it te gray expen the ect develpmes prs PTE ‘but in addition, the concurrent numerical results assist the student in developing een el fer tec mga a ent i te det in developing ———— have found Mathcad parc well suited oth pyoach, Regaries of wich software the reader chooses tose, we recommend tithe rend ft faire benelhimslf withthe material i Appendix A Uric o Mshead), sce. Mata expressions ae wed thoughout the text. Tas wil allow the read fo ‘ap the full benefit of ths delvery meta ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM — awes As oe Pobiem. 24 eH, FS, POTS eee vee a, ane £ duo ozllelos Pesblms gid, der ‘The purpose of te elec power sytem i to generat, transmit and dsbute etectcl ene. Pequealy hex pace sterating cent (a) se i ied for groeraton nd uansmssion of he elec power Te frequency othe vl sg and cureat is 60 He ia the United States and some Asan coun, ai 50 1z in Barge, Ausra and parts of Ain. “The major components of the power jt ae + pomer plats, which genet the elects, + wansmissca ies, which anspor and sibs the ney, + subsatons with switchgear, ‘which provide protection and form node its nd + Tons, whieh consume the enere: Fire 1.1 shows the msjr components of the electric power syste “This chapter desrbes the constuction of the eects transmission ad di tribution sjsen: provides shrt description of fos nile and hydropower Plans: discuss: the substation equipment including cet breaker dicot Sich and so fh; ad descbes the low voltage dstibtion system lnhadng ‘ese electicl conection. Gy Sern nt Tern ee Ca a pay Gee SEN GATI-TES25 "Copy © 2008 The ase of Fi ma Ecos EnginesFigure 11 Over of te ele poner sytem, 1 ELECTRICAL NETWORK Foner plats convert the chemical eet in cot, oil oF ntl gs, or the teal enrgy of wir, or mclaren int lca eon he ea Iclet power plat the thermal energy is convened to higher, hi {empertre scam tht dives « ustine at js mectancaly eens {acvaysubsatn, which usally oe on te outa gee ek the cer of evel ge ds. er xa, a Aone SU line ome he Palo Verde Nukes Geng Saco otc ee Whi sips a ae pat of Pho Gee gue ‘The cece power ater is died int ear tansnsin and ‘avon tm usd one volage evel. The sion Vluge aah eu meaner) ae feito vluge she i ee eure 12H ad ex tgh tage easiest in Azo pms seme sabe ses shown in ol (Dus orm Wes Systems Codon Cou 198 ih a maximus eng of 400-500 mies. The 115 kV 0230 kV tines re he ‘pb-volge tins with a maximum Jeng of 100-200 ties. ‘The high vtage lines re termite a substations, which form the node pits oa the Netw, ‘The substations ppl the loads thw ranted switches. The ans former changes he voltage and cusent. The site proves the ter, The "os impacto part ofthe swtchger the cut eke, which somatically ‘switches of (open) the lin inthe evet of fa Dstibuton lie lng ae ‘sound 5-10 mies with yolages ator below 4 kV. 1.14 Transmission System ‘Te ransmision system wasters te phase power fom te elec geaeing ‘ations othe fad ces. Asan example, Figure 12 shows a typ cecal ework tht suplis the Phoeax metropolitan arcs in Aon. nth ye S00, 345 AV230 KV and 115 RV lines sonnet the oa and power gasTABLE 11 Sundae Sate Vag ANS C84.1-1995" and C92.2-1987) “ Name Cae ‘Nori ag iV High vege 3 Exo votage Sis 0G) teh vote 100 (ot wes) ‘ogee. tn addon, the figure sows hat S00 KV lines interconnect the Arizoan (Az) system with Califria, Ut and New Merice. Thane ieromanctons ‘ovie instantaneous help in cases of st generation and ln ote the ‘stem, Interconnection ls pelts the expr or npr of etsy depeeding nthe ned ofthe area. At present all eek in the Caster Une See interconnected an ll networks inthe western Unied Star ae netommete, Which increases the relat ofthe eects up I ope areas oerad transmission fins a te Typical examples ae the latrconnetion betwen towns oa line ating along a tad wis 2 lp tele, cong cs, nau alsa eet we fo te ‘neny tansmission, The underground sytem bs signiany highs cts bo is envionmenaly snd asteclly peeerabe, Type, the cot pe le of the overhead uasission ines is 610 times les than the underground cats, ‘Atsn exie-high-volage substation, wansfomers reduce the valage 30 KY oc MS AV. In Figur 1,2 230 KV highlige tannin ine tansy tk ‘Stee oa high-voltage substation, typically Isat on the otk of owe, The voltage i fuer reseed at the high-voltage statin. Typcly 69 LV sxb-sansnison ines comet the high-vlage sbsaon local aiid sitions which are loested in the town, The sob-tacimision inh Balt long linger ses 1412. Dietribution System ‘The dtribwion sem ses both duce phase and single-phase systems. The lange ius loads require three-phase soppy. Large instil assed ANSE CH-195 age ming ee pon ses and ie ASS 2-90, “Arig pes ad gpa ee ages ‘toe DOV sme gen factories ue sop dey bya subransmisson ine oa dete dsb tion line. Oday residences ae suppid by a single pase sytem, "The voltages edood a the dsb absation that spies seer tie bution lines tt deliver the energy along sets The dersbron sytem lage is less than or equal © 46 KV. The most popular dsribaton voltage inthe United Stes the 15 RV class. The sca! volage varies. Typial exams forthe 15 KV sss ae 1247 RV and 183 EV. Avan example in Figite Ils 12 bY cision tne is coonected to 12 LV eae, which spies comm ial or indus customers The figure sls sows tat 12 EY cles sappy te ‘downtown art in age cy, ‘The resdenalaress alo can be supplied by 2 12 RV cable through step town ransformers shown a Figure I. Each ditubton lie supe several Stepdown wasters dtbted along the line. The distabuon wanton, fequtly moe ona poe or placed inthe ytd of house, ede he vlage ‘0 240/120 ¥. Shor length low-wage ines soppy the bones, shopping cents tnd obo local de 1.2 ELECTRIC GENERATION STATIONS ‘An elecic generating station comers the chemical ebegy of, ol an coal ‘emlear felt cleric emery In the ate 18D presi eam engines ‘wee used to dive generators and prodice eles. The more fice seam ‘ler turbine stem replaced steam engine sounds tem ofthe 1 cen, ‘The steam bor bums fst ina fuoace. The het generates steam ht dives he turbine genra set. Typical te steam tine ad generator are mouned ob omsnonplaomvfoudton and the se we connected together. The turbine tven generate conve the mechanical rttoal enegy to eect eer) Figure 1.3 shows seam urbe and electesenerator wth i excite i. Tn the tepimig. oi was the most foqoealy used fas. cessed ptleun ‘ows, owing tt incased gasoline consumption by automobile, elevate col tothe primary ful for eeceiciy generation However, exvronmentl concen (es slur tie generation, ct rain, dat polluin, and ahhading prob ems) of coal burning hve carailed the building of se coal re power plants "Recently, nal ga as emerged athe poe pl fl of choice de othe ‘actors: Fist nal gas bums lane maka pat siting and adherent et ‘onmeatalrepuaton easier. Second, ntl ga avaale i large unis {a Yeasonable pie. Tin significant iceases pln them ein: have been achieved sing combined cycle plats ti lize as turbine technology sdvances fom te Serospce industry. The thermal efieny is defined ss Pe plant lec powereneryyoupat m= Oi plan thermal power ene npat te hyielcrc powerplants developed nary simtansouly wih ete power plans, The iver water evel incensed by adam, whichFire 13. Steam min and ec peor wi exc (Catey Siemens crates 4 bead. The heat generated pres ditsence produces fa ving ater that drives hyde wrbiee, whi tars the penoton The sence conver the mechanical eoegy fo lca easy, ‘Afr Wend War Il clectity generation from clea power pla emerged More than $00 nciear plans operate world, In thee nn nee soni rodoced using erched wan. The fission chain rntog hea war ‘nd produces seam. The steam des the thine and gears, Ia ae hee ‘wo decades, nvrnmenlconsictaions ad nacar pons pant cere ‘opp the bldg of ew plans inthe Usted Stats and eared copra of eisting pan of he ltt consmed i the Und Sts. Type ice dats ses lant ar presented in Tale 12 Economics dives the slain ofan appropriate power generation scheme forte given siuaon. A wliy may ned adios) generator tig gn is pressed into elles and the pellets ae stacked in Zirsly lad fod. These edb ae the feel elements wed in «reactor. Many Toc rods are placed n'a sae late to const afl assem, as show ia Figure 118. A couple hundred fie !ssembles are generally needed 10 fe the entire restr coe. Tis et coe i homed ina reactor presue vse hati composed of sel B10 T0 inches thick. The reactor cores led With fel and conto rods. Te atomic reston is contol by the poston of the contol rds, Figure 119 shows the mle ‘easton vessel where the core located. The contol and el rs ae aang in pater carefly calculated dig the reactor design Mos resco use neutrons intemal guia (<0. eV) wih a maerator ‘o susan the chin ection, abd hee, at eal themal reactor Te Reson ‘escton eats neton at ast neg) levels (=| MeV). Therma ect empy 2 modrator sich a6 Tight Water, Reavy Water, or pape to slow own te rea fetple ra andsey (our: DOE OCR. “ype roared Water Rear ga 119 Naser air vent Sore: BOE ELA) euros. Such ermal entry ees o contol than fst (bees eters {some designs can se mtr rain. Inthe United Sas cleat Plans ule lig water reactors (LWR8), which icode the PWR an BWR The nuclear nacton sare if sficen¢ mmr a cial mas) of ols a acd in coated space Natal uraniam onsite of boat 0.7% of he tape2 edeyrromen ersten ani. 295(U-235) andthe mainder (9.3) is U-238, Uni 235 rely undergoes sion by thermal neuons, whereas 238 doc no In ost ccs, he fel serch to about 3% 235 to chev asst wesc, ‘The neuron abonpsin by the uranium nites to sion, The sion of the uranium expels v nears aod releases est energy (2) BUHhe = Chur bxsbx se beso ‘The feed neatrons (= 2-3 emited newton persion) sustain the chine tion; the generated est is lized to produce seam, In aditon to neers tnd beat the mules fission produces 2-3 fission Fragma (X) These fision ‘roel ar radioactive and tv halves on the oreo 2 thea yar ‘The cooling water eters the ctr, flows th the cae an emo the beat generated by the miler fision, Safe reactor operation basal involves ‘making sre that et is adequately removed fom the core one avod release of radioactivity fm the plane This can be cared by mastinne the UOs foe! waperstie below its meking temperate of aout S00", and by keeping the cladling temperature below the point (~2200°F) a which te ‘etolieemie 2conum water reaction occ ‘The ucla reaction i conrlled to maintain proper heat gente. The ‘eaton is regulated sing conrol rds, which cat be constued of neon shorting material soch as bro, ser cadmiam, ad indium. The wir ofthe contol rods increases te reaction rate and ht generation. Te mst ‘of te cont rods redtes the power generation, The reactor shu down by inserting al he contol ode int he cre 'n ion teasing sion, sme neurons undergo parasitic capture by the anium-238, Th added neuton increases the atomic mass of the 238, whch an be transformed to putoniom-259 via the follwing reactions std aoa the deca BU rue Ne SBNp PSS Pus fe v-239 and oer miles of higher atomic uber han uni re em the ‘monsrancs The wansranics ae radioactive an long-lived, having hal ies of thousands of yeu Nuclear waste is lasted us ether low-level or highevel waste, Low-level ‘wate inlodes clothing, rags and ool wich se sealed in rm forte Placement in a dedicated Lindi. The ighevel mat Includes fonon press 'ndansurai soe, and is highly radioactive and must be sre fo los eriods, Approximately ence every 18 months te caro ssw fort ling, which point about oe-thd fte (pen fel asenies ae eve ‘AC resent. Unied States government plcy probs chemical eprcenng of Sent fel rs from commercial miclear power pls Instead te spent ful semis wil ly be paced in coon essa metal canister, which will ‘etouse nan underpoundrepostury For he past 20 years, ses ave Been ondiced fo dcermine weer Yosce Mountain (ested 100 miles norinest (of Las Vegas, Neva) can Seve a5 2 suitable gol repair 41.42 Prossureed Water Reactor Prszed water rect PWRS) ae the dominator tp for else ‘ower plas aol are ao the tai of taal reactors The fw Gaga of resin water resco (PWR) spree in gue 120 The reactor has (90 trae loop primary ict) water oop aa scot wate (0) loop. Tas worl sem spate the eco oning fod frm he sea ip, The ee aca tm i cre cone Tuiing desgnet wo preven te rks of allot ote environmen "colt pan cst he wer in he prima oop ough he ete and scum encotor (heat exchange) The reactor beats he primary colt Sse wat to ou S80°-60"F The restr mais water resue ‘round 220 psi This igh restr prevens water bling and stam generation ‘nthe ator com ite cla water ste oop, pps ve the edt int the eam soe sn enfin e100 pet unger evapora th tera roe seam. The proce stn dvs Ste tubes syte ise Oat of he coor! theta plans prevouly dese The condeser produces wacom and exit the seam {fom the tubie when the water condensed The condensed water rated bythe hihepesure fester beter and fed bck tothe stam gener The {Seater seas by eam exacted fom te tie. gure 120, Prarie wer restr PWR) cet per platFor 1.21, vow of hPa ee Na Genetig Ss, (Cire Sa Figure 121 shows an aril view ofthe Palo Verde clear Generating Station ‘in Aizon. The plant has te rectors tit re owed in dome shaped ance structs. The turbines and generators are placed in separate badngs The ‘ucla foe is sored in Dukes jos in fot of the reat, The eau ‘ue cooled by mechanical df colng towers, Each rarer ht he cling ‘owes and cooing pod. large 500 KV swtsyad isin the fon ofthe PW owe plat 143. Boling Water Reactor Boing wate reactors (BWR) ar soother er type commonly wed foe: te power plans. The boiling water restr (BWR) has sgle wteaeay Joop. The reactor hat te wate aod generates team. Unlike a PWR: the way ated by the BWR nuclear core is sem icy to the tubiae The ath temperate sarod 45°F andthe pressre Is 1000 pi Sta tps Toei within te reactor vese prin the wate gud tn wap, Foe ag it water flows downass, mixes with he feedwater al fetus tote Faces, The stam dives he turbine, which yay rates wit speed ef 160 tp Fre 1.22 shows thatthe fedpumpe dive the condensed wat tack tote reactor, The reminder ofthe plat salt «convertion thermal yer et pumps msiatin water custo though the ectr core, The ntl rs (isd) of the BWR coter the reactor fom the atom since sean sparrs !e leat above the Feacior crea beat the bling of wate hes sop of te reactor cote decreas the mula sion me, ~~ gum 1.22 Bing wate rece (BWR) mcr power ae “15. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS dele per place epi ce of he i ed !ngchanial ent by a hyralic urbne andthe generator cones the ms lene to elec energy There are vo Kinds of hye pants ts) 1. “Run of e-iee (iverson plats in which waters ominously passed wit Kinind rsertir torge (the Booneile Dam on the lower (Couns River and 2. “Sora” dams, in which wate is elesed tne and avilable (eg ‘he Glen Canyon Dar onthe Coerago Rito) Although sage dams ae wed for pea power production, th ge capital cost incu fend contrition re aeveteles jstifabl snc fy Ive several puposes cating elccty generation, Hood ont agin, lmgation. pale water spp, and ereton igure 123 Sows te genera concept of hyd plat using the mediua or low bead plant sap example. A dam built across a iver produces an wpe level reservoir ant water The sitfeence between the war level the reser side ad til waters of the dam i the head. A powerhouse is bale Ino the dan. The powerhouse has hyo turbine, generator, and contol ete. The generator sed tine ave vertical sas, which ate dety connected. ‘The ed generesfa-flowing water ough te trbine The wate dies te turbine generat set. The roiaing penaratr proces the elect The porSy DD EF ti O Yee 9° gure 123, yc power pt mum ow bea ‘het om dopa i Be pet fhe nd (wate ey (2). nd volumeaic ow rte (Vs Pau pal, as ‘whee i raviaional acceleration, The water dischued fom the tube fos 10 the tall water reservoir, which fequaly the contin of the real ‘ver Conta gates plate the fw tough the tai Inte cnet o Rod, the spilway gts open sending overow acon the da, o diversion gles ‘he Doom ofthe dam may be opened Bot actions allow the diet Bow of te exces mateo the ill ate eset, Which eliminates the overoning of the Shon, Atel gues tthe water and rf tube pera te olin and removl of water from he wrbine during mutes 154 LowHead Hydro Plants Figure 124 shows the cross-section of low head powerhouse with Kaplan bine lrgecob-mmersed ss tearing suppor bot the generator and tine. The upper, ateright shane Boses te vera sft generator The veri shaft Kaplan bie i ike a arg proper with 4=10 blades. The itch of he Dads is ajsable beeen 5° to 38" by a hydric servomechansi, ‘The waeeners the rte dugh gts ands evenly distbued by asi casing sounding the rrine. The ow is regulated by "wicket pts” and by the ajsinet ofthe pitch. The water sped intern is around 10-30 fs ‘The water is scared fom the tarbine through an elowstaped dat be Hat rece the water velo I=? fe “Thelyargeeror isa salient pole machine, Typically.the machine has 20-72 poles. These poles are supplied by de cureat and they prodice the magnetic ci hardest voltage in he generate. The sha pee is 100-300 rpm Figure 1.25 sows alge yo genertor in the consrstion phase. Fipare 124. Coneseston oa dpe oe, Sur LG ik, Sunda Han boot for Becca Ener, New Yr: Mtr, 1974, with eri).‘A welded spoke wheel suppor te pole spe. The pols havea laminated ‘ron core with de windings, sing sanded copper Conducrs Shorted Atange bars ae bei in ech ol face The sor is ante ion with lots A welded sel fame Holds the ion eA three-phase winding i placed inthe stator slo. The tuo ina Ini i fberglass of Dacron pass. The trnto-gound inslation fy epog ae Dolyests resin impeegated mica ape, The larger machines hve» aeng oe tem that apy stops the machine when revel fom scone 1.82 Medlum- and High-head Hyiro Plants nai tothe describe low-head hyo, meu high hes hyo pln ‘ue in operaon. The medium bead hydro bay simlar comnts ee Francis tui, ich has diferent blade srngemen ue sbown a Piguet, Flute 1.27 shows te arngement of high ea ht plane Toe ig-hcal ‘nyo wes a impulse tune. The large head produced, ph wate cere ove to high-velocity waterjet, bic des the turin The Say gh-bead hyo pln i pencall fess tan 100 MW 152 Pumped Storage Facity Also relate to hydiolectic power isthe prcice of using pumped stage facies as an energy sorage device, Pumped soaps fesse of tea highclvation and lo-elevaton reser, a shown in gue LS, The power Plant chamber ofthe pumped stage ality hoes a ever yah tos : Sina to tat wed in 2 dam. The direction ofthis bine cin be reversed by Sige pc mtg wit ct uh ar kB» pum 1 transfer water othe upper reser. Sch pope serge wit ike jo plants an provide power on vey shirt ice The! pumped sorage pln consumes els durng ow-demand (night ime) to pump ser fom the lw-elevaion bay of ae oa high ivan ‘server Then ding petk power detands(dnytine) the water is llowed flow back down and generate lec before returning 1 the low-leation lake OF cour, nore lec ewe opamp the wats up han is soe «quendy generated th eur dowail However, vel ie pumped rage ‘conomicalHecae generates highcon, ones lc wile onsanng‘ire 127 Hie pone plat (Sour: DG. ik Sedan Hondo for eure 128, Panped serge aii lowcost ofp energy. Addons, he oper seservoir experiences some 1.6 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ‘The electrical network that connects the power plants and loa centers together tring he elecicty near to towns andoter Ina Figure 1.2 shows th he high-voltage jem has several ops ann most cass st est two tanssion lines se connecedo each sbsttion or powerplant. Ti sub-rasrisson es sopply the dstibuion sons around tetova, as shown in Figure 1. The ‘Anuibton syst spies the residential an ind casos “18.1. Substations and Equipment Substations forn the node pons of the electic sym, Figure 129 shows a ‘ypc sustain. Thee major roe to dinate the electra enerey and [povide protcize agaia! fas an the ines tod tbr equipment Figoe Sows te tps of subsatons ta are se 1, Exuhig voltage substations (500 2V/230 AV); 2 High volge substations (230 VIED kV); and 3. Disb substations (69 RV/I2 KV gure 129 Ac view f « ebay dain sub, (Caner Sal Riverky Ly ] ‘News es” | Nemes igure. Cone ofhigholage abasic ict Wits Weer a Alinough hci igrams ofthese substations ae diferent, the general cit ‘oncep and majo components ae the sane Figure 1.30 presets a conc. {wal dapat fora high-voltage sabsation. That cre i Hegueny ale de “weakcrand--ha ba scheme”. The rane behind the mame tat Tine have tres ict beakers "The peimary equipment i as follows ‘Cir breaker (CB), which i age switch that itera foad and fst Gurren Te fault cent avomutcally triggers the CB br the CB can be operated manually A ict beaker ha ied contact and moving tat paced ins housing that is led with $F (slr esac) pon Figure 131 shows snplied contact sangenent Inthe closed poten the moving cont is inside te tubular ed orc Song sing oag sures low contact resistance inte clwed poston The sch copes sted by pling the moving contact ot ofthe tubular fed cma. "hc opening of the switch generates arcing between the contact, The sil taneous injection of bigh pressure SF blows vt the ar Th operating ‘nile for an actual ect beaker demenstted i Figue 122, THe ” a rig Eade sion gure 31 Sinplted cc Matron, ‘ict eer has two toes serving 3 Se comms (ated 1, 2 and 5) paced na porcelain hosing and = moving part wth sing conta (9,8 and 5, wich connect te two fted pas whe the beaker i ned (Scene 1). The beaker is led with SFy gs, which bas high delete sength, The opening ofthe breaker diver the moving pat Goviward (Scene 2) Fist, contet 3 sepantes aod the moving comet conpenss the Sy gain chamber 7. Tie follocd by the separation ofthe min tat 3 The opening of cont 5 produces cing Petween# and and Simultaneously inate the fast tite low the compressed SF axsown by the small aows in Scene 3. The SF jet blows out the are and interes the came (Scene 4) The indy uses two types of CB: livetank ad dean breakers. In liven breaker, the swith is supported by instr, ad the swith i Placed in sporclsin housing and insulated from the round. Figure 133 Sows a liveank beaker The svt i inthe ctssarm The vera ‘ores column iaslstes the swish and hoses the como! rode The eadsank beaker has proonded metal housing. The sith placed ‘in his grounded (dea) tak and insulate by lo SF Lage bashings connect the lect othe sch Pigue 134 shows a 00 LY SP den tank cat beaker Discomect switch which provides cat separation and facies cit Seeaker maintenance. The cat beaker positon cot be determined By servation. Bute lineman most kth the beaker nope for salty Feast. Also inthe event hat CB maatenane is requis dsconnect Sitch is needed on each side ofthe CB to completely iol the eet Tweaker. disconnect switch large device that provides vise eden thatthe cic ope, ant can be opted only wha the ict bese is open, Fpue 1.5 shows a typical dsconnest sch, with tertealy ‘ottng tr that opens the swith Figue 1.9 shows dscome swches Curent and voltage ransformers, which reduc the cet to § A, o es and the vole to about 120, respestiely. The cure! an peal ‘cansfomers (Ps) insult the instrumentation cits om he gh va ge and caret These signals gg the pon ‘las, Which oprthe circuit breaker in case of faut fn aon the Iw power susttes tue used fr metering a sys cont Surge arrester, which are wsed foe tection agains lighting td witching overvaiages, Figure 1-6 shows a surge ares. The sug cet ons * nooner fessor hous in «pores tae, A toliea resistor has ‘ery high esse at somal vltage, bt the resistance prey roced ‘when the Vltage exces» pei lve. The divert ighning cure 10 ground std protects the bration fom neroiae ‘Tae major component ofthe substan she cet beaker asebly (CBA), which request dconect itches sad one or more caet tasters (CH) for proper operation A cuit treater asembly is shoe on the Hab Side of Figure 130 wth single CT. Inthe main dgran. the simpli box is sed, The two disconnect switches in the cit beaker asembly pei malnenance of aay cuit breaker In cise of ist beaker fale oe ‘breakers wl provide backup cesrthe faut. Te opening ofthe wo dconaet Stitches, afer doenerzton,pemite beaks mumtenance tobe pecormed ‘The caren wansfonner measrs the lie lent and acivaes poten it «ase of line fan, The precio wagers the cet breaker, whch ops the lie o stop current flow: Fgue 1.3 shows the cat breaker sry on 2 The breaker and--halbus scheme i eden ye whe af ny ‘ofthe components does no jeopardize operation, Figure 130 sb’ hat power ering through de soply watsormer may fow diet tough iat beer ‘sserbly CBA Sand supply wansmansion ine T3, Howevs, apt of he power an flow through CBA 4, Bus and CBA Io supply. ramos ie T2 's supplied though CBA, CBA'6, Bus? and CHA, sodfr rough CBA 4 Bor CBA 1 and CBA 2, ‘Example: Circuit Broakor Fallure Analyt Ie sn itresting exercise to analyze the operation when eae of the component fal, I can be ten tat ty (CBA can be moved without lfecting sere ince Nomal operation: Refeing to Figure 130, the aro inependent creat pats bere the supply (6) bd each ofthe tasaision ine (TT and 13) ‘Asan example the Suply Sean feed T3 dec though CBA 5, or uh the series combination of CBA 4, Bus 1, CBA I, 23, Bus 2 and CDA & aul operation: The sbsaton sects of Figure 1.30 is analyzed bete for hee cases: () she crest on tansison line T1 (shor tut on Bus [apd () cet beaker fare of CBA S (a) Short seit on tanemisson line TI: The poective response 1 short, ‘irut on ¢ assassin nei oso the flere line ving the djing ‘reat breakes. Fr insane, a shor cat online I tigers the protection ‘hat opens the wo cut reser, CBA T aod CBA 2 Int case be upp 5 feeds TS dey trough CBA 5, abd § serves T2 though CBA 36, Bus 2 tnd CBA 3 Figue 1.37 shows the rest cuentas, igure 136. Sure are 69 bY (b Stot ict on Ha 1; Likewise, hort ist oma bos inate isan ofthe bs rows Ue reside ofthe et A short cuit on Bus I tigers he ‘pening of bh CBA sand CBA I In this cate, TI is supe trough CBA 5. (Bus 2,CBA 3 nd 2 12s sopled trough CBA 5,6 Bus 2 and CBA Sand ‘Tis spied daly trough CBA 5. Figut 138 shows the cunem pha, (©) Cieit raker fale: The two cat reer false modes ae fll and fl clase I cet Breaker cannot be cle, fl in the opengore 38 Cnt uh in cv of Ha a poston, Simi, if the cic beer catont be open (Le, cient svitshed "hens as filed closed, Below, we analyze CBA S fr each ofthe TWO (Cae 1: CBA Sf pen. CBA S cannot be close, it as alle inthe open poston Consequen, wil be supplied tough CBA 4, Bus | and CBA | ‘Tais powered dwough CBA 4, Bus 1, CBA 1 and 2: and is supplied though (CBA 4, Bus 1, CBA I, 2 3, Bus 2 and CBA 6. Figue 1.39 shows the coment Paths. eis observed frm this scenario that th circuit rakes and bases must igure 139 Cie eser CBA S fle psn postin. itt ne J Le | eee 7 Ss i! bd T oa bed 7 = ee igre 140 Covey flo ste,be specie to simultaneously cary alte load curren Specify inthis se the fll supply cament pases tough both CBA an I and Bu (Case 2: CBA'S fas closed. CBA.5 fis in closed poston (ta hth iret beaker cannot be opened), then 4s cist in 9 cam be bole Ioaly Because he aly CBA 3 dt connect the souce ote shore i ‘Backup poston atthe souce (a shown is euied wo switch af he spp Simla if CBA dat is dec compoctd tottus fi lose, then» sto sicut on th bus eaont bell sted 1.82 Distribution Feeder ‘The dsibaton system is radi sytem, witout ops, Figure 140 shows the concept of atypical distabaonsynem, where man the pase fede is posioned along 4 major thoroughfare The volgs ofthis poy dsb tion system is around 15 KV. In zon, the bomieal Yllage for mst ‘dstibton is 12.57 RV or 138 EV. "The main fede i protected by a reclosing cclt teak that site tthe feeder cate ofa Tul, abd ater few seconds, the eer recone: and restores the eaeeysoply This ian eetive way of poston Lor over head distiatoncicute becaase mow fay on an vetbed ie ae emp ruy—sviginting fom a wenherelted even, However, ifthe reclsiy uasuccesi th beaker opens the line pemman ‘ae supplied with three-phase power due to heavy loads such as fan motors by single phase sub-feeders which are protected by fuses. Close to the tei aval and ight commer! lads, dstibation transformer ae coe the sinle-phatesb-fedes. Low voltage (12040 ¥) seconday creas elle ‘onnimer seri dps supply te iad castomers The dase tats ners are protéted en the primary side by fae. Tis fase operat transformer fut shat o the sevice drop cable. The consume spotted Figure 141 shows the interconection ofa dstebation line witha distribution ‘ale. This conection Is use to cross busy rds and to soply highend fe Mental areas. Te figae shows the able teminaion the sergesed for overage protetion, nthe fre ct, which is ie for overcurrent Protection. The fe cut cen fase moied on pivoted inet sa it Serves a5 discontet hich tea be opened wing an sostedrod-comon own as hor sick A metal conditatacod to the wooden pole pote thecal, Figure 142 shows apical consumer service dup, where step-down trans omer moused on te dtibuon pole supple ap individual hou ex ry of homes. For eset purposes, te ovetead dstbon lin have ban tpl ‘by underground eaten some residential res In sch ese, the tasormer is placed in a ground evel metal casing, which spaced on cone sah x shown in Figure 13, Figure 142 shows a bpical single pase poe mounted 199202 eansformer that spies few (1-5) houses. The pole mounted oibisulted trtsormer is preted by a suge arse and a fect. The scandy of the tenfomner sppes #240 V/120V iulaed conductor Un iy ached 1 srr sel ire eaing the lec tothe aus. Sich tanformey may Sspply 4 240/120 Tow vole line 162 Re dental Electrical Connection A low-vlge scandy feeder spies individ! houses, A dstibton tans Former has tee-wieeecncal system, which sscommodstes both 120 Vand (0 loads, Figure It shows the elecrial connection of a typiclbose The sep dows tansfomer hs «osu and two phate wires, The net is prone at he taafomner secon sige, The the wie ae cise 0 te kW and kWh meter athe howe, The house has «forever. which ‘consists of thee sulted wires abd one base ground wie. The ground wie and inclted nesta wie ae ground atthe hse service entrance. The EW and KWh mets measute and eee the kWh ener consmtio, and in some cases the maximum LSsnoute LW demand. Figure 145 shows ‘pial KW meter a service panel wth the min ict beaker. "Te power conany is esponlble fr the spe upto the secondary emi ‘also hems. The sevice pan and he hoa wing ae the Homeowners responsiblity. Te rence panei equpped withthe main cit breaker, Src protects th use aptnt shor cic ad veo, Lightng sd mall sopiances repped! by the 120 lines, which ae seo potted by chet wai | ibeakers In older iastallaons, fe have bots used instead of crt beaer ‘The load is connected between the phase ahd neal condotrs. The house planes aod lamps is ground by the ground wie. Larger appliances, ch the cooking stove an clas dyer, replied by 240'V cies, 17 EXERCISES 1. Draw a seth and explain the concept of energy transmission, Wat ae the advange ofthe malevel olages? ‘What are the piel voltages for sub-tansmssion, hi high-voltage and uli ighwokage sytem ‘What ae the pial vlages forthe dstbtion system? 5. List the ypes of eles generating stations (© What sete tase load and peak loud? Mae them witha sketch List the componeats of orl power pan, 8. Describeypcl fuel storage, hain nl injstion systems used in ol power punts 9. Describe the tier sein 2 fons power plat. Draw a sketch showing ‘he major sab ens 11, Wha i condenser? Dra shech 12, What isan elecuostae precipitate? 1B, Destibe a typical we coling tower, Draw sketch. What i tbe funtion 14, Describe he opening concept of a steam tine 1, Draw asinpliedcomneton diagram of pome plant, and identi the componet nd thei roles, 16, Describe he combine ele powerplant, Dry sketch 17, Wt se oping pipe of miler power eneation? 18, Describe he con ofa boing water reacor. Desa seth 19: Deseribe he concep ofa prsurized war esior Dra ales 20. Describe the types of Hydclecre power plans and hei epeating ‘What is aloe hyo ple? Dra sketch Describe high-bead hyo powerplant Dra a sktch What sa pumped worae fai? 24. Draw the conection digram of a high-vlige substation wing the breakers configuration cy the components 28. What isa cet breaker? Diss iy rol nd opting pli What are cues an voltage tansfonness What sh dscvonet sich ad is purpose’ ‘What isa surge are? Why i import Draw a digram of atypical il dsibution system, Describe iy 20. Desribe We eset lt connection, Death 1.8 PROBLEMS Problem 1.1 Substations frequen use the conaetons shown ia the pe-tine diagram of Figae 1.30, Antze tect operon forthe eases of CBA 4 af apeProblem 1.2 Anelotsc powerplant is bit with rite ouput of 800 MWe. Inthe fst ear of ‘pean, the pln operates tan average of 8% of fall power for 10 nhs, hd then is shutdown forthe remaining 2 mont. nthe cond yet the plat fevers an avenge of 700 MWe over heen Year. (a) Dees the plan ‘pci factor foreach year. (0) If he taal operating and satenane (ON) ‘Smt to the uty wer equal nthe fst and Second yeu, andthe elec ‘Sreraped O&M com in fe fine year wan 15 mllsRWbr theo What Was Te ‘ORM cout in mills Br fr the second yea? Problem 1:3 Determine the condenser est dissipation requirement ia MW megawatt ‘ha ero ferent 1000 MMe power pans. The ist plat is cole unit that as athena efficiency of 405 and leat 158 ofthe beat produced inthe firma wp the sack. The second pat ia nacear ont with thermal ficiency of 8. CHAPTER 2 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS An eleeic power system ia three-phase system tat contin generators ans formes, tarsi lines, and leads. Trasmsion lines and cables ae Incr ements Genero abd waneormer af alo linear devices if oe strani neglected. Lads we generally nliner A typical lain the power syste dst ‘onsat power aa constant power actor. The proper operation of late power devices ogles at te lad volage be hep watin + of he aed Vlg ‘Most theese loads ae laced, wich perms the repesentation ofthe three-phase syste bya single-phase cai. This emphasizes he importace of ‘he etcusson of single-phase ets nan elesie power textbook, Although es stmed tht the eae is aria with singlesptase iat anal exhnigues, ins chaper we review the fandameral copes and establish the nomen ‘hur and terminology wized inthis hook Aer an overview of the isc inci, we tach the use of PSpice, Matbead and MATLAB progrns fo eu ana The pcp analysis concepts are presented rough ineractive ‘sation and mamaria soto sing computer ols 24 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 21.4. Basie Definitions and Nomenclature ‘The basic electra qunites include cueat (J), vole (V) and power (). ‘olage isa elcromsive force or penal. Voltage isthe detence in ene i ay Sn er ai Comoe a ae on Oz SonS98 Cyd © 205 Tense of Esti an srs gesigre 2.1_Fasive sign convention caret ets te cit elewet atte psne ‘olga level ofa nit huge located at each of 80 point in cic, and therein ‘represents the neg) required to move the unt charge ft ne point othe ote. Gare is time rat of change of elcie charge (g) iver lation hat 40) = 4 ands measured in amperes (A). Normally we tk abet he movers ‘of postive charges altoogh we know tat in gebrl, for mea condcton, Correct esl from eletoa mation conventionally pose ow) The sig of he cient india scr of Dow relive © some pre-ehoscareltece Seto, In selecting the eure devon, is useful to follow the pase sign convention, which designates dat eurent shold ene the poste volte ‘erminl ofa cit element ee Figure 2.1. fhe pasive sign coveaton ss ‘obeyed ten determining whether an element spl rabors power sma ‘sr in patiu,i power (which the podit ofthe cet and vole) is postive, then the element absebing power conversely. if the power i negative, the ict element is seplyng power, sma P< 0 Blemeat spies omer P= 0. Element absorbs power ‘The conntons prescribed by the Inte for Electcl and Elecwoies Eng ces IEEE) ae etopoyed inthis ook (ANSUIEEE Si 280-1985). The insta taneous values of time-varying quamis such a volige and creat te pre sented by lowerease lees, for example, vt) andi, Uppercase lees hee ‘rie values asoitd with ine varying quate sich ate sot mea quae ‘voltage (Vs) and were power (P). Bold uppercase lters ence equ) dependent Variables sich as complex power (8) a paso oles eh ees (ests Von and D,Figue 21 illsrates te equivalency of thee despnatons for voltage play: (1) the use of explicit +/— abn. (2) an eo ta pot ‘toward the postive terminal aad (3) he noon Vy for hich te ft eet ‘ofthe subscript indicates the posi terminal and the seond leer deme the ‘sepuive termi. 2.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors ‘Te time domain functions ae use for transient alas, Single- and dee ase analyses are mae easly pifonned inthe fequeny domain wing Por ‘epresentation. A phar isa complex representation oft tly eal quay. © general sisi volage may be wansformed fm ts ime domain expen 14) = Vicostoe +8) en {0 an cauvalen psoe expression hy merely considering the magnitude (Vy) ‘nd pase shit) othe gal sgnal, ta is the phase epeuetation Va vucs an ‘The supply voluge is fe selected asthe reference with pas angle of 8 Engineering calclans ule the smpltade ems vale) and pase ange of both sollage and cunt. The ample and phase mle can be called wing lar (or empl notion ‘The rocmec-square (ins) Yale i acute fom vm fi [wore ey Feri pa i msds a a eed by Yee hah ew He be nen vote quo cones w= Vvmemen +) as where = 2nf = 2 isthe angular frequency in radians per second; f is the elle tegueny, 60 in the United Sates, snd 0 Hin Europe ater sof te wl: and Ti he prio ofthe simuidl waveform, Similar, the cateat may be represented as 0) = by costar +9) = VBlrs costae +9) © eo, T= tld = Vint ‘fen it is mesa o desert the phase hi etween cuenta vliage, or alemating cures (a) Waveforms a th sume foc (0) ak ed 40 by #9, or epalety Hi?) lags) bythe same amount. 89, then the oo efor ae sid Yo be in phase: s 3 then te to waves Ne ou of pase. 22 IMPEDANCE ‘Ohm's Law provides linear elaionsip betwen vlage and cue vew en ‘whee ste npedonce, having nis fons, Unlike voliage and cuen, impedance i a tly complex quay tht cu be exreaed in recangla orpolar notion. Impedance consis of restive tem, an imaginay tem, fhe reactance X. The reactance i uncon of feet), wich genraly aes the impedance a fenton of equ” 2) RIX) en ‘The relation between the magnitude of the inpedance, and reine and reactance can be Vuze bythe impedance tangle shown i Figue 22. The lar presen of the impedance is = [210 = (eM = cos) + js] = K+ JX om . 2% aviTP oe ain(2) Adon and subacton of complex numbers easiest using rectangular rece ‘entation; wheres phasor ce plas) naaton leds simplifed mulipcaton sd aivision of complex anit Most alates ad compute software have bain funtion for perfoming the complex math asocated With phasor and impedances, however, tess depend upon the ser’ roper ulation of sich enginerng wos Av sinple ‘example, consider the conversion ofthe impedane Z=—3~ j4 0210 polar representation using MATLAB. The mgnite is aly found wing te able ‘aloe fnction ab) eo ‘An inexperience wer might simply ae heat funtion o Sind he angle >> atan inag\fl /=081 (21) *280/0i igure 22 Inpoane tan, ‘Butte answer shove i ico in atthe impeéance is in he hid quadrant fot he fine MATLAB provide diferent faction ample for prope eat Taig the angle of compen vail, butte resultant ange a rains “Te rein fhe impedance she admtance, Y= 1/2 The impedance and slmiuacerelats forthe esto, capa ad indo ar given In Table 2. ‘The reactance ofan indoor and a captors Xs = a Kay = Wo), resgectvel 221. Series connection Whee impedances re connectedin series. he resulting equivalent impedance is 2-Dm eu) Example: The guvalea impedance of «circuit with a resistor, inductor and ‘apt conpetd in sexes is Re Jol a Peieos@) + jin oba “The pase angle (0) is postive in an insive circ and negative in cape TABLE 21 Pasi Crt Elements ene teeiice = Gipminr(C) Ze 1/Gat)= NWCA Vem jac Inds) IZ Yen tut) Reise Yue@ B-h- 9 222 Parallel Connection Girt clemests which share the sume two end oes ae sd to bein paral ‘When N’ impedances are coneced is parle (ee Figute 23 the tesuling csuvaleat impedances ew In the cate of to impedances comected in paral he shove equation ean ‘be simplied as flows 1 at eT Tae aa Alternatively te admitane of cial with W component comectinparalle an be calculated by adding the admits of the components ote yaDy ey Example Determine the impedance of «crt with ress, indocor and capacitor ‘ooneted in parallel, The amitace of» cit with esac inland ‘pacianceconaected in pal Is yet ‘The impedance of ti circ Tap 223 Mathead Examples ‘The practical aspets of series and parallel circuit impedance calculations wil be presented trough nunescl examples. The sel of simple cc Wi complex impedances using hand caleltor i complied and lengthy poo ‘die The eit analysis process canbe simpli by wing genera pape “aaltonprogams ike MATLAB, Mathcad r Mathematica. In this book Math (Sand MATLAB are wed, This ast expe performed wing Mathcad, Parla avatages of his ogsam are tat the equations agper s the and writen equations, and te [ogtam calcules and convert the unite tomatic. In Appendices A and 5B, respectively shot torial for Mate and MATLAB age presented. The ‘ul preset the tase Knowledge neesay Yo get sare. Series Connection of impedances ites can cone capacitor in series with a watson ine to compensate the line impede. This reduces the voltage drop ia cases of hes Ta on the line, Figure 24 shows the oben ccutdagran, and Figure 5 shows the cuales, The system fequency dota are f= 60 ean ‘The ansision Ine resistance and feavtnce pe mile ae a Xqi= ors Rgiroa ‘The transission line length is gg= 3) The trnsmision line resistnce and reactance ae Rhine” Ri tine %iine* Xm ine te gure 24 Oneida of «tino lie compensated by cpr con fa qi Plgure 25 Egencia os anemone spend with eres cpa,[Noe that Mica has two eau signe theft equ sgn (=) i wed when a ‘vrlble is define: the second equal sign (=) sed t obtain the vale & ‘abl. The capacitor vals Cogn = 1572 uF “The reactance ofthe capacitance i Xuan Fagg Samy 1 ‘The line sesisance and reactance, andthe reactance of he capacitor ae cu ected in seis The euivaleat impedance ofthe compen ne er =i Nam * Bint Sine 2 096+ 0563) 9 Parallel Connection of impedances (Operas connect capacitor in pra with moors mproe the owe fact, Figure 2.6 shows the onein dara for 4 motr and eapoctr comet allel. The motor is epresed by an indaciance and reste connected in ‘all, as shown in Figure 2.7. The alas are Xnot = 230 Root 00 ‘The compensating capacitor is ‘The reactance ofthe capacitor is Camp. * SKF Kea. M Komp a= $3050 OC O ae gure 26 Onetine diagram of «mote nd cpa consti St Pas BR =e gure 27 Equivale deur mao an apc comet op, “The dee impedances ae connected in parle The equivalent impedance is fe a alees encanta hu Fnot ”F%mot ”F%eonp_M 12s -6163}0 ‘Combined Seres and Parallel Connection of impedances ‘We assume that te compensated transmission line supplies th motor an capac ior loa. Figre 28 shows the onesie cut dagram ofthe combined stm and Figure 29 shows the equvletcieut,wbic sa series combination of the Sompematd ie ad motor. "The ol impedance of the stem canbe obtained immediately by ang the vo equivalent ort impedances together Tega 7 Zee * Zp Zogy* M88 5.5.0 224 MATLAB Examples ‘The impedance calculation ofthe tre series noe parallel networks wd above inthe Mathead examples istepesed here sing MATLAB. Foal he example, the system eycle and angular fequency mus dst be established as own in Impedancesm tel. WT oe Figure 28 Goepened vansison oe apr 2 motor wh capac a SEI Pig 29. Equal cect ofthe tem in gueSeries Connection of impedances ‘Te equivalent impedance ofthe series circ of Figure 25s realy seen to be the summation ofthe individual component impedances Bae = Binet Lamy = Bae Pet {Te unconpenstel impel formed by he eis eis an incr sft compute Bite = ims « Jeans) + Teageh uncompensated Line 1 npedence (hea) [Next the reactance (impedance) ofthe compensiting capacitors caluted, alle! Conmction of impedances ‘The equivalent impedance of the parallel cit shown in Figure 2.7 is also calclatd in svalaaforward manter ea Ton ~ Bas * Ts + oC After seting the motor resistance and estan, th pace of the parle capacitor i compute, Coonght = s30eres § taraae corel = 2) (SrwtregrCosnpi) 4 che ‘The equiva pull impedance of the capacitor, indus and resistor is clued Boars tf (afemoe + 1/{]oinat) © 1/zccoga 8 ahs ‘The capacitor impedance is edt the line impedance, ‘The MATLAB computed revels a: Y SaBHS series equvaions ingests of commenced Fn ine + 2009 ‘The ests computed by MATLAB a —s Combined Series and Parallel Connection of impedances The oven equiaen impedance om combing the compensted transmission tin and motor sere Figure 29} simply the ss ofthe heir mpedsnces‘The MATLAB result below matches he answer found ssing Matha 225. Delta-wye Transformation ‘A parcalar configuration of inpedanes tht does ni end isl! to the wing sere and paral combination techngues stat of dla (8) consecon. 5 och ese, he dela (connection i converted to « ye (¥) coaguaion 5 ‘how i Figure 210 tite MT as Pe Tiered am ws OEE th “The above formula is more easly remembered asthe impedance next © par ticular ¥ ode is the produto he wo dla inpedunes connected that node ‘vided by the sum of the ue dla inpedanes The revere transformation (Y 1 A) ca alo be peformed yw Ele bLale +L ~ yx Maths Be aw gpa RBBB, = For the balanced casein which all the deli (Zy = Zy = Zo = Za) and ye Gy =Z. = Ze =7,) impedances se cl the transformation Forma edocs roy igure 210, Dein-nyeinpeioe ranma, 0 simply sy 23 POWER ‘The istananeus powers he product the instantaneous aes ofthe voage tad cunt Te inntanous power, pt). HO) =H) = Vm cL +cat +8) 16 Using htm identy cova) = footer —f)+ Hoate +B) the expression for instantaneous power maybe rewinen 3s Pl) = Vuln leots —#) e082 +8409) AT) “The fist term it constant, andthe secod term asa ey fequeny at we the aplied fens, These facts make calculation of the aver power, P, ‘hier, sine ve simply inteprae 4 constant and a cosine wave over exily ‘vie its peso (wich is elt 21) a rot [noe oo aw The average prvet, Ps the real power tesfered fom the generator to he lead impotance’ ‘The predut Vv lnsIsfrmed the dparent power and presse in ais of voeampers a compared to average power. which i ‘apesed in wats The el power i also Epo a he ative Power, "anoe ote Guy whore units are vleamperes ste complex poner. Sich deiod s tle = Vill = 8 ew were * dents the complex conjugate. Hence, appaet power i the mageitide ‘the comple power, | = Vif The total complex powes, ike ene. a {Tgstem is comered although Shas no physical significance. Te conus of {phasor i fomed by merely canging he Sgn of te phase angle: ° e209) Expanding the exesio for complex power ills thn = Veet rns e058 8) Vo =P+i0 ea‘The derivation shows tat the rel pat ofthe complex power isthe average wee The imaginary part of $i called the mastne poe. The eae ‘quaraare power indies erporty energy sage ae tha el over Jos ina element To distinguish 0 from P and Seni power expend Innis of vltampersseative (WAR. ‘Te eactve power is pave in an indtve lad circuit, where the loud as angle is posite an the curentis laging te eta ‘The active power i negative ina eapactive ld cist, whee the fod plse angle I egatie and the cae i leading tne tlage ‘The relation between the magnitude af he complex or apparet power, nd the rl powe and reactive power canbe vised ty the power riage sa Figure 21 “The power factor fs deinen the et of average omer o apparel power, poe mister em w= ‘Te quality ofan electra oa jue by the power factor < p= A low power factor teres more en cen fo the sae ad poe which ‘sls in greater uty transmission lone in he powerlines, A an eal, the poner companies require most custemers ta tana power te atte ‘than OB The power ficor angle 8 = 5 ~, ad i lationship tase ser ames i summarized in Table 23 igre 211 Power sange TABLE 22. Power Factor Angle Relatons ower Face Angle Conet-Voge Gf) Lawl Equivalent Keane Power Party Copucive — Q= Varta (eating 0) stl 1) ta pase hv) et ese 1 agin way Et RL Paty nda ted terra ff nama igre 212 Geer a Because the cosine of an angle between —90" 10 +90" ranges frm zero to tunity itis mcesary to supplement the scalp vale with desgation so ‘hater the cents eading oF lagging he voage ails in Table 22 TE Vu and I the Voge ad cient atthe Toad impedance Z. ce gure 212, he Yow = Yaudb _ Vn : We Td Te SO = = ‘The loa phase ange 2 then describes the amount by which he vole ead ‘he cent Ins ese the power factor angle sequal t the lod angle ‘hats = 8-9. Thon in 8 purely resistive Toa, the power fcr uni (of); wher ina ply reactive (espace o inet) lad the power feor is ze0 GF = 0. If the owe ‘ators unity, the the power is simply the reduc of te ms ‘eureat and votge Vr = HY fren) ‘The above formula demonstrates ape reason for ulizing the eetive fr ms) ‘ale, sine they allow uso wrt an eon forthe average power ike tose ‘ied de cuts (Le, P= >): fat ta elation Is wit the bas for deing the ms vale. Fo aresstr, Obs Law can be combined wih the shove formula wid the power dsipatd ina resior Pate 225) Note ta ice he resistance i always postive, then the resultant power vale in the above exesion must also always be pone. Revll tat for P> 0 that power i absorbed by an element, which means thatthe resistor always alors power ora sada cies, each ofthe folowing quantities is conserve instnancons poner weap DAsscvermer Cau comple ver SS, ‘here the summations ae overall he circuit elements inthe network. Apparent ower isnot conserv, 24 accincurs ‘The pica lines single-phase cca conan vollage sources mpedances (eesisiane, inductance ind capacitance). The components may be conoced in series or par, or combinations of the two can occu Asan cramp, Figure 2.13 sows simple single-phase cit Ia this seus an a vlags source generate isola a voltage tht ves cuent hoop» reine 4 reactance. An acta peerator sed ina power system sre comple. than imple vliage source; however, to 4 ft aproniaton gener can be represented a simple vltage source. Figure 2:14 shows the sinusoidal vlage wavefors generated by the voltage Source. The vole drston (or pola) i indicted on the cucu dag of Figure 213 by an arow tom gto a. Tis means during the poi all ‘yee the potenti of pon ais age than g The generator ures ows fom £0 4 inthe pouve half ele: The gener current andvolge ei the $e iection. The load curet inthe pase Ball ec fous fom bo ‘The low cent ad volugs ar in oppose don “he sinsoidal voltage dives sinusoidal caren ough the cit Foe 3 Vollage sure with reference phase shiftof zero (8 0") te caret cqtion 10) = Vg castor = 0) 226) phere # = 3—¢ i the phase shift between the voltage and cent waveforms ‘Tae curentcan be legging ot leading the volge Te suet is asl @ © 0) Pure 213. ample sol pve cist t———_+| igre 214 Sis sve vg, Plgre218-tsratin of aig sd ageing cent ae sits inane wl eng <0) cpt eRe 215 shows ‘oltage with aging and lating caren. Asan example, the ndtv cit igere 213 genres lagging cure. The cateat wil be leading i we replace the indotor wif a eapucrin hase. ‘The ms vale ofthe cet scaled using Ohm's Law, which tates that, the cients equal 0 the vatage divided By the impedance The rms eueat Ya = No 2 ne = “ee em where 2 ste wal impedance of he cic. "The ol injedance ia reduction ofthe ind inpedances in he cicit ft a single equivalent impedance. A simple cxample for the combination of impedances is te ealcuaton ofthe cic inpeance of Figure 2.13 In hat ‘tut resist and inductive reactance ae connected in sere. The mapitode ofthe creut impdance called aie (RR, 22)‘The phase angle bermeen the resistance and estan is cleat from King tani) = Be = Xe 229) ‘System Etficiency and Voltage Regulation A one ine diagram is ofen sed to provide a concise representation ofthe network under sy. The oetinedagam ia simpied schematic tha shows only the major componeats and major itsconectios) between comune ‘Asan example, Figure 216 shows a te pse generator sppying network through tansformer. The shorthand aottion ofthe one-car i thes ‘expand into a cult schematic fo analy: The even connect agra ‘ofthe system shown in Figue 2.16 can he converted wo the te pase cet sven in Figure 217, which shows all he components in each pase, Pare, a the case ofa tlanced lon, the sage pone eguivalet oe cet gran shown on Figure 218, cul be wed for analy. ‘The perormance ofa power system can be quanti in terms ofits efceney ‘andthe voltae drop though the sytem. The sem effceney i the to of "he ouput inmost cases the oad pow, and the inp nt cases the sup) ‘power Forth system of Figure 216, the system efcency canbe expres st tiiney = Fa = Fe Pa ea) igre 216 One spa single thee pene ke Xe ot 44 igure 219 Onesie dg oad er i anion eed ie. Tae Sie Figure 220, Cicuit stomie or ad ered via tans ted ie Where Pg and Paya the supplied generator power and consumed network ower, spectively. ahd Ps, isthe power Toss ite system. An efieny for ‘ninivdial component, sich as watformer orton le, can be (ened in inl mame ‘The poner ersiner is alo concerned withthe reduction in vlad system and ltnatly the olge povided to te casomer. Conse the ome line digram of Figure 219 with shows generstorsoplyng loud tough 4 tansmision Ine The equivalent singe gate cat shown in Pgue 230. ‘The olage regulation is defied based wpa the tpt voltage (Vp the ase ‘ofthe network of Figure 220) being held canst the voltage Tegltion Is the diferencetetween the magnitudes of the voltage atthe load tal for ‘he notoad (Vai) and (ll) Toad contin divided by the load voge (Wins) magni Vote Reuaton = ey‘The noond voltage i equal othe generator soppy voltage (Vga if he fad ‘ret i oo. Figue 2.20 shows a Sage lad if thi lad i sche te load cue is ao andthe load vole i equal othe supply vole, Hence, "he formu forthe volae epulaon canbe express simply the ference wen the mages of the supply (ending end) and lad receiving end) vollages divided bythe loud vlage sprite Nora = Vind Velie Replation = Seek 1¥ 1005 amy “his ler expression for the voliage regulation is fequety applicable inthe ‘examples of this book, and fequies single cut anasisia commas 0 "Equation (2.3, which requires analyses t both loaded and unloaded coaions MATLAB Power Factor Example “The elect network of a wily supplies an industrial oad 100 KW, 60 He, 480 V ams) tough a feeder see Fgue 219) The fier impedances 0.15-+ 105 ohms Vey the load pf fom 0 to 0.9 lagging, sb plot the poy Te ‘oer vena 7f to determine the generation reurements oa”) fr te sti {o sve th nds canomer Refering o Figure 220 the rms caret though telnet the load san be calculated wing Pat "is ‘The rea power supplied by the wit is hat necessary to serve the Ja as val the ssl power lon inthe ans ine apy = Poa + Rn te it cea ind fem rey ad wie toed pve cron gpg Tepe MATLAD ap by Siig he syste ct a Next, we vay the power aco as requested sng step size of 0001, which wil eventually penemte abot 300 points to be pated ‘The neon cureat and power supplied by the uilty ae then computed ‘sing the equations above. Note te use of the MATLAB "and" len ‘by-lement dvsion and power operators, respectively fhsne = Bisad ./ pf + views) [MATLAB cat then te we o easly plot the ress, which ae shown in igure 221 gure 221 MATLAB plot oli spl omer anion of power fas.70 ewazewsccnouns lot ip, Pespely/ 3000) ‘The graph shows that ifthe load has a pomerfactor of 0.6, tenth wy ‘man generate about 118 kW to spply the 100 KW load. Whereas f the load ower facto is ised 00.9, then he aly need only sere 108 LW to soppy the lad. 25 BASICLAWS 2541 Kirchhots Current Law ico caat lw (KC) states ta the sam ofthe cents esting any de i eo. The other KCL formlaion is hat the eae flowing toward te ‘ode is egal othe curent owing away fom the noe eee Fgue 222). For N curentsenring a nde, KCL is writen se Saono ow ‘A neoork wit thee noes is presented in Figue 223. The nol (KCL) quons fr nades A.B and ae Dheo es) rode A: Ly +ea~ Ian =0 ode BE Tet I~ Ine =0 nde: Te-+ pe — Hea =0 25.1.4 Current Divison. The combination of KCL and Obs Law to cicit ‘lements tha ain parallel ests inthe well wn current dvdr equation w Figure 222, rn of Kc cunet a fe] fe] aes Fem Figure 224. Newer raping ca dvsn Reteing to Fig 224, he current) through the pale impedance Zi ea) were Hy isthe tl curent trough ll the part elemeas sd Zqu isthe auivalentinpeline forthe 0 pul lees Forte seca cate oly "wo elements npralel (Zand) the above formula edocs to 7 as hang 235) where tis expression is normally read sth curso through oe bach ste ‘oa cent tn the impedance inthe thee tench ivi By tes f te two branch inpeaaces, 251.2 Nodal Analyse. Nodal anass systematically spies KCL tothe toes of w cic in oer ose fer the vollags a each noe, Tete i hee ‘sic wep flloved in ad analyse 1. Choose «ference (round or new) node whee te voltage is deemed ero, and ten assign (abel unigue votes th ober nes2 Apply KCL to each node other tan the reference node while expensing te cient in tems ofthe node vatges wing Obs Law = AV2) 4 Solve the resulting sytem of KCL. equations for the nl voltages A praccaexampeistwo cece dsrbation etrks nerconneced hough ‘ wanamssion line. Figue 225) show's the oeliae diagram (amangeten) oF ‘he system, A shunt espacio i placed nthe middle ofthe line fo mpove al age regulate, Figure 2250) shows th equivalent circuit diagram, Ech ofthe distribution system i represented by a volage source. The magne of te io velage sources are eal, but sere ia "pase difference beeen thes, The wales ‘of Source I isthe reference vole, witha zero depres (0) pase sgl. See 2 as a phase sit of 0" with reapet to Sours I that ie Vs = Vac ‘The tanmision ine is represented with areas and actane comes in series. capacitance js placed atthe mile ofthe lne. This fogs ie ‘vision of be ne into wo pa Line 1 and Line 2. ‘Te example here presents the pact! appliition of the KCL equations ‘metod fered tous nodal ana Fst,» sltion i baie’ by hand. Tas 's followed bya compute solton ting Mathes Method 1: Hand Solution ‘Te hand solton follows the nodal seas procedure above a follows: ‘Sep 1: The nodes have aleady been labeled in Figs 2250), The wat wllges for nodes I and 2 are simply the sare vlige ice each source irl coasted othe neal (rout) ode The remain nde 3 issn he volge, Vs ‘Step 2 Since the vag a noes 1 and 2 are already koe, i only necessry fo wot a single KCL. expression, specially a ode L-h+h=0 Pe x a igure 225 One gram eg sor be meron of ‘ne sibotin swe. a) Om ie dagen: () Equa ia — For cach cen inthe KCL expression we now subi an yuvaleat Ohm's [Ew expression ams ofthe node vote Vi-Vs Vs BFP” The * Sie 3: Nr ig equation ob vd. Algeri maiplaton ‘east an expos oth oly wnown tol vole to Vs vo hem * eam CES eae RT * The RFT % ‘Substiutng in he ut prater vale yes value for Va The vals of the nodal voltags can thes be used o find the the cen: Bs andy Vi-vs Ram W=¥5 vs Peo 4 Method 2: Matrcad Solution Here we again ve the circuit of Fgue 2.25, bt wing computer nda atti, The reer is encouraged to uiizehivher compute and flow the action wing he Athens program. Mathcad Hint: Beil engineers peer owe & lowercase j vo denote the limsginsrynunbereaer than alwereae 1 to avid confusion with creat {0 However, Mathcad defaults wo usng the eter fo the iain number This can be changed fo J inte Display Options ab ofthe Result Format nog box. ln hs took. we hae chosen to follow the standard convention tnd ake jf te imaginary oni “The pysial drat dna ae fist deied The GI phavesgle For age source Vs an be incorporated using the complex exponetl thats [9 =eImmediate ress are compute for Yyr36-6058V Xap =26s060 Mata as an equation solver that simples tect analysis. However, far comparison we wl fis solve this problem using he equations dived in the ‘nnd elclaton above. Afters, we ae the Maa equation ave to deta. sae the advantages of th compatr on for element crt alealaions, “Typing and dimensional aro may pric Matt from perfomning te ‘atealtons To reduce such eno, we spay theese of intermediate elt Tnions as we progress tough the poblem, To do so, we sce ues (sod) ‘ale forthe Variable; this causes Mathcad to compte numerical ress soon a each new equation is entzed The retsontlenes of the mama Ya ‘es cbse at ech sep eps to assore wth the equtons se solvable and that we have not eed in tpg the formal. oto vet the equa’ it this problem, we Sle a goss vale of ‘he cues can te calculated by dividing the vokuge dftene by te ‘epedance, that i, Ohm's Law. The volgeiferene between node T and 318 Vy— Vs. The impedance 4), The curentis (Curent scaled simi. The resi tyos999n1+ nog 3.9) 4 The numerical values help to assure the vd ofthe equations, bt these ate Bo the actual cient vale since Visa gues vale. The stun of he ‘erent values inthe nodal equation res nthe fllowing equate Mr Me Ri Pap RTH ‘whee Vs isthe unknown i this esto, The reumngement ofthe eatin rents “Te equtonis saved for Vs, The ese Tm" iowa ea] Approach 2: Anaberway sw solve the nl extn i king the Mata Find equation solver. The Matha eguion oer sre mote fly explained in Appendix A. Te ui of th Find equation solver rques gut vale for Vs, sich was seeded bene ‘Given Vyreami-4suiny BTR Tap PG? the eqution saver immetiney computes the vohage: Fii(¥)=6381-4s6RV |v =791kV wal) ‘We can sett the to approaches reat inthe sae volte The magnitude ‘psa (|) and art fction sf used sbove to change the comple Mut ber expression fo Vino a phasor quay. The comespding vals ofthe ee en oe ae as252 Kirchhofrs Voltage Law [ichbof'svltage law (KV) sts tit he sn of the voles around a loop Js zo. The other formltion eta the supply voltage is equal wih he a ‘volages or volage drops i lost loo. KVL is waten ss Conor Cw tis ingeratve thatthe cost ola poly be used in the above formule 1 the loop is raved. Olen te engioer prefers to begin ts valage sue, whichis taken to be a voltage increase (poiive voltage), and then follow he Toop using hat source asthe reference pai, gure 226 presents simple cei 0 dtm aplication of KVL loop ‘ustions. In dhs eat the voluge source, Vs, dover the caent I through the resistnce and reactance. The current proiuces a volage dop Vp crs he resistance anda volage drop Vx acon he nductuce, KVL sts that the sm ofthe tre volages ize, The lop eqn fe 230) Ve-Va-Ve=0 where Va=1 and inductor, especies J are the vlage ops sos the resistor and 2521. Voltage Division. The combinsin of KVL a Ohm's Law ict ‘ements tha ae in eis an have he same chet ing tough tom ina single lop) ress in the wellknown voltage divider equate, Refering to Figure 227, the voltage (Vy) scons the series impedance 2y Is ean igre 226 Single cic or demsnstaton of pio. a}1e we] | zt igure 227 Ncw fr plying von vison where Vis the ttl voltage aos al the seces impedance elements Zw $s the egvlet impedance for the W series elewens. 2522 Loop Analysis. Loop (oc mesh) anit systematically applies KVL tothe loope oa ek in omer fo salve forthe coents around each lop. Silt no stall, thre are tee base wes followed in oop analy entity te loops and asign a cre tech mesh oop “Apply KVL. sound eich loot oban an eqution in tens ofthe loop ‘ents, Note tht oopmesh came a ranch cure specie, {branch caren may be made up of ne o mor aap eet 4. Soe the reing system of KVL equations forthe loop cures. Example: The examples below sepeat the analysis ofthe crt of igure 2.25, xcept at oop nalts Used ee. Agana sluon i fist obied By bap tes Mads sed Method 1: Hand Solution ‘The hand soln follows the fop analysis procedie above as follows: ‘Sep I: Figte 228 shows tht ths cat comin two independeat meses. ‘We stume 19 loop cen the caret in Loop i hy ad in Loop 2s Tis. The dietone ofthe lop comers ae marked on Figure 22. The chosen hess are dvanagens since the loop cent decioms mach he plat ofthe voltage sources ‘Sep 2" KVL ret applied tthe ean oop (Lap 1) Was +1) as +h Nay =0 ig 228 Cl for wing oop ution[A KVL expression i next writen for Loop 2: Va Wale +)%) ~ tha + hai%oy Sp 3: tn this exanpe the spliction of oo ays ress into coped ston, which maybe wate i a mats fomolaton: [org a Bos) [e)-[8] ‘This matrix equation i ofthe form Z1 = V which hs a salusion of Method 2 Mathoad Solution Here we we the srt of Figure 228 sxing 4 Matical-asd loop analysis. ‘Agno approaches are iaken ung Matha (1) following the ad soon ‘Stove and @) ong the Mathcad Find equation slvr ‘ring KVL the loop exations are Mier (149% + ap) Map =? Marr lla ++ ap) Hh Map 8 “verano he vali of he gots egies he selena of ess sales, ich ae h=moa hoa Arproach #1: Fs, rearage the KVL equation for Loop 1 10 sl fer 181+ Xap) ap “The munis wing the guess values is 4.g=~175934226185) 4 ‘The yi subst in the second KVL ego: ype NTH 1+ Pe) Tap (238+ Rag) Hi%ap 2 “The fer resmangerent ofthat equation ess in [iste Pe aan Solving for Ta is veya ty» oe ee RP eg) SS) a HAE TIGA, <39KI5HA aly) 9754 The Loop 2 cone i ge tI) a hae-t03e17A fg =278257A mal.) = Last “The capstan rane) cunt I is the sm of the two Lop eens. y= .164 240886. |] 295226 all) = 54566 8 Approach #2: The Matha equation solver can solve the loop equations ity. The meted ssa elo The gues ales are hy=s008 1204 (Given the wo KV expressions ales developed Y.-H #98 ag) Hap Nan ealPa 9994p) “Hh Nag the Mathcad Find equation ster immatitely computes resist ( Seat ao Beer a “Thevenin's theorem sates tht a ect ewok can be represented by a volage source nd an impedance comeced ia series (ce Figure 2.9). The voltage of heigre 229 Thvein psao ci, source isthe open crt vlag, Vx ofthe stwork, The Thévenia equivalent impedance 2) Is calculated by removing sad replaing the volute sours inthe network by a shor ict and calculating the inp impedance arose the tein. a power network the impedance i acute fom the shor cut curen, ae. The short cic caret Is computed by the oprang ity and sa avaiable datum. n'a power network the tort rot cut usally ind tive, Pactaly, te resistance soften egisble;cosequely. te network an gency be rpeseted by an indtve reactance. The pen ut olags of power network is nomally within 5% ofthe rated ineo-srund (eal) ‘volage, Vp Tae Tévein scan ip Nil M0 id ex) 254 Loads a a electric power network the pica! load consunes constant power ata onstat power factor ifthe load voluge i within the 23% lini. The oad ‘unt clelatonreuites the load voltage, Ta fit se the eaculaon of {he phse angle fom the power factor vale, The pas angle is gg aEO Pfs) co ‘The phase angle (ofthe complex power) is poitive if the loud power factor is lagen, and negative ifthe power fact is eading. The complex power sk Stat = Venta = Vn lsc ean) Ps Samal = Plt ae = ‘The real par ofthe complex power isthe real power; the imaginary pa is the reactive power. From Tale 22, he eave poner i poste if te omer fair is lageng Chute load) sd negative i he yer aco is aig (capactive oad). TABLE 23 Sign Convento Exponential Power Facer Cane, Comps Power § ating ne (Gepactve) poste sxponeat Gisncne) neg exposes porte exponent ‘Wise = nc ak nse pe ‘eco eonipo pnemn tg nae [ 4] oa ‘The thee juts above can be combined together to obtain aa expression fr the diet aleulion of the fad comet. The ets fit — ern we) Vi fo In his equation the plas ) sin sued if the power fico sealing td he ‘mina (=) sgn wedi is lagging In ther words te reactive component the catent i negative ite power facto is lagging he lod is indie). “The reactive component ofthe cutent x postive ithe power factors leaing (Gh load is capctve. The sgn of he exponent sunarized in Table 2 Indus, commerial and domestic lode are spclly moter and ining Toa Motors ar « major component ofthese lads Conse, ot le ‘inductive an the power factor lagging. Howercr, the we of compensating apactors may pode aTeaiing power factors ih when telus eh ‘Another source leading power fos ae the igh loaded, long tnsssion oes. where te ne captor over compensates for the load idan, 26 APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS. ‘Te practical appication ofthe complex phasor analysis of single-phase cit is peeented thigh thee simple aur! examples The reac is coco, ‘aged to wea computer and follow de clelaton by eating te squations and alting the res. Tas imeracive metho of leing wil ead to bt Understanding of he cones, 126.1. Analysis of Transmission Line Operation In the fist example, he operation ofa transmison fine is analyze in tree Altetea operating sont1, Novload (open cet) condo: 2 Shor-irut condom: and 5 Loaded conto, ‘The input cure, rel and reactive power nd the vllage and curen t he recivng end are aaa for each coiton “The tansmision line is represented by TT () cucit and supped by a vollage source (Vs). “The system tequency data ae f= 60 He oon ‘The Mis inrodced ino Maa orpeseat he mega pret MC 10 ‘The sopply voage is Vs = 75 KV ‘The ime impedance: Zip '= (B+ 140) 2 ‘The sending en! and receiving el capes C= OSuF Cees ‘No-load Condition Figure 230 shows the eqivaleat cnt fr an open circuit (unloaded) cond ‘on Inspection of the equivalent cat shows thi the vaage source spies, two parle euren pat The fi (it side) pth ois Xn, Rye se ‘onngted in sees The cond (lef) pth coma the line eapaaace Ce, "The ipedunce ofthe fs ph Zeieit = 8~3275:728) Q ‘The votgesoure supplies theft path dst. The cueot ough the fist pth is calcul by Obes La vs Zeon ine open igre 230 ‘Tsim ie n a ope ic condton, ‘he eure ough the ssond ph i: Ys les Tog = 2292) ‘The total souce curt in the open circuit onion i the sum ofthe 40 uments above 1s. open = Tes + Ihe open Js pn = 0.06 + 46.13) ‘The generator complex power i he product ofthe supply votige andthe source cureat conjugate, where the complex congste operation is dented by Matha xing te oven marke Sopen'= V5 open ‘The rest shows that he real power ene. The negative reactive power indicates thatthe vliage source abet eave power The pave sign com ‘eatin is not obyed a the supply of Figure 2.30 nce the cet Iyer exis Cather than ete) tom the pov vege terminal Bence, gaie power ‘leider racine owes absobed exter than suppl ‘he open cic vllage othe line end ihe ine crea iste peace of the reining capaci (The pen eet volge i Sopen = 0-351) MVA Ve open ® 7693 ~ 0.195 V [Me ope] = 7693 eV are( Ve open) = 0.14 deg ‘The supply vlage, Vs 75 RV. The open-cicit vue egy higher han te ppl voltage. Ta ac the open sit vole can be danger) high na Tong Te, where the high vslage can endanger the transis ie inslation This ieee to asthe Ferran eer. Power compan load the line with an dance when req, to eliminate the overvetige ita pea ‘Short-crcut Contin Figure 2.3 shows the equivalent circuit inthe shat circuit condon. Its sted tht he st diet occur tthe receiving ed the line: The equ lent crut shows atte short eek eliminates he rceving capstan CySeems aie — St igure 231 Tnsnisin ie so oe ‘The line carat isthe rato of the supply voltage and ine impedance Ys lace = PS hag = 037=185KA flo) = LAA ine ‘The active (eal) part of he shot clei cet i smal. The le esetive pais ndtv. Lape short cuit cures can produce aria and may dane ine conde. too. Utes pret the eanemisson lines with cuit eke ht pe he line automaticly when a shor cut occu Typialy. he sort cei caret is inerapid within 30-200 msee (3-12 eyes) Using KCL, the pp eure i Isher hon Hes 15 tt = 0371.8) KA [tar = 188A Calculate he complex input power Ss ston °=VsiSon Ss shor © 27.774 137. MVA, ‘Bodh the eal and the reactive powers ae giicat for the shor cut on, Loaded Condition Loading produces a voltage drop, which vases with the load. To eal the Toad effet, we Toad the line and plot the supply veliage vers the lead power “The practical question isthe calculation ofthe load when the pp vole isan exablsbed valve anda exntain load volge I o be maiatied. Here we compat the load power hes the supply voltage i 80 RV, the load vege is TS KY, and he pf i 0.75 aging. “The load dat ae: Viggt = 7SKV Plas 0.75. ‘The load ie variable, bu we test he calultion by using Png = 50 MW as a pes tae gure 2.3 shows the equivalent cic ofthe late ie sans a igure 252, Equal cei of he ede in Refering wo Equation (240), the absolute valve ofthe oad complex power 1 fonction of he variable ld Prosd Pha Stoaa( road Sioad{Pload) = 66.67 MVA Using the exgression fom Table 23 for aging lod, the vector vale of the Jad comple power i Sint (Pin) Siang)? FH) Ss (Pa) = 50% 481 MVA Had he lad bes leading (apt), te sign ofthe above exponential would Ive Bees negate. Pram Equation (2), the load caren ) Iu Pid) = 666.67 ~ 587.9558 Recall that the oven in th above etion i th mann with which Math al designs ecole ijt oraon. Tecate cane ae eccving end Tap r= leaps = 22.62) jeg “The lne cure isthe suf the ad and receving-end capacitance curens Tine Pioad) = Laps + Hoad(Pioad) —Nine{ Proud) = 666.67 ~ $65.33} A ‘The require sappy voage is the sum ofthe load vluge and the volge rp onthe ne mpd! Vaip(Poat) = Vou + Zincin(Piad) Vapi) = 102.95 + 22.14 kV‘The capacive carat at the suply sie isthe supply vokage divided bythe ‘cading end capacitive impedance Voun(Ptoxd) 7 eap_s(Pond) ep s(Phnd) = 668+ 31.405) ‘The soppy cuent is the sum of the line cuenta seing-end sap Teap(P tad) cap_s(P tad) + Tina toad) ‘The soppy complex power is ‘Swup(Ptoad) = Vayp(Pios)Teup(Piaad) — Swup(Pload) = 56.11 + 69.62) MIVA, ‘The proper operation of the poner system regres tit the Jad voltage be within 5% tis This ena the calculation ofthe iguation, which he Decenage vale ofthe voltage rp. The regulation shoul e les han 5, Hee ‘Ne define me voltage repuaton tthe difference between te absolute valcs ‘ofthe saply and lad voltages vided byte load voltage abso vale. The repulsion verse led Rea Pag) = Metta 7 ee [Noe that the moe than 40% sealton ie unasepable, “To pl the supply voluge Yetsus lad, we vay the load power acconding Plast = 0 MW, 1 MW.. 15 MAW Rea Pa) = 404% Figure 233 shows thatthe required soply votage vais lnsly with te load For the Mata plots pesewed inthis book the wnt fe given he zoominstor oa factio ving the parc variates the mame Spi. Sealy in Figure 233, the its of Ping td Vay are MW an especie. 'Apraccl question isthe determination of the load volage a specified supply votage. This problenclls forthe clclton of th load we he opp) ‘ollage i 80 KV. An appokimae vale of 10 MW ts deterred fom the Pe ‘The exact vale is calculated by sling Mag Pie = 80 RV ‘igre 238, Suplyvlage versa poe for Pag wing te Matha root equton slr gues vale forthe equation solvers Pigg = 20 MW aod the rest roat(|Vaap(Praa] = 80 KV. Prod) More informition onthe use of the Maa rot equation overs sven in ‘Appentn A 001 MW 282. Generator Supplies @ Constant Impedance Network Through @ tine Fire 2.4 shows te none diagram of «stem where a generator supplies 4 constant impedance load though stesso ln. The encaercan be Fepesentd by a vole sure and impedance In this example, we rele! he _szveruorinpedine and represet the genertor wih voltage sure cay. AF ‘Set pest he ie. The load terest by resistance and indie ‘eacance coneced in pall The egvalent cc is shown in Figure 2 8, The evi dats ste even teow. “The generator voage rain ad repens ae Ves I5kV = 60H of ey gare 234 Genero supplies ah inetace oa ep 4 ia [oie SRR cote came a owe! fino in ae ‘The tansmision line parameters ae Ripe LI Nig: 6 y= 30uF Trelosd impedance is R= 4D XL OD Equivalent impedance Calculation te system fequecy is 60H, the cpacve impedances tthe sending and seceving ends of he in ar: L Tos = Zey = 88.4199 jolts ae ‘The loa is represented hy a resintane nd eatnce connected in pal. The gullet load impedance i 1 2 A= 28842150 REL “The load impedance and the capcitince athe tne end are also comes in part Te chal inet tech, acer ‘The wansmission line impedance is comaected in sres with the combined Impetance ofthe load and capacitor. The equivalent impedance is Riget IMinet cr inet ce= 43629 + 16282) 9 ‘The combination of the impedances resus in simlied cui, shows ie Figure 236, in 1. etn Figure 236, Sinplie yt cet of Fine 25, current Calculation “The cents in hist can be cava rectly using Ohm's La. Pater ‘rst snplicatio ir uapeesary. The sending capacitor cumen Ne lege Teg = 169.646) Zes “Te line cues Me hin Z Nine= 301.916 112.4665 8 “The gencstor caret is the sm of the capacitor and line curens, The rent ie by = hes ie hk 01.916 + STARA {h] =3072834 6g = aa) 10.724 deg Voltage and Voltage Drop Calculation “The mex sg is the cleo of the load voltage, whic she product of he lin cuneate combine impedance of he lo and roving ond esc 3.993 — 1.6885) kV Vial = hie 1c Vie sre(Vieud) =-6878 deg ‘An lentive mato for clelting the oad vole i subcton ofthe votlage drop on the ie impedance fom the generator vokage! [ead = 14.095 8 Ne 13993 1.688) kV fg line(Rine*JXting Vad‘The load cents the io ofthe Jad olga loud impedance. ‘i uote d= amaaa- 210720 [hy = 391.st¢a anp(t.) = 43.747 dog ‘An slemate method for loa cient calculation i the ase of the Curent, vision equation Zes tha 299,828 - 270.725) A Toth 2 ah ine ‘The proper operation of household and oer eaupment ree the oad voltage be win about 5% ofthe med voltage The sana fr eect lies spel) ta the vole be within 5 fr 9S ofthe tne, and wih ‘26 for 0% of the tne, "The most fequety used method to evaluate the opeiing cna the calculation ofthe pecetae voliage drop or vokage regulon, The percenge ‘voltage drop i deied as Vonage dep chet Votag_ rp owe that Mathcad automat converts the facsonl voltage dap &o 8 pe ‘enage value; berefore the usal IOD% muir i at needed in the above orm The voltage drop in he investigated cut i sliply mor than is ot acepale 404% 26.3. Powor Factor Improvement CConsier factory that operates with 2 poor (hom) power fate. The wit pealizs the Tatry operator with a higher slescty rt. The opto cat lnstll «capacitor comeced in arll withthe load 1 improve the power factor al reduce the poner cost Figue 237 shows the system one lie die eam “Te factory load i: Proad'= IS0KW — pfggg = 0.65 inductive Vjggg = 72KV ‘The died power factor is: PRyp™ 09 (lagging), she o- igure 237 Power fitripeovenen by capi ‘The capaci dos ot afer the rel ower bu sede he restive pone: ‘Conseuentlyth loud carat andthe dese soppy cent ae clea sng te given Toad ale and the appropriate power factor Also the la so sup voltgs ate ema Using Equation (22) for lagging power fan, the oad Plead -F08() re fe oes — Plload Vioad a eee P&up Yioad ‘The capacitamecurentis the difrence of the soppy a ow caren. The capoctance cura i Tap = !sup Hod Tegp = M4260) ‘The capac provided reactive power i Qeap = Viowd leap Qeap = ~102.721j kVA, ‘The impedance of he capacitor is Moat Zap Teap 2g = ~$04.667} 2 Assuming 50 frequency. the capac needed improve the power is o=2n 50H 1 Fo%ap ‘This capacitor i connected in pal withthe lad «, a Coup = 6307 WF27 SUMMARY "eas ened hat he was aay ai wi mc of be fs iit ays aw, convention sa tehigus ped nt Sper fa fh chape has ten rove th tes we penne ae {6 spy congue ols, sach a Matha ad MATLAB, oat nae ate, sever quan tht we posit oe ease ve Heys ses fr eample syste etceny an volape elon Wich eto in Eyuions 30) and (230, vespecvey Patents cago should be eared ue meray baween el once aoe nr 0 ie 28 EXERCISES 1. What the ms valve of simsoidal voltage or cutee? Present the uation 2. Describe the npedane tangle, and present the equations for complex saponin of ingen of ese ad 3 Describe the les forthe calculation of an equivalent impedance when impeanes are conectd in series and in pall 4, How do ou ecu the insane power? 5. What isthe complex power? Wat he unit of measure for com. plex poner? 6, Preset te equation for he complex power aul. 7, What i fe sctve power? Whats the unt of eal power? 8. What te reactive power Wht i the ui of reactive power? 9. Wht i te power eaagle? 10. What se power factor? How ite ose? Give the basi equations for ‘he powe fate caleulation 1. Wit tne sign ofthe reactive power ifthe cueatis leading the vohage? Draw a eth ofthe caret and Yluge Waveforms 12 What tne sign of reactive powerif he cues agelg the voltage? Draw etch of the coment and vole wavefons 15, Describe Kiehl's caren ln 1H, Deserbe Kies vlae ne 15 Discus the Tivenin equivalent of a cic. Mls the concept with a diagan. 16, Presents equations for the cutent caleulation nthe ase of lode with lagging ind leading power factors 17, Draw an silent reuit fora ansmission ine, Key the compan. 18. What is the definition of voltage regulation? Present the equation and exert the meaning he ven 19, Diseus th concep of power factor corection. 29 PROBLEMS Problem 2:1 ‘Houscoldigheng vag is 120 Vi, Determine the voltage magnitude. What ierange ofthe me vokage the voltage wit 8% of he nominal ale Problem 22 ‘Calelat the impedance of the eta showa ia Figure 239, The 60 He network ‘io element ales aeBratch | Bratch 2 Branch 3 Bratch # Problem 23 A sas pas 3p, 240 V pool punp (mote rans afl od with 82% cf leney and a power factor of 0.73 Laing Calculate the capac ade to Improve power factor o 098 lagging, Problem 24 Two volage sources are connected ogetier tough an impedance of 2 = 12+ {210 Decne wich sous operas be ha and each ee sow ‘The voltage sources are: “ Vis TsRW0" ond Vem 1s VE 12 Problem 25 ‘The lect network shown in Figure 240 has 8 volage source of 10 V and the values ofthe inpedantes ae a follows: y=S-—18 8: Za= IO J3 0 Zs =5~ J 0, 2. m15+ 10.2. Determine a the el pore seabed ty 8h impedance, and (b) the wesctve power ofeach mgeduce gure 239 Newark fr Pen 22 Le} Problem 26 A sings vote suse of Vg = 22010" spi and ingens of 2a a5" cn) at at a) ‘alan ate owe are y aan) te perc fe Sil vive! ane sue, ad were Sa ggg inate Problem 27 ‘Two ideal volige sources are connected 9 each oer trogh a feeder with & ‘combination of mpedanes, a shown in Figure 2, The voltage source vale fae V, = 100 Vand Vy = 120 V2~ 25, andthe impedances are Z, ~ 108, =) 0.2, =~25) Band Z, = 3.2 Detrmine: (a) he el power of ach ‘eltage source and sate whether the source xpi tsobing el Power (©) te reactive power ofeach sure, an ate hehe the sore is supyng ot alsobing react power anc) the real and reactive power ofthe inpedani. nd state wheter the power $s supplied or absorbed” (8) Plt the Tel power oosued by te feeder span the power ange assuming fa the ale ves beeneen Ot 30" Find the maxim power consumed. Expl the te of {he power consumed vers the power sale [Note:The pover angle he phase ange dflerence betwosnpasrs Vy ad ‘Vz Ins part of the problem the phate angle of Vi ie aero, and replace te Es" bya vale ange for Vi Problem 28 ‘An indus plat consists of several singe phase motors, Te plan brs 8 ‘ower of 600 KN’ with power factor of 0.8 lagging fom the sbstation bus "The supply voluge is 1247 LV.) Fd the regred VAR rating ofa captor oanete ost the fad ise te power fo 00.95 ageing (0) Assaing 2 Sgachronous moor ated at 250 hp, with an 80% efcleny i operated frm % 1 ay igre 281 Cis Prem 27te sume bus atte conditions and nt for of OAS leading, cate ‘te ean spay power fc 2 Problem 29 ‘A-220-V bus supplies a motor and capacitor. The A BO bu apacitn. The single-phase motor fas the DV S=GSAVA pfs 08 dagtng) ‘The motor is loaded to its red capability. The ity. The capac i conse jn Fall with the mtr w aban ol pow fao of 099 leading. Dr the quiver ist, Determine the requized VA rang he capac sede caput aloe, Plt def «fant of cagutan: Fade copa needed to obtain a final pf = 1. Saree deere CHAPTERS THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS: ‘retical al eer energy generation and wansmision ystems use a thee pave cei. The dee phase energy i warped rough twee oe four an. “actors to large customer Onl the smal hosed pd light commercial ais Sc uppled hy single phase. The major advantage of he tee pase systems {he cfiincy of power transmission. Another advange is geeration of oma tenga for rotating machines This is partulrty sports for inxs with large motor Te aulton, the tree pose generar efciency bs higher than sinelepuse ui A te phase uansmsios ioe cates Ue anes he owe of {Single ln and egues pracically the same righ ay. Those aan {apes reso inthe odie use of te pase ict for electric power szeeaton, eansmision ad dstibation. “This cape eset tbe concep of he three-phase electric tansision tem; iste the mye and dea coonectons: ad he per ent sem fequey ‘hed in power engineering. This chaper also presents the caleuation of vol tee coer and power in tee-pase wye td dota systems, and cies ‘ce phase poner mesures 84. THREE-PHASE QUANTITIES “This bok pinay adres balanced the phase systems. A balanced system {Sone in Which the tee sausoidal voles have tbe same magnitude and igen nt Tr ri Cn tl phy Gms RaNCAITaN "Cipeda © a5 The ein of Ei an cei Ege‘foquency, and each is 120° out phase withthe other emo hat Vi costar) Vi costor — 120°) en Vi cos(ar — 240") = Vicor + 120°) [When Von 1g Van by 120° and Vu ns Vig by 120" the the syste Sid to have porte phase sequence or alo Called an abe ple ‘oucace ‘The pase sequence dese the order in which the pase voller reach tee ‘maximum (pe) vals with espe ote If Vy tnd Viele Ve by 20” 240, respectively, the gem his a negate phite sequence, A fostve phase Sequence as shown in Equation (3.1) sued rouse ts bok. 'A balanced the phase cic is one in which the louse such tutte went preued by the voltages ae alo flanced 60 = ty cosiae ~0) 1) = te costa ~ 9 = 120°) oy 1.) = bcos — 0 ~ 240°) whee the voltuge ofeach phase lads its comespoding eure by an angle of 6 ‘The uigonomerc enti costa) + cola — 1209 + cova + 120") 6 an be used with Egon (3.1) an (2) 0 find tht beth he sum of the balanced voles andthe sum of he balanced erent eal 2m fe, batt) 6 at) +l) O and 0) 400) +i) = ‘Recah the instantaneous power fora single phase isp) = lee). The ‘oa instantaneous power fr the phasis Val P= r+ 0+ pdt) = 38H 0518) = Vinny C18) 4) ‘The instantaneous tie-phase power ex contnt overtime! I sir manner, the tol tie pase complex power i Sr 9S 48)48e 8: 6s ‘where Ss the complex ower ny one he tire phases nthe Blane circuit ‘Threepse circuits employ wye (¥) and dl (8) comected neterke Figue 31 and Figure 32 show the physical amangemenss fr wye sod dete loads, respectively, 0 demonstrat the bast for tet hanes. Fs the ie of ‘demtal impedances within each anh ofthe lous a Y aagectat ca te pe gure 2, Dote coma ade transformed to 14 configuration (and vce vera sing te flowing elaon presented in Sotion 22.5, =a 66 Generators ad loads connected in ye and dla configurations are peseated {in the folowing sectoos. We find foe combinations pone: (1) VY. @)¥-. (G) AY, ant 4-a. Whe analying these comets, we sal deeoing ase and ine vale fo both alge an cet where phase suns deserve the values sero or hough each pate ofthe soc o oad. MATLAB Example ‘The MATLAB scrip below is used wo vise the time-varying voltages and cutentsof a tlaned theese 60 He ict. Consider the sie where the ‘tent lag the comesponding vote by an angle 840) = VV mt) 160) = VV este = 1207) 0) = VV costa — 240")LC) = Vit cost 0) Vlg cox ~ 120° ~8) VB cst = 240 ~8) 4) i We select an rms voltage (Vn) Of 120 Va ms cuTet Ty) 10 A, and phase ange of@ 45", The vector funtosavalale in MATLAB make sich ‘ompuations and graphing srigforwas ‘The nsatacoas el power in each phase an! he tal el power ee cued fom Pal =A) Pa =n) ae) = icone Pratl) = Put) + mld PO) sing MATLAB sana Tealeue 1 eed to change rs to a magnitude ‘ye = venavegre (2) *c00(W"t-4*Bi/3) fabpise(ona3) plot fevva, to: cesabs te ‘Pisbel(Woltage faite) Tegenat vat er, ¥e'T elele| (vmicee-Phave balanced system at Sunaets(eveg," he, and V tease ? by 35 1 Semovogreasconwre-aept/>-angte) + £2 1 Linstoqela}sooewee-avpi/>-anaiel fapiseia al Pieters tbervesdb, oe Fabel (scurrent (angel) compat, saaocaneoun foes tm each pase po = veleab / ooo, Pec veveie / 3000 WT ecepate fal power sn alt three phases subplot 3,223) 2s BLE Cpa bsp e189 Bt he"? ‘The resuing pls fom MATLAB are shown in Figure 3.3. Note tht te sesataneoes power of each pase varie ata fequency of 130 Ha thas ve ‘ing Equation 2.1) The insuntanous ttl power acento Bea Sons se ‘expected The tal power show athe gpa te vert using Baton (34) Pot = ian 088) = 30120 V)IO A) cos t8") = 2,55 W ‘The rede is emouraed ovary the pase angle (@) between the current and vollage fom 430" 90" to tay i ffect om he instance sal powers. 32. WYE-CONNECTED GENERATORS Figure 34 shows te phase generator cones in «wy (¥) conigurtion, ‘The geoerator canbe epesented by thre vltge sources whee the ma tes of the ae Soue volages (Va Vis Va) ae these, The pate i between he voluges is 120" Ths systema tie phase contr (a a) anda grounded seul (an) conductor. The nesta pat fare genes snot Sirecly woundel Aa impalane to gro ised to in cues i sort ‘eu osc. The inpedance i size mi ft current oA which the Threshold for ion damageigure 33 Tine-ing vole, caret a power in ced ce pave cect “Te voltage of pase a f3 Similar © Equation. xsl at the eference with phase angle phasor volage expression ar: Vau= Void Vea = Vets 120" on Veg= Voi 240" ‘where Vp i the pase voltage between he phase an! neural condos, a ie Called the lneoneiralvolege. An important proper of his aloe vlage Vn t Vint Va 0 co As note in Chapter Ibe power system voltage is descied bythe ms vale ofthe feortine voage The fnelne ologe Is so ted sip the ne ‘lage To tind pene expresions for he te line-in voles, We emp} KVL The KV ration forthe mobo oop Van Van— Von =O 69) wrccomecrpomerurons 108 Figure 34 Tice pe yesomeced geno ‘We erage the above equation and then subtiue for Vig in tems of Vax 1 fn at G1) =Vavicx0" Consider the tne vohage Vay t9 have magnitude V, and phase gle y Ge. Wax Vic). The relainthip between the lin--netal nd inet ne volgen em» ‘The lnetne volge magnitude is /F kines ler than te lne-o-eued (pss) vole, and the ie vlage la he seeming phase volage by 507, Fgur 3.5 comparison ofthe retivemagnitids tte line tnd Pe ‘ollages and the passe sift between thom,igre 35 Conpurion of te rave magne fs he se si bene te ne.) apse a) ves, Sima: KVL expressions can he developed for the oter two ine voltages ‘The dee line voles ae: Vac" Vi V3L30" = Wan — 90 om VegVSL30 = VayV30~ 210" ‘We wil nd tthe wye-connected generator with its te lneo-peta vat age sources canbe equivalently epesenta ty a deta-coneed gener having tee sources equal oth above fine valtge, and ice vee Mathcad implementation ‘A tf exes iso mame veil he sve ston wing Mata ‘avi ne voluge of 120 ¥ snide slug pase ® (Wa) Selected a he ference, with vr pe ange 0) Vag = 120v.e 88 ‘Note that Matha has wo eli the ist eu sign ( 4 val is end: he eon el ign (=) wel ooh the ae of ‘aval Alough te ple voltage sous cad fave bon singly ener 5 °Vi.2= 1201, we he dane oath vale ns aarey emote ht Vania pase gouty Vi = Vane ow Vou = Vane MOE aus) “The mamerial aes a: Van = 1200 Vig: 60 103925}V Vy = 60-4 103.9955 V ‘The sum of he Ace Voliages i 20, trey conming Equation (3.8: kV 616) Van Vin Ven ‘The lne voltages calclated sing the loop equation, The KVL equation forthe pablo i Van-Vab-Vin=° on From this equation he volagebeewee an is Vab*Van-Vin 180+ 103.923) V [Vag = 207.886 V—ne( Vp) Silay, using KVL, he voles betwen ean xa: Vee = Vin Ven ei) Vea = Ven" Van 20) Toe numa ales a: Vay = 180+ 13.9231 [Val xf) = 30d 07846V _arg(Vpg) = 90.68 Ve 207866)V |i = 7180+103923}V [Veg] =207846V —ara(Vq) = 150deg The obtained numeric! valves show ta he phase ange betwee he lin vosin voluges 12, and the phase age ewe he e-toc athe Tnetosinevobge is 30" (eg. Van = /Vue = 30"). Te lneone volage in V3 tines lags tha he iene vage Ce Va = VIN) Tas ‘elsonship sisted on he paso igramof Flue 3.6Te por Sram ‘teary stows eI” phase shit between the Hine-o-ine and Ineto-aa votes, and the consrcto of the neti vhages bythe sbaton of {he two lineo-cual og106 naemaseoncurs Figure 6 Por Sagem fs wyecomnse alan tem ‘The lnetotine phasor voltages can be also calculated sing the following expressions from Ejuation (3.12 Vay = VV ag ean Vig = VEN pg 22 am Vea = V3Veqe OME 62) Using these equations, the numerical values ar acute Vag = 180-4 108923)VVpg=-207846)VVgg = 180+ 108.905) Comparison of the reals shove shows th validity of the exustions, these ‘ales te the same a ose obtained exer using KVL. 33, WYE-CONNECTED LOADS [A ye loa can te connected toa wye genre via ether a hee-wie or & fourire system, as shown in Fgue 3.7 Most high-voltage eansminsion nee ‘sea thee-wire grounded stem, The lous ate counted betwen the pies ‘hwouph waanfamnen. The ground cet is minimal, preferably zs. tn te istibuon level, te our-wie tem i equenly usd. The Beual wie Insulate, shough ii grounded the tnatrmer sites. "Ate low voltage lvl th the tee nr and four systems ae wd by nds. The lager indus completes use a te-wite 460 V sytem for gt eure 37. Tire and four wre wyecomcte systems, (Tienes: (Fourie tn ‘moras. The smaller loadsa spl hy 4208 V four wie system. where the ight abd sl loads ae connected between the pes and the neta me ‘andthe ager Tous ae connected between the pases ad supplied by 208 V. ‘The motors ae sapied by the 208 V tee pe system 'N nyeconneted enero can be lade by thre mpedaaces sonnet in 4 wye configure, as shown in Fgue 38. Te phase cond (Be © sonnet the load ined (22a) the Seurces andthe neta ondacor ‘Sonnet the newt pit of he ours the neta of the len. The ne ‘ta point of the ures is grounded to ere thatthe petal fhe pase co ‘cos tothe grat remains constant. Thi ian importa safety cousin, actual appcans, gerne mt penny connected dicey tothe lad, sn exception is tipo power spstems. Loads we connected the generar ‘trough cnsfomer and Wansmison lines, which ae the subjects ofthe next ‘vo cages, or the fourvie cic the source voltages are connect diet to the Jal impedances andthe newtal conducor provides art pa for tach ase cent, Eich source ineo-pewl ollage dives a cue trogh the fomresponding inpedance. However in general fora mye-conneted loa, te terminology “load voltage” refers othe lne-o-lie voliage Plgue 88 stows thatthe carmen each phase ean be called hy ving the appropiate Jnesto-ocual volage by the coresponding load impedance in tat pheigre 38 Tre se wyecoanctd gem with inp ‘99.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-wire System) Mos tee tne ems peat with alan oa, whe exh pe ais these nd ory nd witht tame inptace Bec e es Soa ing seis cai are pT ce inphse band ehave thse spl an as passe bt Oe ns shift between the currents is 120°. ee ms tering Fw 38 sn ing KVL plied wo pas om “hele cant in pte is 4a 625) Since = Za = 2, = Zy the line caren in phases bad € ae identi in ‘magi tof, but aging by 120° and 240" respectively. Using ths fact ad ‘plying KCL athe neal node ys b=hehek=o 625) ‘The complex power in the Jad of ps wis S.=Vall on ‘The otal theese complex power the tines the single-phase power shore Saas o2» Mathoad Example ‘The balanced the phase Y-Y sytem represented by single-phase equivalent ‘eat Thik cet earesone-thidof the tol tre pce power The iret ‘terse by thin neta voltage. Tolls te calelton of the cuent Sn balanced tree phe system, we astm that the generator of Figure 34 ee ya hepa load of 3 AW witha power factor of 8%, lgsing Pp toud= 3000 W Plggd = 08 | Van = 120 ‘The spsem is peste by the single-phase cqialet diag shown in Figure 39. The ond in ths cucu eth one-id of he tepase lad ad the line o-eul voltage energizes the ecu P. "3ph_load : Pipe Pip = 1000.W “Th ine cra in phase is ee) VerPhaa ‘The exponen i ezatve because i Igping. The cients of phases b and eshte by 120° nd 240" especie 1 6x lps ye Kegs 30) “The numerical cuentvlus ae: [A 8BB-GIHA Hye -BST—40IIA— = 16+ 1O3}A ‘89.2 Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-wire System) ‘An analytical devon ofthe line cuensin te unbulanced case proces in the same manner ar that for the balanced case, eacepe tit each pase ust be O°] gure A9- Spee equi eee sym wi blacseparately analyzed. Assuming tht the neta tu ln asa 2eo ingen, ‘is implied in igue 38, means at ech ine cut can be eerie wg Onm's aw: wee aed ede as ee ed a Leneneo ox ste oso py es SSG Rett 0x Since the unbalanced case requires the analysis of all the phases se of @ ‘compe program is highly advantageous To perform sch teptine complex ‘ale eels. Mathoad Example ‘This Mathcad example analyzes an unbalanced fourviceY-Y system to fn the line cuneas andthe total tre pase power. To usta ths load cet a ‘alton the odin phase a's Sled resistance ad aditace conned Z= (0455-0 ‘Te oad in pase eset a resistance and capacitsce connect in eis 2 = (2-5-0 ‘The Joa in phase esa pure resistance: © Zy = 13.0 “The phase carents ar calsated by Obs Law ‘ yale eet aso % % 2y KCL te cata heal coir hem fe ae cs autbel e235 For ineo-neual votes of Van" 20V Vg = ~60-103923)V Vg 60+ 103923) ‘he numerical resus fr he ine sat a: 1, = 95-4854, 1, = 0039-8638) A615 +7994) Jy = 5.023 5.444} wecomecreniaans $11 igre 3. a dhs calelation arate tht the pe cures do ot aet ach ther ifthe ntl conduct impedance is negligible “The amlysis shows tat a wyeconneted seen his 6 voltages (ieto- nea ine o-teual and sage Held aeat (case te ln ad oad ‘tents re decal in each pate Power Calculation. The genertor complex power cn be called by com ing the complex power ofeach phase and adding ther together to ota the foal tree phase power The complex power ofeach pase saluted by uh ‘pling he apprise source voltage wit he cmesponding caren cues SYal = Meh ‘As remind, Matbead signe he complex conjgste operation sing an ‘ovelne notation The tre pase complex power 847 Spt Se. ean S3_phase “The conespoding numerical vale at: 11524 576) VAS = 898337—s2228) VAS, = 1107602,VA, 5, phase = 3155.029+ $3.73) VA ‘The fst number is the eal power: he second number i the eactve power. It ‘an be seen ta phase w canes induce race owe (ging Phase b ‘ies capaciv ective power, and in pase ee reactive ower Zr. 249 Wyecormcted Tweet sym (Uerzatowced Sho) Figure 310 shows a myeconneted the-wie system. Thee wye-comectd sources supply tre impedances also connected im wye. The net pit (a) of he genera i ground, But the rpply and Toad neural point ae x onneced together. This eliminates the dc tun path The eal ie uentseeerate a vole ference (Vy) between the neural pot of the _steraor and the neal pont of the aad genes “The stem opaon i demons hough eral example, The ba anced spp ieee votage is. VL p= 480 V "The ee loud impedances aes‘Te reference volage ithe lin neta votge of pate a The ine-o-neta voliages a: Ve = Vue P00 38.564 ~240) Ve = 138.564 + 240) Voltage Ditlerence Between the Neutral Points “The system contin thre ins, which re g—a-om, g—-om aod ger The current ae calculated from the loop voltage equations (KVL). As tn example in loop g--a—a-rg the dieence of he line--teural lage andthe vliage between te neat points (Vu) drives the curent tough inpedanoe 2 The Wein ve we “a8 ‘The sum ofthe eurents in node point mis zea, The mde point eqtion for nomi Var Ves | Vo=Ven | Ve“Ven Ze % % The voltage diference between the seul points is clelsed fom this equation The vltage difereace Dewees the nual pins v 639) SI-[B I, ‘The numerical result shows that he voage diference is significant 149.788 V 11297 1002465 V ‘en ‘The cures are calculated by subtining the obsnedvoliage diference in Equation (38). The caren ae 207-0345) = 21024 p= 073-4414), [to] = aria. ke = 1344 4.7565, ‘The caution the powers sila the peviows case “The above anassie for an unbalanced load. We can exc the ress othe ase fa alae load by cnsieiag Equation (3:9) when Zy = Za = Ze (ant Vint Ye) a Vin Va Rte In addition, we now fom Equation (3.5) that the sum ofthe balanced volge Sources ist; Herter Vg = 0 fra balanced thre he clei 34. DELTA-CONNECTED SYSTEM Figure 3.17 shows a three-phase generator commected in a dea (A) sage: ‘Ben. The voltage Between fermi ab, bead a athe ine trie voles Fors balanced teense spe, the agatudes of these volapes are eq nd the pane sift tetween them i 120 The voltage between phe ab Ib selected asthe reference wih zero phase angle. Te dela source ine) vo a0)igure 311, Deuce ener de sual yea yom ‘The delu-connocted generator can be converte oan equivalent wyeconneted supply consisting a thre voliage curr, ae shown in Figure B1-The vag ofthe equivalent wye-comected sources ae the ine to-putal vag, wich se calclatd ftom the iet-ievoages sig the enon blow, which ae ‘Seely a restatement of Equation (12), Yapor ya Mepoe fae Maer ve Meow y, Seer “0 vant % ‘sy ean) ‘The practic se ofthis conven that we can assume ler & 936 oF 8 ea conection for te supply depending onthe lou. I the cise of dela load the dea coanection is mote svamtagous, a kewise inte ca of @ ‘ye load the assumption of a wye-comocted source smplies the elu, ‘Most of the time, ease that the sappy cosmid in mY In gerera th linetorine voli i Hated ae the rated volage ofa tree phase sytem. As an example the 300 RV system, which ued for bulk energy "yusmusion in most par of the Unie States, har line grond voltage of ‘oon '= 298.67 KY since the iene voltage isthe $00 kV oe =e cf vag i the 50 Mathcad Example ‘The analysis of the delurconeced system ix presented through & numerical ‘sample. The ineo-linevoages with Vy atthe reference ae 120g Yap = 208VVpe = Vays! Veg = Vype 08 6.2) ‘The muri vals ae; Vp = 208 Vgg = 104 180.133} Vgq= 1044 180.133) ‘This delu-connected generator il e coon to a balanced la and then a ‘unbalanced oad inthe Mathcad examples in the to sues on 344. Balanced Delta Load Figure 3.12 shows a dla comectd lia which he netotne (ous) ol age ae diet applied to the kad if te ne impedance is nee, Ts ‘mplies thatthe applied voles ar depen! of cach ae Consequcay. the clclation ef the caret ais sficient nthe case of blaned Tom. The utenti phases be and en will ave the ste sapliade and rete pose ‘gle as a, bat wl be shied by 2120" "Te current Usough impedance Za is compute using O's Law Gas oa) Subsituting the Obs Law expressions forthe pase caren yids Ye Yo Gas) Za Ee Bye = Zan = Za tad for 3 balnced oa, G45) tae") tac" The line cumens V3 ties lager than the dts ond (pas) cut, Figure 12 Duta coms!The vole Vay and cure for Za oy the psive ig convention ca empl owes en re Mer 7 Su =Vals os "The tral ree phase complex poweris the times the single-phase power above. eis imporan o ate tha the above analysis is aplcable tou ds ad ting sopptied by eter (a deka generator with hae voltages Vay, Vic ae ew Fa nye generate wi neo nota vag Vag. Vagal Vos Mathoad Example ‘To lusrat thecalelaton ofthe line and phase cues in blaned the ‘hase system, me assume thatthe sources in Figue 3.11 ae loaded bya thee ‘has load of 3 EW with a power fctor of 03 aging. Paph_toaa™ 3000W Phoad The into-ae phasor voltage is et to Vay = 208.6 148 y Phase ab caries one-third of the ttl tre phase load andthe inne voage supp ds fond P ph load in Ary eromw 849 =o i eee 5488-30008 fl ig) =-i58708 ‘Te currents of phases be and are shied by 120" sad 240°, espetvl. Iyer 208 Ihe = Tgp = “5527-23615 Iyer 068 lea leg = .719-+ 5.965) ‘From KCL snd fering to Figure 3.12 the tne erent ae apo he I Team the Gsm) yeh ‘The numerical vals forthe tne caren ae 40m9-957)4 fl 104094 arg) = 66.87 des Ip = -10.384+ 12455 10409 ary) = 173.13 Je 62454 832714 anal) = 83.13 Compson of he ine cores ws tt hic amples te sane in ech fhm an the pe si tevee he e120 Conroe of te Une Ble canes sath ecu i Vines te pss cuenta te fle sins -37 shown i Fg 3.1 Tht phasor Gaga gee “opiate al eecomected tans sysens. Tas eanpl ash a inn deta sytem we have wo caret (pas and lin) sone waa he Unie vo) ‘av aro mcd foreign caret in a alae yt woe Egon 8.46) Fite os) Figure 313. Phase dam of deta-omecte taced te,‘The numerical values te: T= 4089-95754 |b 10.4094 aryl.) = -6687dee ‘Similar ors ae used clue the curentin phases band 342. Unbalanced Dota Load Desivaion ofthe in and phase currents inthe case fa unalancod det Jd proceeds i asi manner st tt ofthe balanced dela Toad. Referring Figure 3.12 cach land (pase) cunts dec competed from Obs Las lend? ye Zu he le 832) Ze ‘Thelin cures must be deteined frm applying KCL. a eich oe of the Ind Laken ke Ratt 633) Lala Foran untae ond, ve will ad ta he lne cats and loa cuss through each pase ate diferent and ht they ae ot evenly eprate By 120" Mathcad Example “The dea or wye connected Source i loaded withthe impedances connected ina dela, The impodnces Ap=BQ Ae H(W+j1H/A — Aye QS-j2H.M ‘The dee phase equivalent crc of the lol in Figure 3.12 shows that ‘ch etre volisge diecly energizes th comespendine impedance, which implies tht the curen hough each impedance can be cll by diving the appropriate line-in volge bythe coesponlingipedance. The cents of he impedances are eacused wring Ohm's Law. The pase curens ae Yap Noe Nea wee hen Z lange os ‘he numerical les ae: [lao] = 90438 ara(ly) Tye * 7038-3385} Ig eg 7812A amply) = ~154287de8 1 61.348 deg =-59184 1998) fal =62468 ay) ‘The numerical vss sbow tht the phate sis between the phase cures sxe nt 120° asin the case ofa alaoed load, nore the Creat magnitles oy The cues the conductors conecing the gobo the fas ae the line currents. The line current cane clelted wing KCL. The toe poi equation fora is Teele From hs equation he eae ine is Las lable 855) ‘Using the node font uations fr ads and permite the calculation of the Tine suo ban ehenhs kt lahe 050 ‘he numerical ves ae 4961-19988 | = 15.0944 ara(h) = -7.605deg 168.099¢ee 082-3389) || = 16435 rally) = 245387)A |i] =5502A arg.) = 78253deg In the case of an unbalance load the in crest manitodes ae diteen in ah pase and te phase shifts reno 120° 35. SUMMARY ‘Te caren, voluge and power relationships for = wye-connected source are smmasized in Tbe 31 fo the eases of 4 blanced myeconacted Id ce igure 314) and dela-consecte oad (ee Figue 3.15)== an == =enore a eee a re oe eee nS ae oo eens ONS Madge Seether eam evii 36. THREE-PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT Power mesuremens generally require warmer. An analog wate has 140 ‘pts carent and volage. The cueat ipo connected insets with nd Figure 315 the voltage ipa in parle withthe seply or oud. The watmeter provides 2 measurement the average Power (P). In ation a volmetee and an mp Ice are wed determine the rms values of the voltage a catenin Ab Im) Dig power meters sample the volge and cent waveforms anda micro proceso ales thers vale the vollage and caret Alo the instant eos voltage and cuent eaings are muliped to calculate the insantaneoas wer: The aveuge vale ofthis product ives the eal power (). "The measure da permit the clclaton ofthe power factor (gf) andthe spatet power (8). The magnitude ofthe complex power is ISI=I9T |= Vet om “The power fate is . i 639 we 58) ‘he tre: and fursie power measurements desi below ae valid for tite aloe nbalaneed tee pase syste 8364 Four-wre System Fora fovire yt the load an be connect heen the pie condactrs, tor between the pase conductors an he neal. This may result a unbalanced Iealing, which girs the metsurement ofeach pase separtely, tat thee ‘entices are oie, Figure 3.16 shows the typist mensarng sytem sing Imlog meters. The measurement system provides a caret a voltage, an 8 Dower reading or cach ofthe tree phases. The sum ofthe measured three Powers eves th tal thee pase power Pee tat Pat Pe 6)Thee igre 316 Measrenest onsets fo «furnish ys, 862 Tree-wire System na te-wie syste, the loads are connected between the pate condor, The sam be i ite ares wih pre mre he a as power wth jus two water, Figue 3.17 shows he cousin darn Foratte-wire system. The cueat of pase A andthe lage bee has A ‘nd B feed one ofthe waters. The cen of pase Ca he alas toons Pass Cand B supply the ter wathneter The watnetee mules rhage ‘and comet values, and determine the cage pomer vac ‘Te reading ofthe watnces can he ered in compen notation. The Bower is the real value ofthe volge times the caret conjugate. Accistaghy, the reading ofthe watmetr tat i connected ocaent Aan wotage AB Pea = Re(Vaal) = Rela — Vo) REV -WR) 60) =O meee igure 17 Meaney conan for e-em, Sina, te ding ofthe watmete tha i connected to cent Cand woage cis Pos = Reeal) = ReVe—W)lf] = ReVele Val) G1) We al prove at es of he vo watt eating he ae a Pr= Pan + Pow (3.62) “The wr ofthe wo poner ase Pr ReWal, Val) +Reele Va) Simple of te expresion yl Py = Relat, + Vole — Vuh +191 0 Real hate su fe hie cen ch hat Want to 65 Siang caret mean he poner eton ve: Pro ReWVal Ver + 865) “The el valu fhe components can be seared individually, which eats Realy) + Re = Pt Pet he > my) + RewVere) os CConseqenty, te sim of the two Winter readings isthe tre phase rel “A similar diva sows thatthe diftence ofthe so watimetes seated wo the eactive ower. The equation fr ett vee pase reactive power ts Or = V5iPas ~ Pos) 669) 8:7 MATHOAD EXAMPLES {87.4 Analysis of Motor Operation in Delta and Wye Configurations: Adc phase 6 He mor ated a 75 bp and 460 V operates witha fisieney {oF 00 anda pove factor of 07 lagging Assming the moor connected (1) i {ye and (2) deli eacunte te inpot power, the comple and sectine Pers, and te mor phase and line caren fr hath cass, Rep ofthe omection type, the mato vliage she ine tone voltage‘The wye and dels connected mtr stuits ae given in Figure 3.18 and ‘igure 319, eapecely. The moor dats ae ssigoed to apogee vat: Pp = 75hp n=09 a= OOH Vn = 460-> Uinecanpeast ion en = ‘The MATLAB plo ofthe regulation venus the compensting capacitance i sown in Fgute 3.4 alog wth he minum capacitance vale fra vlage ‘op. The graph shows tht at fist he seis capacitor edie the lage dsp by outpensing fr the cic inductance. The volage drop etches mani when the capacitor and cieit ine and geaeser)reacances ze eu (C= 1.6 mF), When the capaci impedance becomes ger than the Lie pede, gure 21 MATLAB plot fulton vers spensation aps, the lve is oversompensated and the vole op increases. The waitin 5% regulation ats oa eguesncompesaing apace of 1.0 mi, 392 Throe-phase Feeder with Two Loads Athee pase source (f = $0 Ha supplies det coaneted and a wye-onnss ted oad trv fees as depicted inthe ce-linedagram of gare 325. The Source is pound, wye-connctd ses ‘Tad 1 deltecomnested and is a syne oad Phase ab seris comected inductance and resstinos: Le = 35H, Ry = 2200 2 ign 225 Three ae geen spying mo aay ‘igre 326 Equivalent cc for eps ener png wo ads Phas be pallet capacitance and inductance: Cue = 0.5 UF, Le = 6H Phase en series capacance and resistance: C= 1.0 nF, R= 1000, Load 2s grounded, wye-coneced symmetrical loa Vine™ 198 RV, Phe = 30 4W, fiat = 0.75 lasing ine I eeder to Load 2 impedance of 0:45 + 0.65 fn, ength = 6a ‘The oie of he ealelto he detain of he eid spy vote cet and poe The major eps of teed a 1 Dra the dhe ase comecion drm and aut the impedances of the dels load, ae nes 2 Cale te Load 2 curents phts ab, ) andthe voags (ses 8 ate ger ein. 2. alsin te generate oes add dca 4. aka tedetecomerte Loa ne cares pnt oem complex power nc pe. ‘The equivalent cet diagram given in Figure 3.26 Matiab Program ‘The ict parameter at et ist 4 system frequency (il: and rad/eec) ine s (04g + Je0.68) #62 ¥ ome Referring to Figure 326, the impotance on each lee of tbe deka load is comput Ta Rat Jala Wan + lex ~ WiJolny + Jot L Y= Rat 1 1 Geleugts hs inpedgses of dees toad Bie = a/ (a gettbe) + 2/ jexibo) Poa © Rea + 2/(gsomegareen Next, te wy loud (Loud 2) cents and votge are alate. The corent in pase As caluled fom the single-phase complex power, which Pata janet 6%) Platz ‘Te into vos of pi Af he ne id i et se eon wane ote of Une he pes RATEAB pe a ‘het on iso ues clon a te indinl ce ad Wotan tee pes Dc Li Tm tne, ond 2 ln ‘ero he oer Pvc ig y 20" a 300" Fron Captr ne ae 1 ==(5) where Vag = Via"8 x Ploadavexp jsasos pf 2oad5))/(3-¢pf_2oada) ays con (eu/vaay sp js120¥p4/ emp3e240%p3/200) (ihe Seer terminal vokages (wth espe ground) are compe wsng RYE fom te source to the wye-connecte oud esa which in poscdod seen in Figure 3.6, Vee Za Besa the wye lads blaned the other ine-to-neutal oad votages (Van nd Vex) las Van by 120" and 240" respectively. The penctor hectee ‘volage are also alae frm Kuehhotfs sage Ine Wes = vaso (=je220ep/140) « 1h reznine og © vaterpicdeaeoepi/aes} ¢ Iona tabs vag . wee S vog - veg ‘Sino the lntotne voltage re acros the inv dca load inpedanczs, ‘he cen though each dels Teg easly Jtemine wis Okan hoe Va eT {Te ine crens ft the deta load are obtained frm applying KCL atthe thre deta nes. p= ky From KCL. ett caret from the eich sure isthe sum of the cues fete los Lehothy hahothy kekpthy aly, the sour generated complex power is determine foreach ps Soa» vay t cons el Sa Wig! Say a Matlab Results The MATLAB nsuls fom PhaseCireaitn avoy = 840 PSPICE EXAMPLE ‘A230 RV hiph-ltage, 60 He eework spies 69 kV local network: though ‘our substations. gu’ 327 shown the online Sigram ofthe 6 KV sytem, ‘This stem suplis te ditsbuon stations, wich hve constant inpeance loads. An eguent impedance models the load on each disriton sto, ‘Using load ow suds, th wl dries the magnitude a pe angle of voltages the 69 KV bse: 123 and # ofthe suplyng 230 KV sbsatons. “The wily lb ovis the soc cet came ate 69 kV us. ‘8.4101 Calculation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters For the analysis of the 69 AV system, the 250 KV network is serene by ts Thevena equvalen excita each stbstion, The Théveia eguialent 4 yollage source and reactance connected in seis, The source vag i the ‘lly provided Ineo ground votage (mnie and pase ange) a he 9 KV buss The equialntTheveninmpeance of the 230 KV network athe 69 KV bus is allied rom th tty provided sor ect cents, Fuerte we assume that the yoltage of the 290 RV sytem constant sd unaffected by the KV lots, The voltages the 69 RY bases ae @ = 2-60EHH ws “ HES] E a E i ‘igre 327 Oven agra of 69 EV nett Subsasion 1: Vsuby = 67.5kV 6) = Ode Subsation 2: Vsuby = @2RV 5g = 10deg ‘Substation 3: Vsuby = @9RV 83 = 18deg Substation 4: Vou = 65KV B= 224eg “he shor ccc a: Seton sory = 125A sutton 2 phon, = 75 KA Subton 3: shor, = SKA sation 4: hor = 75KA ‘The loads at (all lagging 2) “he tamnission ne data ae: m= 17 ‘The ie impedance per mile is: Zing = (0.27 + 0.78) ‘The Une lng re: thine, = 155 Ging ings = 37 lng, = 9 Ahines = 351 ng Bho, = 18m 1310.11 Load mpedance Colelaton. The loud impelance isa resistance ‘nd nace eameted n paral. The mpessnce vali re clued ng the rated nominal vag of 69 KY. “The resistance the food impedance salad rom he given owe vale eakyy? ny = k RL) = 71060 RIg= 573610 RL = 71.060 ‘The indocince calaation requires the deteminstion of the reactive power sing the power fiir and ative power values. The equations ae: fe ou woo) . Heyy Ke = 4 aeweooe] OHH) * Hey? yay) waaay andi magnindeis xsi] =34c1 ‘Te above ckesaton yes te magne field x andy components (Hy and 1) which are complex vectors, and hich ae separated by "in space (ee ‘enbogenl. "Te ttl magni fld vector (Hy) is clelted by seputly peering 4 vector adton ofthe real and inuglaay compooents ogeter (ie Equation (419) to oban eral and imaglaary compooens ofthe tal magnetic Bld Vector Howeve, the magne fx density ormagnetic eld mages se the al desea quantsis, then te magitude of the age Hal canbe compated lve fom the magnitudes of th x andy components using Eguation (15). The magnitude (es Vale) of the magnet eld te selected pin: Had =[TGOTE — Hags = a9 ‘The magnetic hx demi (B) i wed o estimate the magnetic eld environ mentee Then density Bid 99H nag) 9) = 95748 gs = 957507 “The distbuion of he ux dest under the tans ne at 1m height 's pod in Figur 4.23 for ange of ater dstsnces fom the le. "The maximum Rox density ours dey Below the center (hae B com sco: Bod 819) Ppax= 109829 ‘Ata megs, de fx dnstis under cnuctrs A ad C are Pad) = 9528680 Baden) =95.748 mG nda the 100 08 250 feof the Fgh way they ae hg 1008 ey = 1356 gd 208, 1m) = 9.085 m6LT Mm S00 208 10891053080 igre 423. Macc ox Sen ander thee at 1m Rei ‘Several ses have investigated the hea effets frm expoure to mag- ‘sue elds A few tien linked longterm expose to an incendie ‘caper and cildhoodlevkemia> Over resarcher including the US. Envi ‘oomeatal Proton Agency, report po advese elfecs fom the magoetic fois. However, palic misconceptions have nevrdcles complied es to adopt limits on gate elds near pomer ines At preset ties lit the Bel wo wound TOD m0 atthe edge of the nigto-way and try to keep itbelow 10 mG in resdenial areas close tothe line. Figure $23 shows that the magnetic eld decreases apy with stance. Inthe present example, he Mx density i es than 10 mG ifthe dtnce is mre tan 250 fom the Tne comer 4426 MATLAB Program for Magnetic Fleld from Three Pheso Conductors. ere we me the MATLAB function pested in Secon 42. ‘0 compute and plot te combined magic eld rom ve pase condicors 9 the geometry of Figure 422, Fis he ine daa ae established using ‘esi al pr eh 3 sagneticrielarhreetaee.n Ilias apl-tzojeps/aeol, 4 Pee B current Tat emt 2e0spi/ Next, the huge fection i epee called fr each (x) poston © onpte the x andy components ofthe magni eld generated by each a the phase comdoctr. The ttl magnetic Held magnitude i then determined wing Bguaions (424 and 1 Dat slong! A aymeie field (K/te) ae to each phage conductor (ioe Mbyl = fmagtierd (qb, xb, yb. x42) yi} fon, Heyl bmgeieastze, wey ye. 31S). 713) Sy 2 Glay aby Tey! + com fmagibes) = ware labs iO “2 © aeOmy) 2) “The est are plot hing the MATLAB code shown below, and are sown Fitssibvercical Fosteions ¥ (20°)Pate magnetic iets naval) ‘ab Reighe of! natitriyad rete 443. Inductive Reactance AC cet in he condor pods 5 magni fed inseam oui te ‘dtr own in igure 4.18 The mag ines onsen ‘he calla ofthe ne nda res elton Raps ‘lux inside and outside the conductor. a 4431 Extemal Magnetic Fux. Conssr a conductor of et r eying ret I 8 shown in Figure 4.25. For the cleltion ofthe enter lu we igure 424 Magnes ln rd dhe 150A ple contr WANGMESONEMERECTREALPANETENS 108 gure 425 Mepac x alesiton cus estonia) selest a magoetic x tne at rads of. The magnetic ld intensity i leu Ine using Arpere’s Law. The magnetic Held ity from Equation 43) . «425 = 2s) ‘The magnetic Hux density from Equation (4) Boj Hl (626) "ier For the cleulaton ofthe magnetic fax density, we select sll tubular section The thiciess of the seston isd andthe length if Referong to uation (47), the extemal eld xin bolrclemedt of length Zand thick an The fox passing Urough the plane paced herween Py anid Psi alae by inaprating the fox desty between Dy and Dz The magnetic fax ‘This equation wil > wet cleat he phase-comdctor generated fx snd inductnce. 4432 Intomal Magnetic Fux. For the stleulation of the magnetic eld inside the conduct sal tabla section seated, a shown n Figure 426igre 426 tern conde, he current Ls uifrmly dsubutdin the ondaco, the ue (within 4 isl eon srr he at the cos seo sa fa ‘ection ad the entire conduct: 29) “Ampere’s Law is applied to the cela section marke by the htc ines. ‘The magnetic Held ines is found by sbsiating Equation (429) mo (4.3 Roo an 430) The magnet Bx dest Bes ole = Hox sk sp The Volume ofthe tubular element of thickness dx and length aV = Lands 39) -Accting to Egon 4.10), te mst eegy soe in tubular cement or ics td ng “ener “ oma =22(E) caeeds a9 “Tae magnetic engin the coors ound by itgratng the above equation enweenO andr The systematic iegatn of the expesion yes ‘The magnetic energy can be expressed either wih the atm ndutance of the contr (.) or wi the tral Bux. The magnetic Hus and sedatance ‘shin i ue be 4436) ‘The general eqn forthe magnetic energy in an induct i Weibe. «sn The combination of hese two estos gives the energy Hx relton: Hem 139) ‘The sondoctor magnetic Ho i eluted frm sbsiuting Equation (4.35) inn the aove rato FAA t= et (639) “Te intresting conhsion i atthe ltemal fux in a conductor carying a cent indepen ft ras. 4433 Total Conductor Magnetic Fux. The ‘tal condscior generated agnetc xis the um ofthe ftermal and extra es, Equation (28) ‘ves the condor generated lax pasing thraoph the plane paced Been 0 fot, and Py 2 shown in Figure 427, The dstanees betwen the center of {he conductor, aid P, and Ps ae Dy abd D, respective or the detention f the fx tween te condotor an an exter oi Ps lao on Ue condoctor surface, s shown in Figure 427. In this ease, Dy ‘ul to the concocted. Te substation of Dy =r in Equation (4.28) Sd eplacement of D: with gives spenerl equation for he elem magne fx oene 40) whee is he distance from the cone ofthe onda 1s the oot cure nt ete condor lengthigure 427 Fx twee he contr mala etl oie ‘he total condoctr generated fut, which ie the su of te itera an exe. EEO] on coking (2) 4 be semsoktin (2) tut Atha hi forma is ibe for alan, eo is mode y sting! =in(—.) nn he epee Th le rims are combine ogee, which resus ina spied formula. A furer ‘simplistic assimpin of an Lu length which pve the fn tee Der unit length, Inthe Uned States We ete ecfered uni whereas it Europe Wivkm i id, tussle (2) +a] esse (oe) = ‘where GM isthe geometric mean radius ‘The GMR for slid condactor i GMR = re“, ut fr sand com stor the GMR valves ae given in conductor tables. Ayan example he OM forthe Carsinal ondncor s 00404 fiom Table 1 Equation (442) i wed to calculate the fox gered by a conductor, Tha, ston can be intespreted thatthe actual conductor i placed by an ideal

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