A PAPER PRESENTATION

ON

ZIGBEE:A REVOLUTION IN MODERN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

BEING SUBMITTED TO:

P.V.S.Krishna P.Nataraju

¾ B.tech ¾ B.tech

E.C.E. GMRIT,Rajam
GMRIT,Rajam
Email:nataraj.pydi@gmail.com
Email:kittu.in4dash@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power,
wireless mesh networking
standard. The low cost
allows the technology to be
widely deployed in wireless
control and monitoring
applications, the low power-
usage allows longer life
with smaller batteries, and
the mesh networking
provides high reliability and
larger range.
While Bluetooth focuses on
connectivity between large
packet user devices, such as
laptops, phones, and major
peripherals, ZigBee is designed
to provide highly efficient
connectivity between small
packet devices. As a result of its
simplified operations, which are
one to two full orders of
magnitude less complex than a
comparable Bluetooth device,
pricing for ZigBee devices is
extremely competitive, with full
nodes available for a fraction of
the cost of a Bluetooth node.
What is ZigBee?
The name "ZigBee" is derived
from the erratic zigging patterns
many bees make between flowers
when collecting pollen. This is
evocative of the invisible webs of
connections existing in a fully
wireless environment. The
standard itself is regulated by a
group known as the ZigBee
Alliance, with over 150 members
worldwide.
INTRODUCTION:
ZigBee devices are actively
limited to a through-rate of
250Kbps,compared to
Bluetooth's much larger pipeline
of 1Mbps, operating on the 2.4
GHz ISM band, which is
available throughout most of the
world.
ZigBee has been developed to
meet the growing demand for
capable wireless networking
between numerous low-power
devices. In industry ZigBee is
being used for next generation
automated manufacturing, with
small transmitters in every device
on the floor, allowing for
communication between devices
to a central computer. This new
level of communication permits
finely-tuned remote monitoring
and manipulation. In the
consumer market ZigBee is being
explored for everything from
linking low-power household
devices such as smoke alarms to
a central housing control unit, to
centralized light controls.
The specified maximum range of
operation for ZigBee
devices is 250 feet (76m),
substantially further than that
used by Bluetooth capable
devices, although security
concerns raised over "sniping"
Bluetooth devices remotely,
may prove to hold true for
ZigBee devices as well.
ZIGBEE:A FUTURE
REVOLUTION:
Due to its low power output,
ZigBee devices can sustain
themselves on a small battery for
many months, or even years,
making them ideal for install-
and-forget purposes, such as
most small household systems.
Predictions of
ZigBee installation for the future,
most based on the explosive use
of
ZigBee in automated household
tasks in China, look to a near
future when upwards of sixty
ZigBee devices may be found in
an average American home, all
communicating with one another
freely and regulating common
tasks seamlessly.
Who Needs ZigBee?
We’re beginning to hear more
and more about this wireless
technology called ZigBee. A
catchy name for sure, but what is
it and who needs it? We already
have Bluetooth- and Wi-Fi-
enabled devices, and WiMAX
and Wireless USB proliferation
are at the doorstep. Who needs
another wireless standard?
First, let’s understand that each
wireless technology that makes it
to market serves a special
purpose or function. Bluetooth
and wireless USB provide short-
range connectivity in what is
called a personal-area network
(PAN). Bluetooth serves a short-
range, moderate-speed, wire
replacer, and wireless USB
provides short-range, high-speed
device connectivity. Wi-Fi is for
local-area networks (LANs) and
WiMAX is designed to provide
wide-area networking (WAN) or
metropolitan-area networking
(MAN).
ZigBee fills yet another nitch. It
is a PAN technology based on
the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Unlike Bluetooth or wireless
USB devices, ZigBee devices
have the ability to form a mesh
network between nodes. Meshing
is a type of daisy chaining from
one device to another. This
technique allows the short range
of an individual node to be
expanded and multiplied,
covering a much larger area.
One ZigBee network can contain
more than 65,000 nodes (active
devices). The network they form
in cooperation with each other
may take the shape of a star, a
branching tree or a net (mesh).
What’s more, each device can
operate for years off of a AA
cell. That means that each node
uses little power.
What might be perceived as a
disadvantage is the low data rate
of ZigBee devices, typically less
than 100 kbps, depending on the
selected frequency band. Is slow
bad? That depends on the
function or service the
technology is intended to
provide. That brings us to the
opening question: Who needs
ZigBee?
If you are looking for wireless
monitoring and remote control
solutions, ZigBee may be the
answer.
Those are the functions for which
ZigBee was designed. ZigBee
nodes can be used to tie an entire
home, office or factory together
for safety, security and control.
Nodes are embedded in hundreds
of sensors and controls that are
built into large infrastructures for
home automation, industrial
automation, remote metering,
automotives, medical equipment,
patient monitoring, asset tracking
systems, security systems,
lighting and temperature control
systems, and even toys.
There are three categories of
ZigBee devices:
ZigBee Network Coordinator.
Smart node that automatically
initiates the formation of the
network.
ZigBee Router. Another smart
node that links groups together
and provides multi-hoping for
messages. It associates with other
routers and end-devices.
ZigBee End Devices. Where the
rubber hits the road—sensors,
actuators, monitors, switches,
dimmers and other controllers.
ZigBee networks provide smart,
low-cost, low-power, low-
maintenance monitoring and
control systems.
Implementing ZigBee wireless
mesh networking:
ZigBee offers unique advantages
for wireless applications. But
with a technology this new,
realizing a successful ZigBee
wireless implementation requires
understanding its architecture and
operation, assessing design
options at the chip and module
level, and weighing practical
considerations relative to specific
application needs.
ZigBee is the product of the
ZigBee Alliance, an organization
of manufacturers dedicated to
developing a networking
technology for small, ISM-band
radios that could welcome even
the simplest industrial and home
end devices into wireless
connectivity. The ZigBee
specification was finalized in
December 2004, and products
supporting the ZigBee standard
are just now beginning to enter
the market.
ZIGBEE:A HOUSE OF
EXTENSIVE ADVANTAGES:
ZigBee is designed as a low-cost,
low-power, low-data rate
wireless mesh technology. The
ZigBee specification identifies
three kinds of devices that
incorporate ZigBee radios, with
all three found in a typical
ZigBee network (FIG)
A coordinator, which organizes
the network and maintains
routing tables.
Routers, which can talk to the
coordinator, to other routers and
to reduced-function end devices.
Reduced-function end devices,
which can talk to routers and the
coordinator, but not to each
other.
To minimize power consumption
and promote long battery life in
battery-powered devices, end
devices can spend most of their
time asleep, waking up only
when they need to communicate
and then going immediately back
to sleep. ZigBee envisions that
routers and the coordinator will
be mains-powered and will not
go to sleep.
ZIGBEE,AS A POWER
SAVER:
To illustrate how these
components interrelate, consider
ZigBee networking in office
lighting. Several manufacturers
are currently developing
inexpensive sensors for
fluorescent tubes that let lights be
turned on and off by battery-
powered wall switches, with no
wires between switch and fixture.
The light switch is the end
device, powered by a button cell
battery that will last for years; the
switch wakes up and uses battery
power only when flipped on or
off to transmit the new state to
the fluorescent tubes' routers. The
routers are already connected to
the mains and are not concerned
with battery conservation. Any
one of the fluorescent tubes can
contain the coordinator. The
implications are enormous for
new office construction — no
more electrical runs for lighting
and the ability to reconfigure
lighting controls at almost zero
cost.
ZigBee benefits
In all of its uses, ZigBee offers
four inherent, beneficial
characteristics:
Low cost
The typical ZigBee radio is cost-
effective. Chipset prices can be
as low as $12 each in quantities
as few as 100 pieces. While the
802.15.4 and ZigBee stacks are
typically included in this cost,
crystals and other discrete
components are not; design-in
modules fall in the neighborhood
of $25 in similar quantities. This
pricing provides an economic
justification for extending
wireless networking to even the
simplest of devices.
Range and obstruction issues
avoidance:
ZigBee routers double as input
devices and repeaters to create a
form of mesh network. If two
network points are unable to
communicate as intended,
transmission is dynamically
routed from the blocked node to
a router with a clear path to the
data's destination. This happens
automatically, so that
communications continue even
when a link fails unexpectedly.
The use of low-cost routers can
also extend the network's
effective reach. When the
distance between the base station
and a remote node exceeds the
devices' range, an intermediate
node or nodes can relay
transmission, eliminating the
need for separate repeaters
(Figure 2).
Multisource products
As an open standard, ZigBee
provides customers with the
ability to choose vendors as
needed. ZigBee Alliance working
groups define interoperability
profiles to which ZigBee-
certified devices must adhere. A
ZigBee-certified radio will
interoperate with any other
ZigBee-certified radio adhering
to the same profile. This
promotes compatibility and
competition, which allows the
end users to choose the best
device for each particular
network node, regardless of
manufacturer.
Low power consumption:
Basic ZigBee radios operate at 1
mW RF power and can sleep
when not involved in
transmission (higher RF-power
ZigBee radios for applications
needing greater range also
provide the sleep function).
Because this makes battery-
powered radios more practical
than ever, wireless devices are
free to be placed without power
cable runs in addition to
eliminating data cable runs.
ZigBee architecture
For purposes of this discussion,
three areas of architectural
responsibility are in a ZigBee
engineering effort (Figure 3).
The physical and MAC layers
take full advantage of the
physical radio specified by IEEE
802.15.4. The 802.15.4
specification describes a peer-to-
peer radio using direct-sequence,
spread spectrum (DSSS). The
specification also calls out the
data rates, channelization and
modulation techniques to be
employed.
The ZigBee Alliance specifies
the logical network, security and
application software, which are
implemented in a firmware stack.
It is the ZigBee networking stack
that creates the mesh networking
capability. Each
microcontroller/RF chip
combination requires its own
ZigBee stack due to the
differences in microcontrollers
and RF chips. Typically, the
ZigBee stack is included with
either the microcontroller or RF
chip. The stack may belong to the
chip vendor, be provided by the
chip vendor from a third-party
source, or be provided by a third-
party source for a specific
microcontroller/RF chip
combination.
The application layer is defined
by profiles, of which there are
two types: public profiles are
those certified by the ZigBee
Alliance for interoperability
purposes, and private profiles are
for use in closed systems.
testing is there must be at least
three vendors with products
implementing the application
profile. When a profile is made
public, none of the vendors can
get ZigBee Logo Certification
until there are three vendors that
have implemented the profile.
Summing it up: choosing the best
options for you
In the end, decisions regarding
ZigBee hardware/firmware,
profiles and certifications depend
on practical decision points that
must balance what you want of
your product with what's
available today.
Ultimate control over product
details is achievable with a
custom design around a ZigBee-
compliant chipset. This method
carries high up-front costs in RF
and digital engineering, plus
investments in test equipment
and test fees, and will typically
encounter the longest time to
market. It may also yield the
lowest recurring per-unit cost; if
manufacturing quantities are
sufficiently high and if time to
market is not critical, this is an
advantageous method.
CONCLUSION:There are many
specifics to be considered among
the product resources available to
you, and they and the dynamics
that govern engineering choices
will change as the ZigBee
standard matures.
BIBILOGRAPHY:
1. ^ "Our Mission". zigbee.org.
Retrieved on 2008-03-18
2. ^ "ZigBee Specification
Download Request". zigbee.org.
Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
3. Adams, Jon; Bob Heile. "Busy as
a ZigBee". IEEE. Retrieved on
2007-01-16.
4. "Compare with Other
Technologies". Bluetooth SIG.
Retrieved on 2007-01-16
5. "WLAN Interference to
IEEE802.15.4". z-
wavealliance.org. Retrieved on
2007-11-22.
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