Ekstrakurikular na gawain ay mga pagkakataon na umaakit sa extension ng akademikong gawain at / o mga di-akademikong mga aktibidad sa ilalim ng

tangkilik ng paaralan. Sa mga espesyal na mga kalagayan, halimbawa, pag may badyet o pag-iiskedyul ng limitasyon, ekstrakurikular na gawain ay
maaaring magbigay ng karanasan na sa kabilang banda ay inaalok sa loob ng mga araw ng paaralan.

May maraming uri ng mga ekstrakurikular na gawain. Athletics ay isang pangunahing para sa ekstrakurikular na aktibidad sa maraming mga paaralan. Sa
ilang mga paaralan, football ay ang centerpiece ng ang Athletic na programa, ngunit depende sa kung saan ka nakatira, maaari mo ring mahanap ang mga
pagkakataon sa baseball, basketball, bowling, Cheerleading, akyat, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, ice skating, lacrosse, orienteering , rugby, alpine at
cross-bansa pang-iski, snowboarding, snowshoeing, soccer, softball, swimming, table tennis, tennis, track, at volleyball. Sports maaaring may varsity at
junior team pangunahing koponan o isagawa ng mga klub o nasa loob ng lunsod pagkakataon.
Ekstrakurikular na gawain ay isang magandang bagay dahil sila ay iisip upang matulungan ang mga bata gawin din academically. Gayunman, ang isang
sobrang karga ng mga gawain ay maaaring maging isang pilay sa mga badyet at din sa ina at ang kanyang panahon. Ang pinakamagandang bagay na
gawin ay magtakda ng mga limitasyon. Figure out kung ano ang kayang bayaran sa pera at oras at pumunta mula doon. Karamihan sa mga tao na
mahanap ang isa na aktibidad sa bawat bata ay lubos na pamahalaang parehong pananalapi at sa panahon na lugar.
. Other notable aggregate demand determinants include interest rates, federal deficit, inflationary expectations, and the money supply.
GGREGATE DEMAND DETERMINANTS: An assortment of ceteris paribus factors that affect aggregate demand, but which are assumed constant
when the aggregate demand curve is constructed. Changes in any of the aggregate demand determinants cause the aggregate demand curve to shift. While
a wide variety of specific ceteris paribus factors can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift, it's usually most convenient to group them into the four,
broad expenditure categories -- consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. The reason is that changes in these expenditures are the
direct cause of shifts in the aggregate demand curve. If any determinant affects aggregate demand it MUST affect one of these four expenditures.

1: The basic economic function of the household sector is:

(A) undertaking consumption.

2: The duty of the ___________ sector is to impose allocation decisions on the economy that would not otherwise be made.

(C) government

3: The domestic economy includes:

(D) the household, business, and government sectors.

4: The division of economics between macroeconomics and microeconomics can be traced to the:

(B) Great Depression of the 1930s.

5: In the U.S. economy, gross domestic product, GDP, is currently about:

(E) $8 trillion.
6: If inflation and fluctuations of economic activity are avoided, then the economy is better achieving the goal of:

(B) stability.

7: A key problem resulting from inflation is:

(C) a haphazard redistribution of income.

8: A business cycle contraction tends to cause:

(B) high or rising unemployment.

9: A business cycle contraction can result from a(n):

(C) increase in taxes.

10: Conservative Republicans would tend to favor:

 (D) monetary policy over fiscal policy.

: Classical economics
: Classical economics was the predominant economic theory:

(B) from the late 1700s to the early 1900s.

2: The origins of classical economics can be traced to the work of:

(E) Adam Smith.

3: An assumption of classical economics is:

(C) supply creates its own demand..

4: An assumption of classical economics is:

(C) demand creates its own supply.

5: Say�s Law is a proposition underlying classical economics stating:

(A) supply creates its own demand.

6: The economic analysis most closely related to Say's Law is:

(E) circular flow.

7: Classical economics is most closely associated with the modern analysis of:

(B) long-run aggregate market.

8: According to classical economics, the economy will always tend toward full employment due to:

(B) flexible wages and prices.

9: According to classical economics, the economy was unlikely to experience:
.

(D) high rates of unemployment.

10: Classical economics was replaced as the dominant theory of macroeconomic analysis by:

(C) Keynesian economics.

1: The basic principles of Keynesian economics were presented in the book:

(D) "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money."

2: Keynesian economics was largely developed to address the economic problems of the:

(C) Great Depression of the 1930s.

3: Keynesian economics was the predominant economic theory:

(C) from the 1930s to the 1970s.

4: According to Keynesian economics, inflexible wages and prices:

(B) cause real production and employment to fall when aggregate expenditures decline.
5: Keynesian economics rejected the classical assumption that:

(A) supply creates its own demand.

6: Keynesian economics rejected the classical assumption that:

(E) equilibrium always remains at full employment.

7: According to Keynesian economics, the primary reason for business-cycle instability is changes in:

(D) investment expenditures.

8: A central proposition of Keynesian economics is:

(A) the consumption function.

10: During periods of high unemployment, the preferred policy of Keynesian economics is:

(B) expansionary fiscal policy.

GDP
:1 GDP measures the MARKET VALUE of goods and services to:

(E) indicate the satisfaction of wants and needs.

2: An example of a productive nonmarket activity that is INCLUDED in GDP is:

(E) rent of owner-occupied housing.

3: If you buy a pizza from a restaurant rather than making the identical product at home:

(A) GDP increases.

4: If nominal GDP increases by 15% and prices increase by 5%, then real GDP:

(D) increases by 10%.

5: An item that is excluded from U.S. GDP and included in U.S. GNP is wages earned by a:

(C) U.S. citizen who is employed at a British-owned company in Britain.

6: Gross domestic product can be calculated by adding __________ to net domestic product.

(A (C) capital consumption allowance

7: Net domestic product can be calculated by adding indirect business taxes and __________ to national income.

(B) net foreign factor income

8: The sum of wages, interest, rent, profit, and proprietors' income is:

(C) national income.

9: Personal income can be calculated by subtracting __________ from, and adding __________ to, national income.

(E) income earned but not received, income received but not earned
10: Disposable income can be calculated by subtracting __________ from personal income.

(A) personal taxes

1: In Keynesian economics, a recessionary gap results if:
(A) aggregate expenditures are less than aggregate prouduction.
2: In Keynesian economics, equilibrium can occur:

(E) at any level of aggregate output equal to aggregate expenditures.

3: Suppose that consumption expenditures are $900, autonomous investment expenditures are $200, government purchases are $150, and net exports are
$50, and gross domestic product is $1200. In this case, you would expect:
 (D) gross domestic product to increase by at least $100.
4: In the Keynesian cross model, the 45-degree line has a slope of:

(A) 1.
6: In Keynesian economics, an inflationary gap results if:

(A) aggregate expenditures are less than aggregate prouduction.

(B) aggregate expenditures are greater than aggregate prouduction.

7: In the Keynesian cross model, the aggregate expenditures line has a slope of:

(D) less than 1..

8: In Keynesian economics, if aggregate expenditures are less than aggregate output:

(C) employment decreases.

9: In the complete Keynesian cross model, the aggregate expenditures line is specified as:

(D) AE = C + I + G + (X - M).
10: Suppose that consumption expenditures are $9,000, autonomous investment expenditures are $3,000, government purchases are $1,500, and net
exports are $500, and gross domestic product is $12,000. In this case, you would expect:

(A) no change in gross domestic product.

AD
: 1The aggregate market is the sum of circular flow transactions through the:

(D) product markets.

2: The purchase of furniture would fall into the __________ category of consumption expenditures.

(B) durable goods

3: An investment expenditure falling into the equipment category is a(n):

(E) delivery vehicle.

4: Economists prefer measuring the economy's average price using the:

(B) GDP price deflator.

5: The difference between aggregate demand and aggregate expenditures is much like the difference between:

(D) demand and quantity demanded.

6: The GDP price deflator is to real GDP as:

(E) price is to quantity.

7: A decline in aggregate expenditures that occurs because a rise in the price level also increases the interest rate is called the:

(E) interest-rate effect.

8: A decrease in consumption and a leftward shift of the AD curve is most likely caused by:

(A) an increase in interest rates.

9: The currency exchange rate is most likely to change and cause a shift of the aggregate demand curve through a change in:

(C) net exports.

10: Demand-management policies are designed to shift the:

(A) AD curve.

Keynesian Consumption
1: Consumption expenditures are expenditures made by the __________ sector:

(D) household
2: Dissaving occurs if:

(A) saving is negative..

3: The slope of the consumption function (or line) is the: (

(D) marginal propensity to consume.

4: The slope of the saving function (or line) is the:

(C) marginal propensity to save.

5: A shift of the consumption function (or line) is:

(B) a change in autonomous consumption.

6: A movement along the saving function (or line) is:

(C) caused by a change in disposable income.

7: The APC is:

(A) consumption divided by disposable income..

8: The MPS is:

(A) 1 - MPC.
9: Suppose that your income increases from $100,000 to $150,000 and your consumption increases from $80,000 to $120,000. Your MPC is:
.

(D) 0.8.
10: Suppose that your income increases from $100,000 to $150,000 and your consumption increases from $80,000 to $120,000. Your MPS is:

(A) 0.2.

Business Cycles
1: The recurring, but not necessarily periodic changes in aggregate economic activity are termed:

(C) business cycles.

2: Fluctuations in economic activity associated with four-year presidential elections are termed:

(D) political business cycles.

3: An example of a leading economic indicator is:

(E) stock-market prices.

4: The point in which the economy's production has reached it's highest level after rising for several years is best termed a business cycle:

(C) peak.
5: The early stages of an economic expansion is usually termed a:

(E) recovery.
6: A growth cycle is measured by the rise and fall in:

(A) growth rate of production.

7: A business cycle expansion will tend to cause a(n):

(B) decrease in unemployment.

8: A business cycle contraction will tend to cause a(n):

(A) decrease in inflation.

9: According to some economists, a major reason for business cycle expansions and recessions are fluctuations in:

(D) investment.
10: In terms of business cycles, politicians realize that incumbents are:

(A) re-elected when the economy is healthy.

tAXATION BASICS: Taxes are mandatory payments from members of society to governments. The total tax revenue collected from a specific tax can be
identified as the product of the tax rate times the tax base. The tax base can be specified as either a physical quantity or monetary value, giving rise to two
types of tax per unit tax (quantity) and ad valorem tax (value). In some cases it is useful to specify a tax rate as an average tax rate and in other cases as a
marginal tax rate. Governments impose a wide range of taxes on a wide range of consumption, production, assets, and exchange activities. While
government taxation is exceedingly diverse, it abides by a few basics.

One common basic is that tax revenue can be identified as the product of a tax rate times a corresponding tax base. The tax rate is specified as a percent of
the tax base. The tax base can be a range of different activities or assets, including income, wealth, sales, and property. If the tax base is measured as a
physical quantity, such as gallons of gasoline, then the tax rate is a per unit tax. If the tax base is measure as a monetary value, such as income, then the
tax rate is an ad valorem tax.

A Transfer of Control

Taxes are the primary method used by governments to obtain control over the economy's productive resources, that is, purchasing power. As a general
rule people obtain purchasing power and control over resources based on income. Taxes force people to transfer a portion of their incomes and purchasing
power to governments. Governments then use this income, this tax revenue, this purchasing power, to finance expenditures and to pay for the provision of
public goods.To be specific taxes are mandatory, involuntary, or coerced, payments to governments. The "involuntary" part means that those who pay
taxes don't have a choice. Either pay the taxes or suffer the punishment. The "payment" part generally takes the form of a "monetary" payment, but it also
could be an "in-kind" payment, that is, a good, service, or resource.
Base and Rate
In much the same way that total revenue received for selling a good is the product of price and quantity, the revenue collected from a specific tax is the
product of a tax base and a tax rate. A tax base is simply an item or activity that is subject to taxation. A tax rate is then the percent of the tax base that is
collected as tax.
tax = tax base x tax rate
A common tax base is income. An income tax rate is then the percentage of income paid in tax. Suppose, for example, that Jonathan McJohnson, a junior
executive at OmniConglomerate, Inc., earns $50,000. If the income tax rate is 10 percent, then he pays 10 percent of his income, $5,000, in income taxes.
The tax paid is the tax base times the tax rate.
income tax = $50,000 x 10% = $5,000

What to Tax: Many BasesThe need to collect taxes combined with the reluctance to pay taxes (or at least have "someone else" pay taxes) has prompted
governments to identify a number of different tax bases. Tax bases are invariably an asset or activity. A few of the more important tax bases are:Income:
At the top of the list of tax bases is income generated from productive activity. Taxes levied on income includes the ever-popular personal income tax
that people are required to pay every April 15th, the corporate income tax on the profit earned by corporations, and the Social Security tax (the FICA
payroll deduction) on wage earnings.Wealth: Physical and financial assets are another favorite tax base of governments. The two most noted wealth taxes
are property taxes paid by homeowners and estate or inheritance taxes paid on wealth passed down from one generation to the next.Consumption: A
third common tax base is consumption. Sales taxes are unquestionable the most common tax on consumption. However, a number of specific
consumption activities are also subject to taxation, taking the form of fuel taxes, liquor taxes, cigarette taxes, college tuition, public park entrance fees,
drivers license fees, telephone usage taxes, and... well... the list goes on and on.

Per Unit and Ad Valorem Taxes

The tax base for many taxes is specified as a dollar value (such as income), while the tax base for other taxes is specified in physical units (gallons of
gasoline). This difference highlights two types of taxes -- ad valorem and per unit.
Ad Valorem Tax: An ad valorem tax is a tax specified as a percentage of the price or value of a good, service, asset, or other activity. Ad valorem taxes
tend to be broad based, imposed on activities such as income and retail sales. In fact, the two most important ad valorem taxes are income taxes and sales
taxes. People pay a percentage of their incomes in income taxes or a percentage or the value of their purchases in sales taxes, regardless of the amount of
time spent working or the quantities of goods purchases. Per Unit Tax: A per unit tax is a tax specified as a percentage of the quantity of a good, service,
asset, or other activity. Per unit taxes are often imposed on specific goods or markets. A common per unit tax is that levied on gasoline. People pay a
given tax for each gallon of gasoline purchased, regardless of the price of gasoline.

Average and Marginal RatesLike many economic concepts (cost, revenue, product, and consumption), tax rates can be specified as either
average or marginal, as either a proportion of the overall tax base or as an incremental change in the tax base.

Average Tax Rate: An average tax rate is the percentage of the total tax base paid in taxes. For example, if Duncan Thurly earns $50,000 in income and
pays $5,000 in taxes, then his average income tax rate is 10 percent.Marginal Tax Rate: A marginal tax rate is the percentage of an incremental change in
the tax base paid in taxes. For example, if Duncan Thurly has a $10,000 increase in earnings from $40,000 to $50,000 and his income taxes increase by
$2,000 from $3,000 to $5,000 in taxes, then his marginal income tax rate is 20 percent

wage rigidity
The tendency of wage rates to be ‘sticky’, and not to adjust so as to clear the market in the short run.
There are several reasons for this. Adjustment in the labour market involves the selection of suitable
staff by employers and a search for suitable jobs by workers: this takes time, and at any moment
nobody knows what the market-clearing wage rate would be. Workers resist cuts in wages, and
employers, who know that if wages are once increased there will be strong resistance to lowering them
again, are reluctant to grant wage increases during a temporary labour shortage. Where wage rates are
decided by collective bargaining, neither side may be keen to disturb an agreement which cost much
effort to reach. See also wage resistance.