
individual laws taken together.
individual
Law  imposed within the territory
 reasonable exemption for
- rule of action, norm of conduct government and church
• Specific law  sovereign state not subject of
taxation – international comity
– statute or legal rule
3. Eminent Domain
– lex (Latin) - power of state to acquire, confiscate,
• General law or take private property for public use
upon payment of just compensation.
– decree
▪ Limitations of Eminent Domain:
– jus (Latin)
 Private property
Sanctions of law  Public use
 Just compensation
• Penal law – punitive in character for  Due process
the violation

• Remedial law – indemnification of the Requisites of the Fundamental Powers of

person for the violation State

POLICE POWER EMINENT DOMAIN TAXATION

Fundamental Powers of the State
1. Lawful subject Necessity Public purpose
1. Police Power

- fundamental right of a state to enact 2. Lawful means Private property Uniformity

laws or regulations for promoting the
common good of the people in relation 3. Express grant by Persons or property
to the right and enjoyment of persons to Taking
law within the jurisdiction
life and property. (Ordinance, statute,
and other related laws) Assessment and
4. Within territorial
Public use collection
▪ Limitations of Police Power: limits
(notice)
 Lawful subject
 Lawful means 5. Not contrary to Just compensation
 When exercised by a delegate law Due Process of Law
a. grant by law
b. Territorial limits
c. Not contrary to law

2. Taxation
- the power of the state to levy or
impose charges upon persons,
occupation for the use of the
government
- “life blood of the government”

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Distinctions of the Fundamental Powers of 5. Patriarchal Theory

State - State origin from the growth
and sustained existence of
POLICE POWER EMINENT DOMAIN TAXATION the family under a father-like
control and leadership.
1. Regulates liberty
Property only Property rights
& property
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
2. Exercised by Government 1. Monarchy
Private entities
government only - Govern by royalty and supreme
power is vested to a single person.
3. Public necessity, ▪ Absolute Monarchy
right of state, public Public use of
Public necessity - monarch rules without
to self-preservation, private property
self- protection constitution
▪ Constitutional Monarchy
4.Property taken and Property is made Property is for
- monarch power defined by
destroyed for public use public use the constitution
▪ Parliamentary Monarchy
Compensation - government leadership
Taxes paid by
5. No compensation according to market headed by the Prime
the people
value of property Minister and the Cabinet

6. Contracts may be Contracts may be Contracts may 2. Aristocracy

impaired impaired
Theories of State Origins
1. Social Contract Doctrine
- formation of state was a product of
voluntary and collective act people to
organize themselves into one coherent
state mechanisms for their common
welfare.
2. Divine Right Theory
- Attributes the aid of divine creation in
the formation of a state with a ruler and
ordained by God.
3. Necessity and Force Theory
- Formation of a state was a result of
men’s desire for common protection by
a stronger, powerful, and influential
ruler.
4. Instinctive Theory
- Men’s desire to live and stay
together under a system
of government and organization.
not be impaired - Ruled by the elite considered
superior in knowledge, ability, and
wealth.
✓ Oligarchy: ruled by few based on
wealth or power
3. Democracy
- Ruled by the power, for the people
and of the people
✓ Commonwealth: political entity
founded on law and united for the
common good of the people.
✓ Democratic Republic: citizens
entitled to vote for officers and
representative responsible for
them.
✓ Federal: sovereign power divided
between central and regional
units.
4. Authoritarianism
- State authority imposed to
everybody
✓ Dictatorship: a ruler with
absolute power.
✓ Communist: state controls
economic, political and military
power. It is the equality of the

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people and eliminate private
ownership
✓ Marxism: classless society
“communism”
✓ Anarchy: political disorder
without government authority
GLOBALIZATION, POWER, AUTHORITY,
AND LEGITIMACY
GLOBALIZATION
- integration of national economies into
international economy through trade, foreign
direct investment, capital flow, migration,
and the spread of technology.
- integrates economic, political, social
interactions of states that establish international
relations among them.
International economic gains include:
1. High level of competition
2. Minimize or eradicate opportunity cost
3. Expanded market
Disadvantage of globalization
1. Spread of diseases
2. Brain drain
3. Environmental degradation
4. Global drug trade
▪ WTO – World Trade Organization
 oversees liberalized foreign trading
▪ GATT – General Agreement Tariff and
Trade
 Tariff and other trade barrier such as
inspection regulations and quotas are
reduced or eliminated to allow free
exchange of goods and services among
nations.
POWER
- a form of domination or control that forces to
accept and obey.
- the ability to achieve a desire outcome.
- exercised in a rightful, justified or acceptable.
- can be seen as evil or unjust
- Exercise of power is accepted as widespread
to humans as social beings.
In Power – ability to enforce compliance and
right to do.
Influence – ability to affect the content of
decisions through external pressure.
▪ Three Faces of Power
1. Ability to influence decision- making
2. Capacity to shape the political agenda
and prevent decisions being made.
3. Manipulating perceptions and
preferences of people’s thoughts.
Rational Choice Theory
• Outcome power – the ability of an actor
to bring about or help bring about
outcomes
• Social power – the ability of an actor to
change the incentive structures of other
actors in order to bring about outcomes.
“Power as a man's "present means, to obtain
some future apparent good“ (Leviathan, Ch.
10).” – Thomas Hobbes
Basis of Power
1. Positional power "legitimate power”
- Power of an individual that is relative
position and duties of the holder of the
position within an organization.
- Legitimate power is formal authority
delegated to the holder of the position.
2. Referent Power
- ability of individuals to attract others
and build loyalty
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- It's based on the charisma and
interpersonal skills of the power holder.
- Admiration based on specific personal
trait, that creates the opportunity for
interpersonal influence. (e.g. personal
qualities, and gains satisfaction from
being an accepted follower.)
- Nationalism and patriotism:
intangible referent power
3. Expert Power
- individual's power based on skills or
expertise of the person needed by an
organization.
4. Reward Power
- ability to confer valued material
rewards, promotions or increases in pay
or responsibility.
- Ineffective if abused: pushy or
reprimanding for 'moving things too
quickly.
5. Coercive Power
- ineffective form of power it builds
resentment and resistance from the
people who experience it.
6. Informational Power
- based on rational argument,
persuasion, or factual data
AUTHORITY
- used to exercise power as legitimate by the
social structure.
- the right to rule or universal approval.
- duty to obey.
Being in authority – position within a hierarchy,
superior knowledge or expertise
To be in authority – right to command
obedience.
▪ Kinds of Authority
1. Traditional Authority
- based upon respect for long-
established customs and traditions.
- “already existed” accepted by earlier
generations.
• Patriarchal: domination of the
father within the family
• Gerontocracy: rule of the aged,
authority of village ‘elders’
2. Charismatic Authority
- based upon the power of an
individual personality, “charisma”
- divinely bestowed power
- “ gift of grace”
- ability to communicate and the
capacity to inspire loyalty.
3. Legal Rational Authority
- based upon a clearly defined
bureaucratic role, ensures the power to
do within a framework of law.
- dominates modern society is
supremely efficient.
• De jure authority: operates
according to set of procedures
or rules
• De facto authority: operates
authority without legal right
based on individual personality
LEGITIMACY
- capacity of a regime to command the
allegiance and support of its citizens.
- rightfulness of a political system
Conditions of Legitimacy
1. Power exercised according to
established rules (legal or informal
conventions)
2. Rules are shared beliefs of government
and people
3. Expression of consent of the people
Legitimation Process
- conferred the exercise power on established
and accepted principles. Regimes that rule on
the basis of popular consent
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