CHAPTER 2

ANALOG
MODULATION
 Modulation
¾ Modulation is the process of having an information signal
modify a carrier signal in some way

¾ Modulation is operation performed at the transmitter to achieve

efficient and reliable information transmission

Baseband MODULATION Modulated

signal PROCESS signal

Carrier
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
¾Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in accordance with the amplitude of
the modulating signal (Information).

¾It is a low quality form of modulation and often used for commercial
broadcasting of both audio and video signals.

¾AM Modulators are nonlinear devices with 2 inputs and 1 output; a single,
high frequency of carrier signal of constant-amplitude carrier signal and the
low frequency information signal.

¾The Output of AM Modulator is called Modulated Wave and the shape of

the Modulated Wave is called AM Envelope.
 Types of AM
1) Double sideband full carrier (DSBFC)
- Contains USB, LSB and Carrier

2) Double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC)

- Contains only USB & LSB
- A circuit that produces DSBSC is Balanced
modulator

3) Single sideband (SSB)

- Contains either LSB or USB
- Produce efficient system in term or
power consumption and bandwidth
 AM Waveform
¾ Generally.
¾ Carrier Signal => VCsin(2πfct)
¾ Modulating Signal => Vmsin(2πfmt)
¾ Modulated Wave => Vam(t)

¾ For Double sideband full carrier (DSBFC) AM waveform

consists of:
¾ DC voltage
¾ The carrier frequency fc
¾ Lower side frequency (fc - fm)
¾ Upper side frequency (fc + fm)
¾ Æ Known as AM envelope
 Modulation Index
¾It is an indicator to describe the amount of amplitude change
(modulation) present in an AM waveform
Vm
m=
Vc
m = modulation coefficient (unitless)
Vm = peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage
Vc = peak change in the amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
voltage
V V −V
m = m = max min
V V +V
c max min

Percent modulation: Vm
M = m ´ 100 % = ´ 100 %
Vc
 Voltage Distribution
¾ An unmodulated carrier (carrier signal) is described by the following
equation :-

Vc (t) = Ec sin (2πfct)

¾ The Amplitude of the AM Wave varies proportional to the amplitude

of the modulation signal, and the maximum of the modulated wave
equal to Ec + Em.

¾ Thus the amplitude of the modulated wave can be expressed as :-

Vam(t) =[Ec + Emsin(2πfmt)] sin (2πfct)

Ec + Emsin(2πfmt) Æ Amplitude of modulated wave.

Em= Peak Change in the Amplitude of Envelope

fm= Frequency of Modulating signal

 Voltage Modulation
¾ Since Em = mEc and by developing the equation for modulated wave,
the final equation of the modulated wave can be expressed in term of
its Carrier Component and Side Frequencies Component (usf & lsf):-
mE c mE c
Vam = Ec sin( 2πf c t ) − cos[ 2π ( f c + f m )t ] + cos[ 2π ( f c − f m )t ]
2 2

¾ Where Ecsin(2πfct)Æ carrier signal (V)

¾ mE
¾ + 2 cos[ 2π ( f c − f m )t ] Æ upper side frequency signal (V)
c

mE c
− cos[ 2π ( f c + f m )t ]
¾ 2 Æ lower side frequency signal (V)
Given the first input to AM Modulator is 500 kHz Carrier signal
with Amplitude of 20V. The second input to AM Modulator is the
10kHz modulating signal which cause a change in output signal
of ± 7.5 Vp. Determine the following :-

a. USF & LSF

b. Modulation Index or Coefficient, M
c. Peak Amplitude of modulated carrier
d. Upper & Lower side frequency voltage
e. Maximum & Minimum Amplitude of the
envelope, Vmax and Vmin
f. Expression of Modulated Wave
g. Output Spectrum & Envelope
 AM Power Distribution
Carrier power : Vc2
Pc =
2R
2 2
m Vc2 m Pc
Sideband power: PUSB = PLSB = =
8R 4
2
m Pc
PSB = PUSB + PLSB =
2
The total transmitted power is the sum Ptotal = Pc + PUSB+ pLSB
of the carrier power and the power in = Pc + PSB
the sidebands. ⎛ m2⎞
= Pc ⎜⎜1+ ÷÷
⎝ 2 ⎠
 AM Power Distribution

The efficiency of the AM in term of power consumption is

2
PSB ma
η= = 2
PT ma + 2

Thus, at optimum operation (m = 100%), only 33% of power is used

to carry information

From previous equation, total current flow in AM is

IT=Ic√(1+m2)
2
1. An
AM Transmitter has a carrier
power output of 50W.
Determine the total power that
produced 80% modulation.

2. For a modulation index or coefficient

of 0.4 and carrier power of 400W,
determine the following:
a. Total sideband power
b. Total transmitted power
 3. For AM DSBFC wave with an
unmodulated carrier voltage, Vc = 10 Vp , a
load resistance of 10 Ω and modulation
index of 1, determine the following :

a. Power of the carrier, and sideband

frequencies
(Plsf & Pusf)
b. Total Power of sideband, PT
c. Draw Power Spectrum
 m for Complex Signal
¾ As most of the signals are complex and can be
represented by combination of various sine waves, m can
be determined by
m = meff = m12 + m22 + m32 + ......

2
meff
P = Pc [1 + ]
¾ Thus, total Tpower for this
2 complex signal is
For AM DSBFC transmitter with an
unmodulated carrier Power, Pc = 100 W is
modulated simultaneously with 3 other
modulating signals with coefficient of
modulation m1 = 0.2, m2 = 0.4, m3 = 0.5,
determine the following :-

a. Total Modulation Index or Coefficient

b. Upper and Lower sideband power
c. Total transmitted power
 DSBSC
¾DSBFC has two drawbacks; it waste power and bandwidth

¾Power sent as the carrier contains no information and each sideband carries
the same information independently

¾The DSBSC is introduced to eliminate carrier hence improve power

efficiency

¾ It is a technique where it is transmitting both the sidebands without the

carrier (the carrier is being suppressed)

¾Although, the power is improved, the bandwidth remain unchanged,

that is BW = 2B = 2 fmax
 SSBFC

¾ Carrier signal is transmitted at full power

¾ Only one of the sidebands is transmitted
¾ Require only half as much bandwidth as
conventional AM
¾ However, this type of single sideband, the
information-carrying portion still utilize small
percentage from the total power
transmitted.
 SSBSC
¾ In this system, the carrier signal is totally
suppressed and one of the sideband removed

¾ The sideband power makes up 100% of the

total transmitted power

¾ As the results of SSBSC, the transmitted

waveform is not an envelope, it is simply a
sine-wave which frequency is either
fc+fm or fc-fm
depending on which sideband to be
transmitted
 SSBSC
¾The suppressed carrier is further improved by sending
only one sideband

¾This not only uses less power but also only half of the
bandwidth and it is called single sideband suppressed
carrier (SSBSC)

¾There are two possible of SSBSC

¾ the lower sideband VLSB = Vm cos (wc-wm)t
¾ the upper sideband VUSB = Vm cos (wc+wm)t
 SSBSC

¾ As both DSB and standard AM waste a lot of power and

occupy large bandwidth, SSB is adopted

¾ SSB is a process of transmitting one of the sidebands of

the standard AM by suppressing the carrier and one of the
sidebands (only transmits upper or lower sideband of AM)

¾ Reduces bandwidth by factor of 2

 SSB Transmitter

¾Filter method

¾ Phase-Shift Method
Advantage & Disadvantage of SSB
Vs DSB
¾ ADVANTAGE OF SSB

9 SSB Amplitude Modulation is widely used by military or radio

amateurs in high-frequency communication.
9 Occupy one half of the spectrum space.
9 Efficient in terms of Power Usage
9 Less Noise on the signal

¾ DISADVANTAGE OF SSB

9 When no information or modulating signal is present, no RF

signal is transmitted.
9 Most information signals transmitted by SSB are not pure sine
waves.
9 A voice signal will create a complex SSB signal.
9 Expensive
Advantage & Disadvantage of SSB
Vs DSB
¾ ADVANTAGE OF DSB

9 Efficient in terms of Power Usage

9 Low cost

¾ DISADVANTAGE OF DSB

9 Signal is rarely used because the signal is difficult to recover at

the receiver.
9 Waste power and BW
 AM Application
¾ The AM SSB is used in telephone systems and 2
way radio and also in Military communication.

¾ The AM DSB is used in FM and TV Broadcasting

 Advantages and Disadvantages
¾ Advantages:
of AM
9 simple with proven reliability
9 low cost

¾ Disadvantages:

9 wastage of power as most of the transmitted power are in the

carrier component which does not contain information. When
ma=1, 2/3 of the power is wasted
9 Large BW
9 Noisy
9 Inefficient