Arctic foto ??

Arctic Engineering
OE 4680

Prof.ir.C.A.Willemse
Ir. J.S.Hoving
May 18, 2010 Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering 1
Arktos- the origin of the word ‘arctic’

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The constellation circumventing the
polar star

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Arctic regions

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Arctic: max 10 degr C in summer

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Caspian Sea +30 C in summer, -30 C
in winter !

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But other definitions are in
common use as well:
Engineering Definition.
The southern limit is
defined by a zone of
perennially frozen ground.
Geophysical Definition.
The Arctic boundary is
defined by strong magnetic
storms, aurora borealis,
and radio blackouts.
Oceanographic
Definition. The southern
limit is defined by the
maximum extent of pack
ice in winter.
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Common ice features
First Year (FY) Ice Multi Year (MY) Ice Glacial Ice
• ice floes • ice floes • ice islands
• rafted ice • ice ridges • icebergs
• ice ridges • rubble fields
• rubble pile
• rubble fields

Multi Year Ridge Iceberg in Pack Ice

Ice Rubble

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 Ice floes
Any relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across.
Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent as follows:
ƒ Giant: over 10 km across
ƒ Vast: 2-10 km across
ƒ Big: 500-2000 m across
ƒ Medium: 100-500 m
ƒ Small: 20-100 m

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 Rafted ice
Deformed ice formed when one piece of
ice overrides another.

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 Ice ridges
Ice formation consisting of ice blocks formed as a result of
compression or shear of pack ice
ƒ New ridge: Ridge with sharp peaks and
slopes of sides usually about 40° to the
horizontal.
ƒ Weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks slightly
rounded and slope of sides usually 30-40°.
Individual fragments not visible.
ƒ Very weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks
very rounded, slope of sides usually 20-30°.
ƒ Aged ridge: Ridge which has undergone
considerable weathering.
ƒ Consolidated ridge: A ridge in which the
upper parts of the ridge has frozen together.

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First-year ice ridges

Source: Blanchet (1998)

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First- and multi-year ridges
First Year pressure ridges
Multi Year ridge

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Beaufort Sea
Source: NASA
 Rubble piles
Floating or grounded accumulation of broken ice blocks of first-year ice,
generally caused by natural or man-made obstruction

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Rubble field

accumulation of floating
or grounded rubble that
forms in same way as an
ice ridge

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 Icebergs
Floating remnants of glacial ice broken away from glaciers and ice shelves
Iceberg classification:
• Growlers (sail < 1.5 m)
• Bergy bits (sail 1.5 to 5 m, mass <
5400 t)
• Small bergs (sail 5 to 15 m, mass
5400 to 180,000 t)
• Medium bergs (sail 15 to 45 m, mass
180,000 to 2,000,000 t)
• Large bergs (mass > 2,000,000 t)

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 Ice islands
Large tabular ice features also originating from glaciers

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Source: Canadian Geographic

 Ice conditions in various regions
ƒ Areas of prime interest
for oil and gas:
• Sea of Okhotsk
• Chukchi Sea
• Beaufort Sea
• Barents Sea

ƒ Also coming up:

• Kara Sea
• Baffin Bay
• Labrador Sea

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 Labrador (Canada)

-First year ice 1.5 m

-Multiyear ice 2.1 m
-Ice ridges 3-5 m high,
3-15 m keel
-Icebergs > 10mil t
-Hs 9-14.5 m

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 Beaufort Sea

-Mostly <100m deep

-Canyon >1000m deep
-Scouring by ridges
-1st year floes upto 2.3m
-Multi yr floes upto 20m
-Ridges upto 35 m deep

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 Ice regimes, Canadian Arctic

Ice types depend very much on region, distance from shore, and water depth
This ice regime is typical for the Canadian (and US) Beaufort Sea

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 Arctic Potential – Canada and the US
North Alaska, Beaufort Sea,
Mackenzie Delta and the High
Arctic in Canada have been
extensively explored, and
remain very promising
development opportunities as
well..
Drilling and production of arctic
oil and gas first started in the
Beaufort Sea in the early
1970s and 80s
After about a 20-year lapse,
interest in these areas has
opened again

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 Chuckchi Sea

- Arctic sea and Pacific ocean

- entirely covered by ice in winter
- level ice 2-5 m in some areas
-1st yr and multi-yr ice
- 60-80 polar night in the North
- 3-4 cyclones/month in winter
- In winter -45 C
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 Okhotsk Sea

-Hs 9.5-14 m
-1st yr floe 0.8 – 1.2 m
-ridges sail upto 7 m,
keel upto 20 m
-earthquakes, tsunamis
-Sakhalin developments

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 Caspian Sea

-1200 km from N to S
-Winter -30 degree C,
-summer +30 degree C
-Rubble 2-5 m high,
-ice movement upto 1 m/s
-Stamukhi > 20 m sail

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 Kara Sea

-Floe 1.6-1.8 m
-Floe length 4-6 km
-Ridges 5-6 m high
-Ice blocks upto 60 m thick
-Multi-yr ridges upto
18 m deep

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 Barents Sea
-Max 55-60% ice cover
-Hs upto 7m
-1st yr level ice 0.9 m
-Ridges sail 3-4 m
keel 15-18 m

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 Ice regime Barents Sea
Source: Canadian Geographic

Ice cover near Shtokman

development, June 1998
Ice cover is highly variable,
in type, thickness,
movement,
concentration, etc.
Some years no ice at all in
areas of interest (such
as the Shtokman field).

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Ice Edge Climatology in the Barents
Sea

Source: NOAA National Data Centers (NNDC) Joint Projects

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Barents Sea / Kara Sea - Russia
Shtokman field has
estimated
reserves of 3.1
trillion m3 of gas
Two largest fields in
the Kara Sea
have combined
reserves of up to
5 trillion m3
More than 22% of all
known reserves
of gas in the
world are located
in only one area
in the north, in
Russia’s Yamal
peninsula

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Barents Sea - Norway

The Barents Sea covers about

1.4 million km2, which is
almost four times the area
of mainland Norway.
The Norwegian Petroleum
Directorate reckons that
its Arctic waters may hold
a third of the country's
undiscovered reserves.
The Snohvit development was
the first to proceed, soon
to be followed by the
Goliat development.

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 General Arctic features

-Can be shallow and/or deep water

-Great variation in ice thickness
-1st year and multiyear ice
-Ice floes, ice ridges,
-Ice rubble fields
-Icebergs
-Bottom scouring
-Large variation in Hs and current speed
-Oil and/or gas fields
-Usually remote areas

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Other issues for arctic engineering…

-Sensitive environment
-Indigenous people
-Northern searoutes
-Territorial disputes

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 Indigenous people

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Arctic disputes: Russia planting a flag
claiming the Northpole- July 2007

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Undiscovered gas reserves…

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OE 4680 schedule

Key contents of this course are…

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Ice physics and mechanics

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Ice actions on structures

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Ice-induced vibrations

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Arctic engineering at Shell and
practical experience from Sakhalin

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Codes and standards

- Design of offshore structures

- ISO 19906
- recommended practices

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Constructions and Foundations in
permafrost

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Arctic Hydrology and oceanography
and the Northern routes

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Safety, health and environment
in the arctic

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Finally…a wrap-up and discussion on
global warming…

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TU Delft Arctic Engineering
Centre of Excellence

Aerospace Engineering Maritime Engineering

ice thickness floating storage,
measurement icebreaker, LNG carriers
Mechanics
Material Technology
ice loads,
Offshore
ice dynamics Engineering extremely low
temperatures

Steel expertise Geotechnics

jackets, towers foundation in
Concrete expertise permafrost

gravity based structures

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Cooperation with NTNU (Trondheim)

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Cooperation with HSVA Hamburg

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Special arctic programme for OE
students

-Courses in Trondheim
-Hands-on experience in Spitsbergen
-Arctic project
-Thesis on arctic topic
-Major in fixed or floating structures,
even dredging or subsea is possible
When interested contact: C.A.Willemse@tudelft.nl
With cc to J.S.Hoving@tudelft.nl

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Experience Spitsbergen…

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UNIS research center

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On a field trip…

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It is lonely at the top…

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In the distance…research stations for
earth magnetic field

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Crossing a glacier…

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Beware of hidden crevasses!

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Back in town

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 now take some rest…
…see you next time!
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