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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
BY FUNCTION
- Heating installations
- Ventilation and air conditioning installations
- Sanitary (plumbing) installations
- Electrical installations
- Natural gas feed installations
- Refrigeration installations
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
A) Heating installations
Serve for creating and maintaining a thermal
comfort inside a given space.
B) Ventilation and air conditioning
installations
Have the role of removing the polluted air due to
man or technological processes and keep the
temperature and humidity between given limits.
C) Sanitary installations
Are used in order to ensure the cold and hot water
feed of buildings, as well as collecting and
evacuating waste water and drainage.
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
D) Electrical installations
.
Serve the electrical energy feed of buildings
F) Refrigerating installations
Serve for decreasing and keeping a given space’s temperature at a
certain level, below the natural environment’s temperature.
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INDOOR CLIMATE.COMFORT PARAMETERS
COMFORT CONCEPT
• THERMAL COMFORT;
• NOISE LEVEL;
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THERMAL COMFORT
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THERMAL COMFORT
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
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HEATING INSTALLATIONS
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
Conventional classifications split heating systems into
three groups as follows :
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HEATING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
- heating source;
- distribution network;
- indoor heating installation.
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
• radiators;
• floor convectors;
• registers (horizontal or vertical pipe
radiators);
• curved pipes radiators;
• radiant panels.
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
• radiant;
• tree structure;
• circular.
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
H EA T L OA D
CA L CU L A T I ON
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Ac + Ao
Q = Qt 1 + + Qi [W];
100
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
• Qt – thermal flow lost by transmission, considered in a stationary thermal
system, corresponding to the temperature difference between indoor and
outdoor of space delimitation elements [W];
• Qi – thermal load necessary for heating the air infiltrated from leaky
windows and doors, or by opening them, from the outdoor conventional
temperature[W];
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Thermal flow lost by transmission
qi − qe
Qt = ∑ C M × m × A × + Qs
R '
T h e r m a l f l o w l o s t b y g r o u n d , Qs , [W],
qi − q p ms q i − q e 1 q i − qe j
Qs = A p + CM Abc + Abcj
Rp n s Rbc n s Rbc
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
• Ap – Total area including floor and walls situated under the ground level, [m2];
• Abc – The area of an 1 m broadband situated along the exterior outline of the surface Ap,
[m2];
• Abcj – The area of an 1 m broadband situated along the outline that corresponds to the
neighboring space which measures the temperature qi, [m2];
• Rp – Total specific thermal resistance including floor and ground layer between floor and 7
m depth from systematized land, or groundwater layer, [m2 K/W];
• Rbc – Specific thermal resistance for the outlining band corresponding to heat transfer
through floor and ground towards outdoor air, m2 K/W];
• ? i – Indoor conventional temperature, [0C];
• ? e – Outdoor conventional temperature, [0C];
• ? ej – Indoor conventional temperature for the joined rooms, [0C];
• ? p – The temperature as given by one of the following: whether in the ground, at a 7m depth
from the systematized land, when there is no groundwater, or the groundwater layer, [0C];
• CM – Correction multiplier;
• mS – Ground thermal mass multiplier;
• nS – Correction multiplier that takes into consideration the thermal conductivity of the ground.
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Ao 5 5 0 -5 -5 -5 0 5
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
At (q i − q e )C M
Rm = [m2K/W]
Qt
•At – Total room area (meaning the sum of all delimitating surfaces), [m2];
• ? i, ? e ,CM si Qt – have previous definitions .
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Qi1 – Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoor
conventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors
and windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into
consideration the number of air exchanges necessary to
obtain physiological comfort, with the following formula:
[ Ac
Qi1 = nao×CM ×V ×q×cp ×(qi −qe )+Qu 1+ ]
100
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Qi2 - Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoor
conventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors and
windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into
consideration the conventional wind velocity with the following formula
:
Ac
Qi 2 = C M E ∑ iLv (q i − q e ) + Qu 1 +
4
3
100
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
• nao – number of air exchanges required for obtaining
physiological comfort;
• cp – specific heat at a constant air temperature ? i , [J/KgK];
• r ? – air density at an air temperature of qi , [Kg/m3];
• E –height correction factor;
• ? i si ? e – have previous definitions; W
4
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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Thermal load required for heating the air
entered by opening exterior doors from
outdoor to indoor conventional
temperature,Qu, is given by the following formula:
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
Ce n t r a l w a t e r
heat ing syst em s
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Water heating systems
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Water heating systems
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural circulation
drawings
Water heating installation, double piped, with natural irculation, inferior distribution
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and closed expansion tank
Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
C - heating boiler;
B - water exchanger with accumulation;
VEI - closed expansion tank;
VA - air separator;
R - valve;
SS - safety valve.
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Heating installation with natural
circulation drawings
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Water heating systems
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Heating installations with forced
circulation drawings
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Heating installations with forced
circulation drawings
Water installation, double piped, with mixed distribution and opened expansion58
tank
Heating installations with forced circulation
drawings
C – heating boiler;
P – circulating pump;
B – water exchanger with accumulation;
VED – opened expansion tank;
CA – air discharge pipe;
CPP – waste pipe;
CC – connection pipe;
CSD – safety inlet pipe;
CSI – safety outlet pipe;
1 – distribution inlet pipe;
2 – distribution outlet pipe;
3 – supply column;
4 – return column;
5 – connection inlet pipe;
6 – connection outlet pipe;
7 – radiator valve;
8 - radiator;
Ca- air discharge pipe. 59
Heating installations with forced circulation
drawings
Water installation with forced circulation, double piped, inferior distribution and closed
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expansion tank.
Heating installations with forced circulation
drawings
C – heating boiler;
P – circulation pump;
B – water exchanger with accumulation;
VEI – closed expansion tank;
VA – air separator;
R - valve;
SS – safety valve;
Ca – air discharge pipe .
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Heating installations with forced circulation
drawings
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
The calculation method has ,for all heating
types, the same theoretical basis, but it
differs by heating elements construction
type as follows :
– Heating elements containing more than one
body parts (pieces) (radiators, SP convectors,
CRP panel convectors, etc.);
– Heating elements having as main feature length
(curved pipes radiators, registers, plinth
convectors etc.);
– Heating units – heating elements with a single
component (convectors). 65
Heating elements dimensioning
The heating element size, expressed as
appropriate, in number of body parts n(
meters of pipe, or a certain size type for
the elements representing an undivided
unit) is given by the formula :
Qcorp = kSn∆tmed, [ W ];
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
td + tr
∆tmed = − ti [ K or 0C];
2
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Heating elements dimensioning
Ra d i a t o r s d i m e n s i o n i n g
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Heating elements dimensioning
Qcorp
n=
qn ⋅ a⋅ ct ⋅ cc ⋅cr ⋅cm ⋅ ch ⋅cv
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
cc- correction multiplier for using the radiator for another average
temperature difference ∆tm than the one established in nominal
conditions, given as follows:
tt / tr
5 10 12 15 16 18 20 22 25
90/70 1,347 1,228 1,182 1,113 1,090 1,045 1,000 1,956 1,89
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
p
ch = 0,2 + 0,8
1.013
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Heating elements dimensioning
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Heating elements dimensioning
Cu r ve d p i p e s r a d i a t o r s a n d
r e g i st e r s d i m e n s i o n i n g
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Heating elements dimensioning
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t ra l i ze d
heat ing
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I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Components:
• 1. heating source – represented by boiler together
with the thermal agent preparation and distribution
equipment.
• 2. primary distribution network – containing the
distribution network placed at the boiler’s level and the
supply column for the thermal-hydraulic modules.
• 3. thermal-hydraulic module – containing measuring,
distribution and metering equipments placed in a niche
related with each apartment.
• 4. secondary distribution network or, the so called,
individual apartment knot– to which heating elements
are connected.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Heat ing boiler
• It represents the source of thermal energy for heating ,
the place where it’s prepared and distributed thermal
agent for heating and water warming. In the boiler takes
place the transformation of primary energy (fuel) with
help from an entire assembly of equipments and
devices. In the interior of the boiler take place
technological processes for supplying heat in the
buildings installations, consequently heat and hot water
for consumers.
• Taking into consideration the role played by the boile it
is absolutely necessary that technical matters should be
considered at it’s conception, such as-equipments,
functioning schemes, working manner and exploitation.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Ce n t r a l h e a t in g b o i l e r s
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Based on the nature of thermal agent:
– Water boilers;
– Hot water boiler;
– Steam boilers.
Based on the material they are executed:
– Cast iron boilers;
– Steel boilers;
– Stainless steel boilers.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
• Based on the fuel used:
– Solid fuel boilers;
– Liquid fuel boilers;
– Gas boilers.
• Based on construction manner:
– Horizontal boilers;
– Vertical boilers;
– Fire-tub boiler;
– Water tub boiler, etc.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
• By pressure drive:
– Low pressure;
– Medium pressure;
– High pressure.
• By usage domain:
– Central heating boilers;
– Industrial boilers.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Automation system
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Condensation boilers are in part of
the stainless steel boilers category. These type
of boilers with heat recovery components,
represent a new concept in what concerns the
usage of classical fuel types.
Thermal efficiency of these boilers is determined
based on inferior calorific power of the fuel,
which doesn’t take account of the latent heat of
vapours in the burned gas. If this calculation is
applied, for condensation boilers, one can obtain
a thermal efficiency bigger than one unit. This
aspect might be avoided if thermal efficiency of
all boilers should be calculated based on
superior calorific power.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Apartment boiler are mounted on the wall and can
be classified as follows:
- based on the burning room type:
– with open burning room;
– with closed burning room;
- based on burned gas exhausting mode:
– with natural exhaust gas;
– with forces exhaust gas;
- by hot water hater type:
– with instant preparation – these are made in two
variants :with plate heat exchanger and bi-thermal
heat exchanger;
– with water heater exchanger with accumulation.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Fig. A presents an apartment boiler with closed burning room and
plate heat exchanger for heating water, characterized by :
– electronic flame control by monitoring thermal agent with
temperature sonde;
– electronic ignition and surveillance using an ionizing electrode;
– ability of pre-setting maximum heating power, an useful option
for small and medium apartments where the heat necessary is
smaller than the heating water necessary;
– stainless steel plate heat exchanger for heating water;
– closed expansion tank and 3 bar safety valve;
– three way valve for thermal agent redirecting towards anitary
heat exchanger operated by differential pressure created by
opening one consumer;
– thermal agent circulation pump with variable volume;
– stainless steel burner;
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
-automatic by-pass for heating installations (for pump protection
whether with thermostatic valves or-in more complex installations
using three way valves );
-freezing protection thermostat (balanced at 600C);
-gas valve with double shutter which automatically closes when
ionization electrode doesn’t detect the flame;
-safety thermostat (balanced at 1000C);
- water absence alarm pressure switch and fan and pump post-
circulation devices ;
- burned gas thermostat and differential pressure switch mounted
between the burning gas inlet and the burned gas outlet;
- supervising functioning,signalizing errors and self diagnose at the
control board level;
- intelligent electronic management system and remote controller.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Burning room
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Most used functional diagram is the one in Fig. E that contains: apartment boiler (wall
mounted) and the apartment distribution network with heating el ments and water
network.
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
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M ODERN SOL U T I ON S FOR B OI L ERS –
” WA L L S” I N T EGRA T ED U N I T S
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
Based on the main characteristic of the two
components, a heating element will be named
convector or radiant. Heating elements can be
grouped as :
– static heating elements, where the convective air
circulation is natural. This group contains radiators,
convector-radiators, and convectors.
– dynamic heating elements, where the air circulation is
activated by mechanical means. This group contains
unit heaters, fan coil units and air heater batteries
(heating coils) of mechanical ventilation systems.
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
• Ca s t i r o n r a d i a t o r s are the classical
heating elements that use as thermal
agent water heated at maximum 115
degrees and maximum pressure 6 bars or
steam at up to 0.7bar pressure.
• St e e l r a d i a t o r s are made from special
iron plates with good properties for cold-
embossing, with high thermal power. They
are produced in two constructive models :
a) panel radiators and b) elements
radiators.
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
Excepting models we presented, there are panel steel radiators that
offer practical solutions for narrow spaces. These models have
heights between 150 mm up to 2100 mm, widths of 450, 600 and
750 mm.
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
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Aluminum radiators with heights between 900 and 2000 mm
Heating elements
Fa n c o i l u n i t s
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
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Heating elements
Fan coils with masked mounting in false
ceiling previously presented can be used
for larger or more than one room. These
models come very close as far as
functionality and size as the inferior limit of
one piece air handling units. Just like
these, fan coils use supply and exhaust
ducts, air intakes, air diffusers and exhaust
air holes.
138
Heating elements
1. fan coil, 2. conditioned air exhaust air, 3. re-circulated supply hole 4. supply
fresh air duct, 5.re-circulated air supply duct, 6. conditioned air exhaust duct 139
Heating elements
Based on thermal agent used, fan coils allow
heating or cooling the air in a room. We must
stress that fan coil can function for heating as
well as for cooling with the same battery (two
pipes fan coils), or can use two separate
batteries (four pipes fan coils) , leaving the
option of choice to the designing engineer.
As construction features, fan coils can have
accessories as follows:
– speed adjustment (air flow) fan : in steps (at least 2
+ stop) or continuous;
– water flow adjustment with two or three way tap.
140
Heating elements
Control of air velocity or water flow can be made manually, from the switch, or
tap or automatically. Automatic control supposes the existence of an
thermostat which allows setting the fan on/off and/or tting the tap.Evolved
systems impose fitting fan coils with a control device that act on the tap of each
battery and on the fan.
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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
Ce n t r a l h e a t in g i n st a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
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Ce n t r a l h e a t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
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Ce n t r a l h e a t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
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Ce n t r a l h e a t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
EXPANSION TANKS
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EXPANSION TANKS
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EXPANSION TANKS
• A safety system with o p e n e d e x p a n s i o n t a n k has
the following functions :
• overtaking water volume variations, due to normal
temperature variations heating-cooling and ensuring a
water reserve which covers for reasonable period of time
the small, inevitable loss;
• exhausting in atmosphere the steam resulted as less
supervising the boiler, errors, malpractice, negligence,
automation breakdown, etc.
• maintaining the installation filled, once filled up, up to a
level that exceeds higher consumer’s level, in an inferior
distribution installation, respectively, pipe network level,
in case of a superior distribution installation;
• exhausting air during filling up the installation, as well as
supplying it during emptying it, in the manner that no air
nor water sacs are formed.
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EXPANSION TANKS
• For the choice of ensuring heating installations with
safety valves and c l o s e d e x p a n s i o n t a n k , safety
systems functions are satisfied as follows :
• overtaking volume variations and the small water reserve
by the closed expansion tank;
• maintaining at full capacity the water in installation
pressure exerted by the air cushion over the water from
the closed expansion tank , which, in this case may be
mounted at the inferior part of the installation, close to
the boiler;
• upper limitation of installation pressure using safety
valves mounted on the boiler before every shutting
element;
• exhausting air at filling and supplying it at emptying the
installation trough ducts, tanks and air valves.
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EXPANSION TANKS
153
Closed expansion tank types
EXPANSION TANKS
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EXPANSION TANKS
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Heat ex c hangers
Heat ex c hangers
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Heat ex c hangers
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Heat ex c hangers
Wa t e r h e a t e r s are heat exchangers with water
accumulation used for hot water preparation and
they are constructed in two shape types:
horizontal and vertical. The heat exchange
surface, respectively, the coil, will be dimensioned
in a manner that will ensure warm water flow in
accordance with the temperature difference from
the secondary circuit (+10 0C cold water
temperature, +60 0C warm water temperature )
and with the temperature difference from the
primary circuit.
158
Heat ex c hangers
Magnesium anode or external current
anode
Surface completely
thermal insulated
Superior coil
Water heating from boiler
Ceraprotect protection
Cleaning pass
160
Heat ex c hangers
• Besides the types presented above, there is
another constructive model called Tank in
Tank ,meaning, stainless steel heaters, with
high resistance to extremely corrosive water
without temperature (fig. 3.26).
• Stainless steel used is a chrome-molybdenum
alloy witch give resistance to all temperatures
and corrosive waters up to 2000 mg
chlorides/liter.
• These types of heaters are used for direct sea
water heating, for therapy water, residual water
in regions with extremely corrosive waters, and
they are recommended in industrial applications
that use corrosive waters.
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Heat ex c hangers
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Heat ex c hangers
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Heat ex c hangers
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Heat ex c hangers
L OW T EM PERA T U RE RA DI AT I ON
H EA T I N G SY ST EM S
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
Low temperature radiation heating, aside the fact that
gives the possibility of using thermal agents with low
parameters, also presents advantages in what thermal
comfort is concerned :
• reduced temperature gradient;
• more uniform temperature repartition over the
delimitating surfaces;
• rising interior temperature at the level of delimitating
surfaces and achieving a better thermal comfort for a
room air temperature with 1 up to 3 0C smaller than
usual, which is an important comfort factor;
• space saving is made and superior architectural esthetic
is ensured;
• solves the energy problem by giving the chance of
cooling rooms during summer, which is a serious
problem as far as comfort is concerned. 172
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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Heating system with mounting rails
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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Heating system with wire screen
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
The mounting rails system ensures rising the pipe up to 5mm, and
thus a minimum height for the cement layer. Sustaining clamps and
clips guarantee a solid fixing of the pipe.
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
Border insulation
• Before the slab, along the walls, an insulating strap will be laid,
around frames and pillars. Insulation will be laid fro the base floor
(sub floor) till the final floor, allowing a maximum displacement of 5
mm.
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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Overview for a house-downstairs
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
Ra d i a n t c e i l i n g h e a t i n g
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
Ra d i a n t w a l l h e a t i n g
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
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BUILDING INSTALLATION COURSE
V EN T I L A T I ON I N ST A L L A T ION S
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION SYSTEMS
• NORMAL VENTILATION
• MECHANICAL VENTILATION
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
NORMAL VENTILATION
Unorganized normal ventilation systems
ventilation is accomplished by opening doors
and windows, by leaky rooms, offices,
warehouses, working places, etc.
Organized normal ventilation systems
ventilation is made through gaps or special
constructions, windows, scuttles, ventilation
chimneys in kitchens, bathrooms, industrial
buildings,etc.
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
General mechanical ventilation systems – uses
fans for air circulation that serve the entire building and
make the circulation for the entire air volume in industrial
buildings, social, cultural, commercial, administrative, etc.
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Local ventilation with wall outlet and pipe mounted fans
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• SYMPLE – INLET/OUTLET
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
V EN T I L A T I ON I N ST A L L A T ION
DRA WI NGS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet
noxious air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
10. heat recuperator
1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet noxious
air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
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10.mixing chamber
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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Basic drawings for an air cooling installation
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
COM PON EN T S OF A V EN T I L A T I ON
I N ST A L L A T ION
A ventilation installation contains:
– air ventilation unit ;
– duct (pipe) network;
– vent holes ;
– regulating devices;
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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Modular air handling units- components
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Fa n s
Fans contain :
-chassis with two connection pieces :for air inlet
and outlet
-rotor cu blades depending on fan type
-electric engine for rotor actuation
Fans can be :
- centrifugal (radiant )
- axial flow
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Centrifugal fan for rectangular ducts and silencer mou in the interior
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Duct coils for heating or cooling (for both rectangular or circular ducts)
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
H e a t r e c u p e ra t o r s
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
a) Wheel heat recuperator
Fresh
air
Noxious
air
Wheel heat recuperator
1. purification sector
2. electric engine
3. metallic case
4. rotor
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
• The most used is wheel recuperator.
• At the case the ducts for cold and warm air are connected.
• Rotor contains a heat accumulation surface with the looks of a
honeycomb with small channels parallel with the rotation axis. At
small speed, the rotor offers the two air flows ,warm and cold, a heat
exchange surface. Rotor accumulates heat in contact with hot air
which the transmits it to the cold air, after rotating t the edge of the
two flows there is a purification sector, with clean air for cleaning
ducts where noxious air flows. In order to increase the heat
exchange, the rotor’s surface is covered in a solution containing
lithium chlorate, which is an excellent absorber. Due to this
substance rotor also absorbs vapors from the warm air which it
transfers to cold air. Due to lithium chlorate and the fact that heat
accumulation mass comes alternatively in contact with
flows, wheel recuperator achieves a total heat transfer, thus
resulting in a high thermal efficiency.
• In order to be mounted in the ventilation systems, wheel
recuperators require a meeting point for the cold and warm air ducts,
where heat exchanger should be mounted.
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
EXHAUST
FRESH AIR
AIR
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
V EN T I L A T I ON PI PES ( DU CT S)
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Zinc sheets rectangular ducts – rectangular ducts sections and special pieces
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Zinc sheets rectangular ducts– mounting images
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Air holes
• This category includes : discharge
openings, intakes, air intakes, exhaust air
holes.
• Discharge openings are posed in openings
executed in walls, or ahead of supply air
ducts.
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Ceiling diffuser with adjustable outtake direction ins led at the head of the duct
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Re g u l a t i n g d e v i c e s
• Regulating devices are mounted inside the ducts , or in
the discharge openings.
• - wings dumpers , mounted inside ducts , made from a
rigid plate sheet which rotates around a central fixed
axis;
• -branch dumpers , mounted inside branch pieces, made
from a rigid plate sheet which rotates around an axis
fixed at one border;
• -shut off dumpers , mounted inside ducts or at discharge
openings;
• -adjustable blinds .
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VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
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