Chapter 62 Musculoskeletal

System
Reconfigure

1. A sprain: Is an injury to tendino-ligamentous structures surrounding a joint, usually

caused by wrenching or twisting motion.
2. A strain: Is an excessive stretching of a muscle and its fascia sheath. It often involves the
tendon.
3. Androgens: Increase bone mass.
4. As calcium decreases ___________ hormone is stimulated to make more calcium.:
Parathyroid.
5. As calcium increases in the body ________ decreases.: Phosphorus
6. Arthroscopy: Is a endoscopic procedure done to visualize internal structures of the
joint. Most common sites knee, shoulder.
7. Atrophy: Any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use)
8. Bone remodeling: The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
9. Bone scan: Perfomed when the entire skeletal system is to be evaluated. Bone using
radionuclide ex. gallium/thallium. Used to view bone loss ex. osteoporosis, bone cancer & bone
pain
10. Bones act as a point of attachment for?: Muscles
11. Bones act as storage for?: Calcium & Phosphorus
12. Bones contain _________ tissue for the production of RBC's & WBC's:
Hematopoietic
13. Bursae: Flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid;
common where things rub together.
14. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa
15. Bursitis: Results from repeated or excessive trauma or friction, rheumatoid arthritis, or
infection.
16. Cardiac muscle: Type of muscle found in the heart which generates its own electrical
signal to contract.
17. Carpal tunnel syndrome: (CTS) is caused by compression of the median nerve, which
enters the hand through the narrow confines of the carpal tunnel. Along with 9 tendons
!
17. Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually caused by: pressure from trauma or edema caused
by inflammation of tendon (tenosynovitis), rheumatoid arthritis, or soft tissue masses.
17. Cartilage: Connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of
bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Receives nourishment from synovial
fluid. Very avascular.
17. Compression: Is usually left on for several hours unless numbness and increasing pain
are felt.
17. Crepitation: Grating sound that is heard when ends of a broken bone move together.
17. Define osteoblasts: Bone forming cell
17. Define osteoclasts: Bone remodeling, breakdown of bone tissue
17. Define Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
17. Dislocation: Is a severe injury of the ligamentous structures that surround a joint.
17. Does estrogen promote bone growth?: Yes, causes osteoblasts
17. Dual energy X-ray (DEXA) Scan: DEXA scans are done to test the desity of a clients
bone mass & presence/extent of osteoporosis. Contrast not used.
17. Elastic cartilage: Matrix packed with elastic fibers, making it more flexible. found in
external ear and epiglottis of larynx.
17. Electromyography and nerve conduction: Used to test muscle weakness ex. carpal
tunnel.
17. Elevated: Above the heart including overnight.
31. Epiphyseal plate: Cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth
takes place in the immature skeleton.
31. Facia: Fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles. allows muscles
to glide over each other.
31. Fibrous cartilage: Found between the vertebrae and pelvis helps with shock absorption.
31. Flat bones: Bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull.
31. Fracture: is a disruption or break in the continuity of the bone structure.
Traumatic injuries account for the majority of fractures.
31. Fracture healing: 1. Hematoma formation within 48 to 72 hr after injury
2. Hematoma to granulation tissue (3-14 days postinjury
3. Callus formation (minerals and new bone deposited by end of 2nd week)
4. Ossification of the callus (3 weeks to 6 mos until callus is ossified enough to prevent
movement. Limited movement is now allowed and cast may be removed)
5. consolidation. Bone is completely joined
6. Remodeling. Excess bone is reabsorbed. Normal shape and strength restored.
7. Firm approximation and immobilization are necessary for proper bone healing
8. Bone is as strong or stronger than it was origionally!
31. Fractures are often described according to?: 1) type, 2) communication or
noncommunication with the external environment, and 3) anatomic location.
31. Freely movable example: Knee
31. How can you elevate the arm during sleep?: Pillow Analgesia with NSAIDs to reduce
inflammation and swelling plus pain relief.
31. How does ice help these injuries?: Reducing swelling (vasoconstriction), reduced pain
impulses, reduces muscle spasms
41. Hyaline cartilage: Thin collagen fibers. found in ends of bones (articular cartilage),
attaching ribs to sternum (costal cartilage), nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi.
41. hypertrophy: Enlargement of a body part or organ, as from excessive use.
41. Ice: should be applied as early as possible x 30 minutes and then 15 minutes warm-up
time.
41. If CTS continues: Median nerve may need to be surgically decompressed.
Rehabilitation can last up to 7 weeks.
41. Immovable joint: A joint that allows little to no movement. Examples are joints that
hold together the bones of the skull.
41. Irregular bones: Bones of vertebrae and face ex. mandiable
41. Isometric contraction: Muscle length remains same while muscle tension increases.
41. Isotonic contraction: Decreasing muscle length (muscle shortens during contraction)
41. Joint articulation: Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are
movable at that interface.
41. Joints: Places where bones connect: hinge, pivot, gliding, ball and socket.

41. Kyphosis:
Humpback
41. Lack of estrogen in women causes what problems to bone?: Causes bone to weaken
and become porus. Osteoporosis
41. Level of calcium in human body: 8.2 - 10.2
41. Ligaments: Tissue that connects bone to bone.

55. Lordosis:
An abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column
55. Manifestations of Bursitis: Warmth, pain, swelling, and limited ROM in the affected
part.
55. Medullary: Center of long bone where red, or yellow marrow is found in adults.
55. Meniscus injuries are associated with?: ligament sprains that commonly occur in
athletes
55. Meniscus pain is elicited by?: Flexion, internal rotation, and then knee extension.
55. Metaphysis: Growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development
of a long bone.
55. Mild sprains and strains are usually self-limiting, with full function returning
within.: 3 to 6 weeks.
55. Motor endplate: Junction of final motor neuron and muscle fiber.
55. Muscles are attached to bone by?: Tendons
55. Name Long bones: Humerous, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Fibula and Tibia.
55. Name some things that stimulate bone growth.: Exercise & walking
55. Neuromuscular junction: Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal
muscle cell.
55. Osteopenia is the precursor to?: Osteoporosis
55. Periosteum: A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their
extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.
55. Phosphorus level in body: 2.5 - 4.5
70. Positive Phalen's test.:
Holding the wrists for 60 seconds produces tingling and numbness over the
distribution of the median nerve
70. Repetitive strain injury: (RSI) is a cumulative traumatic disorder resulting from
prolonged, forceful, or awkward movements. RSI can be prevented through education
and ergonomics.
70. Resorption: The body's processes of eliminating existing bone or hard tissue structure.
70. Rest: (Immobilize ) In the same position. After reduction, keep the joint from moving by
using a splint, etc. Advise patient to stay off the foot. May need crutches.
70. RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
70. Risk factors of CTS: female, menopause, obesity, thyroid disease, pregnancy, overuse,
poor positioning during use of the hands.

70. Scolosis:
Exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine. curves to one side or the other. Usually
noted in young girls, causes impaired lung & heart function
70. Short bones: Carpals of the hand, tarsals of the foot.
70. Signs of CTS: weakness (especially in thumb), burning pain, and numbness.
70. Skeletal muscle: Vouluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs and is
attatched to bones by tendons.
70. Slightly movable joint example: Vertebrae
81. Smooth muscle: Muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of
internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels
(excluding the heart).
81. Steps in assessment: 1. Inspection = height/weight
2. Palpatation = Crepitis
3. ROM =
4. Muscle strength 0 - 5
5. Assistive devices = cain walker
6. Documentation
81. Stretching and warm-up prior to exercising and before vigorous activity
significantly reduces: Sprains and strains.
81. Subluxation: Is a partial or incomplete displacement of the joint surface.
81. Subluxation treatment: Signs are similar to a dislocation but are less severe. Treatment
is similar to a dislocation, but subluxation may require less healing time. Nursing care
of subluxation or dislocation is directed toward pain relief and support and protection
of injured joint.
81. Symptoms of sprains and strains are similar and include.: Pain, edema, decrease in
function, and contusion.
81. Tendon: Strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
81. Tendons: Tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones.
81. The human skeleton has____ bones: 206
81. The longer the joint remains dislocated: The greater the danger of avascular necrosis
of the bones of the joint.
81. Throxin: Increases bone poliferation.
81. Traction: Application of a pulling force to the body to provide reduction, alignment, and
rest at that site
81. Treatment for bursitis?: Rest is often the only treatment needed for bursitis.
81. Two classification of bones: 1. Cortical= compact dense
2. Cancellous= spongy
81. Types of traction: Skin, skeletal, plaster, brace, circumferential
96. Vitamin D levels in body.: 30 - 100 & 50 % of adults have deficiencies
96. What does calcitonin do?: Decreases calcium concentration.
96. What happens in red bone marrow: Manufactures red blood cells Hemopoesis
96. What is bone function: Support, protection of internal organs, voluntary movement,
blood cell production & mineral storage.
96. What tissue connects bone to bone: Ligaments attach bone
96. What tissue lines joint cavity: Connective tissue
96. When does peak bone mineral desity occur?: Age 30-35
96. When should a client have a DEXA scan?: At age 55
96. Where is the diaphysis: The main (mid) section of a long bone.
96. Where is the Epiphysis, and what does it do?: The end of a long bone. Provides weight
distribution & stability.
96. Will dye be used if conducting a bone scan?: Yes, a radioactive substance will be
injected into a vein.
96. Yellow marrow: Marrow that stores fat, which serves as an energy reserve when a
great amount of blood cells are needed.