ROCK CYCLE

 Magma - are volatiles and solid materials that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
 Crystallization –is a chemical solid –liquid separation technique in which mass transfer occurs
from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase
 Weathering – is the breaking down of rocks at the earth’s surface due to biological activity
 Sediments – it refers to the particles and dissolved substances
 Lithification –refers to the compaction of converting sediments to solid rocks

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 Igneous rock forms from magma that cools and solidifies in a process called crystallization
 Sedimentary rocks forms from the lithification of sediment.
 The sedimentary rock is subjected to great pressures and/or intense heat the metamorphic
rock is formed.

 Metamorphic Rock when subjected to a high pressure and/or temperatures, it will melt, creating
magma, which will eventually crystallize into igneous rock.

Igneous Rocks Composition of Magma and Lava

 Magma is a mixture of melt and the primarily elements are silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron,
calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium etc.
 Some gases particularly water vapor, which confined within the magma with other surrounding
rocks.
 Magma is less dense than surrounding rocks. It works its way towards the surface , producing
volcanic eruptions
 Lava is the erupted molten magma except that most of the gas component has escaped.
 Lava solidifies and classified as volcanic or extrusive- they are extruded as rocks on the surface
of the earth. The rocks formed inside the earth is referred as intrusive rocks .

 There are three types of magma namely;

a. Basaltic–it has low silica content, low viscosity and gases escape easily
b.Andesetic – it has medium level of silica content, intermediate viscosity , and cause
intermediate explosion
c. Rhyolitic – it has a high silica content, high viscosity ,and cause explosive eruption.
 Crystallization of magma
a. The ions are arranged in an orderly patterns
b.The rate of cooling is determined by the crystal size

Rate of Cooling Crystal Size

slow Large crystals

fast Microscopic crystals

very fast Glass

 Classification is based on the rock’s texture and mineral constituents

— Texture

◦ Fine grained texture (Rhyolite)– formed at the surface, small masses within the
upper crust, small crystals

◦ Course grained texture (Granite)- formed below the surface

◦ Porphyritic texture (Andesite porphyry) – large crystals embed in a matrix of

smaller crystals

◦ Glassy texture (Obsidian, Pumice) – result from rapid cooling (being quenched).
Granitic rocks – feldspar and silica; rich in silica (70%)
Basaltic rocks – contains iron (dark appearance), denser than granitic,
extrusive igneous

Source: geology.about.com.

Ø Mineral Composition
 Ø Bowen’s Reaction Series e x p l a i n s t h a t if a mineral remains in the molten solution
after crystallization, it will react with remaining liquid to produce the next mineral.

Source: jersey.uoregon.edu
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=magma+composition&client=firefox-b&source
Naming of Igneous Rocks

Ø Texture results from different cooling histories, mineral composition resulted

from chemical make up of parent magma and environment of crystallization.

Sedimentary Rocks Compacted and Cemented Sediment

  It is form from sediment or weathered product commonly known as sedimentum or
settling.
 It is the rock that geologists reconstruct many details of Earth’s history because it
is deposited in variety of different setting at the surface.
 Contains fossils
 Coal, source of electrical power

HOW IT BECOMES SEDIMENTARY ROCK?

 Weathering – agents like wind and water can break rock into pieces --- broken pieces
are carried from one place to another – rock pieces (sediments).
 Settles and/or buried in water basin and/or ocean floor ---- the process is repeated
and sediments are deposited in the same areas forming layers of sediments – then
eventually the sediments hardened and compacted forming sedimentary rocks.

 Lithification refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid s
rock
 Strata/beds are layer upon layer of sediments accumulation.
 Fossils are traces or remains of prehistoric life.
 Examples of sedimentary rock are Limestones and Coal

Classification Sedimentary Rocks

 Two principal sources of materials as sediments
 Solid particles from weathered rocks (igneous rocks) Detritus – detrital
sedimentary rocks
 Soluble material from chemical weathering which forms the chemical sedimentary
rocks

Types of Sediments
 Detrital or Classic sediments - it is formed by the fragmentation of the parent rock by
weathering, followed by erosion or transportation of these fragments over variable
distances to their place of deposition.
 Chemical sediments – it is formed by precipitation from solution.
 Biological/organic sediments - these are sediments in which organisms are involved in
their formation or deposition in one way or another.
 Source: castlelearning.com

Metamorphic Rocks
 Metamorphism means to change.
 Most metamorphic changes occur at high temperatures and pressure.
 These occur deep below the Earth’s surface and extend into the mantle.

Two types of Metamorphism

 Contact Metamorphism is formed when magma intrudes into existing rock
 Changes in rocks are minor
 Regional Metamorphism is formed during mountain building process that occurs over
a large area.
 Major changes to rocks

Source: danasrge.top

The Metamorphic Agents

  Heat causes existing minerals to recrystallize or new minerals to form
 Pressure causes the spaces between
mineral grains to close= more compact rock= greater density
 Chemically active fluids promotes recrystallization by enhancing ion migration

The changes brought about by metamorphic process are:

1. increased density, growth of larger mineral crystals,
2. foliation or the reorientation of the mineral grains into a layered or banded appearance
3. formation of new minerals.

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

A. Texture
 Foliated Texture is formed when minerals recrystallize at right angles to the direction
of force .Causes a layered or banded appearance

 Nonfoliated Texture has no banded texture and resembles a coarse-grained igneous

rock. Most contain only one mineral

Common Metamorphic Rocks

1. Foliated rocks - include slate, schist, and gneiss
2. NonaffiliatedS rocks - include marble and quartzite.

Source: messacc.edu