Lecture 2 DC To Ac Inverter

DC to AC Converter
School of Electrical Engineering

UniMAP
EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System School of Electrical Systems Engineering
DC to AC inverter
1. Overview of inverter
2. Single-phase voltage source inverter (1-Ø VSI)
2.1 Topologies and basic operation of 1-Ø VSI
2.2 Output voltage control using pulse-width-modulation
technique
2.2.1 Bipolar PWM technique
2.2.2 Unipolar PWM technique
3. Three-phase voltage source inverter (3-Ø VSI)
3.1 Topology and basic operation of 3-Ø VSI
3.2 Output voltage control of 3-Ø VSI
3.2.1 180 degree mode of operation
3.2.2 120 degree mode of operation
3.2.3 PWM technique
4. Current source inverter (CSI)
2
1. Overview of Inverter
• Basically, there are 2 common type of sources, DC
and AC sources.
• Use dc source to produce symmetrical ac output

voltages of desired magnitude and frequency. The
output voltage can be fixed or variable at a fixed or
variable frequency.
3
4
Vout = ?
Vout = ?
What can you conclude from the circuits?
EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System

School of Electrical Systems Engineering 5
• Mainly, the inverter is used to deliver power from dc source to passive
or active ac load by employing conventional SCRs or gate-driven
semiconductor device (i.e. GTOs, IGBTs and MOSFETs)
• Some renewable energy sources produces DC voltage that needed to

be changed to AC voltage before feeding into the grid.
• UPS stores the power inside the batteries that needed to be transform
into AC voltage needed for AC loads.
• Inverters are also used in motor drives as frequency converter, in

induction heating and transportation.

 Typical single-phase outputs are:

 120V at 60Hz
 220V at 50Hz
 115V at 400Hz
 For three-phase systems, the outputs are:
 220V to 380V at 50Hz
 120 to 208 at 60Hz
 115 to 200V at 400Hz
 Inverter is called voltage source inverter (VSI) if the input
voltage remains constant and current source inverter (CSI) if
the input current is maintained constant.
 3 types of inverter:
 Single-phase inverter : half-bridge and full-bridge inverter
 Three-phase inverter
 Multilevel inverter : diode-clamped multilevel, flying capacitor
multilevel, cascaded multilevel and modular multilevel.

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter – Circuit topology

• VSI must be able to conduct current in
both directions to ensure bidirectional
power flow capability. For this reason, VSI
use gate-driven semiconductor with parallel
diodes.
• Split dc-capacitors are used:
• to provide a return path for load current
• ensure inverter output voltage is between
±½Vdc.
• no need to design isolation transformer to
block dc voltage stress.
Two capacitors
acts as
voltage source
for the load
8
2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation
S1 and S2 must turn ON simultaneously to

avoid short-circuit across dc-link.
9
S1 on, S2 off
S2 on, S1 off
10
Output Switch states Power path

voltage
S1 S2 io > 0 io < 0
+½Vdc ON OFF S1C1 D1C1
-½Vdc OFF ON D2C2 S2C2
Fundamental output voltage in rms:

2Vdc
Vo1 
2
The current from the source, Vdc equals one-half of load current, io due to equal
value of split dc-capacitor.
Limitation of half-bridge configuration is that varying the switching frequency

cannot control the output voltage. Each switch conducts at 50% duty cycle,
commonly given by a pulse-generator or clock timer or microcontroller.
11
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Topology
S1 & S2 on, S3 & S4 off

S3 & S4 on, S1 & S2 off
12
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Circuit Operation
• S1 & S4 or S2 & S3 MUST NOT

conduct at the same time –
result in short circuit or shoot
through fault across dc-link.
• S1 and S2 are turned on

simultaneously to produce +Vdc
across the load. S3 and S4 are
turned on to produce –Vdc.
13
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Waveforms
14
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

 During S1 & S2 are on, the current
flows through the load , Vo = Vdc .
• During S1 & S2 are off, but S3 & S4

not yet turned on, the current flows
through D3 & D4, Vo = -Vdc.
• S3 & S4 turned on, Vo = -Vdc .
• S3 & S4 turned off, but S1 & S2 not

yet turn on, the current flows through
D1 & D2, Vo = Vdc .
T
• For inductive load, the current

waveform has more of sinusoidal
quality than voltage because of
filtering property of inductance.
15
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive

Load
• S1 & S2 Conducts
• Io is positive, Vo is positive
• Load stores energy
16
• D3 & D4 Conducts
• Io is positive, Vo is negative
• Load release energy
17
• S3 & S4 Conducts
• Io is negative, Vo is negative
• Load stores energy
18
• D1 & D2 Conducts
• Io is negative, Vo is positive
• Load release energy
19
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis
io (t)  if (t)  in (t)
Vdc
  Aet/ for 0  t  T / 2
R
Vdc
 Be 
 t T/2 / 
io (t)  for T / 2  t  T
R
Vdc
io (0) = + Ae0 = Imin
R
Vdc
A  Imin 
R
 Vdc  Vdc   t /  T
V   I
 min  e for 0  t 
io (T / 2)  dc  Be0  Imax  R  R  2
R
i o ( t)  
Vdc  V V  t  T / 2 /  T

B  Imax   dc
  I m ax  dc  e  for  t  T.
R  R  R  2
20
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis – Continue
V 1  e T/2  
Imax   Imin  dc   /2  
R  1  e 
T T/2 2
1 2 2  Vdc  Vdc   t /  
Irms 
T0 
i (t) d(t) 
T 
0

 R
  min R  e  dt

I 
 
If the switches are ideal, the power supplied by the source must be the
same as absorbed by the load. Power from the DC source is determine
from:
Power absorbed by the load:
21
2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Fourier Analysis &

THD

v ( t )   V sin n t
o
Instantaneous output voltage in Fourier
n
n  1,3 ,5 ,..
series
4V dc Amplitude of each voltage term in vo(t)
Vn 
n

io ( t )   I n sin  n t   n  Instantaneous output current in Fourier
n  1,3 ,5 ,..
series
Vn 4V dc 4V dc
In   
Zn n Z n n R 2  ( n 0 L ) 2 Amplitude of each current term in io(t)
2
 I 
Pn  I n2, rm s R   n  R Output power in rms
 2
V 4V d c
V o 1, rm s  n   0.9V d c Rms value of fundamental voltage
2 2

2
 (V
n2
n , rm s
) V o2, rm s  V o21, rm s
TH Dv   THD of output voltage (%)
V o 1, rm s V o 1, rm s

 (I n , rm s
)2 I o2, rm s  I o21, rm s
n2
T H Di   THD of output current (%)
I o 1, rm s I o 1, rm s
22
CONTROL SCHEME
• Square wave inverter has major disadvantage of low frequency harmonic
contents.
• One effective way to reduced the harmonic content is via the control
scheme.
• Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is the common method of controlling

the inverter in order to achieved the goal of sinusoidal output voltage.
• The output voltage is further more reshape into sinusoidal voltage by
using a low pass filter.
• PWM provide 2 advantages: reducing the filter requirement to decrease

harmonics and the control of the output voltage amplitude.
• The disadvantages of PWM is the complex control circuit of the

switches and increasing switching losses.
23
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

 Commonly used technique for controlling the power electronic
switches.
 To control the average voltage (current) fed to the load by varying the
turn on/off switches. The longer the switch is on, the higher the
output voltage at that particular time.
 Typical switching frequency varies from few kHz up to tenth of kHz

depending to the application.
 The duty cycle is the ratio of on-time over the whole switching period.
 The conduction losses of the switch is reduced but the switching

losses is high.
24
The sinusoidal input (reference) is compared to the triangular (carrier) input.

The resulting comparison is the pulses that fed to the switch(s)
25
If Vref > Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘1’

If Vref < Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘0’
26
27

 Fourier series of the inverter output has a fundamental frequency which is the same as
the reference signal.
 Harmonics frequency exist at/around multiples of switching frequency.
 Frequency modulation ratio, mf is defined as the ratio of the carrier frequency to the
reference signal.
 If mf increase, the frequency which the harmonic occurs will increase but the
switching losses will also increase.
 The amplitude modulation, ma is defined as the ratio of the amplitudes of reference
and carrier signals.
 If ma ≤ 1, amplitude of fundamental output voltage is linearly proportional to ma,
provided Vdc is maintained constant.
f tri
mf =
f sin e
V m . referen ce V m , sin e
ma = =
V m , ca rrier V m , tri
V 1  m aV d c 0  ma  1
28
29
BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
S1 and S2 are ON when Vreference>Vcarrier (Vo = +Vdc)

S3 and S4 are ON when Vreference<Vcarrier (Vo = -Vdc)
30
31

The mf is chosen to be an odd integer and the output exhibits odd symmetry.
For kth pulse,
2Vdc
Vnk  cos nk  cos nk 1  2cos n  k  k   .
n
p
Vn = V
k=1
nk
32
S1
S2
S3
S4
vo
33
UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
Switching requirement:
Vref > Vcarrier S1 ON va = Vdc
Vref < Vcarrier S4 ON va = 0
-Vref > Vcarrier S3 ON vb = Vdc
-Vref < Vcarrier S2 ON vb = 0
• Output is switched from high to zero / low to zero rather than high and low
as in bipolar switching.
34
35
• 4 combinations of switch on-states and the corresponding voltage levels.
Switch on-states Terminal voltage, va Terminal voltage, vb Output voltage, vo
S1, S2 ON Vdc 0 Vdc
S4, S3 ON 0 Vdc -Vdc
S1, S3 ON Vdc Vdc 0
S4, S2 ON 0 0 0
• Square-wave switching scheme vs PWM switching scheme:

• Square-wave switching scheme control only the frequency of the inverter
output. Output magnitude is controlled by controlling the magnitude of
input dc voltage source. This require additional control system, which
introduce complexity to the inverter design. Moreover, this scheme
contain significant value of low-order harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th and so on).
• PWM switching scheme allow control of magnitude and frequency of the
output. Input (dc side) to PWM inverter is uncontrolled. This results in
harmonic voltage in range of switching frequency and higher, which can
easily filtered out by ac-filter.
36
THREE PHASE INVERTER

• Normally used for high power applications.
• Also double with three single phase inverter (120o phase shift and 12 switches)
• Two method of control – 180o and 120o conduction
37
THREE PHASE INVERTER: Six Step Inverter

• Called six step inverter because of the
six steps in the output waveform for
the line-to-neutral voltage.
• Each switch has a duty ratio of 50%.
• Switching action takes place every T/6
time interval (60o).
• No switch on the same leg are allow to
close at the same time.
• The instantaneous voltage are either
+Vdc or 0.
• The line-to-line voltage are either
+Vdc,0, or –Vdc
• Harmonic frequencies are of order 6k
± 1 for k=1,2…
• Even harmonic and third harmonic
also with multiple of third harmonic
do not exist due to the switching
scheme.
38
THREE PHASE INVERTER

SIX STEP INVERTER
39
THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION

ON OFF
STATE STATE
Van Vbn Vcn Vab Vbc Vca
SWITC SWITC
H H
S1,S5,S6 S2,S3,S4 0
S1,S2,S6 S3,S4,S5 0
S1,S2,S3 S4,S5,S6 0
S2,S3,S4 S1,S5,S6 0
S3,S4,S5 S1,S2,S6 0
S4,S5,S6 S1,S2,S3 0
S1,S3,S5 S2,S4,S6 0 0 0 0 0 0
S2,S4,S6 S1,S3,S5 0 0 0 0 0 0
40

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
41

Fourier Series
Line to line rms voltage is given by:
Line to neutral rms voltage is given by:
42

On
Off State
State Van Vbn Vcn Vab Vbc Vca
Switch
Switch
S1,S6 S2,S3,S4,S5 0
S1,S2 S3,S4,S5,S6
0
S2,S3 S1,S4,S5,S6 0
S3,S4 S1,S2,S5,S6 0
S4,S5 S1,S2,S3,S6
0
S5,S6 S1,S2,S3,S4 0
• Each switch conducts for 120o.

• Only 2 switches ON at any instant of time.
• Conduction sequence of switches is 61, 12,
23, 34, 45 and 56.
43

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
44

Fourier Series
Line to neutral voltages:
45
 Fundamental rms line-to-neutral voltage for 120o conduction is given
by:
VP1  0.3898Vs
 Fundamental rms line-to-line voltage for 120o conduction is given by:
VL1  3VP1  0.6753Vs
Comparison between 180 and 120 conduction mode operation:

 Since one switch conducts for 120o, these switches are less utilized as
compared to 180o conduction for the same load conditions.
 Therefore, 180o conduction is preferred and it is generally used in
three-phase inverters.
 The design of an inverter requires the determination of average, rms,
and peak currents of the switching devices (IGBT, MOSFET, etc..) and
diodes.
46
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM
Scheme
 Similar to PWM for single-phase inverter, the advantages of PWM
scheme are it reduced filter requirements for harmonic elimination and
the controllability of the amplitude of the fundamental frequency.
 Generation of PWM gating signal is done by comparing 3 reference

signals with a high frequency carrier signal to generate the on and off
periods of PWM output signals. Each reference signal is shifted by 120o
to produce a balanced three-phase output.
 The switching must satisfy the following conditions:

 S1 is ON when va > vcarrier
 S2 is ON when vc > vcarrier
 S3 is ON when vb > vcarrier
 S4 is ON when va < vcarrier
 S5 is ON when vc < vcarrier
 S6 is ON when vb < vcarrier
47
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM Scheme
Vˆcr Vˆm
48
THREE-PHASE INVERTER – Sinusoidal PWM
Scheme
Line-to-line voltage Output voltage
Modulation of the three phase VSI using

SPWM and sample of open-loop
experimental waveforms (Vdc=100V,
ma=0.8 and fsw=2000Hz).
Output current
49
CONCLUSION
 Inverter can provide single-phase and three-phase ac voltages from
a fixed or variable dc voltage.
 Half-bridge single phase inverter is very simple in operation,
however this configuration unable to control the output voltage by
varying the switching sequence.
 Full-bridge single-phase inverter employs 4 switches in parallel
with diode that conduct alternately to produce an output voltage
using square-wave switching scheme or PWM switching scheme
(unipolar and bipolar PWM). These switching schemes also imposed
in three-phase inverter.
 PWM switching scheme able to control the amplitude of the output
voltage and frequency with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD)
and better quality of the output waveshapes as compared to square-
wave switching scheme.
 The selection of switching frequency and ac filtering are the
important criteria in ensuring the inverter designs have minimal
losses, good efficiency and provide effective performance in steady-
state and dynamic operation.

Lecture 2 DC To Ac Inverter

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Lecture 2 DC To Ac Inverter

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DC to AC Converter

School of Electrical Engineering

• Use dc source to produce symmetrical ac output

What can you conclude from the circuits?

EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System

• Some renewable energy sources produces DC voltage that needed to

• Inverters are also used in motor drives as frequency converter, in

EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System

 Typical single-phase outputs are:

EET 424 Power Electronic for Energy System

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter – Circuit topology

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation

S1 and S2 must turn ON simultaneously to

2.1 Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter - Operation

Output Switch states Power path

Fundamental output voltage in rms:

Limitation of half-bridge configuration is that varying the switching frequency

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Topology

S1 & S2 on, S3 & S4 off

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Circuit Operation

• S1 & S4 or S2 & S3 MUST NOT

• S1 and S2 are turned on

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Waveforms

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

• During S1 & S2 are off, but S3 & S4

• S3 & S4 turned on, Vo = -Vdc .

• S3 & S4 turned off, but S1 & S2 not

• For inductive load, the current

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Inductive Load

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis

io (t)  if (t)  in (t)

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Analysis – Continue

Power absorbed by the load:

2.2 Full Bridge Single-phase Inverter - Fourier Analysis &

• Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is the common method of controlling

• PWM provide 2 advantages: reducing the filter requirement to decrease

• The disadvantages of PWM is the complex control circuit of the

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

 Typical switching frequency varies from few kHz up to tenth of kHz

 The conduction losses of the switch is reduced but the switching

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

The sinusoidal input (reference) is compared to the triangular (carrier) input.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

If Vref > Vcarrier, Vpulse = logic ‘1’

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

S1 and S2 are ON when Vreference>Vcarrier (Vo = +Vdc)

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

For kth pulse,

UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

UNIPOLAR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

• Square-wave switching scheme vs PWM switching scheme:

THREE PHASE INVERTER

THREE PHASE INVERTER: Six Step Inverter

THREE PHASE INVERTER

THREE PHASE INVERTER 180o CONDUCTION