Ethernet 1

SC 551: Communication Networks: Ethernet Fundamentals
SC 551: Communication Networks

Ethernet Fundamentals
Kithsiri M. Liyanage
University of Peradeniya
PGIS
DEEE and – University
IT Center of Peradeniya
– University of Peradeniya
Objectives:
Describe the basics of Ethernet technology
Explain naming rules of Ethernet technology
Explain how Ethernet relates to the OSI model
Describe the Ethernet framing process and frame
structure
List Ethernet frame field names and purposes
Identify the characteristics of CSMA/CD
Describe Ethernet timing, interframe spacing, and backoff
time after a collision
Define Ethernet errors and collisions
Explain the concept of auto-negotiation in relation to
speed and duplex
PGIS
The success of Ethernet is due to:
Simplicity and ease of maintenance

Ability to incorporate new technologies
Reliability
Low cost of installation and upgrade
PGIS
The success of Ethernet is due to:
PGIS
Ethernet Standards
Speed: 10 Mbps
Standard: 802.3
Physical Layers:
– Used today:
- 10Base-T 10 Mbps Twisted Pair
- 10Base2 (Thin Ethernet) 10 Mbps thin coax
cable
– Used in the past:
- 10Base5 (Thick Ethernet) 10 Mbps thick
coax cable
– There is even an analog version:
- 10Broad36 10 Mbps on coax cable using
analog signaling
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10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets have a bus topology
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10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets
Maximum length of a segment is 500m (10Base5)

and 200m (10Base2)
The maximum span can be extended by connecting

segments via repeaters
Repeaters do not isolate collisions
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10Base-T
With 10Base-T, stations are connected to a hub in a star

configuration
The distance of a node to the hub must be ≤ 100 m
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Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet is synonymous with Ethernet at 100 Mbps rates
Standard: IEEE 802.3u

- 100BASE-T4 (100 Mbps over telephone-grade twisted
pair)
- 100Base-TX (100 Mbps over Category 5 twisted pair)
- 100Base-FX (100 Mbps over Fiber Optic)
The 100Base-X schemes have two physical links, one for

receiving and one for transmitting, each at 100 Mbps.
A station can send and transmit at the same time (full-
duplex)
100 Base-T4 operates in half-duplex mode
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Gigabit Ethernet
Data rate is 1 Gbps = 1000 Mbps
Standard: IEEE 802.3z
Physical Layers:
- 1000Base-SX short-wave laser over multimode fiber
- 1000Base-LX long-wave laser over single mode fiber

and multimode fiber
- 1000Base-T Twisted pair
Used for backbone of a campus area network or at

desktop
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Ethernet Operation wrt ISO/OSI - RM
PGIS
MAC Technologies
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
PGIS
Ethernet Technologies
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Addressing
An address system is required to uniquely identify computers and

interfaces to allow for local delivery of frames on the Ethernet.
Ethernet uses MAC addresses that are 48 bits in length and expressed as
12 hexadecimal digits.
The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE,
identify the manufacturer or vendor. This portion of the MAC address is
known as the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI).
The remaining six hexadecimal digits represent the interface serial

number or another value administered by the manufacturer.
MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in MAC addresses (BIAs)

because they are burned into ROM and are copied into RAM when the NIC initializes.
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Addressing
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Physical Layer
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Frame Structure
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Frame Check Sequence
There are three primary ways to calculate the FCS number:
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) – performs calculations on

the data.
Two-dimensional parity – places individual bytes in a two-

dimensional array and performs redundancy checks vertically
and horizontally on the array, creating an extra byte resulting
in an even or odd number of binary 1s.
Internet checksum – adds the values of all of the data bits to

arrive at a sum.
Internet check sum is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's
complement sum of all 16 bit words in the header
Eg e3 4f 23 96 44 27 99 f3  1aff
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Cyclic Redundancy Checks
Powerful error detection method, easily implemented
Message (M) to be transmitted is appended with extra frame

checksum bits (F), so that bit pattern transmitted (T) is perfectly
divisible by a special “generator” pattern (P) - (divisor)
At destination, divide received message by the same P. If

remainder is nonzero  error
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Can Detect
1. All single-bit errors
2. All double-bit errors, as long as P(X) has a factor with at

least three terms (as long as p has at least three 1s)
3. Any odd number of errors, as long as P(X) contains a

factor (X+1)
4. Any burst error for which the length of the burst is less
than the length of the FCS
5. Most larger burst errors
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Internet checksum
1’s complements of the sum of 1’s complements of data taken
16 bits at a time
Used in IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP
Example
Message : 0100 F203 F4F5 F6F7
1’s complements of message: FEFF 0DFC 0B0A 0908
1’S COMPLEMENT SUM: 210E  Check sum
Calculate the addition 0100 + F203 + F4F5 + F6F7 + 210E
What should be the answer ?
PGIS
Internet checksum
Good because we don’t need to touch all data if one area of the
data is changed.
Applications where small changes takes place
1. Network address translation
2. Time to live
In theory, time to live is measured in seconds, although every host that passes
the datagram must reduce the TTL by at least one unit. In practice, the TTL field
is reduced by one on every hop. To reflect this practice, the field is renamed
hop limit in IPv6.
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IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame Format
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Ethernet II Frame Format
Ethernet II is the Ethernet frame format that is used in TCP/IP networks.
PGIS
IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Formats < 0600 hex

otherwise
Preamble
10101011
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MAC
Deterministic MAC Non-Deterministic

protocols MAC protocols
DEEE and
PGIS
IT Center
– University
– University
of Peradeniya
Collision less
MAC protocols use a
of Peradeniya
first-come, first-served
approach. Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with
Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
Collision detection and avoidance in a CSMA/CD network
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PGIS
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Slot time
After a collision occurs and

all stations allow the cable
to become idle (each waits
the full interframe spacing),
then the stations that
collided must wait an
additional and potentially
progressively longer period
of time before attempting to
retransmit the collided
frame.
The waiting period is

measured in increments of
the parameter slot time.
Slot time is only applicable to half-duplex transmissions. Since slot time is the time required to
wait for the medium to be free from transmissions, there is no time required to wait for full-duplex
transmissions. 10 Gbit/s is a full duplex technology, so slot time is not applicable here.
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Interframe Spacing
The minimum spacing between two non-colliding frames is also

called the interframe spacing. This is measured from the last bit of the
FCS field of the first frame to the first bit of the preamble of the
second frame.
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sources of Ethernet error
Simultaneous transmission occurring before slot time has elapsed

(Collision or runt )
Simultaneous transmission occurring after slot time has elapsed (Late
collision )
Excessively or illegally long transmission (Jabber, long frame and range
errors )
Illegally short transmission (Short frame, collision fragment or runt)
Corrupted transmission (FCS error )
Insufficient or excessive number of bits transmitted to make total number
of bits not to be an integer multiple of 8 (Alignment error)
Actual and reported number of octets in frame do not match (Range error)
Unusually long Preamble or Jam event (Ghost or jabber)
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Backoff Timing
After a collision occurs and all devices allow the cable to become idle
(each waits the full interframe spacing),
The devices whose transmissions collided must wait an additional and

potentially progressively longer - period
The waiting period is intentionally designed to be random so that two

stations do not delay for the same amount of time before retransmitting
The waiting period is measured in increments of the parameter slot time.
If media congestion results in the MAC layer unable to send the frame
after 16 attempts, it gives up and generates an error to the Network layer.
The CSMA/CD allowed Ethernet to provide greater service in a shared

media topology based on the use of hubs.
With the use of switches, the need for CSMA/CD starts to diminish or, in
some cases, is removed altogether.
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Data Encoding
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MLT (Multi-Level Transition ) - 3 Encoding
MLT-3 encoding is a line code (a signaling method used in a

telecommunication system for transmission purposes) that uses three
voltage levels.
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4B/5B Encoding
The encoding method used for encoding 4-bit data bytes to 5-bit
Transmission Characters.
Data bytes are converted to Transmission Characters to improve

the physical signal such that the following benefits are achieved:
bit synchronization is more easily achieved,
design of receivers and transmitters is simplified,
error detection is improved, and control characters (i.e., the Special
Character) can be distinguished from data characters..
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4B/5B Encoding
Data Sequence
Data Sequence Encoded Scheme Encoded Scheme
0000 11110 Q(Quite) 00000
0001 01001 I(Idle) 11111
0010 10100 H(Halt) 00100
0011 10101 J(Start delimiter) 11000
0100 01010 K(Start delimiter) 10001
0101 01011 T(End delimiter) 01101

0110 01110 S(Set) 11001
0111 01111 R(Reset) 00111
1000 10010
1001 10011
1010 10110
1011 10111
1100 11010
1101 11011
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Data Encoding – 10 Mbps Ethernet
From MAC Manchester To Transceiver

Encoder/
Decoder From Transceiver
To MAC
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Data Encoding – 100Base-TX
25 Mbps
125
25 Mbps 4B/5B MLT-3
Mbps
Block Line
25 Mbps
Encoder Encoder
25 Mbps
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Data Encoding – 100Base-FX
25 Mbps
125
25 Mbps 4B/5B NRZ-I
Mbps
Block Line
25 Mbps
Encoder Encoder
25 Mbps
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Data Encoding – 1000Base-SX/LX
125 Mbps
125 Mbps
125 Mbps
1.25
8B/10B NRZ
125 Mbps Gbps
Block Line
125 Mbps
Encoder Encoder
125 Mbps
125 Mbps
125 Mbps
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Data Encoding – 1000Base-T
4-pair of
125 Mbps CAT 5 UTP
125 Mbps 250 Mbps
125 Mbps
250 Mbps
4D-PAM5
125 Mbps
Block
125 Mbps 250 Mbps
Encoder
125 Mbps
250 Mbps
125 Mbps
125 Mbps
PGIS
Ethernet auto-negotiation
Auto-Negotiation - This process defines how two link partners

may automatically negotiate a configuration offering the best
common performance level.
If anything interrupts communications and the link is lost, the two
link partners first attempt to link again at the last negotiated
speed.
If that fails, or if it has been too long since the link was lost, the
Auto-Negotiation process starts over.
Example :
10BASE-T required each station to transmit a link pulse about every
16 milliseconds, whenever the station was not engaged in
transmitting a message.
Auto-Negotiation adopted this signal and renamed it a Normal Link
Pulse (NLP).
When a series of NLPs are sent in a group for the purpose of Auto-
Negotiation, the group is called a Fast Link Pulse (FLP) burst.
PGIS
Ethernet auto-negotiation
Duplex mismatch
one end is forced to full duplex
the other is forced to half duplex
result in collisions and errors
10-Gigabit Ethernet does not support half
duplex
The list is priority ranked, with the most
desirable link configuration at the top.
Fiber-optic Ethernet implementations are not
included in this priority resolution list
because the interface configuration is fixed.
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Operation of a switch
1. A switch is simply a bridge with many ports.

2. the collision domain on the shared media contains only
two nodes: switch port and the host connected to it.
3. These small physical segments are called microsegments.
4. In full duplex mode, there is no contention for the media. A
collision domain no longer exists.
5. In theory, the bandwidth is doubled when full duplex is
used. 9.6.1.1 
PGIS
CAM and ASIC technologies greatly reduced the delays

caused by software processes and enabled a switch to
keep up with the data demands of many microsegments
and high bit rates
CAM (content-addressable memory ) is memory that works

backward compared to conventional memory. When data is
entered into the memory it will return the associated
address. CAM allows a switch to find the port that is
associated with a MAC address without search algorithms.
An ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit ) comprises

an integrated circuit (IC) with functionality customized for a
particular use which allows some software operations to be
done in hardware.
PGIS
How a frame is switched to the destination port is a trade off between
latency and reliability.
1. cut-through packet switching : A switch can start to transfer the

frame as soon as the destination MAC address is received.
This results in the lowest latency through the switch. However,
no error checking is available.
2. store-and-forward packet switching: The switch can also

receive the entire frame before it is sent to the destination port.
verify the Frame Check Sequence (FCS). If the frame is
invalid, it is discarded at the switch.
3. Fragment-free packet switching: A compromise between cut-

through and store-and-forward packet switching is the
fragment-free mode. reads the first 64 bytes, which includes
the frame header, and starts to send out the packet before the
entire data field and checksum are read.
PGIS
1. When cut-through packet switching is used, the source and

destination ports must have the same bit rate to keep the frame
intact.
2. This is called symmetric switching.
3. If the bit rates are not the same, the frame must be stored at one bit
rate before it is sent out at the other bit rate.
4. This is known as asymmetric switching. Store-and-forward mode

must be used for asymmetric switching.
5. Asymmetric switching is optimized for client/server traffic flows in

which multiple clients communicate with a server at once. More
bandwidth must be dedicated to the server port to prevent a
bottleneck.
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Symmetric switching
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Asymmetric switching
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Memory Buffering
An Ethernet switch may use a buffering technique to store and forward

frames.
Buffering may also be used when the destination port is busy.
The area of memory where the switch stores the data is called the
memory buffer.
Port-based memory buffering
Shared memory buffering
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Port-based memory buffering
In port-based memory buffering frames are stored in queues that are

linked to specific incoming ports.
A frame is transmitted to the outgoing port only when all the frames
ahead of it in the queue have been successfully transmitted.
It is possible for a single frame to delay the transmission of all the

frames in memory because of a busy destination port.
This delay occurs even if the other frames could be transmitted to
open destination ports.
PGIS
Shared memory buffering deposits all frames into a common memory

buffer which all the ports on the switch share.
The amount of buffer memory required by a port is dynamically

allocated.
The frames in the buffer are linked dynamically to the destination port.
This allows the packet to be received on one port and then transmitted
on another port, without moving it to a different queue.
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The switch keeps a map of frame to port links showing where a packet
needs to be transmitted.
The map link is cleared after the frame has been successfully
transmitted. The memory buffer is shared.
The number of frames stored in the buffer is restricted by the size of the
entire memory buffer, and not limited to a single port buffer.
This permits larger frames to be transmitted with fewer dropped
frames.
This is important to asymmetric switching, where frames are being
exchanged between different rate ports.
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Network Latency
Latency is the delay between the time a frame begins to leave the
source device and when the first part of the frame reaches its
destination. A variety of conditions can cause delays:
1. Media delays may be caused by the finite speed that

signals can travel through the physical media.
2. Circuit delays may be caused by the electronics that
process the signal along the path.
3. Software delays may be caused by the decisions that
software must make to implement switching and
protocols.
4. Delays may be caused by the content of the frame and
the location of the frame switching decisions. For
example, a device cannot route a frame to a destination
until the destination MAC address has been read.
PGIS
Layer 1 media and topologies
1. Shared media environment
2. Extended shared media environment
Picture
3. Point-to-point network environment
PGIS
Collision domains
1. Collision domains are the connected physical network

segments where collision always occur due to
simultaneous transmissions by two devices in the same
network segment.
2. Collisions cause the network to be inefficient
3. The types of devices that interconnect the media
segments define collision domains
• OSI Layer 2 and Layer 3 devices

break up collision domains. This
process is also known as
segmentation
• Layer 1 devices can cause the

length of a LAN to be overextended
and result in collisions
PGIS
Round Trip Delay and Four Repeater Rule
1. Repeater latency, propagation delay, and NIC latency all

contribute to round-trip-delay
2. The four repeater rule in Ethernet states that no more
than four repeaters or repeating hubs can be between any
two computers on the network
3. This ensures that all the workstations will be able to hear
all the collisions on the network.
4. If the maximum delay limit is exceeded
• A late collision is possible
• The chipsets in NICs are not required to retransmit
automatically when a late collision occurs.
• These late collision frames add delay that is referred
to as consumption delay.
PGIS
Round Trip Delay and Four Repeater Rule
The 5-4-3-2-1 rule requires that the following guidelines should

not be exceeded:
• Five segments of network media
• Four repeaters or hubs
• Three host segments of the network
• Two link sections with no hosts
• One large collision domain
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Collision Domains Extended by Layer 1 Devices
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Limiting Collision Domains
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Limiting Collision Domains
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Broadcast in Bridge Environment
When a node needs to communicate with

all hosts on the network, it sends a
broadcast frame with a destination MAC
address 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF. This is an
address to which the NIC of every host
must respond.
The accumulation of
broadcast and multicast
traffic from each device in
the network is referred to as
broadcast radiation.
Eg. The effect of broadcast radiation on the CPU performance

PGIS
Broadcast domain segmentation Broadcasts are forwarded

by Layer 2 devices.
Excessive broadcasts can
reduce the efficiency of the
entire LAN.
Broadcasts have to be
controlled at Layer 3 since
Layers 1 and 2 devices
cannot control them.
Like all Layer 1 devices, routers
have a physical connection and
transmit data onto the media.
Routers also have a Layer 2
encapsulation on all interfaces
and perform the same functions
as other Layer 2 devices.
Layer 3 allows routers to
segment broadcast domains.
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Data flow through network
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Filtering frames
Filters can be helpful in dealing with unnecessary broadcast and

multicast packets.
Ignoring a frame is called filtering.
Copying the frame is called forwarding
Bridges and switches that can filter frames based on MAC addresses
can also be used to filter Ethernet frames by multicast and broadcast
addresses.
This filtering is achieved through the implementation of virtual local-area
networks or VLANs
Today, switches are also able to filter according to the network-layer

protocol. This blurs the demarcation between switches and routers.
A switch that implements advanced filtering techniques is usually called a

brouter. Brouters filter by looking at network layer information but they do not
use a routing protocol.
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Communication methods
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Switch and broadcast domain
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Switch and broadcast domain
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Communication Through a Single Switch
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Communication Through Multiple Switches
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Virtual LAN (VLAN) Concepts
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Virtual LANs
Networks grow
Admin section
Before
Finance section
Expansion
Now
Admin sections
Finance sections
PGIS
Virtual LANs
IT department wants to ensure that all Admin Computers share

the same security features and bandwidth controls.
How can the network accommodate the shared needs of

the geographically separated departments?
Do you create a large LAN and wire each department

together?
How easy would it be to make changes to that network?
It would be great to group the people with the resources they

use regardless of their geographic location, and it would make it
easier to manage their specific security and bandwidth needs.
PGIS
A VLAN is a logical group of network stations, services, and

devices that is not restricted to a physical LAN segment.
VLANs facilitate easy administration of logical groups of stations and

servers that can communicate as if they were on the same physical
LAN segment.
They also facilitate easier administration of moves, adds, and

changes in members of these groups.
VLANs logically segment switched networks based on job

functions, departments, or project teams, regardless of the physical
location of users or physical connections to the network.
All workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup share the

same VLAN, regardless of the physical connection or location.
PGIS
Configuration or reconfiguration of VLANs is done through software.

Therefore, VLAN configuration does not require network
equipment to be physically moved or connected.
A workstation in a VLAN group is restricted to communicating with file

servers in the same VLAN group.
VLANs logically segment the network into different broadcast

domains so that packets are only switched between ports that are
assigned to the same VLAN.
VLANs consist of hosts or network equipment connected by a single

bridging domain. The bridging domain is supported on different network
equipment. LAN switches operate bridging protocols with a
separate bridge group for each VLAN.
PGIS
VLANs are created to provide segmentation services traditionally

provided by physical routers in LAN configurations.
VLANs address scalability, security, and network management.
Routers in VLAN topologies provide broadcast filtering, security,

and traffic flow management.
Switches do not bridge traffic between VLANs, as this violates the

integrity of the VLAN broadcast domain. Traffic should only be routed
between VLANs.
PGIS
VLAN and physical boundaries
PGIS
PGIS
VLAN implementation on a switch causes certain actions to

occur:
The switch maintains a separate bridging table for each

VLAN.
If the frame comes in on a port in VLAN 1, the switch

searches the bridging table for VLAN 1.
When the frame is received, the switch adds the source

address to the bridging table if it is currently unknown.
The destination is checked so a forwarding decision can be

made.
For learning and forwarding, the search is made against the

address table for that VLAN only.
PGIS
Static VLANs
Static membership VLANs are called port-based and port-centric

membership VLANs.
As a device enters the network, it automatically assumes the VLAN

membership of the port to which it is attached.
PGIS
Dynamic VLANs
Dynamic membership VLANs are created through network management software.
Dynamic VLANs allow for membership based on the MAC address of the device
connected to the switch port.
As a device enters the network, the switch that it is connected to queries a

database on the VLAN Configuration Server for VLAN membership.
PGIS
Example
PGIS
Network administrators are responsible for configuring VLANs

both statically and dynamically
PGIS
Virtual LANs
PGIS
Virtual LANs
Example
PGIS
Benefits of VLANS
VLANs allow network administrators to organize LANs logically instead of

physically. This allows network administrators to perform several tasks:
•Easily move workstations on the LAN
•Easily add workstations to the LAN
•Easily change the LAN configuration
•Easily control network traffic
•Improve security
PGIS
Benefits of a VLAN Virtual LANs

Security
Cost reduction
Cost savings result from less need for expensive network upgrades and more
efficient use of existing bandwidth and uplinks.
Higher performance
Dividing flat Layer 2 networks into multiple logical workgroups (broadcast domains)
reduces unnecessary traffic on the network and boosts performance.
Broadcast storm mitigation

Dividing a network into VLANs reduces the number of devices that may participate
in a broadcast storm.
Improved IT staff efficiency

VLANs make it easier to manage the network because users with similar network
requirements share the same VLAN.
Simpler project or application management

e.g. an e-learning development platform for faculty. It is also easier to determine the
scope of the effects of upgrading network services.
PGIS
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
When a packet is sent to the Data Link layer to be encapsulated into

a frame,
the node refers to a table in its memory to find the Data Link layer
address that is mapped to the destination IPv4 address.
The ARP protocol provides two basic functions:
Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
Maintaining a cache of mappings
Each entry, or row, of the ARP table (cache) has a pair of

values:
an IP Address and a MAC address.
9.7.1.1
PGIS

The ARP table is maintained dynamically.
There are 2-ways of generating cache
Monitor the traffic that occurs on the local network segment.
Broadcasting an ARP request. ARP sends a Layer 2

broadcast to all devices on the Ethernet LAN.
For each device, an ARP cache timer removes ARP entries that
have not been used for a specified period of time.
The times differ depending on the device and its operating

system.
For example, some Windows operating systems store ARP

cache entries for 2 minutes. If the entry is used again during that
time, the ARP timer for that entry is extended to 10 minutes.
PGIS
PGIS
Security Issues Related to ARP
ARP spoofing / ARP poisoning
PGIS
The attacker: 10.0.0.1  MAC address: 00-AA-BB-CC-DD-00
The victims:
10.0.0.2  MAC address: 00-AA-BB-CC-DD-E1
10.0.0.3  MAC address: 00-AA-BB-CC-DD-E2
Attacker sends a crafted packet to 10.0.0.2 with spoofed ip of 10.0.0.3

and his own MAC address
It also sends a crafted package to 10.0.0.3 with spoofed ip of 10.0.0.2
with his own ip.
The ARP tables of both victims will look like this:

At 10.0.0.2
IP Address MAC Address
10.0.0.3 00-AA-BB-CC-DD-00
At 10.0.0.3
IP Address MAC Address
10.0.0.2 00-AA-BB-CC-DD-00
PGIS
PGIS

Ethernet 1

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SC 551: Communication Networks: Ethernet Fundamentals

SC 551: Communication Networks

The success of Ethernet is due to:

Simplicity and ease of maintenance

The success of Ethernet is due to:

10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets have a bus topology

10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets

Maximum length of a segment is 500m (10Base5)

The maximum span can be extended by connecting

Repeaters do not isolate collisions

With 10Base-T, stations are connected to a hub in a star

The distance of a node to the hub must be ≤ 100 m

Fast Ethernet is synonymous with Ethernet at 100 Mbps rates

Standard: IEEE 802.3u

- 100Base-TX (100 Mbps over Category 5 twisted pair)

- 100Base-FX (100 Mbps over Fiber Optic)

The 100Base-X schemes have two physical links, one for

100 Base-T4 operates in half-duplex mode

Data rate is 1 Gbps = 1000 Mbps

Standard: IEEE 802.3z

- 1000Base-LX long-wave laser over single mode fiber

- 1000Base-T Twisted pair

Used for backbone of a campus area network or at

Ethernet Operation wrt ISO/OSI - RM

An address system is required to uniquely identify computers and

The remaining six hexadecimal digits represent the interface serial

MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in MAC addresses (BIAs)

Frame Check Sequence

There are three primary ways to calculate the FCS number:

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) – performs calculations on

Two-dimensional parity – places individual bytes in a two-

Internet checksum – adds the values of all of the data bits to

Cyclic Redundancy Checks

Powerful error detection method, easily implemented

Message (M) to be transmitted is appended with extra frame

At destination, divide received message by the same P. If

1. All single-bit errors

2. All double-bit errors, as long as P(X) has a factor with at

3. Any odd number of errors, as long as P(X) contains a

5. Most larger burst errors

Used in IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP

Message : 0100 F203 F4F5 F6F7

1’s complements of message: FEFF 0DFC 0B0A 0908

1’S COMPLEMENT SUM: 210E  Check sum

Calculate the addition 0100 + F203 + F4F5 + F6F7 + 210E

What should be the answer ?

Applications where small changes takes place

1. Network address translation

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame Format

Ethernet II Frame Format

Ethernet II is the Ethernet frame format that is used in TCP/IP networks.

IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Formats < 0600 hex

Deterministic MAC Non-Deterministic

Collision detection and avoidance in a CSMA/CD network

Collision detection and avoidance in a CSMA/CD network

Collision detection and avoidance in a CSMA/CD network

After a collision occurs and

The waiting period is

The minimum spacing between two non-colliding frames is also

sources of Ethernet error

Simultaneous transmission occurring before slot time has elapsed

The devices whose transmissions collided must wait an additional and