PR E F AC E

Tn s m nu ipts f L on do d Vinci fl d the hief

a scr o e ar a a
'

or c

existi g p oof f th t e t o di y v s tility with

n r o a x ra r n ar er a

which he h b c edit d f om h time f his e liest

as een r e r t e o ar

bi g phe s downw ds They comp is the e o ds d

o ra r ar . r e r c r an

resu l t f hi stu
s o dies in the th o y f
s d in v iou s e r o art an ar

b n hes f m them tic l d n tu l sci nce togethe

ra c o a a a an a ra e ,
r

with f gment ra f l ite y composition

s o f phil osophic lrar o a a

im gin tive ch cte d in ddition much p on l

a a ara r , an a ers a

1 biog phic l m tte

( ra The m nusc ipts in thei p
a a r. a r r re

se t fo m con ist f bout twenty note b oks d bound

n r s o a -
o an

volumes collections f l oose sheet f iou sizes

or o s o va r s ,

cont i ing l togethe mo e th n fou thous nd p ges

a n a r r a r a a .

While m ny f these the e only d wings

on a o r a re ra or

scientifi c di g ms with mos f w wo ds f comment

a ra at ta e r o

or e pl n tion othe s cove ed with minute w iting

x a a , r are r r ,

which with the st e ceptions is f the ch cte know

rare x o ara r n

as l ft h nded f om the f ct f i di ec io n c o s h
e -
a r a o ts r t a r s t e

p ge b i g f om ight left d which is the efo e

a en r r to , an r r

most sil y e d by the u f mi o The contents

ea r a se o a rr r.

o f the e m n u s ipts with the ex eption f such p ts

s a cr , c o ar

as are con ined in the compil tion known Leon do s

ta a as ar
’

T i reat se P i i g h ve u
on
p to the
a nt n p esent ime , a r t

l been v il ble
on v E ngl ish e de s in h ed it o
a a a to r a r t e i n
 PR E F ACE
s elected d dited by D Richte The pe iod f
an e r. r. r o

mo e th n twen y y e s which h now el psed since

r a t ar as a

the pp n e f th t impo t nt wo k h witne sed

a eara c o a r a r as s

the public tion i f ll the m n u

a sc ipts fn extensa o a a r o

Leon do P is d M il n with f csimile ep oductio s

ar at ar an a a r r n

an d t nsc ipts whil st

ra p t f those Winds which
r , a ar o at or

t e t f n tom y d the sm ll volume the flight f

r a o a a an a o

bi ds h ve l o ppe ed in
r a fo m
a s f the
a ar r o

rem inde f the Windso

a r o photog phic r 3 ra

f csimi les h ve been pu

a blished The quntity f m te i l
a . a o a r a

thus p l ced withi e ch f the student is the j ustific tion

a n r a o a

f
or a wo k f the scope f the p esent
r o The bove o r o ne . a

menti ed editions h ve se ved my text f the

on a r as or

p ss g s which I h ve t ken f om h Codice Atl ntico

a a e a a r t e a ,

the Codice T ivulzi no the m nus ipts P is d r a , a cr at ar an

Windso d h vol u me the flight f bi ds In

r , an t e on o r .
’

the c se f the m nusc ipt in the B itish M useum d

a o a r r
‘

an

th se South Kensington I h ve wo ked f om the

o at a r r

o igin ls In the p ges f om the e d f om the

r a . as
sa r s an r

Winds f csimiles I h ve dded footnote whe e l

or a a a a r

h ve ventued to dop e ding somewh t diffe ent

a r a t a r a a r

f om t h t f u
r nd in the text p inted by D Richte
a o as r r. r.

F orseven p ss ges t ken f om the m nusc ipt in the

a a a r a r

p session f the E l f Leiceste I h ve ued the text

os o ar o r, a s

given in D Richte s wo k d lso f some six lines

r. r
’
r , an a or

th t occu in the Windso m nusc ipts which I h ve

a r r a r a not

bee ble loc te in the f csimiles whil st f w

n a to a a ; or t o

p ss ges f om sheets in the Ch ist Chuch Lib y

a a r r r rar at
 P REFA E C

O xfo d r I a m indebted to the te ts in x Mr . S id ey n

Co vin s O fi
l
'
x rd D ra wings .

My intention h been p e ent Leo do as to r s n ar as a

w ite d incl ude in this wo k ll p ss ges f m the

r r , an to r a a a ro

note books f phil osophic l tistic lite y inte est

-
o a , ar ,
or rar r .

F om the m ss f the scientific w itings I h ve d wn

r a o r a ra

v re y sp i gly sel e ting only f w p ss ges which eithe

ar n , c a e a a r

posse s mo e gene l inte est which m y se ve to

s a r ra r or a r

illust e his me hod f exp sition I h ve not incl uded

ra t t o o . a

an y f tho
o e p s ges which s sim p l y the
a sa memo nd a re ra a

o f ientifi
sc m them tic l p ocesses those f which
c or a a a r , or o

t h impo t nce is enti el y biog phic l

e r a These l tte r ra a . a r

chiefly co sist f notes f Leon do s movement d

n o o ar
’
s an

household expenses det il s to his v ious commis ions , a as ar s ,

an d f gments f l ette s el ti g
ra the s me I h ve
o r r a n to a . a

a l so tho u ght fit to excl ude the p ss ges pupo ting to be a a r r

l et e s
tr dd e ed to the D d f Sy i thei
a r ss evat ar o r a, as r

ac tul ch cte is m tte f some unce t inty d

a ara r a a r o r a , an

thei lite y v lue sl ight comp ed with the im

r rar a , as ar

po t n e f the biog phic l issue which they ise d

r a c o ra a ra , an

an
y deq u ate disc ssion
u f
a th t iss u e wo ul d t ve l o a ra

far beyond the pupose f the p esent wo k I h ve r o r r . a

no t incl uded y f h llego ies bout nim ls which

an o t e a r a a a

are fo und in M S H f the P is m nusc ipts bec use . o ar a r , a

th y me ely e t cts m de by Leon do f m e ly

e are r x ra a ar ro ar

b ti i
es with most ve b l lte tio s lso I h ve
ar es at r a a ra n ; so a a

omitted the not s on mou d on methods f w f e e ar r an o ar a r

in M S B . being de ,ived in l
as ike m nne f om h r a r r t e
viii PREFA E C

De re milita ri of Rob to er Val tu

rio . The e f cts
s a may
e ve to suggest some f the difli ul i f sele tion
s r o c t es o c .

The m nusc ipts we e Leon do s note books d

a r r ar
’
-
, an as

such they co t i much uo igin l m tte some f it

n a n — n r a a r o

no doubt still uid ifi d —t ken f om v ious bookn en t e a r ar s

whi h he e d
c r a .

l the wo k f t nsl tion t ying

n r time to void
o ra a , r at s a

the Ch ybdis f ar l ite l inte p et tion I m y h ve

o a too ra r r a ,
a a

g ounded m y b que on the hidden eefs f Scyll which

r ar r o a

li i the ou
e n te e s bu f the most p t I h ve kept
r s a t or ar a

The illust tions h ve been p ep ed f om neg ti es

ra a r ar r a v

speci lly t ken f the p upose by M E me y W lke

a a or r r. r a r.

They h ve been chosen p im il y with the intention f

a r ar o

showing the deg ee f ex ctitude which ch te ised r o a arac r

Leon do s study f n tu l phenomen I m indebted

ar
’
o a ra a. a

to D W S H ndley f the de c iption f suh f

r. . . a or s r o c o

them f n tomic l ch cte d f epe ted

as are o an a a a a ra r an or r a

hel p in the deciphe ing f v ious difli ul p ss ges f r o ar c t a a o

the text I h ve to h nk M J A He be t f the

a t a r. . . r r ,
o

M nusc ipts D p tment f the B itish Museum

a r e ar o r .
 CONTENT S

Pl ume s ,

L rs r
'
or P u
r ss ,

Im oo uc r l o n ,

A R a c onn or r un M a nusc ur r s ,

Puo su,

Bo o : 1 L 1 9 5,
.

Bo o : II . Na r un ,

Boo : II I . Ar r
r. Pun n '
nc , Po s ra v,
'
AND Sc us r r ua s ,

3 . Tu
e Pa sc s r rs
'
or r un m '
r sa,

3 Psa
. sr s c r nvs , AND Lxc ur AND
'
S um s ,

4 . La nn sc x r s,

Boo : IV F a nr a sr
.
 xiii

L I ST O F P L AT E S

L ao mutno D AV mcr, sv H EL I MS F, R oya l Libra ry,

1. STUD Y OF A SK U LL m S ET C I ON, TO sn o w
T H E so mr c a vrr ms or r un sa c s, Face p 50
.

T hi s p ate repl resen ts a sk u ll sawn thro uh i

l g n

the median The me front portion

l ll
p an e . ex tre

o f the right ha f of the sku has been removed

by saw cu t a t right a ng es to l the median
l
a -

l d isp ay the bo n y ca vities or air

l ll
p a n e , so as to

(
f sinu s, a nd maxi ary an tru m)
l
p
s aces ro n ta

w hich in the facia bo nes T he

l l l
are resen t
p .

se c tion disp ays the nasa du ct thro u h

g
l
a so

whic h the tears pass down to the nasa cavi ty.

On the l eft are see n typ ica l teeth fro m the

u j w in c isor, can in e, bic u
s id, an d

l ll
:
pper a p
mo ar wi th , a fu and a cc u
ra te descripti o n
ap pe nd ed. A t an r script o f th e text is to be
fou Ma norrrim ’
'

n d in I di L. i n V. Dell
At n on ia , F og/i B, pp . 24
9
-
50 .

2. Sr u
n rxs E LT or LE m e D OI D MUSC o r TH E

S H L E AR
OU D R m V I OUS a sp sc rs, '
Fa ce p 7 5
.

T l lm l
his p a te is concerned a ost en tire y with
l mu l
the de to id u
sc e Of the sho l der, whic h is

m u
re rese nted fro rio s a spec ts and i n va riou

l l
v s
p a

positions m
o f t he ar . T h e itt e draw in g in
 L I S T OF P L AT E S

the cen tre be l ow the middl e of the is

l
e n ot
p g
a

re ated to the on e ab o ve it, a nd

l
re resents a
p
dissec tion of the o mo
hyoid mu arising,

l l l
-
sc e as

Leo nardo be ieved, fro m the c avic e. The te xt

c on ta ins the
pa g u
ssa es on the n a t re an d n umber
o f the veins, whic h are to be fo u n d o n pp 7 9

l
.

and So, an ac c oun t o f the variou s move

l
a so

men ts of the n ec k, a nd exp ana tio ns of the

l etters whi c h occ u

r on the s m lla e r of the draw
in gs . For tran sc ri
p t, se e I Mas arrritti i i L da .

V. Dell
’
At
n on ia , Fog/i A pp, . 6 7 69 -
.

STUD ms rN TH E AN A TOM Y or TH E Na cx
AND or Tn a Bo Nas or TH E FOOT, Fa ce p 7 8
.

Thi s p ate l llu i strates the an ato my of () the

l
a

bon es o f the eft foo t, seen from above an d fro m

l
be ow ; ( b) the mu sc uar and o ther structu
res l
o f the nec k, seen from vario us as ec ts In o ne
p .

o f the passages o f the te x t Leonardo gives the

n u
mber of the bo n es of the foot as twenty

seven . For tran script, see I Mas arrr itti di L .

Ja V . DeII
’
A t ni
n o a, Fogli App , .
75 6 -
.

STU D ras or a SKU LL rN ME D I A N S s CTrON,

In the u
pper drawi ng hal f the va l
ut of the

sk u
ll has b een moved in order to show the

l
re

c ran ia c a vit

l y
ll
.

In the ower dra win g the sku and the u

l l um pper

a rt o f the spina in a sectio n

l l
p co n are seen

throu h h mid f h b d T h i
l ll
g t e
p an e o t e o y e s
-
p n a .

co umn appears to be u n na tura y straight The

l
.

in es on the drawin g a re to sho w inter al ia tha t

the oin t abo u
t which the sk ull is
l l l
p rota tes on e

third the ver tic a distan ce from the o f the

l l
eve

c hin to the eve o f the cro wn of the head .

For tra nscript, see Ma a orrrim

'

I di L. dc V .

Dell
’
An t on ia , Foglx B, p.
'

5.L NDA AE
S C P wrm CLOUD Er r a cT,
 L IS T OF P L AT E S x iii

6 Pa c e MS ‘
FOR Sn a rNa Va Nu
’
. or . TH E or s

(
Pd sits dx Vmer e
’

), Toc a m sa w rrn An e m
T BCTUR AL STUD ras AND Sn r cn or

Na rTUNa wrm ms Hu o ses, Fa re p

. 1 31

The b ead s a nd l e s of
g horses seen at the base
of the stan din
g figu
re show its c on n ec tio n

w ith the co mposition of Nep tu

ne in his c hario t

draw n by sea horses, whic h, a ccording to V asari,

-

Le onardo drew for n tonio S egn i. The headA

o f the horse on th e right rec a ll s the l arge r

irited udy for the me mposition

ll P l
st at
s
p sa co

Wi n dsor (
G rosvenor Ga o rtfo io NO
l m
ery .

Fro m a n o te o n the ed dra wing d m

’

l )
a t na
s -
a

i rb w a lli
’
m
( k the ho rse s o w er it may be
l l
a e ,

in ferred that the p a te rep resen ts the ate r o f

the two versions. Leon a rdo was app a ren tl y

dissatisfied with an arran ge men t in which the

i i f h fi gu
re su sts a c hario teer u
i
l
pos t on o t e gge q te

as mu c h as it does a deity, an d a tered i t to

re resen t the god in a n erec t po sitio n T h

l l
e
p .

fi gu re has a co nsidera b e simi arity to that o f

the David o f M ic he ange o, b u t is n Ot improl l

b ab yl o f e ar l ier da te .

Dym Grmmmd) AND

G a NrsTA T rNCToa rA(
’

7 .

A coa N3 AND Lea v es or TH E STALK BD

O AK (
Q u
an ta Robu
r Pedmmda ta ,
)

8 STUD v
. or D a Ar aa v or KNae Nc F rOUa a,

9 . Ba a sss L a (
R u
bs : Fra nkarm),
-

-
o . G a ova or Se ea Bra cmzs,

r t. or Ta na,
 L I S T OF P L AT E S

1 2. COLUM BI N E (J o a ilegia Vu
lga ris),

Ra NUNCULu Rsr s ( p g
Cree in
1
3
. s

O R H AL
NI T OG UM UM BE LL I F BR UM (
Star
f
o

Bethlehem), ANE M ONE N a MOR OS A W

( d
oo

H B A LA ( fy
d a emons), E UP OR I ES U Lea -
Bra nched
Spug ),
r e Fa ce p
. 2 7 4.
 LE ON ARD O D AV I NCI S ’
NOTE BOO KS -

I NTRODU CTI ON
Tm u ; nk own utho f A the outse f hi song
n a r o etna at to s

discl ims ll symp thy with the fictions f poets wh

a a a o o

re p e ent the mount in the fo ge f Vulc n the kilns

r s a as r o a

f the Cy cl ops the mound bene th which l ies the

,

o or a

ig nt Encel dus b e thi g smoke d fl me F bles ll l

,

a a r a n an a . a a

A d the b ds who utte them

n ar content with e th r not ar as

thei p ovi ce hink to el l f the w f the Gods d

r r n t t o ars o an

the sh pes which Jove ssumes

,

a a

His w k sh ll e t f Aetn it elf O the legends

or a tr a o a s n t

bout it His pupo e is to t ce th mighty w kings

,

a . r s ra e or

f n t ue eve l d in the mount in s hidden fi es ’

o a r as r a e a r .

This he p oceeded do with scientific tho oughness

r to r

y etit wo ul d seem h t the ese tion p esse dt somewh

a t r rva r a

h dl y u
ar pon the poetic instinct soon eve his ; so as r

pupose w ccomplished the muse l d him b ck in

r as a e a

a pp ent contentment to h sco ned f bles

ar t e r a .

A n l ogy
n a a — best p i l thing m y he e se ve
—
at a art a a r r

to b e k the sho e i f the

r a f conjectue
r -
ce The o se a o r

l y biog phe s f Leon do d V inci c u l tiv ted the

.

r ra r o ar a a

pictue que with

r s lmost met ic l l icencean Thei
a r a . r

na rra tives which togethe co stitute wh t P te h r n a a r as

e med the lég d in dequte to eve hi w k

,

t r en e, are as a a r al s or

d pe son l ity the f bles f Vul c n s f ge ’

an r a , as a O a or an d
 INT RODU T O C I N

enigm tic b iiy f some f his st tements d i

a rev
'
o O a an

en ces. It is possible to l im f him o igin lino t c a or r a

dis ve y in ll the points whe ein h

co r a r
'

p ted p inciples which we e subsequently est blished

a r r a

S incompl ete is the eco d f the i tell ectul l ife f

.

O r r o n a o

Mil n unde the Sfo s which h suvi ed the s o ms

a r rza as r v t r

f inv sion th t s u bsequently b oke upon h city

,

o a a r t e as to

c use positi e st tement this point to be wellnigh

,

a v a on

impossible something howeve should be llowed f

; r, a or

the esults f his inte couse with hos who we e

,

r o r r t e r

occupi d in the s me fields f ese ch We told

e a o r ar . are

th t l te pe iod he w the f iend f M c Antonio

a at a a r r as r o ar

dell To e wh held h Ch i f An tomy in the

a rr o t e a r o a

U nive sity f P vi r d t h t they mu

o tull y ssis ed
a a, an a a a t

e ch othe s studies He w lso the f iend f F

a r
’
. as a r o ra

Luc P i li the m hem ici n d d ew the di g ms

a ac o at at a an r a ra

his D Di i P p i d the w we e com

,

f or e v na ro ort on an t o r

p nions f some time in the utumn d winte f

,

a or a an r o

14 99 fte l e ving
a Mi l rn togethe ah time f the a r at t e o

F ench inv sion Nume ous efe ences d otes which

,

r a . r r r an n

occu th oughout the m nusc ipts show th t he w

r r a r a as

inde f tig ble in seeking to cqui e knowl edge f om

a a a r r

eve y pos ible souce eithe by obt ining the lo n f

r s r r a a O

books t e tises by pplic tion to those int ested

,

or r a or a a er

in the s me studies F om the st olog s then to be

,

a . r a r er

fou nd Lud i cout Amb ogio d Ro t d the

— ’
at ov c s r r a sa e a n

othe s h le nt nothing H ted thei wisdom

— r e ar . e ra r on

a p with
ar th t f h l chemists ad the seeke
o s fte
t e a an r a r

pe petul motion H i s udy f the he vens di fe ed

r a . s t o a f r

f om thei s
r much in method in pupose H i
r as as r . s

i st uments we e scientific d eve times sugge tiv l y

n r r , an n at s e
 RODU T O INT C I N

mo d e n The i e the Codice A

r . lnconst uct in tla
h tico r

g la sse s to see the moon l ge (

f o chi l i d ed e l ar a c a a v er a

l u g nde) e fe s howeve only to the u

na ra r f m gni
r r, se o a

fy i g gl ss s h inven ion f the tel escope is to be

,

n a e ; t e t O

as signed to the cen uy following t r .

At h commencement f h si teenth centuy the

t e o t e x r ,

P tol em ic theo y f the Unive se w still hel d in

a r o r as

uni e s l ccept nce Le n do fi st ccepted it d

v r a a a : o ar at r a ,
an

i hi
n l ie w itings the e th is ep esent d
s ear r r fixed ar r r e as ,

with the u d moon evol ving o u

s n an nd it He ended r r . at

so me st ge futh on in h p th f mode n discove y

a r er t e a o r r .

O n p ge f m them tic l notes Windso he h

a a o a a a at r as

w n tte n in l ge lette s the u does not move (il sole

ar r s n

si muove)
,

no .

He h b e spoken f the fo e unne f B con f

as e n o as r r r o a , o

J mes W tt f Si Is c Newton f Willi m H vey

a a o r aa o a ar .

He c nnot be s id h ve n icip ted h discove ies

, ,

a a to a a t a t e r

with whi h thei n mes ssoci ted It m y howeve

c r a are a a . a , r,

be cl imed th t he nticip ted the methods f in estig

a a a a O v a

t io which when pusued thei logic l issue coul d

n r to r a

bul e d these discove ies

, ,

no t t a to r .

The g t n tomist Ves lius fte h vi g given up

rea a a a a r a n

his Ch i f An tomy in 56 in o de to become the

,

a r o a I 1 r r

cout physici
r M d id spoke f himself still
an at a r O as

l ooki g fo w d studying th t t ue bible we count

,

n r ar to a r as

it f h hum n body d f the tue f m Si

o t e a an O na r o an .
’
r

Mich l Foste t kes these wo ds the keynote f the

ae r a r as o

l ife wo k f V li u
-
r s the t ue bible to e d is n tue
o esa r r a a r

it elf things they not the p inted p ge f G l en

s as are, r a s o a

othe science comes by ob e tion not by

,

or an r ; s rva

a utho ity r In meth d Leon do w h fo e unne

.
’
o ar as t e r r r
 INT RODU T O C I N

of Ves li usa onsequentl y f Willi m H vey wh

and c o a ar

e t wo k the o tcome e i s s te ching

, ,

gr a w u r f V lasu o sa
’
a

p ss ge in hi w itings constitues nticip tion f

a a s r t an a a o

H vey s discove y He knew th t the blood mov d

ar
’
r . a e

j ust he lso knew th t the u did move bu h

as a a s n not , tt e

l w f the ci c u l tion f the bl o d w beyond '

a o r fa o o as as ar

the st ge which his deduc ions h d ived w the

a at t a arr as as

dis ove y f Cope nicus It w his wo k to est blish

c r o r . as r a

even befo e the bi th f Ve liu h cience come

,

r r o sa s, t a t s s

by obse v tion by uth ity Yet he w me e

r a no t a or .
’
as no r

empi ic He knew the utho ities He quotes in his

r . a r .

m nusc ipts f om M udi u A m d he mut

a r r n n ss
’
na to ia , an s

h ve kn wn the wo k f G len to which M ud i u

a o r o a n n s

se ved
r int oduction At time when the Chuch
as an r . a r

t ught h s c edness f the hum n co p e d w

a t e a r o a r s an as

dy to punish s i l ge the us f h n tomist s

,
’
rea as a acr e e o t e a a

sc lpel Leon do p ctised di section d he suffe ed

a
’
ar ra s ; an r

in co sequence f hi eme ity since it w subsequent

,

n o s t r as

to the m licious l ying f info m tion conce ni g hes

,

a a o r a r n t e

e pe iments th t the withd w l f h p p l f vou

x r a ra a o t e a a a r

b ought bout his dep tue f om Rome in 5 5 Of

r a ar r r I I .

such teme ity the n tomic l d wings

r ich h est
a a a ra are a r arv .

The p ll f utho i y w th own side the p im y ne d

a o a r t as r a r ar e

w f as ctul investig tion d f this they

or a a eco d a an o are a r r .

He would g ee he s ys to it being b tt f h
,

a r a as e er or t e

student w tch demonst tion in n tomy th n to

, ,

to a a ra a a a see

hi d wi gs if onl y it we e p ssibl e to Obse ve ll the

s ra n r o r a

det ils shown in these d wings i single figue i

a ra n a r ; n

which with ll you bilit y y uwill not see cqui

, a r a o nor a re

knowledge f mo e th n ome f w veins while i

,

a o r a s e n

o de obt in ex ct d c mplete knowl dge f

, ,

r r to a an a an o e o
8 I NT RO U T O D C I N

be ing lute gift f om p on to nothe d

ar a as a r o ne atr a r, an

pl ying upon it in such skill ed f shion h t th t lone

a a t a a a

o u f ll the ts f which he h d knowledge wou

t o a ar o ld a

suffi ce open ses me to win him welcome seems

as a

indeed the to h ve its h bit tion in P ovence the

,

ra r a a a r at

c l os f the twe l fth cen uy th n

e o be th t f contem t r a to a o a

p orary d fe ll ow citizen
an f M cchi ve ll i d
-
S von o l O a a an a ar a.

In lieu f y such pe iod f toilsome pp enticeship

o an r o a r as

V s i s biog phies le d u cutom il y to expect the e

a ar
’
ra a s s ar r

seems l most P l l s like m tuity bi h The ge l

,

a a a a -
a r at rt . an

p inted by him when pp entice c uses hi m ste

a an a r a s a r to

a b ndon the u f the b ush in c g in th t me e

a se o r ha r a a r

chil d h d sup ssed him d so in like m nne we

,

a r a ; an a r, are

told th t monste which he p inted on shiel d filled

,

a a r a a

his own f the with dism y Un tisfied with this

a r a . sa

m ste y f the ts he sought disce n h c n f

a r o ar to r t e ar a a o

n tue d whithe the quest h d l d him it w not

a r ; an r a e as

f or ame e biog phe y Bu e ch wi ll help y u

r ra r to sa . t a o to

conjectue with hints mo e exp essive th n wo ds d

r r r a r an

l ess ebu tt ble Leon d s sco nful efe ences to h

, ,

’
r a . ar o r r r t e

p etended wisdom f lchemists st ol ge s d nec o

r o a a r o r an r

l y hidden me nwhil e in the m n u sc ipts not

, ,

m an cers a a a r

v il ble to cont vene such supposi ions

,

a a a ra t .

The pe son li y ep esented in h e ly bi g phies

r a t as r r t e ar o ra

is subst ti lly th t which is exp essed i the ph se f

an a a r n ra o

Michelet Léon d f é it l ien de F ust It tell ar cc r re a a .

’
s

f him th t he chose he to know th n to be d

,

o a rat r a an

th t cuiosity l d him within the fo bidd po t l s It

,

a r e r en r a

r ep esents in f ct the popul medi ev l conception f

r a ar a a o

scientific study M uch f the mode n e thetic pp i

. o r a s a rec

a tio is in its essenti l conception mo e tempe te

n a a r ra
 INT RO U T OD C I N 9

r e stat
-
eme t f the s me point f view E o
n o a o . rr r s or
— at

an
y te
ra s m f themo — coe oected in the l ight f the are rr o

r es ul ts f c i ic l es ch f m Amo etti downw ds

o r t a r ear ro r ar

the outl ook neve thel ess em ins th t f V s i d r r a a O a ar an

the Anonimo Fi i ! Ruskin s dictum th t he o re nt n o

’
a

deb d hi fine insti cts by c ic tue d em ined

,

a se s r n ar a r an r a to

d f his d ys the sl ve f ch ic smile is ’

h
t e en o a a o an a r a at

w i h the Opinion f the fol k f Wittenbe g who

,

o ne t o o r

l mented F u st s u f the unh llowed ts which h d

’
a a se o a ar a

m de him Hel en s l ove

a The ue n l ogy lies not with
’
r. tr a a

F ut bu with Goethe between whom d Le n do

a s t an o ar

the i pe h ps g e t p ychologic l esembl nce

,

re s r a as r a a s a r a as

ev r e h existed be ween w m f sup eme genius

as t t o en o r .

I e ch the puely
n a tistic d c e tive f cul ties b c me
r ar an r a a e a

s ubo di te m ste ed by the s nity f the phil osophic l

r na a r a o a

l ties
,

f u ac .

In e ch like the tless wo kings f the hum n

a a res r o a

spi it desi i g to k w nged ove h v ious medi ums

r r n no ra r t e ar

tistic e p ession tempe ed them to its uses d

,

o f ar x r r an

fi lly p sed on looki g beyond h the thought

, ,

na as n t e a rt to

itse us tisfied with wh t even in its pe fection f

,

l f n a — a r O

utte nce—w bu p le eflex f h phenomen it

,

ra as t a a r o t e a

woul d obs ve The two p ts f Goethe s F u d m

er . ar o
’
a st ra a

symboli e the g dul ch ge f pupose d m y

s ra a an o r an a

p h ps se e ep esent Leon do s two phe es f

,

’
er a rv to r r ar S r O

a cti ity V hi botteg d ll the i fluenc s f

v . erro cc
’
o s a an a n e o

h
t e art wo ld f Flo e nce in the O
r o we e f r g a ttrocen to r or

him tul g d i ing the medi ev l ch p book

te a e an tra n as a a a -

l egend d the newl y isen l ite tue f the R om ntic

,

s an ar ra r o a

School we e f h poet f Weim

r or t e The e ul t in o ar. r s

e h e w limpid se ene m jestic f the l ement

ac cas as , r , a ,
or e s
 INT RO D UCT I N O
which h d go e to the m king f it h d been fused
a n a o a

molten in the fl m he t f genius Yet h m behind

,
‘
a e -
a O . t e an

the tist is still uns tisfied He neve sh es the tist

ar a .
"
r ar ar
’
s

a ccomplishment with such m sue f bso ption ea r o a r as

ch cte ised R ph el d Gio n i Bellini He h

ara r a a an va n . as

something f the l oofn ss f F ust The e is th t

o a e O a . r a

within him which t s ppe l the senses neve kindl d ar

’
a a to r e

int life neve im pelled to utte to one f i m m

o r r o ts ~
o ents

the sup eme shibboleth f Hedonism St y hou

,

r o a t a rt so

f i All h ll uements f h medi ev l ch p book

, ,
’
a r. t e a r o t e a a a -

l egend we e eve l ed in the fi st p t f the F u d m

r r a r ar o a st ra a,

then his invoc tion being yet unutte ed the hinke

t a as r t r

ess ys the p oblem N be ten footsteps befo e in

, ,

a r . O a as r

this new enue f pp o ch ! N cle limpidity f

av O a r a O ar o

o de ed ff ! Tit nic ene gy s uggles p infully mid

r r e or t a r tr a a

h ch os f di mly pe ceived p i m ev l fo ces

t e a O The -
r r a a r . re

s t even the ve y e ffo t itself cco ding to m uch

u l — — r r a r

c itic l Opinion w
r a tistic mist ke as an ar a .

The s me j udgment w p ssed on Leon do s w k

,
’
a as a ar or

as phil sophe d scientist by the e liest f his bio

o r an ar o

g pra h Yet in e
ers. ch c se the thinke is ne e to h a a r ar r t e

ve ities F u is egene ted by the se vice f m

r . a st r ra r o an

f m u f the he ll f medi ev l t d ition

ro o to It w h o a a ra . as t e

c mpi g fette f medi e l t di ion upon thought

ra n r o a va ra t

which Leon do toiled to unloose It w his imar . as a to

extend the l imits f m n s k owl edge f hims lf f hi o a

’
n o e o s

st uct ue f hi envi onme s f l l the fo ms f life

,

r r o s r nt o a r o

ound him f the m nne f the building up f h

, ,

ar o a r O o t e

e th d d f the fi m m f the he ens

,

ar an sea , an O r a en t o av .

T this end he toil ed

o h p tient exp sition f n u l at t e a o O a t ra

t hi gs ste df ly d in p oud confidence f pup e

n , a ast , an r o r os .
 INT RO U T OD C I N I l

I wish h ys to wo k mi cles I m y h ve fewe

,
’
e sa r ra a a r

ions th n othe men who mo e t nq i

,

possess a u l d r are r ra an

h s wh wish to g ow ich in d y
’
t o e o r r a a .

Incho te d comp tively b en f e ult w

a an a ra arr o r s as as

hi inv stig tion f n tu l phenomen

s e a it neve heless
o a ra a, rt

w as ctul investig tion d it tt ined esults We

a a a an a a r .

m y in t ce the p ss ges in the m nuc ipt H lkh m

,

a s an a a a s r at o a

H l l in which the f ct f f ssi l shell s being fo u

a , nd in h a O o t e

hi g he mo u nt in idges f Lomb dy is used by p

r a r o ar a ro

s f deductive e oning show h w time

,

ce s o r as to o at o ne

h w te s cove d h e th The hypothetic l gu

,

t e a r re t e ar . a ar

m t th t the p esence f hese hell s is to be tt ibu

en a r ted o t s a r

to h Fl ood he meets by conside ing the

t e te f the r ra o

kl e s p og ess It is c e tue possessed f no swifte

,
’
coc r r . a r a r o r

p ow e f motion
r O th n the sn il h when u f w te a a as o t O a r.

I c nnot swim bu m kes

t a fu ow in the s nd by t a a rr a

m ns f i side d t vel s in this fu ow p ce f

,

ea O ts s, an ra rr a s a o

t h ee fou b cci d ily d by such method f

r to r ra a a an a o

g ssion it co not in o t y d ys h ve t ve ed
,

p ro re u ld f ll r a a ra

f m the Ad i tic to Mo fe to in Lomb dy dist nce

,

ro r a n rra ar a a

f w hu nd ed d fifty miles Neithe is it c se f

,

o t o r an . r a a o

d d she ll s h ving be n c
ea ied the e by the fo ce f the
a e arr r r o

f the l iving
ves, or gnis ble by the shell s bei g a re reco a n

i p i s
n M ny othe p ss ges in the m nusc ipts might
a r . a r a a a r

b cited
e show by wh t v ied p ths he nticip ted the
to a ar a a a

mod n methods f scientific investig tion The wo ds

er o a . r

which P e us s f h Re iss nce f h fifteenth

at r e O t e na a o t e

ce tuy in m ny hings g e t the by wh t it de

n r
‘
a t r a ra r a

ig ed spi ed do h by wh t it ctull y chieved

,

s n or a r to t an a a a a

ppli ble L on do in espect f his w k

-
a ca to e ar r o or as an

ar ti t — no whit the less pplic ble in efe ence to

s , are a a r r his
r2 INT RO U T OD C I N

wo k in science P inting d sculptue filled onl y w

r . a an r t o

o f the f cets f mind which

a c yst l took h
o a as a r a t e

l ight f om wh teve qu te light c me As howeve it

, , ,

r a r ar r a . r,

in hese ts h t he ccomplished most so such f

,

w as t ar t a a o

his w itings t e t f them on the whole the most

,

r as r a o are

p ctic l In science f h most p t he he ld d the

ra a . or t e ar ra e

w k f othe s in espect to his w tings

,

or o r ; w r ri on ar t, e

m y pply him the wo ds which D

a a to ues f himsel f r iirer s o

in simil connection wh t he set down with the p

a ar a en

he did with the h nd It is this y f cto f p i

,

’
a . ver a r O ex er

ence wo king in h mind which times c us s

r t e at a e an

b upt ntithesis in h t nsition f om the gene l p i

,

a r a t e ra r ra rn

c ipl to disc u
e ssion f the me ns whe eby it should be O a r

e li ed His wo k m y pe h ps be conside ed to lo e
r a s . r a r a r s

somewh t f i lite y v l ue in consequence bu it

a O ts rar a t

cqui es l most unique inte est mong t e tis s on

,

a r an a r a r a e art

by its combin tion f the two st ndpoints f theo y d

a o a O r an

p ctice Of thi
ra . f the most st iki g inst n e
s, o ne o r n a c s

occus in p ss ge which is only be found in the

r a a a to

r ecension f the T tise P inting in the V ti

o rea on a a ca n

( L udwig p Leon do
ca the e. s ms
u u p t it l y ar r r e

d p o fo u
ndly wh t should be the p inte s pupo e
, ,
’
an r a a r r s a

good p inte h w chief Objects to p int m d the

, ,

a r as t o a a n an

intention f hi s ul h fo me is e sy the l tte h d

,

O s o t e r r a a r ar

fte which foll ows the eminently e son b l e if pe h ps

,

a r r a a r a

nexpected expl n tion bec ue he h ep esent it

,

u a a a s as to r r

by the itudes d movements f the l imbs d h

,

att an o an t e

k owledge f the e he p oceeds to y should be cqui d

n o s r sa a re

by Obse ving the dumb bec use thei movements

r a r are

mo e n tu l th n those f y o he cl ss f pe ons
,

r a ra a o an t r a o rs .

This v y p cti l di ection how pp o ch w ds

er ra ca r to a r a to ar
 I NT RO U T OD C I N 13

th e e is tion f pp ently bs ct im is enti ely

r al a o an a ar a tra a r

c h cte istic f his intention The sup eme misf tune

a ra r o . r or

h s ys is when theo y u tst ips pe fo m nce This

,

e a r o r r r a .

s nti l p ctic li y f mind b ought bout the esult h t

,

e se a ra a t O r a r t a

i the mo e bst ct po tions f this b nch f hi w itings

n r a ra r o ra O s r

hi ze t f fi st p incipl es is most pp ent The u the

s s or r r a ar . s n,

o igin f light d h de is ecognised the fi st tist

r o an s a r as r ar

d we told th t the fi st pictue consisted me ely

, ,

an are a r r r

i n al i e which s u ou
n nded h sh dow f m c st byrr t e a o a an a

the u upon w ll d the comp i on f p et y d

s n a a an ar s o o r an

p int
a i ng eso l v s it erlf into conside etion f the
s e l tive a ra O r a

impo t nce f the senses which h w ts m e

r a o to t e t o ar ak

t hei ppe l r a a .

It is pe h ps in h pas ges which indic te the

r a t e sa a

m n e i which p tic u
a n r n l scenes d ctions should be
ar ar an a

rep e ented in th t Leon do s powe s

r s art w itea ar
’
r as a r r

fi d thei most imp essive u

n r tte nce His n tu l i r ra . a ra n

c li i
nat o n impelled him to the contempl tion f the v st a o a

an d w i spi i g in n tue b u in these te s vivid

a e -
n r n a r ; t r e,

n l ytic de iptions the conside tion f the ultim te

,

a a scr ra O a

pup e Ope tes th oughout to est in d o din te

,

r os ra r r ra an co - r a

Th desc iptive p s ge entitl ed the w y to ep esent

.

e r as a a r r a

b t l e in which h effect is bui lt up enti ely by fidelity

a t
’
t e r

f det il fo ms indeed ve it ble t iumph f e lism

,

o a r a r a r o r a

The e be no possibility f difl f Opinion

, .

'

r ca n O eren ce o as to

h w L o
o do eg ded w f e It w g im ce
e nar r ar ar ar . as a r ac s

s i yt d he w hi m e lf bu
an sied occ sion in devising
as s on a s

its inst uments bu he h d ill usions to its e l

,

r ; t a no as r a

na tue he h cte ises it els whe e

r c ara be ti l f enzy
r e r as a s a r

p z z i He e howeve he neve s e s
,

( b i l
est ali im ss) a a au ff. r r, r r

dig ess f om the wo k f simpl e de c iption

,

hi p s en to r r r o s r .
14 I NT RO U T O
D C I N

TO gene l ise woul d be lien hi pupos which is t

ra a to s r e, 0

show h w to po t y b ttle in p og ess C qu l;

o r ra a a r r . o n se en t » v

he shows wh t it is th t is ctully h ppening mid h

a a a a a a t e

clouds f dust d smoke d the in f gushot d

o an an ra o n an

f ll i g
a n ws d desc ibes te sely g phic lly lent
arro an r r ra a re

l essly h p ssions d gonies f the comb t nts

, ,

t e a an a O a a as

shown in thei f ces d thei ctions the bitte ess f

r a an r a rn o

the de hs f the v nqui hed h fuy d e h us io

,

at o a s t e r an x a t n

f the victo s d the m d te o f the ho ses sinc

,

o r an a rr r o r e

th se should find pl ce in the wo k f whoso ve would

,

e a a r o e r

r ep esent w
r d see to it he s y s in concl u
ar ;
‘
sioan
’
a n,

th t y u m ke level spot f g ound th t is

,

a o a no O r a no t

M pl d ve with bl ood The p ss ge en bles u i ’

e o r . a a a s n

p t to e lise wh t he sets himself to ep esent in h

ar r a a r r t e

pictue f the B ttle f Anghi i It is howeve f

r o a o ar . r, ar

mo e th n me e note f pictue It poss s es

,

r a a r or a r . e s an

inte est d v lue p t eithe f om this f ct f om

r an a a ar r r a or r

the m ste y in the f w iting which it ev l s I

a r art o r r ea . ts

u l tim te v lu e is m l d did ctic He fo be rs

a a o ra an a . r a to
gene l ise bu co st ins the e de in his ste d H i
ra t n ra r a r a s

desc ipti n is f the identic l spi it which h nim t d

.

r o o a r as a a e

the c e ions f Tolstoi d V h gi Like h s

r at O an erestc a n. t e e

Le n do seems to seek m ke w impossible by

o ar to a ar

showing it st ipped f ll its p ge n y d t ppi g i

,
,

r o a a a tr an ra n s, n

its n ked d hideous e l ity

a an r a .

The p s ges which des ibe tempest d delug

as a cr a an a e

an d thei ep esent tion i p i ting p ssess the s m

r r r a n an o a e

vigo ous e l ism d fidelity f det il d cont in s me

r r a an o a an a o

f Leon do s most el oq u e t d pictuesque w iting

,
’
O ar n an r r

an d mong h othe notes connected with pi tues w

a t e r c r e

m y i t ce th t f the L t S u
a ns an pp d iptive f a or as er ,
’
esc r o
 16 INT ROD UCT I N O
g ce in y ende ing Ce t in f these sentenc
ra an r r . r a o es

r eco d the phenome f n tue so simply

r us na O a r as to ca e

u l most to dou
s a bt whethe they intended d r are to o

mo e th n this Al l the flowe s which the u

r a . r see s n

m tue thei seed d not the othe s h t is those which

a r r an r t a

only h eflection f h u is pe h p w itten

, ,

’
see t e r O t e s n, r a s r as

an Obse v ti n f n tue without thought f deep

r a o o a r o a er

me ni g bu it is h d to suppose th t simil
a n t i ar a a ar restr c

tion pplies the sentence te s come f om the he t

a to ar r ar

f om the b in l though it is found in m nusc ip t ’

no t r ra ,
a a a r

which t ts f n tomy rea o a a .

It would seem th t it w tu l him w ite a as na ra to as a r r

to u wo ds symbols d figu tively thu empl oying

se r as an ra s

things evident d eve led i met pho Of this h bit

,

an r a n a r. a

o f veil ed utte nce the ection f his im gin tive w i ings

ra s O a a r t

known p ophecies ffo ds the most imp e ive d

as r a r r ss an

sust ined se i s f inst nces Some f w f th e

a r e o a . e o es are, as

thei n me impl ies fo ec st f futue conditions m y

r a a r a O r ; an

tt ck the vices d buses f his Own time I h

,

a a an a O . n t e

succinct ntithetic l fo m f thei composition L on do

a a r o r e ar

pp ently c e ted his w model

,

a ar r a o n .

The e questions mo e in im te th n y f those

r a re r t a a an O

which ise f om the consid tion f his chievement

ar r era o a

in these v ious t d sciences questions which

ar ar s an

h me e n u
t e mbe f the e ex e n l inte ests tends to veil
r r o s t r a r

in comp tive Obscuity c using u to eg d L on do

ara r a s r ar e ar

l most esult nt f fo ces he th n individul

,

a as a r a O r rat r a as an a

to see in him i we e embodiment f the v ious

,

as t r an O ar

intellectul tendencies f the Re iss nce though h

a o na a -
as t e

chievements we e the m ! The figue c osse the

,

a r an r r s

st ge f life in iumph pl ying to pe fection m y p ts

a O tr , a r an ar
 I NT RODU T O C I N 1 7

But Of these enough Let u y to come ne to get s tr a rer,

p st the clo k f his ctivities d ess y to pl uck the

a a o a an a

h t u f this myste y As me ns tow ds this end

,

’
ea r o to r . a a ar

u conside his ttitu de with eg d ce t i f the

,

let s r a r ar to r a n o

p bl e m f l ife
ro s o .

H i w itings i c u
s r l c te h highest mo l ity tho u
n a gh t e ra

he e soned p cess f the mind th n evel

,

ra t r as a r a ro O a as a r a

ti f om exte n l utho i y He p ese ves so m

on r an r a a r t . r r co

p l e te eticence
a r the u bject f docton in l be l ie f s O r a as to

l v v y l ittl e b se f in fe ence
ea e er ato his f ith l ck f
or r as a or a o

f it h
a . The st tement f V i th t he did not confo m
a o a sar a r

to a n y e l igio
r deemi g
n, it bette pe h ps to be n phi l o r r a a

p h er th n a C h istian w omitted
r in the asecond edition
as

f the Li d m y the efo e be l ooked u pon

,

o ves, an a r r as

p ro b b l
ay m e e l y c y st
r l l i tion fa so m e piece
r f F l
a o sa o o r

c uti e go sip It wou

n s l d be idl e to tte mpt to sumise
. a r

as to the e son f the withd w l To wh teve c ue

r a o ra a . a r a s

it m y h ve been du its signific nce is no whit the les

a a e, a s

as ouweighing m ss f sugges ion d v in epetition

t a a o t an a r

on this ubject by l te w ite s In tempe ment Leo

s a r r r . ra

n ar d h s mething kin to ce t in f the p ecuso s f

o as o a r a o r r r o

the Refo m tion In y conflict b tween the dict tes

r a . an e a

o f e s n
r a o d f u antho ity he w uld be f und the
O a r o o on

ide f f eedom f thought Whoeve he w ote in

,
’ ‘
s o r O . r, r

discusion dduces utho i y uses not his intellect bu

,

s a a r t t

ra the memo y
r r .
’

The c st f hi mind w nti cle ic l His i

a O s as a -
r a . n

dign tion the buses d co upti n f the Chuch

a at a an rr o o r

fo u nd exp ession in ti e di ect d pie cing h t

r sa r as r an r as t a

O f E smu ra s H i sco n f the vices f h p iesthood

. s r O o t e r

f thei e co u gement f su pe stition f the t d in

,

o r n ra o r , o ra e

a
 I NT ROD UCT I N O
mi cles d p dons which is eloquently exp essed
ra an ar r

the ection f his w itings known the p ophecie

,
’

s o r as r s,

m y not u
a nn tu lly h ve e n d f him the title f
a ra a ar e or o

he etic f om those whom he tt cked His qu el l y

r r a a . arr a ,

howeve not with the found tions on which f ith ested

r, a a r

bu with wh t he c nceived to be its deg d ion i

,

t a o ra at n

p ctice by its vot ies His w p th l y l ng h

ra ar . o n a a a o t e

fiel d f scientific inqui y bu whe e the es ults f thi

o r t r r o s

re se ch seemed v i nc with eve led t uh h

ar at ar a e r a r t e

would e e e h issue discl iming the suggestion f

,

r s rv t e a o

nt gonism N ue indeed c not b k h own l w

,

a a . at r an rea er a s.

The p ocess s f science sue bu the e

r — e egio
o are r t r are r ns

whe e we c nnot follow hem Ou body is subject

,

r a t . r

to he ve d he ven is subject to h spi it S

a n , an a t e r .
’
o at

the concl usion f p ss ge desc ibing h n tu l igin

o a a a r t e a ra or

o f l ife he dds I spe k not g inst h s c ed book

a
‘
a a a t e a r s,

f they sup eme t uth The wo ds seem p ot st

, ,

’
or a re r r . r a r e

g i st the ste il e discussion f hese things The e is

a a n r o t . r

indeed eticence in the exp ession f h fo mul s f

a r r o t e r a o

f ith bu the st nds f i p esenc m y be seen in the

a t ra o ts r e a

web f li fe
,

o .

The impell ing necessity u life fully is h eve to se t e r

r ecu ent buden f his mo l s yings

rr r o ra a

Life wel l spen t is lo ng .

’

Tho u O God, dost sel l u

n to u
s al l
goo d thin
gs a t the
price

o f a bol u
r .

‘
A s a well -
spen t day b rings ha ppy sl eep, so l ife we ll u
sed
brin gs happy dea th
’
.

This vision f h end is st df t De th fol o t e ea as . a lo ws

life even sleep ounds fl the d y d we w
as r o
’
a an as o rk

well in h d y sleep when it com is h ppy

,

t e a , so es a an d
 I NT RO U T O D C I N

u t b ed Dui g the p ssi g f the d y the e is

n roul . rn a n o a r so

mu toch b done such opp tuity const uct d to

e or n to r an

ob e much knowledge b won bout this wo ld

,

ser v so to e a r

wh i h d y is p s ed th t the e is sc ce time
,

ere n t e a a s a r ar re

m ini g i which to st d in fe d wonde thought

,

a n n an ar a n r at

o f wh chim s the coming sh dow m y hold within it

at era a a .

It is b tte to u d y th n spend it in questioning

e r se to -
a a to

o f mo ow Du
to -
ty in life is cle d we m ust follow
rr . ar a n

it When he spe ks f wh t comes fte it is with h t

. a o a a r, t a

h i ce common to ll unless to spe k f it be m de

es ta n a a o a

h bi u e by c u stom f ll wh teve be the i belief

,

a t at or to a a r r

he e yet em i s some hi g unkn w ble in the condi

, , ,

t r r a n t n o a

ti s f the ch nge
on o a .

I f the most be u
n o ne o tiful p s ges f his w itings a as a o r

— f gment time the dest oye Leon do de

,

a ra — on r r ar

ibes Hel en i h ld g l o king into h mi

,

scr n er o a e as o er rro r

an d se ing the e h w inkl s which time h d imp inted

e r t e r e a r

on h f ce erd then weeping

a d wonde i g why she
an an rn

h d been t wice c ied w y Be utiful is the d ip

, ,

a arr a a . a as e scr

tion the h nd which penned it is p eminently th t f

a re -
a o

the cientist w seem to see the tomist wo k with

,

s ; e an a at r

the lpel minute is the obse v tion the ei eve led

sca so r a r n r a

elen le s pp o ch f
,
'

h fl
as to t e e f g d f h ect o a e an o t e r t s a r a o

d th upon the hum n f me

ea a ra .

The f equent ecu ence in his w itings d in his

r r rr r an

d wi gs d g otesques f the physic l tokens f dec y

ra n an r o a o a

an d de th gu es howeve mo bid p edilection such

a ar r, no r r as

w th t shown by h p inte s f the d m m b It

,

as a t e a r o a e a ca re.

fo ms p opo tioned p t f hi s u
r a r dy d p tient ex
r ar o s t an a

p si io f the o igin d development f the who e

o t n o r an o l
s uctue f m In h esults w m y e d them
tr r o an . t e r as e a r a ,
f zo 1 OD UCTI ON

the e is no incusion f the pe son l note H i ttitud

r r o r a . s a e

i l w ys th t f
s a a ob e ve looking with cuious eyes
a o an s r r, r

noting ll omen f physic l ch nge bu y

,

a a o a a t et

ll the whil nge imp ssivity He neve

,

a a r

in y f his in his m nusc ipts gives h

.

an o or a r t e

suggestion f possessing y f th t eg et the p ssing

o an o a r r at a

f time which ings th ou gh Gi gi u steeped ’

o r r or on e s s n -

idyls Indeed f om ll such l ment he exp ssly di

. r a a re s

soci tes himself Time he sseve s st ys long enough

, ,

a . a r a

f those who u it The me e f ct f the inevit bility

, ,

or se . r a o a

o f de th fo bids eg et
a It the efo e c nnot b evil
r r r . r r a e an .

He spe ks f it t king w y the memo y f evil d

a o as a a a r o an

comp e it with the sleep which fol lows fte the d y

,

ar s a r a .

The thought f his sleep b ing si lence when

o t e r s : o n rar

occ sion the sil ence is b oken he st nds with Sh k

a r a a e

spe e d Mont igne eve l ing hey do when they

,

ar an a r a as t

d d ess themsel ves to the s me q u estion q uiet fi

, , ,

a r a a con

dence se ene d p oud

,

r an r .

The utho f g ubu P i gu disc using whim

,

a r o Vir i i s aer s e o r

i ll y u
s ca pon the incidence d tt ibutes f the tende an a r o r

p ssio p ofesses hi utte in bility to comp ehend h w

a n, r s r a r o

an
y membe f his own sex with
r o most w exceptions at t o

eve h ve been found wo thy to be its bject It

, ,

ca n r a r o .

might be ve y wel l he s ys if the Apollo Belvede e

r
’
a
‘
r

shoul d suddenl y glow ll ove into life d step fo w d

, ,

a r , an r ar

f m h pedest l with th t g d l ike i

ro t e a f his Bu f a o -
a r o . t o

the misbegotten h ngelings wh c ll themsel ves men

C a o a

an d p te intol e bl y ove dinne t bl es I neve

ra ra w r r -
a r sa o ne

wh seemed wo th y to insp e ove no ed f

,

o i l —r r no r r a o

except Leon do inc pe h ps o the

,

an
y d V i d ar G i hi a an r a e n s

y uho t .
’
 I NT R O UTO D C I N

The sugge tion to the Apollo Belvede e is in ent

s as r i re

h mony with the ssoci tions f h n mes which follow

ar a a o t e a .

F or if it h d eve co me to p ss a is conjec ued in

r a as t r

Heine f n sy h t the gods f G eece fte thei

,
’
s a ta t a o r a r r

wo ship ce s d f ll en on d ys f dve sity d con

, ,

r a e a a o a r an

st in d to b e uses h d w lked the e th m suely

, ,

ra e as r a a ar as en , r

no l ives he of ec d holds h d come mo e n tu ll y to

,

w re r or a r a ra

Apoll s l th n w ul d those f G ethe d Leon do

o
’
ot a o o o an ar

It would be v in to ttempt to find bette inst nces a a r a

the e give on y c p icio s s ppo t b st to

,

y et l s u u a a r r at e

S teven on contenti n They ffo d f mo e p of

’
s s o . a r ar r ro

o f his m zi g teme ity in ttempting to

a a n iew the r a v

ki gdom f sentiment f om the feminine st ndpoi t

n o r a n .

T h se w n mes he nks togethe in i l ti n f om the

e t o a ra r so a o r

res t f thei sex d thi in espect p ecisely f th t

o — r an s r r o a

condi ion whe ein the ec d f thei lives eve l the

t r r or s o r r a

l e st esembl nce
a r Goethe w susceptible d lmost
a . as as an a

as fickl e Jupite himself The sto y f his he t is

as r . r o ar a

ro m nce wi h m y ch pte s e ch ensh ini g new n me

a t an a r a r n a a

d ll ending b u ptly the st ge which the poet

, ,

an a a r at a at

r emembe s times somewh t dily the p mount

— r at — a tar l ara

cl ims f hi
a o s art.

Bu in h c se f Leon do the e
t t e no g ounds f
a o ar r are r or

supposi g th t y one such ch pte w eve begun None

n a an a r as r .

o f hi biog phe s connect his n me with th t f

s ra r
y a a o an

wom n in the y f love do his own w itings fi d

a wa o n or r a
'

or

s ch indic tion They show th t he ived on y

,

an
y u a l l f
. a or

t h things f the mind

e He woul d seem to h ve
o . a re

no u d delibe tel y ll tho u

nce ght f p ticip tion in the
ra a o ar a

tende ess f hum n l tio hip He l oked upon it

rn o a re a ns . o

lien to the tist s sup eme pupo e he must ’

as a ar r r s :
 INT RODU T O C I N

needs be solit y i de l ive enti ely f hi ar n or r to r or s ar t.

His concep ion f the ment l conditions eq uisite f

t o a r or

h
t e p oduction f g e t p esuppo es s me hing
r o r a art r s o t

f h t isol ti n exp essed in P te s ph s e ch ’

o t a a o r a r ra e a

mind keeping solit y p i one its w d m f

as a ar r s r o n rea o

a wo ld r .
’

The p ise f solitude h eve been fecud them

ra o as r a n e,

a l thou gh much f the fe vou f its vot ies h esul t d

o r r o ar as r e

in littl e mo e th n eve b tion f the mo kish ji gl e

r a a r r era o n n

O be t li ud O sol b i ud In f p i
,

’
a a so t o, a ea t t o. so a r as ra se

o f sol itude is disp ise f h wo ld d fellow men d ra o t e r an -

an

the exp ssio f desi e shun them d thei ctivities

re n o r to an r a

it is ste ile thing d wo se Solitude is unn tu l

a r an r a ra

an d onl y the u f it j utify the condition M y

se o can s . a

be th t even hen the d e m will neve c me to bi h !

a t r a r o rt

Ce t in it is h t if it does w must suffe the p ngs

r a t a e r a

a lone !
Concent tion f the mind comes by solitude d
ra o ; an

in this cco ding to Le n do its v l ue the tist

a r o ar a to ar

consists (S us i solo us i tutt u )

, ,

. e t ara t ara o t o.

If y u
‘
lone y u bel ong enti ely
o are youself
a o r to r .

If y u o ccomp nied e en by comp nion y u

are a a v o ne a o

belong o ly h lf to youself even less in p opo ion

n a r or r rt

to the houghtle sness f hi conduct If y um ust

,

t s o s . o

h ve comp nionship choos it f om you studio it m y

a a e r r ; a

then h lp y uto obt in the dv nt ges which esul t f om

e o a a a a r r

di ffe ent methods f study

r o .
’

Su ch comp nionship f the studio implies some such

a o

me sue f equlity f tt inment it neve h

a r o a o a a as can r ave

been his w l meet with fte le ing the ci l f

o n ot to a r av rc e o

Ve occhio d the wo l d f Flo ence H i w

rr an art r o r . s o n
 I NT RO U T OD C I N

uim
lt te self Such hum n hopes begin d end
a . a as an

in the individul puny even in thei highest fi lfil

a are r l

ment d h p o esses f n tue wh teve thei fin l

an t e r c o a r a r r a

end eem ete n l in cont st with thei t nsience He

, ,

s r a ra r ra .

inte p eted m n s highest im to consist in seeki g

,
’
r r a a n to

know d to h nd on the l mp f knowledge

an a a o .

The t k f the student who should ttempt to dis e

as o a c rn

Leo do mid the m ss f t diti n w comp ed with

nar a a o ra o as ar

th t sc ibed to hims lf by the utho f A In

a a r e a r o etna . o ne

o f the nobl est d most eloqu ently sust ined p ss ges f

an a a a o

th t wo k the poet ch cte ises the investig tion f

a r ara r a o

the fo ces f n tue d f the v ious phenomen f

,

r o a r , an o ar a o

e th
ar d sky
sea , a nthe highest f ll the objects f as o a o

intellec ul effo t d which constituted in itself i

, ,

t a r an on e ts

w highest ew d The l ines se ve des iptio

,

o n r ar . r as a cr n

f L on d s p upose d his w itings eve l how f

’
o e ar o r an r r a ar

this pupose ccomplished

,

r was a .

N u lu m uu mm
on o c u lis so p e c d iranda t eri
More usos in hu mu m grau e pasc ere corpu
'

, ne c efi s ,

Nosse fi de m reru m du biasq u e ex u ire re c au

l
se s
q ,

Ingen iu m sacrare c ap utq u e atto l e re cae l o

S c ire q u
ot e t u e sin t magn o nata ia mu d l ,

P q
l
a n o

rincipia occ asu s me tu

, u n t an sa ec u a pergu nt ,

aec u
Et q u mqu
e iac en t ta n to mirac l mu
u a n do

No n disiecta pati, n ec ac eru o c o ndita reru

m ,

S ed man ifesta no tis certa d isponere sed e

S ingua, diu
in a l est an i mi ac iticu
nd a ol u
u p tas .
 A RE CORD OF THE MAN USC RIPTS
I h opening li es f the volu
N t e me f m nusc ipt notes
n o o a r

b gu en Flo ence in the house f Pie di B ccio

at r o ro ra

M te lliar the d d y f M ch
on now i
22n a o ar n

B itish M use um ( A undel MSS L o do

, ,

h
t e r r . e nar

exp l ins the method f its composition The p ss ge

a o . a a

m y se ve to s u
a rmm i e the imp ession m de by the ar s r a

w h o l e m ss f Leon do s m n u sc ipts This he s ys ’ ’

a o ar a r . a ,

w ill be collection without de m de up f m ny

,

a or r, a o a

sheets which I h ve copied he e hopi g fte w ds to

a r n a r ar

nge them in o de in thei p ope pl ces cco ding

,

arra r r r r r a a r

to t eh su bjects f which they t e t d I believe th t

o r a ; an a

b e fo e I mr the end f this I h ll h ve to epe t the

a at o s a a r a

s me thing seve l times d the efo e 0 e de

a ra ; an r r r a r,

bl me me bec use the subjects m ny d the

,

a no t, a are a an

memo y c nn t et in them d y this I will not

,

r a o r a an sa

w ite bec use I h ve l e dy w itten it d if I wished to

,

r a a a r a r an

avoid f lling into this mist ke it would be necess y in

a a ar

o de to p event epetition th t on eve y occ sion when I

,

r r r r a r a

wished to t nsc ibe p ss ge I should lw ys e d ove

,

ra r a a a a a r a r

all the p eceding po tion

r d this especi l ly bec u
se lo g
r an a a n

pe iods f time el pse b tween one time f w iting d

,

r o a e o r an

anothe Ce in p ges in the vol ume f m nusc ipt in

r.
’
rta a o a r

the B itish Museum w ul d indeed seem to be f much

r o o a

e lie d te th n this int oduc o y sentence d the

ar r a a r t r an

whole body f the m nusc ipts m y be sh wn b h

,

o a r as a o y t e
36 A U R PT
RE OR C D O F TH E MAN SC I S

time fe ences con ined in them extend ve pe iod

-
re r ta o r a r

f some fo ty y e s f om L on do s l y m nhood
,
’
o r ar r e ar ear a to

his ld g He commenced them duing h time f

,

o a e. r t e o

his fi st esidence in Flo ence d w sti ll dding

r r r an as a to

them when Amb ise

,

at o .

The contents f this ollection without o de o C r r are so

dive sified to ende wellnigh impossible y ttempt

r as r r an a

at fo m l cl ssific tion
r a In ddition to the nume ous
a a . a r

f gments
ra f l ette s h pe son l eco ds the n tes
o r t e r a r r o

el ting to his wo k tist d the f gments f

, ,

r a r as a n ar an ra o

im gin tive comp sition which to be found the ein

,

a a o are r

it p e ents by f the most complete eco d f his ment l

,

r s ar r r o a

activi y d this m y be s id without ex gge tion

t an a a a ra to

h ve extended into p ctic lly l l the venues f hum

,

a ra a a a o an

knowledge These m nusc ipts se ve i sense to show

. a r r n a

the mind in its wo ksh p busied in ese ching in r o r ar

m ki g co jectue d in eco ding phenome

, ,

a n n r an r r na,

tempe ing to its uses in so f hum n inst ument

,

r ar as a r

m y the v st fo ces f n t ue
,

a a r o a r .

He p ojected m ny t e tises which should embody h

,

r a r a t e

resul ts f these ese ches Notes in the m nusc ip

o r ar . a r ts

themselves eco d the v ious st ges f thei compo ition

r r ar a o r s .

Some sti l l exist in mo e less complete fo m Of a r or r .

the f gments f othe s the o de f gement is w

ra o r r r o ar ran no

onl y m tte f conjec ue In the m nusc ipts

a a r o t r . a r at

Windso which t e t m inl y f n tomy n te d ted

r, r a a o a a a o a

Ap il 89 spe ks f w iting h book b ut h

, ,

r 2, 14 a o r t e a o t e

hum n figue The m n usc ipt given to the Amb mi

,
’
a r . a r r an

Lib y by Cadin l Fede ico Bo om o w MS C f

rar r a r rr e no . o

the Institut de F nce which is e tise ligh d

.
,

ra a tr a on t an

sh de cont in note h t on h 3 d d f Awil

,

a , a s a t a t e a r ay o
 A RE OR C D OF TH E MAN U S CR I PT S a,

1 4 90 I commenced this book d commenced the an re

h o rse— the l tte efe ence bei g to h equest i n

a r r r n t e r a

st tue f F ncesco Sfo z In August 9 9 note in

a o ra r a. 14 a

the Codice A l ntico s tes th t he w then w iting

ta ta a as r

up n movement d weight T hese d te

o an h w .
’
a s are, o

e ve f el tively less impo nce bec use e ch f these

r, o r a rta a a o

ubj ects occu pied hi thoughts duing long pe iod f

,

s s r a r o

y s
ea r The
. w fi st f medt o p t f the
r tist s com
or a ar o ar
’

p l e teeq u ipment Leon do conceived as it the thi d ar : r

f u
o nd p ctic l issue in his ude t kings in c n li tion
ra a n r a a a sa

an d e ginee ing in Lomb dy Tu

n r sc ny Rom gn d ar a a a , an

l whe e In connection with the fo me f these two

, ,

e se r . r r o

divisions f his tivitie m y be cited h t e tise on the

o ac s a t e r a

na tue f w te in the poss ssion f the E l f Leiceste

r o a r e o ar o r,

an d the s me s u bject is lso t e ted f mo g othe s in

a a r a o a n r

M S F f the Institu
. . o t which cco di g to note w a r n a as

commen ed Mil n on the h f S ptembe 5 8

, , ,

c at a 1 2t o e r 1 0 .

The m usc ipts whole pictuesq uel y desc ibed

an r as a are r r

in the di y f ce t in Antonio de B i the sec et y

ar o a r a e at s, r ar

o f the C din l f A gon who with hi p t on visited

ar a o ra s a r

Leon do Amboise in Octobe 5 7 The m ny

,

ar at r 1 1 . a

d i g f the p inte s l i fe we e then ended d he

’
er n s o a r r an

w l iving with F ncesco Mel zi d his s v nt B ttist

,

as ra an er a a a

de Vil l i i the m no house f Cloux the gift f

an s n a r o o

F ncis Th di y el tes th t he showed his guests

,

ra 1. e ar r a a

th e pic ue h S John the M donn with S Anne

re t r s, t e . a a .

d h po t it Flo entine l dy p inted the

, ,

an t e f r ra o a r a a at

est G i i no de Medici hich c nnot now be

,

re
q u f u l o w a
’
a

id ntified It futhe st tes th t p lysis h d tt cked

,

e . r r a a a ra a a a

his ight h nd d th t the efo e he coul d no longe

r a an a r r r

int i h s ch weetne s o me y st cc pi d
,

p a w u t f ls b u il l u s as r r , t o e
a s A U R PT
RE OR C D o r TH E MAN SC I S

himself in m king d wi gs d giving inst uction a ra n an r to

othe s (M y the infe ence be h t he the d ew wi h

r . a r t a n r t

the left h nd If so he p esum bly used it in the

a r a

m nusc ipts which w itten b ckw ds )

a r are r a ar .

This gentlem n h he continus w itten f

,

’
a as, e r o

tomy with such we l h f det il illust ting by hi

,

ana a t o a ra s

both limbs d m uscles ne es veins d lig ments

,

art an rv an a

f the inw d p ts d f ll th t m y be demonst ted

, ,

o ar ar an o a a a ra

in the bodies f men d f women in w y th t h

,

o an o a a a as

neve befo e been equll ed by y one else And this

,

r r a an .

we h ve seen with u own eyes d he h lso told u

a o r an as a s

th t he h dissected mo e h n thi ty bodies f men

,

a as r t a r o

d women f ll diffe ent ges

an He h l so t ted f
o a r a . as a rea o

the n tue f w te f v ious m chines d f othe

a r o a r, o ar a an o r

m tte s which he h de lt with in endless numbe f

,

a r as a an r o

volumes d ll in the common tongue which whe hey

an a n t

m de pu blic will be p ofit ble d ve y delect ble

, ,
’
are a r a an r a .

This desc iption f the m nusc ipts the only by

r — o a r o ne an

eyewitness duing Leon do s lifetime le ds n tu ll y

— r ar
’
a a ra

to h supposition th t if not l l
t e y te by f the a a a t an ra ar

g e te p t f them we e in Le n do s posse ion

, ,

’
r a r ar o r o ar ss at

the time th t he went to F nce d we e Cl u

a ra an r at o x at

the time f his de th

,

o a .

The m nusc ipts then p s ed into the possession f

a r a s o

F ncesco Melzi whom Leon do in his will d ted

ra to ar a

Ap il 3 5 8 beque thed in etun f the se vices d

, ,

‘
r 2 1 1 a r r or r an

f vous done him i h p st e ch d ll f h books

, ,
’
a r n t e a a an a o t e

f which the s id Test to is p esent posses ed t ge he

,

o a a r at r s o t r

with the othe inst uments d po t its which belong

,

r r an r ra to

hi d c lling P inte Melzi etuned to ’

s art an a as a a r. r r

Mil n sho tly fte Leon do s de th d took the

a r a r ar
’
a an
 A U R PT
RE OR C D OF TH E MAN SC I S 29

m uc ipts with him d fou ye s l te ce in

an s r an r ar a r a rta

Albe to B d d w iting f om Mil Alf nso d E

,

’
r en e eo , r r an to o ste ,

said th t he believed h t the Melzi whom L on do m d

a t a e ar a e

his hei w in posse sion f such f his notebo ks

r as s o o o as

e ted f n tomy d m ny the be utiful things

tr a o a a an a o r a
’

s i isited Mil n in 56 6 d he st tes th t Melzi

.

Va ar v a 1 an a a

w hom he w d who w then be utiful d gentle

, ,

sa an as a a an

posse ed g e t p t f Leon do s p pe s f
,

ld m
’ ’
o an, ss a r a ar o ar a r o

th tomy f the hum n b dy d kept them wi h

e a na o a o an t as

much c e th ugh they we e elics Some f the

ar as o r r . o

m n uc ipt h d l e dy
a s r this time p ssed int othe
s a a r a at a o r

h nds f V s i efe s to some which t e ted f p inting

a or a ar r r r a o a

d me hods f d wing d co l ouing being then in

,

an t o ra an r as

the pos ession f ce t in M il nese p inte whose n me

s o a r a a a r a

he does mention The c e which h d been t ke

no t . ar a a n

f tho e in M l i p ssession ce sed his de th which’

o s e z s o a at a

cu ed in 57 Some ye s l te no est iction w

,

oc rr 1 0. ar a r r r as

pl ced by Mel i s hei s up n the ction f ce t in

a a
’
r o a o a r a

Lel io G di di Asol tuto in the Melzi f mil y wh

avar a, a r a o

took thi tee f h volumes f m nusc ipts with him to

,

r n o t e o a r

Fl o ence f the pupose f disposing f them the

r or r o o to

G d Duke F ncesco The duke s de th howeve

ran ra .
’
a r,

p evented the e lis tion f this p oject d G d i

, ,

r r a a o r an avar

subsequently took h volumes with him to Pis

,

t e a.

Giov nni Amb ogio M

a Mil nese who w
r az z en ta , a a as

then the U nive sity f Pis studying l w emons ted

at r o a a r tra

with G di upon his conduct d with such succe s

,

avar , an s
th t M a on etun to Mil n in 587 he took the
az ze n ta s r
’
r a 1

volumes with him f the pupose f esto ing them or r o r r to

h Mel zi f mil y
t e When howeve he ttempted to
a . r, a

p fo m this duty D O zi Melzi w so st ni hed

,

er r r. ra o as a o s
30 A RE ORC D OF TH E M N S C I AU R PT S

at his soli itude in the m tte th t he m de him p e t

c a r a a a res n

o f l l the thi een volu

a mes telli g him futhe th t the e
rt n r r a r

we e m ny othe d wings by Leon do lying un ed

,

r a r ra ar ear

f
or in the ttics f his vill V p io In 59
a o a at a r . 1 0

Giov nni Amb ogio M

a joined the B n bite
r az zenta ar a

O de d the volumes we e then given by him to hi

r r an r s

b othe s They seem to h ve t lked somewh t f eely

r r . a a a r

a bout the incident d in consequence cco ding to an a r

Amb ogio M ccount m ny people we e fill ed

, ,

’
r azz e n ta s a a r

with the d si e to obt in simil t e su s d O zi

,

e r a ar r a re an ra o

Melzi g ve w y f eely d wings cl y models n tomic l

,

a a a r ra a a a a

studies d othe p ecious elics f om Leon do s studio

, ,

’
an r r r r ar .

Among the othe s wh thus c me into posse sion f

,

r o a s o

wo ks by Leon do w the sculpto Pomp o L oni wh

r ar as r e e o

w empl oyed in the se vice f the King f Sp in

as He r o o a .

a fte w ds indu
r ced O zio Melzi by the p omise f
ar ra r o

obt ini g f him offi ci l honous d p efe ment

,

a n or a r an r r to

ppe l to Guido M in whose possession they the

,

a a az zenta , n

we e to esto e the volumes f L on do s m nusc ipt

r r r o e ar
’
a r s

so th t he might be en bled to p esent them to Philip

,

a a r 1 1.

Mel i s ent e tie we e succe sful in obt ining the etun

a
’
r a s r s a r r

o f seven vo lu mes d th ee f the othe s sub equentl y an r o r s

p sed into Pompeo Leoni s possession the de h f

,

’
as on at o

o ne o f the M Of the em ining th ee cco d

az z enta . r a r a r

ing to M ccount one w given the C di l

,
’
az zen ta s a as to ar na

Fede ico Bo omeo d p s ed i o the Amb osi

,

r rr an a s nt r an

Lib y which he found d in 6 3 nothe w given

,

rar e 1 0 to
; a r as

the p inte Amb ogio F gu who fte w ds beque hed

,

a r r i n, a r ar at

it to E cole Bi nchi it w subsequentl y in the po session

r a ; as s
32 A U R PT
RE OR C D OF TH E MAN SC I S

possession we e included mo g his effects sold f e his

r a n a t r

de th M d id d we e then bought by D Ju
a at a r an r on an

de Espi It would seem p ob ble th t othe s f the

,

na. r a a r o

m nusc ipt in Pompeo Leoni s possession descended to

a r s
’

his hei C l chi d f om him p s ed into the pos essi

r a an r a s s on

f Cou nt A i bec ue the l tte in 6 36 p

,

O rco na t , a s a r 1 re

sented twel e volumes f Leon d s m nusc ip s

v o ar o
’
a r t to

h Amb osi n Lib

t e y Mil n The volume which
r a rar at a .

M h d given to C din l Fe de ico Bo omeo h d

az z e nta a ar a r rr a

l e d y been pl ced the e in

a r a 6 3 d in 6 7 a yet r 1 0 an 1 4 .

nothe volume f Leon d s m nusc ipts w dded by

,
’
a r o ar o a r as a

the gi ft f Count O zio A hi i

o ra rc nt .

Of the l ist f twelve m n usc ipts desc ibed in Count

o a r as r

A i deed f gi ft to the Amb osi n Lib y the

’
rco nat s o r a rar

second w fte w ds lost d the fifth w emoved

,

as a r ar an as r

f om the Lib y i being the desc iption shows

,

r — rar t as r

identic l with the m nusc ipt f Leon do s which i

, , ,
’
a a r o ar n

b ut the y 7 5 w bought f om G et no C cci

a o ear 1 0 as r a a a a a

o f Nov by C lo T ivulzio d is now in the posses

ara ar r an

sion f P ince T ivulzio Mi l The em i ing ten

o r — r at an . r a n

m nu sc ipts f the A i don tion togethe with

a r O rco n at a r

the two f m C din l Fede ico Bo omeo d Count

,

ro ar a r rr an

A hi i espectively we e in the Amb osi n Lib y

rc nt r r r a rar

until 7 6 The e w the l so with hem m n u sc ipt

,

1 9 . r as n a t a a r

o f ten sheets which t e ted f the e ye the p f r a o r ovena nce o

which is unknown bu which it is conjectued h d bee

,

t r a n

substituted f the m nusc ipt now in the coll e tion f

,

or a r c o

P ince T i ul zio The e thi teen m nus ipts we ll

r r v . s r a cr re a

remov d to P is i the ye 7 96 in pusunce f h

e ar n ar 1 r a o t e

dec ee f Bon p te Gene l i Chief f the A my

r o a ar as ra -
n -
o r 01

It ly f 3 Flo é l An IV (M y 9
a o 0
p o
r a id g . a 1 , r v in
 A RE ORD OF C TH E M NU S C IPT S A R
for the pp in ment f gent wh should select such
a o t o an a o

p ict u s
re d othean wo ks f might be
r wo thy f r o art as r o

t n mi sion F nce The Codice Atl ntico w i

ra s s to ra . a as n

the Bibliotheque N ion l e P is in August 7 9 6 at a at ar 1 .

Th othe twel ve vol u

e r mes f the m nusc ipts we e o a r r

d ep sited in the Institu

o t de F nce In 8 5 the Aust i n ra . 1 1 r a

Amb s do ep esenting Lomb dy m de pplic tion

as a r, as r r ar a a a

the etun f ll the Le do m nusc ipts The

,

for r r o a on ar a r .

re
q u st
e w comp l iedas with eg ds the C odice as r ar

A l ntico which w hen est ed the Amb osi n

ta as t r or to r a

Lib y Mil n bu the twelve volumes in the lib y

,

rar at a t rar

f the Institu t de F nce we e pp ently ove looked

,

o ra r a ar r

d h they h ve since em ined

,

t ere a r a .

O n thei iv l in F nce the m nusc ipts we e

r arr a ra a r r

de ibed by J B Ventui who then m ked hem with

scr . . r ar t

h l ette ing whe eby they h ve su bsequently been dis

,

t e r r a

tni gu i h ds e He g ve thei tot l numbe f utee

. a r a r as o r n,

b ue MS B cont ined ppendix f eighteen p ges

eca s . a an a o a

w hich cou l d be sep ted d conside ed the fou ara an r as r

This m nusc ipt is identic l with No 3 i the A i

a r a . n rco n at

don tion which is desc ibed h vi g the end sm ll

a r as a n at a a

v lumetto f eighteen p ges cont ining v ious m the

,

o o a a ar a

m i l figues d d wings f bi ds This volu

a t ca r an metto ra o r .

seems in f ct to h ve been t e ted somewh t Ventui

a a r a a as r

suggests by Count Gugl ielmo Lib i wh f quently h d r , o re a

ac ce s the m nusc ipts in the Institut de F nce in the

s to a r ra

ear l y p t f l st centuy
ar o d who pp entl y bst
a td r , an a ar a ra c e

it at some time p evious to 8 8 which d te its lossr 1 4 at a

w di c ve d 86 8 it w sol d by Lib i Count

,

as s o I re . n 1 as r to

Gi como M n oni f Lugo d i 89 it w cqui ed

a a z o ,
an n 1 2 as a r

c
1, A U RE OR
R P T C D OF TH E MAN SC I S

f om C ou nt M i hei s by M S b h ik ff by ’
r an z o n s r . a ac n o

wh m it w published in the following ye II C i

,

o as ar as oa ce

mi 1 d gli U ll i (
7 00 edit Pium ti d S b h ik fl
e cce . a an a ac n o
'

P is
,

ar 1

Two othe m nusc ipt by Leon do f six y eight

,

r a r s ar o t -

an d twenty six p ges espective l y w in the B ibl io

-
a r no

theque N tion l e (N m st h ve
,

3 8 d
a u
a o s. 20 an a

o igin ll y fo med p t f the m nusc ipts A d B f h

r a r ar o a r an O t e

Institute They t ll y both in the dime sions f the p ges

. a n o a

an d in the subjects f which they t e t d thei to l o r a an r ta

mbe s dd d to those f M nusc ipts A d B p

,

n u r a e o a r an res ec

i ly do
t ve mount quite the full numbe s f the
no t a to r o

l ves which these two m nuc ipts poss s ed in 6 36

ea a s r e s 1

desc ibed in the list f h A i don tio

,

as r o t e rcona t a n.

The w m nusc ipts in the Bibliotheque N tion l

t o a r a a e

we e fo me ly in the collection f the l te E l f

r r r o a ar o

Ashbu h m who puch s d them in 87 5 f om Coun

rn a r a e 1 r t

Lib i f om whom we h ve seen Count M nzoni h d

,

r r as a a a

puch sed h little volume the Flight f Bi ds

, , ,
’
r a t e on o r .

The mutil tion f M nusc ipts A d B f the Institute

a o a r an o

an d h emov l f the vo l u
t e r met o w fi st discove d
a o t as r re

in the ye 8 8 It is impossible to void the infe enc

ar 1 4 . a r e

th t e ch w the wo k f Count Lib i The w

a a as r o r . t o

m nusc ipts f the Bibliotheque N tion le h ve bee

a r o a a a n

included in the edition f the m nusc ipts f the Ins itut O a r o t e

published in f csimile with t n c ipt d F ench a a ra s r an r

t nsl tion by M R i M lli in i volume

,

ra a . ava sso n -
o e n, sx s

( P isar 8 8 1 0

The Codice A l ntico h l so w been published i

,

ta as a no n

f csim ile with

a t nsc ipt unde the di ection f the
a ra r r r o

Acc demi dei Li cei Rome (89

, ,

a a d h n , at 1 4 an t e
 AR E OR
C U R PT D O F TH E MAN SC I S

m nuc ipt in the pos ssion f P ince T i u

a s r lzio which
se o r r v

fo me l y we h ve seen in the Amb osi n Lib y

,

w as r r as a r a r ar

as f the A
o ne O i beq u
est h b en published in
rco nat as e

f csimi l with t nsc ipt by Signo B lt mi (Mil n

,

a e a ra r r e ra a ,

We m y now conside the A i bequest f om

a r rco n at r

anothe st ndpoint The cout s muifi w com

r a . n
’
n ce nce as

mm e d in the foll owing i sc iption which w set in

o ra te n r as

the w ll f the st i se f the Amb osi n

,

a o a rca o r a

Lib y rar

Leo na rdi V in cn
ma n u ct in gen io l
ce e berri mi
cu
lu brationu m vo l umina X II
ha bes o c ivis

Galea z A rco na t s u
ma tes
in ter o pti tu
os

bonarum a rtium cu l to r o pti mu

s

re p u
dia tis re
gio an i mo
u u u
m
'

q os an l iae rex pro no tan t o fi ere bat

g
a u
reis ter mill e hispan icis
ne tibi tan ti viri deesset o rn a menta m
biblio theca e a mbrosia nae c o nsec ravit

ne ta n ti l argito ris deesset memoria

u
em sa n uis q u
e m mo res
q g
Magno Federico fu n datori

adstrin gu
nt

bibl io theca e c o nserva to res

pos u
ere

a nn o mn cx xx vn

The g io s bo sting) insc iption

lo r u (a desc ib d r -
so r e

i the M m
n f J i E e — h n tu
oi rs o ll y tt ctedo nt vely n as a ra a ra

th ttention f English t velle s Evelyn eco ds his

e a o ra r . r r

f il ue to obt i
a r sight f the m nusc ipts when he
a n a o a r

vi it d Mil n in 6 6 owing to the keepe f them

s e a 1 4 , r o
3
. AR U E OR
P T C D OF TH E MAN S CRI S

being w y d h ving t ken the key bu st tes th t

a a an a a s, t a a

he h d been info med by the Lo d M h l h E l

a r r ars a t e ar

f A udel h t ll f them we e sm ll e cept

,

o r n t a a o r a x o ne

book huge folio cont i ing fou hud ed le ve ful l

,

a a n r n r a s

f s tches f Indi ns d whe e s he s ys the i

,
’ ’
o c ra o a an r a a n

c iption p e ends h t u King Ch l s h d Off ed

, , ,

s r r t t a o r ar e a er

1 000 f them my lo d hims lf told me th t it w

or ,
r e a as

he who t e ted with G l zzo f him lf i the n me

r a a ea or se e n a

an d by the pe mission f the king d th the Du

r k o an at

Fe i who w the Gove no shoul d m ke the h

,

r a, as n r r, a

g in bu my lo d h ing een them since did hifiS

a t r av s no t t
‘ ’
o

t hem f much wo th The in c iption howeve

o so r .
’
s r r

do s men ion the n me f h king Addi on in

,

e no t t a o t e . s

his Rem ks on Seve l P t f It ly in desc ibing his

,

’
ar ra ar s o a r

visit Mil n in 7 mentions h Amb osi n Lib y

,

to a 1 01 , t e r a rar

as cont ining m nusc ipt f Leon dus Vi iu wich

a a a r o ar nc s,

King J mes could p oc ue h he p f d f it

a 1. n ot r r t o
’
ro er
’
or

h ee thou nd sp nish pistoles d the mon ch in

,

t r sa a an ar

question is lso st ted h ve been J mes in h

a a to a a 1. t e

fu ll e eco d f the A i don tion The Duke f

r r r o rco nat a . o

Fe i w Gove no f Mil n f om 6
r a as 6 33
r r o a r 1 10 to 1

duing p t f the eign f both mon ch

,

r a ar o r o ar s.

App ently howeve h m nusc ipt only p s d

ar r, t e a r s a se

into h pos ession f Count A i in 6 5 the

,

t e s o rconat 1 2

ye f the de th f J mes d this ende s it mo e

,

ar o a o a an r r r

p ob ble th t the mon h ef d to w Ch les

r a a arc r erre as ar 1.

Bu the qustion f u
t nde which ki g h el tively
e o r n as r a

l it le impo t
t d with eg d to the insc iption it m y
r an r ar r a

pe h ps be well ec ll the dictum f D Johnson i

, ,

r a to r a o r. n

l pid y insc iptions m is not u on o th The o y

,

’
a ar pr l a an a . n

infe ence th t f i ly be d wn f om h p e ent

r a can a r ra r t e r s
 A RE OR U R PT
C D OF TH E MAN SC I S
“3
3,

in stan ce is th t h m nusc ipts by Leon do w in the

a t e a r ar no

R y l Co ll ection
o a Wind o did f m p t f h at s r no t or ar o t e

A i Col l ction
r c o n at This is lso confi med by the
e . a r

tes t imon y f Lo d Au ndel ecounted by Evelyn

o r r as r .

Th t ome f the Leo do m nusc ipts Windso

,

a s o n ar a r at r

w e er i h pos ession f Lo d A u
o n ce n ndel is est b
t e s o r r a

l i h d by the f ct f h existen
s e ce f eng ving f
a o t e o an ra o

o ne f h d wings b y Holl
o t e whom Lo d A undel
ra ar , r r

b u ro ght f om P gue d est blished in London i

r ra an a ,
n

s cr ibed L on dus d Vinci sic Olim del ine vit W

e ar a a . .

H oll fecit ex Aud li Th t some f ’

ar ll i co ect o n e r n e an a . a o

thes W ndso m nusc ipts we e ls fo me ly in h

e i r a r r a o r r t e

C olle ion f Pompeo Leoni is cle ly shown by the

ct o ar

f ct th t one f the volu

a a mes is insc ibed Disegni di
o r

L n do d Vin i Rest u i d Pompeo Leo i

eo ar a c a ra t a n .
’

N w w f the m n u sc ipts in Pompeo Leoni s l ’

o t o o a r co

l ction we e
e h been l e dy st ted puch ed in
r as as a r a a r as

M d id fte his de th by D Jun de Espin d

, ,

a r a r a on a a ; an

M A r.l f ed M ks r f om whose impo t nt ar ibu -

r r a co n tr

ti ns to this b nch f h subject in the Ah um f

,

o ra o t e t ena e o

Feb u y 3 d July 6 87 8 m ny f the fo egoi g

r ar 2 an 1 a o r n

f ct de ived h shown th t f
, ,

a s are — r
y as a or o ne at an

te f the e volumes the E l f A undel w i

,

ra o s ar o r as n

t e ty with D Jun de Espin The evidence f thi

,

r a on a a. o s

is be found in note by Endymion Po te f h d te

to a r r, o t e a

1 6 9 p inted by M S insb uy in his O igi l U p u

2 r a r. a r r na a

s ch
,

li h d P p
s e ill u i
a
f b
ers L f f
i R ub f u
stra t ve o t e e o en: o

thi gs my Lo d Emb ss do S F ncis C i g is

n as r a a r
" ra o tt n to n

to s end u f Sp in f my Lo d f A ondell d not

o to a or r o r an

to f g t the booke f d wings f L on do de Vi

or e o ra O e ar n ze

w is i D Jun de Espi s h nds (p

"l l n on D a na a . on
 A RE OR C D OF TH E MA U R PT N SC I S

Jun seems f time to h ve p oved bdu te f Lo d

a or a a r o ra or r

A undel w ote on J nu y 9 h 636 to Lo d Aston

,

r r a ar 1 t 1 r

then mb ss do to S p in I beseech y be
, , ,

wh w o as a a a r a
‘ “

mindful! f D Jh de Spin s booke if his fo lish

,

o . on. a o

humou ch ge (p The e the eco d b ks ff

,

r an . r r r rea O .

Bu M M ks t u
t as r.l y Obse ves the e
ar be little doubt
r r r ca n

th t eventully ch nge did t ke pl ce in D Jun s

,
’
a a a a a a on a

foolish hu mou At wh teve d te his h ppened the ’

r. a r a t a

volume p ssed into Lo d Aud l possession The

,
’
a r r n e s .

e l m y eithe h ve been negoti ting f himself f

ar a r a a or or or

the king If the fo me w the c se the book m y

. r r as a a

p sum bly h ve p ssed into the Roy l Collection y

,

re a a a a at a n

time fte 6 6 when the de th f Lo d A undel

a r 1 4 on a o r r ,

his collections we e p ti lly dispe sed If not cqui d

,

r ar a r . a re

p eviously the volume m y h ve bee bought in Holl nd

r a a n a

by gent f Ch les
,

an a o ar 1 1.

The e liest eco d f y f Leon do s m nus ipts

ar r r o an o ar
’
a cr

or d wi gs bei g in the oy l possession occus in

ra n as n r a r

an invento y found by D Richte i the M nusc ipt

r r. r n a r

Dep tment f the B itish M u

ar oseum which st tes th t r a a

some d wings f Leon do d Vinci m ked with

,

ra o ar a ar a

c os we e deliv ed f h M jesty s u in h ye
,
’
r s, r er or er a se t e ar

1 7 82 .

D Richte l so cites note in

r. r invento y
a a an r at

Wind o C stle w itten the beginning f l st centuy

s r a r at o a r

in which d wing f Leon do s is efe ed

,

’
a ra o ar r rr to as n ot

h vi g been in the volume compiled by Pompeo Leoni

a n

b u in f the vol u mes in the Bu filul C llection

,

t one o on o o o

b ught Venice Nothing pp ently is known bout

o at . a ar a

the llection he e fe d to bu the note is impo t t

, ,

co r re rre t r an

tendi g to p ove th t the m nusc ipts by Leon do

,

as n r a a r ar
 A RE O C RD OF TH E R PT MANUS C I S

once belong d to h e t e w p in e Giuseppe Ghe zi who

a t r z as

l ivi g in Rome the b ginning f the eighteenth ce tuy

,

n at e o n r ,

it h i g p esum bly been cqui ed by the fi st E l f

av n r a a r r ar o

Leic ste wh spent some ye s in Rome p evious

e r, o ar r to

1 77 5 d the e
an cq u i ed m ny t
r e s u es a Its r a art r a r .

p evious histo y is unknown This volume— t e ti

,

r r . a r a se

on h n tue f w te
t e a — is in ll p ob bility h t efe d
r o a r a r a t a r rre

to by R f elle duF esne i the sketch f Leon do s

a a r n o ar
’

l ife which ppe s in his edition f the T

a ar d ll o ra tta to e a

Pi u pu
tt ra , bl ished in P is in 6 5 whe e it is st ted ar 1 1, r a

th t the ude t king f the c n l f the M

a n r a w o a a o artesana as

the occ sion f his w iting book the n tue weight

a o r a on a r ,

d motion f w te fu ll f g e t n u mbe f d wings

,

an o a r, o a r a r o ra

o f v iou s wheels d engines f mill s to egul te the

ar an or r a

fl w f w te ise it height ’
o o d a r an ra to a .

Of such f the m nusc ipts Windso t e t f

o a r at r as r a o

a n tomy w volume with f csimiles t nsc ipts d

a t o s a , ra r an

t nsl tions h e be n issued by M ss Pium ti d

, ,

ra a av e e rs. a an

S b h ik fi (
a ac nP is o
"
(Tu in ar T he est f r r o

the m nuc ip s Windso d the othe m nusc ipts

, ,

a s r t at r an r a r

in E ngl nd h ve a yet been published though f

a n ot as ac

simil s f those Wind d f po tions f tho e

,

e o at so r an o r o s

in London h ve b e issued i se ies f vol umes by

a e n n a r O

Rouvey e r .

As L on do s f me w ite h chiefly ested upon

e ar
’
a as a r r as r

the T i P i i g it m y be u f pl e he e
rea t se on a nt n a no t o t o ac r

ttempt st e the l tion which this wo k be s

,

to a to at re a r ar to

the o igin l m nusc ipts

r a a r .

The T i w fi st published by R f ell e duF esne

rea t se as r a a r

i P is i F ench t nsl tion by Rol nd F é d

,

n ar 65 n 1 1, a r ra a a r ar

sieu de Ch mb i being l is ued in the s me ye

,

r a ra a so s a ar .
 A RE ORD C O F TH E MANU S C R PTI S 4 1

D u F resne de ived hi text f om w ld copie f

r s r t o O s o

M S 83 in h B be ini Lib y which m n u

.
4 t e arsc ipt r rar a r

w p esu m bly be n t nsfe ed h V tic n

,

has no r a e ra rr to t e a a ,

at h t e same time the othe contents f th t Lib y

as r o a rar .

O ne f he e copies h d been m de by the C v li e e

o t s a a a a r

C i o d l Pozzo wh h d given it in 6
a ss a n e to M o a 1 4 0 .

el oup by whom it w p esented to duF esne f

,

Ch ant as r r or

ep tion his dition the othe ent

,

h
t e p r fa ra o w l him e ; r as

for h me objec by M Thevenot

t e sa t .

A othe di ion f the T i w i sued in 8 7 by

.

n r e t o r ea t se as s 1 1

Gu g l iel mo M nzi wh took his

a te t m n usc ipt ino as x a a r

Lib y (Cod V (U bi ) which

,

h V i
t e at ea n rar . at. r nas 1

h d f me l y b l onged
a or r the Lib y f the Duk s f
e to rar o e o

U bino
r This m n usc ipt is by f the mo e complete
. a r ar r

o f h w fit e t u f the ight books which it c nt i s

o, ve o t o e o a n

b i ng w ti g i the v sion foll owed by du F esne

e an n n er r .

Th e howe e m ny omissions in M i edition ’

er are , v r, a an z s ,

an d the onl y d q ute c itic l edition f the V tic n

a e a r a o a a

u ip is th t pu
scr tblished by H Ludwig (L d
a . eona r o

d a VinciD B h d M l i (
as Bd xv xviii
ac van er a ere .
-

o f Qull lmfi
e ense
fl K u g l i l en etc E dit lrR a st ese i c zte, . . .

E i l b g v Edel be g) Vienn 88 Stu ttg t 88

,

te er er . r a, 1 2, ar 1

Thi con ins h complete te t toge he with Ge m n

,

s ta t e x t r a r a

t nsl tion d comment y d lso n lysis f the

,

ra a an ar an a an a a o

diffe ences which e ist betwe n the m nusc ipt in the

,

r x e a r s

V i n d Leon do s w m n u sc ipts ’
at ca an ar o n a r .

The V i m nusc ipt p ob bly d t s f om the

at ea n a r r a a e r

b gi ing f the si teen h centuy It h been sc ibed

e nn o x t r . as a r

to ome immedi te pupi l f Leon do s f choice eith

s a o ar
’
or er

F nc Melzi S l i bu the e is eviden e which

,

ra esco or a a t r no c

be hel d st blish his iew Its l o e con ctio

,

ea n to e a t v . c s ne n
 A U R PT
RE OR C D OF TH E MAN SC I S

with Leon do is howeve indisput ble Whethe this

ar r a . r

be the o igin l fo m no the compil tion w u

r a r or a as n

doubtedly m de p evi us to the dispe s l f the m u

,

a r o r a o an

sc ipts About qu te f the whole numbe f

r . a ar r o r o

p g phs (two h und ed d wenty fi u f nine

ara ra r an t -
ve o t o

hund ed d fo ty fou) iden ic l with p ss ges in

r an r -
r are t a a a

h ext t m n u
t e sc ipts M ny othe s which not
an a r . a r are

w to be fo u nd in y fo m in the m nusc ipts yet

,

no an r a r

c y thei line ge incontest bly d would ffo d

,

arr r a a an a r a
.

suffi cient p oof we e this l cking in the cheque ed histo y

,

r r a r r

f the v io u s v lumes th t some f the m nusc ipts

,

o ar o a o a r

h ve now pe ished th t with Le do p inte

,

a r a as o nar as a r so

l so w ite time h sp ed ly the f gments f his

,

a as r r, as ar on ra O

wo k The compil e f h T i
r . P i g h d r o t e r ea t se on a ntin a

a ccess to m nuc ipts d p ob bl y lso to souces f

a s r an r a a r o

i fo m tion to the tist s intentions f which we h ve

,
’
n r a as ar o a

no eco d He p esum b ly followed wh t he conceived

,

r r . r a a

to be the scheme f the tist s wo k Neve theless o ar

’
r . r

Le n do c nnot be dj udged di ectly even indi ectl y

,

o ar a a r or r

r esp nsibl e f the ngement d divisions f this

o or arra an o

t e tise d it is somewh t diffi cult c edit him with

r a an a to r

the whole f h contents Ce t in f the p ss ges e d

,

o t e . r a o a a r a

ra the epetitions by pupil f heme expounded by

r as r a o a t

the m ste a r.

Did Leon do himself eve give his wo k definite

ar r r

sh pe Did he w ite t e ti e on p inti g n ly p ts

a r a r a s a n or o ar

o f In F Luc P i li dedic tion to Lud vic

o ne ra a ac o
’
s a o

S fo z f the D D i
r a o P p d ted Feb u y 9
e iv na ro artione, a r ar

he spe ks Leon do h ving finished Lib o

,

14 9 8 f a il o ar as a r

i hum i d D Ludwig wh
,

d Pi u m i
’
e ct ra e t ov rnen t an an r. o

pp ently ccepts this st tement puts f w d the

, ,

a ar a a or ar
,
 A U R PT
RE ORD C OF TH E MAN SC I S 43

sup p sition th t h t e ti e w in the po session f

o a t e r a s as s o

Lud vic d p ob bly bec me lost the time f the

o an r a a at o

F re n ch inv sion f Mil n a o a .

O this s me occ sion cco ding to bo h V s i d

n a a a r t a ar an

L m zzo the e l so pe ished t e tise by Leon do

,

o a r a r a r a ar on

tomy f the ho se which he h d w itten in the

,

h
t e an a o r a r

u e f his st u dies f the Sfo z st tue

,

co rs o or r a a .

V s i a ar we h ve seen mentions some w i ings by

as a r t

do which t e t f p inting d f the methods f

, ,

L e o na r r a o a an o o

d wing
ra d col ouing bei g then in the po se sion
an r as n s s

o f Mi l n se p inte who h d ecently been to see him

a a e a r, a r

i n Flo en e discus thei public tion d h d t ken

r c to s r a an a a

h em Rome in o de to c y his intention into effect

,

t to r r a rr ,

t h ou gh with wh t esul t V s i could not y These a r a ar sa .

w itings
r st ted to be in ch cte s w itten with the
are a
‘
ara r r

l ft h nd b ckw ds d the efo e they c nnot possibl y

’
e a a ar an r r a

identic l eithe with the B be ini the V tic n

, ,

b e a r ar r or a a

m nu sc ipt S eing th t V s i w ote duing M l i ’

a r . e a a ar r r e z s

l ifetime it is e on bl e infe th t this m nusc ipt h d

r as a to r a a r a

e ly d te become sep ted f om the othe s d

,

at an ar a ara r r an

the e fo e did fo m p t f the gene l m s f the

r r n ot r ar o ra as o

m nu a sc ipt which p sed into M l i possession

r s as e z
’
s at

Leon di s de th since V s i st tes th t he kept these

ar
’
a a ar a a

though they we e elics As to whethe this m nu

,

as r r . r a

ipt w ide tic l with the wo k to which F Luc

scr as n a r ra a

P i li efe ed the e is no sufi cient evidence on which

ac o r rr r f
fo m opinio Mo eove the F te s testimony
,
’
to r an n r r, ra

must be inte p eted lite lly The wo ds f the

n ot r r too ra . r o

d dic tion f h D Di i P p i uwould n tu lly

e a o t e e v na ro ort o e a ra

la so suggest th t the st tue f F ncesco Sfo z w a a o ra r a as

ctull y c st i b onze bu the gene l weight f evidence

a a a n r ,
t ra O ,
 A RE OR C D O F TH E MANUS C R IPT S

i cl uding th t f Leon do s w lette s fo bids y

n a o ar
’
o n r r an

suh supposition S in l ike m nne it m y pe h p

,

c . O, a r, a r a s

h ve b en th t in the c se f the T
a e a P i g h a o rea tise on a ntin e

m y h ve s poken f the ou gh d fts d f gments .

a a o r ra an ra as

though they we e the c mpl e ed wo k r o t r .

The wo k itself g ew continully in the mind f the

r r a o

auho It w mou
t r. l ded d c st times without umb
as an re a n c
'

as his pupose ch nged d exp nded in his p og es

r a an a r r s

al ong e ch new venu ae f study th t ev led f esh thea o a r ea a r

kinship f d n tue o It is ce in th t he neve

art an a r . r ta a r

w ote fi i It is
r
y te
n s. possibl
’
e th t he neve a t an ra a r

h lted in inve tig tion f so long time would be

a s a or as

necess y to nge d cl ssify wh t he h d w itte

ar arra an a a a r n

th t he left ll this to mo e convenient s son Genius

a a a r ea .

we shoul d emembe is not p to be synthetic

,

r r, a t .

Nor s e —I n the references to the ma nu

scripts which follow
the fo llo win g a bbrevia tio ns occ u
r

A= C
C. . o dice Atl a n tic o .

AB t t I, a nd K, L, M = MSS 11, B, e tc ., t ) I, a nd

y
, ,
e c . o .
,

K, L, M of the Librar o f the I n stit t u de F ranc e .

M SS . 20
37 8 B ib N
an da t = Nos 2 03 . . . 2 037 an d 2 038,

I tal ian M SS Biblio the q u

e N atio nal e
. .

Tr . = Co dice Trivu
l zian o .

B . M . 26 3 seu
Mu m ,
Aud l MSS
r n e . No . 2 6 3.

S . K M . . i- iii = So u
th Kensin gto n Mu
seu
m (
Forster
Beq u
est) M SS I .
-
III .

Leia . M 8 in .
possessio n of Earl of Leicester .

R . = Rich ter, JP , Litera ry . . Works of L . da V .

 PROE M
S um o th t I c nnot choose y subject f g e t
a a an o r a

utility ple sue bec use my p edecesso s h ve l e dy

or a r a r r a a r a

t ke thei own ll useful d necess y themes

,

a n as r a an ar

I w ill do like who bec use f his pove ty is

,

o ne a o r

the l t to ive the f i d being ble othe

, ,

as arr at a r , an n ot a r

wis p ovide himself chooses ll the things which

e to r a

o h e s h ve l e dy looked ove d not t ken bu

,

t r a a r a r an a t

fued being f little v lue With these despi ed

,

re s as o a . s

d ejec ed w es—the le vings f m ny buye s

r t ar a o a r

I wil l l o d my modest p ck
a d the ewith t ke m y a an r a

u dist ib u ting not indeed mid the g e t citie

,

rse , r a r a s,

b u mong the me n h mlets d t ki g such ew d

,

t a a a an a n r ar

befits the things I Offe

,

as r.

( A C.
1 1 9 . a . a.
)

I am fu
ll y w e th t the ct
my not being
a ar a fa of

a m anf le te s m y c u
o se ce t in og nt pe sons
t r a a r a arr a r

to think th t they m y with e son censue me

a a r a r

ll ging th t I m m igno nt f bo k l e ning

,

a e a a a an ra o o -
ar

Fool ish fol k ! D they know th t I might eto t

.

o no t a r r

by ying did M ius h Rom P t ici s

sa as ar to t e an a r an

They wh themselve go bout do ned in the l bou

, ,

o s a a r a r

f othe will pe mit me my w Th y will ’

o rs no t r o n. e

sa
y th t bec ause f my l ck fa book l e ning I o a o -
ar

not p ope ly exp ess wh t I de i e to t t f

,

ca n r r r a sr rea o .

46
 PROE M
DO they not know th t my subjects equi e f thei
a r r or r

exposition expe ience the th n the wo ds f o he s

r ra r a r o t r

Ad since expe ience h be n the mist ess f wh

.

n r as e r o o

eve h w itten well I t ke h my mist ess d

r as r a er as r an

to h in ll points m ke my ppe l
, ,

er a a a a .

(
C . A . 1 1 9 v. a .
)
4 8 OF TH E S OU L AND TH E B ODY
sc city bund nce f muscles d lso the ction f
ar or a a o an a a o a

l eve d counte leve

r an
( w r
) r. S al 0010 degli a lk; 3 r.

The soul neve b infected by the co uption f

can r e rr o

the body but ct in the b dy l ike the wind which c us s

a s o a e

the sound f the o g whe ein if one f the pip s is

,

o r an, r o e

spoiled the wind c n ot p duce good esul t in h t

, a n ro a r t a

p pei .
( ) Tr Ta o 7 1
. . a.

Whoeve would in wh t st te the soul dwell s

r see a a

within the b dy l him m k how this bod y uses its

o et ar

d il y h bit ti n f if this be c nfused d without

,

a a a o or o an

o de then will the body be kept in diso de d

,

r r, r r an co n

fu sion by the s ul o( A .
) C . .
7 6 r. a .

Music h w i lls the one mo t l the othe w s i ng

as t o , r a r a t ;
the mo t l is eve ll ied with the inst nt which f ll ows
,

r a r a a o

th t f the music s utte nce the w st ng ill lies in its

a o
’
ra , a i

r epeti ion m king it seem contemptible d me

t ,
a an an .

(CA 38
. . 2 0. a .
)

The imit tion f the ntique is mo e be p i d

a o a r to ra se

th n th t f the mode n
a a o
( A ) r . C . . 147 r. a .

I life be u
n ty pe ishes not in a ( M ) r ,
art. 8K . . . iii 7 2
. r.

The p inte contends with d iv l n tue

a r an r a s a r .

(
8 K M
. iii 44 . . .

The senses f h e th the e son st nd p t

are o t e ar r a a s a ar

f om them in contempl tion

,

r ( ) a . Tr Te a 60
. . a.

Whe e the e is most powe f feeling the e f m ty s

r r r o r o ar r

is h g e t st m y
,

t e r a e ( art r.
) Tr Ta n 35 a
. . .
 OF T H E OPPORTU NIT Y OF L IF E
T s come f om the h
ea r r eart not f om r the b inra .

W
( indsor M S S . R s:

W hy does the eye thing mo e cl e ly i d e msse e a r ar n r a

th
an the im gin tion when w ke
a a a a

(
B M . . 2 6 3, Jr . 27 8a ) .

W ha t
is it th t is much d si ed b y men
th y know whi le posses ing It is sleep
a e r bu
t which
,

e no t s .

(5
I 6 8
[] r

T he thoughts tun tow ds hope r ar .

(
C . A6 8 . o.

y hold me not in sco n ! I m not poo ! Poo

P ra r a r r

th e is the m who desi es m ny things Whe e sh ll

ra r an r a . r a

I ke m y pl ce Whe e in littl e time f om hence

ta a r a r

f th y u sh ll know
or o D y u swe f
a
yo use lf ! . o o an r or r

F om he ce fo th in l ittl e time
r n r a .

( A C
7 1 . . r. a .
)
Vows begin when hope dies ( ) . H 4 8v .

If l ibe ty is de r y u m yy u eve discove

ar to th t o a o n r r a

my f ce i love s p ison
a s
’

(8 M r
) . . K . . iii . 10 a.

The love is d wn by the thing loved the sense

r ra as

is by th t which it pe ceives d it unites with

,

a r an

it d they become one d the s me thing Th

,

an an a . e

wo k is the fi st thi g bo n f the uni n if the thing

,

r r n r o o ;
h t is loved be b se the love becomes b se Whe the
t a a r a . n

thi g t ken into union is in h mony with th t which

,

n a ar a

e eives it the e foll ow ejoici g d ple sue d s tis

r c r r n an a r an a

f cti n When the l ove is united to th t which loved

,

a o . r a is
it fi nds est the e when the buden is l id down the e
r r : r a r

it fi nds t res .
( u ) Tr Ta
. .
9 a .
50
r

OF TH E S I I T S L PR ’
O N ING G To RETU R N

Behold the hope d desi e to go b ck to u

no w an r a o r

o w co ut y
n d to etun to u fo me st te h w
n r an r r o r r r a ,
o

l ike it is to the moth with the l ight ! And the m wh

,

an o

with pe petul l nging eve looks fo w d with joy

r a o r r ar to

ea ch w sp ing d e ch w summe d to the w

ne r an a ne r, an ne

months d the new ye s deeming h t the things he

.
,

an ar t a

l ongs f too slow in coming does pe ceive th

,

o r are no t r at

he is longing f his wndest ution Bu this l ngi g

,

or o r c . t o n

is the quintessence d spi it f the e lements which an r o ,

findi g itself imp is ned within the life f the hum n

,

n r o o a

b dy desi es continul l y to etun to its souce And I

o
1
r a r r r .

woul d h ve y uto know th t this e y s me longing is

,

a o a v r a

th t quintessen e i he ent in tue d th t m i

a c n r na r , an a an s a

t ype f the wo ld
o ( M r . a . . 2 6 3, Jr . 1 56

In youh cqui e th t which m y equite y uf the

t a r a a r o or

dep iv tions f ld g d if y u mindful th t ld

r a o o a e ; an o are a o

a
g eh wisdom
as f its food y uwi ll exe t y o use
or l f i o so r r n

youth th t you ld g will not l ck suten nce

,

, a r o a e a s a .

(
C d . . 1 1 2 r. a .
)

We h
ve l ck f system device to me sue d
a no a o or a r an

to p cel u these poo d ys f ou whe ei it sh uld

ar o t r a o rs ; r n o

be u pl e sue h t they be not q u d

o r a dr s uffe ed
t a s an ere or r

p ss w y in v in d without m ed f honou
a a a a an e o r,

l v ing no eco d f themse l ves in the minds f men

,

ea r r o o ;
h end th t this u poo co use m y not be sped in
to t e a o r r r a

(
C a l . 1 2 0. a .
)

O thou th t sleepest wh t is sl eep P Sleep is

a , a an

im g f de th Oh why l you wo k be such th t

a e o a . ,
n o t et r r a

l
j M S . del lo ma no
v chor o .
p
’
 OF L I FE A ND D EAT H 3 3

aft re d h y ube ome im ge f immo t l ity in

ea t o c an a o r a ; as

l ife y u b come when sl e ping l ike u

o e nto the h pless e a

d d ea .
( A ) C . .
7 6
’

0. a .

E ve y evi l le ves o ow in h mem y except the

r a a s rr t e or

s up me evil de h
re d this d st ys memo y itsel f
at an e ro r

he ith e
, ,

to e t
g w l i
rf (
. H 33

As well spent d y b ings h ppy sl eep life well

a -
a r a so

u d b ings h ppy de h
,

se r a
( ) at . Tr Ta v
. . 2 8a .

While I thought h t I w le ning how to live I t a as ar

h e b en l ning how to die

,

av e ear
( A ) . C. . 2 52 r . a .

T he g it flies glides sec etl y d dec ives one d

a e as r an e an

an othe no hing is mo e fleeting th n h ye s bu he

r ; t r a t e ar t

wh sows vi tu e e ps hon u
,

o r
( Ar a
) o r. C . .
7 1 0. a .

I o usts f om disue st gn nt w te l oses its pui y

r n r r s a a a r r t

an d i cold we the becomes f o en even

n a does i r r z ; so n

ac tion p the vigou f the mind

sa
( A )r o . C. . 2 89 0. e.

Life well p i long s ent s

( ) . Tr Te st 6 3
. . a.

In ive h w te th t y utouch is the l st f wh t

r rs, t e a r a o a o a

h p s ed
as a s d the fi t f th t which comes
an with rs o a : so

time p ese t r n .
( ) Tr Ta o 6 3
. . a.

W ongfully d men l ment the flight f time ccusing

r o a o a

it f being too swift d not pe ceivi g th t its pe iod

,

o an r n a r

is yet ufi i bu good memo y whe ewith n tue

,

s c e nt ; t r r a r

h as endowed u c uses eve ythi g long p t to seem

s a r n as

p e ent
r s .
( A ) C. .
7 6 r. a.
 OF T ME H E DE T ROY ER
I T
.
S

Ou
rj udgment does not eckon in thei ex ct d r r a an

p ope o de things which h ve come to p ss diffe ent

r r r r a a at r

pe i ds f time f m ny things which h ppened m ny

r o o or a a a

ye s g wi ll seem e ly el ted to the p e ent d

ar a o n ar r a r s an

m ny things th t ecent will seem ncient extending

,

a a are r a

b ck the f ff pe iod f u youth And so it is

,

a to ar o - r o o r .

wi h the eye wi h eg d to dist nt thi gs which whe

t t r ar a n n

ill umined by the u seem ne to the eye while m n y

, ,

s n ar ,
a

things which ne eem f ff are

( A )
ar s ar O . C . . 2
9 a . a.

0 Time tho uth t um ll things ! 0 en io u a con s est a v s

tho dest oyest things devo est things

,

a
g e, u ll d u r l l a an r a

with the h d teeth f the y e s l ittl e b y l ittle in sl ow

ar o ar

d th Helen when she l ooked in h mi o d w

, ,

ea er rr r an sa

the withe ed w inkl es which ld g h d m de in h

,

r r o a e a a er

f ce wept
a d wonde ed to he sel f why eve she h d
an r r r a

twice been c ied w y

, ,

arr a a .

0 T ime thouth t um ll things O enviousa co n s est a

whe eby things co s med

,

a
g e, l l r u ! a are n
A (
C . .
7 1 r.

Just e ting cont y the inclin tion is injuious

as a rar to a r

to the he lth study without desi e spoil s h memo y

a , so r t e r

d it et ins nothing th t it k s i
,

an r a a ta e n.

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Na t 34 . . r.
)
Wood feeds the fi th t onsumes it re a c .

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Ne t 34 . . v. )

C h t iches which m y be lost vi tue is u

all n ot t a r a ; r o r

t ue we lth d the t ue ew d f its pos es o It

r a an r r ar o s s r.

nnot be lost it will b ndon u unl ss life it el f

,

ca no t a a s e s

fi st le ves u As f p ope ty d m e i l w l h
r a s. or r r an at r a ea t ,
5. OF TH E INT L L CT E E UA L L IF E
Whoeve in discussion dduces utho ity uses
r a a r no t

intell ect bu he memo y t rat ( A

r ) r . C . .
7 6 r. a .

Good li e tue p oceeds f om men f n tu l p obi y

t ra r r r o a ra r t ,

and since one ou ght the to p i e the incep ion th n ra r ra s t a

the esul t y ushoul d give g e te p ise

r o m f r a r ra to a an o

p obity unskilled i let e s th n to skilled in lette s

,

r n t r a o ne r

b u devoid f p obity
t o r ( A ) . C . .
7 6 r. a .

Poo is the pupil wh do s sup ss hi m s e

r o e no t r a s a t r.
8
( K M
. iii 66 . . . a .
)

S cnence Is the capta In , p ct ce the

ra i so l dIers.
v

I 1 0 8
( 3 [ ]2 r. )

To devise is the wo k f the m ste execute the r o a r, to

f the se v nt
a ct o r a ( A.
) C . . 1 09 a . a .

Eve y p t is disposed to unite with the whole th t it

r ar a

m y the eby es pe f om its w inc mpleteness

,

a r ca r o n o .

(
C . A 59 . r.

The e is no ce t in y whe e
r neithe pply
r a t r o ne ca n r a

an
y f the
o m them tic l sciencesa
y f hose
a whicha n o r an o t

a reb sed upon the m them tic l sciences

a a a a .

( ) G 96 a.

Y uwh o pecul te on the n tue f hi gs I p ise

o s a a r o t n ra

not knowing the p ocess s which n t e

,

you f or u r e a r

o din ily effec s f h self bu ejoice if be th t y u

r ar t o er tr so a o

know the issue f such things you mind conceives

,

o as r .

( 47
G n )

The e is no esult in n tue without c use unde

r r a r a a ; r

t nd the c use d y u will h ve ne d f h

s a a an o a no e o t e

expe iment
r .
( A ) C . . 1 47 e . a .
 U RE
OF TH E L AWS OF NAT
Th l yi g in e p e e s f n t ue
e n e t th t me cuy
t r r t r o a r ass r a r r

is ommon f cto in ll the met ls they fo get h t

a c a r a a ; r t a

ue
nat r ies its f cto s
var co ding to the v ie y f the a r ac r ar t o

thi gs which it desi es p oduce in the wo ld

n r to r r .

(
C . A7 6. 0. a . )
tue neve b ks h w l w
Na r r ( rea er o n a . E 43

N ue is cons in d by the o de
at r f h w l w
tra e r r o er o n a

which l i es d wo k wi hin h
v an ( r ) s t er. C 2 3 a.

N ecessi y is the mist esst d guide f n ue N r an o at r . e

i y is the theme
c ess t d ifi f n tue the b idl e an art cer o a r r

d the ete n l l w
,

an r a( Ma )
. 8K . . . iii. 4 3 a.

W eight p essue d ccident l movement toge he

r r an a a t r

with is nce the fou cide t l powe s in which

, ,

res ta are r ac n a r

all h i sibl e wo ks f mo t l s h ve hei e is en e

t e v r d o r a a t r x t c an

th i end
e r .
( M S K.. . 11. 1 1 6

E ve y weight nds to f ll tow ds h ent e by the

r te a ar t e c r

sh est w y
or t a .
( C 2 8

All the lements wh n emoved f om thei

e ul e r r r n at ra

pl desi e to etu the e especi lly fi w te d

a ce r r rn r , a re, a r, an

(
C 26 a . )

O m them tici ns th ow l ight

a thi e o The
a a r on s rr r .

spi it h voice f whe e the e is voice the e is

,

r as no t or r r r

b dy d whe e the e is body the e is occup tion f

,

a o an r r a r a o

p e which p events the eye f om seeing things situted

,

s ac r r a

b yond his sp ce onsequently this body f itsel f fills

e t a c o

the whole su oudi g i th t is by its im ges

rr n n a r, a a .

‘
(
C . A 1 96
. o.
 m
J O E ME T
OF I M AG E S AND M V N S

H OW TH E O E E T TH E E Y E TH E R A Y TH E
M V M N S OF OF SU N

A TH E D A RE TH E W T E T THAT A BE
,

ND MIN S IF S C N

The u soon eve it ppe s the e st inst nt

s n so as r a ar in a a ly
p oceeds wit its ys to the west
r hthese m d ra ; and are a e

up h ee inco po e l fo ces n mely di nce he t d

of t r r r a r a ra a a an

the im ge f the sh pe which p oduces these

, , ,

a o a r .

The eye on e e it is opened beh lds ll h

so so as v r o a t e

st s f u hemisphe e
ar o o r r .

The mind p sses in inst nt f om the st to h a an a r ea t e

west d l l the g e t inco po e l hings semble these

; an a r a r r a t re

ve y closely in thei speed

r
( A ) r . C . . 2 04 v. a .

A ROO W OB JE T
P O E TH E
F OF HO C S C M TO E YE

Afte looking the u the luminou Object d

r at s n or o r s an

the closing the eyes y u will continue to see it

n o as

befo e within the eye f conside ble sp ce f time

r or a ra a O .

This is token h t the im ges ente within the eye

a t a a r .

(
C . A . 2 04 r .

Just stone flung into the w te becomes the cent e

as a a r r

an d c u se f v ious ci cles d sound p oduced in

a o ar r an a r

the i sp e ds it elf u in ci cles e ch body situted

,

a r r a s o t r so a a

in the luminous i is sp e d u i cle wise d fill s

,

a r r a o t cr -
an

the su ounding p ts with i finite im ges f itself d

rr ar n a o an

is p esent ll in the whole d l l in ve y p t

r a an a e r ar .

( m ) 4 9

Expe ience is neve f ult it is only you j udgment

r r at a r

th t is in e o in p omising it lf such esul t f om ex

a rr r r se r s r

p i
er en ce not c u sed b y
asu expe iment
are F a o r r s. or

h ving given begi ning wh t follows f om it must

a a n a r

ece s ily b n tu l development f such begin i g

,

n s ar e a a ra o a n n ,
 OF E PER E E
X I NC
"

8 ,

u
nl ess it h been subject c nt y i fl uence while
as to a o r ar n

if it is ffected b y c nt infl ence es t which

, ,

a
y y u h u
l an o rar t e r

ought follow f om the fo e id beginning will be

,

to r a r sa

f u
o nd p t ke f his c nt y influence in g e te
to ar a o t o rar a r a r

or l es deg ee in p po ti
s the id influence is
r ro r on as sa

mo e l ess powe ful th n the f es id beginning

r or r a a or a .

(
C . A. 1 54 r.

E xp ience is not
er t it is only u j udgment at fau
l ; o r

th t is i e o in promising i self f om expe ience things

a n rr r t r r

which not wi hin h powe

a re t er r.

W ongly d men y u g inst expe ience d with

r o cr o t a a r an

bit e ep o ches ccue h f deceitfulne s Let ex

t r r r a a s er o s .

p i l one
e r e n ce a d the t u n yo u comp l ints
an g instra r r r a a a

o ign nce which c ses to be c ied

,

y u wr o n u y u o ra a o so arr

w y b y you in d insens te desi es expect f om

,

a a r va an a r as to r

expe ience things whi h

r within h powe c are no t er r

W o gly d men y u g inst innocent expe ience

r n o cr o ta a r

c usi g h Often f deceit d lyi g demonst tions l

,

a c n er o an n ra

(
C . A. 1
54 11. a .
)
N tue isa r fu
ll of infinite c ues which we e neve set
a s r r

fo th i e p ien e
r n x er c .
(
I 1 8r )
.

I ev l m the igin f the fi st

r ea to en or o r or pe h ps r a

the cond c use f thei existence

,

se ,
a o r .

W
( indsor M S S . R

F l ehood is so utte l y vile th t though it shoul d

as r a

p ise h g t wo ks f God it fl d g inst His

ra t e rea r o o
'

en s a a

divini y t uth is f uch excell ence th t if it p ise the

t ; r o s a ra

m nest things they become ennobl ed

ea :

W thoudoubt t uth sta d to f lsehood in h el tion

i t r n s a t e r a
g or T RUT H AND AL S F E OO H D

of ight d kne s d t uth is i itself f such

l to ar s , an r n o ex

ce ll th t eve whe it e ts f humble d lowl y

ence a n n tr a o an

m t e s it yet imm su bly outweighs the sophist ies

a t r ea ra r

an d f lseho ds which
a sp e d u ove g e t d
o are r a o t r r a an

high ounding discouses f though w h ve set up

-
s r ; or e a

f l seho d
a fif h element i u men l st te it y
o as a t n o r ta a et

rem ins th t the t uth f things is h chief food f

a a r o t e o

al fine intellects
l — hough
r indeed f w nde i g t no t o a r n

Bu y uwho l ive in d e ms—the speciou

t o s e sonings r a r a

h feints which p ll pl ye might u if onl y they

,

t e a a a rs se ,

t e t f things v st d unce t in ple e y u mo

r a o a an r a as o re

th n do the thi gs which sue d n tu l d f

,

a n are r an a ra an o

no h high p ete ion

S UC
( r ns) . S a l Vol o deg/i Uteell i, 1 2 r.

The line th t is st ightest fl most esist ce

a ra o
'

ers r an .

(
Tr Tea . . 24 a .
)
He wh h most po essions should h ve the g e test
o as ss a r a

fe f lo s
ar o s .
( A ) C . . 1 09 0 . a .

Su p eme h ppiness will be the g e test c ue f mise y

r a r a a s o r ,

an d the pe fection f wisdom the occ sion f foll y

r o a o .

(
C . A 39 . o . e.
)
As cou ge end ge s life even fe p ese ves it
ra an r so ar r r .

se ve we pons to the th e tened r as a r a .

Wh w l ks igh ly seldom f ll
o a r t a s.

Y udo ill if y up ise b u wo se if y u cens u

o o ra t r o re

wh t y ud ightl y u
nde st nd
,

a o (
o no t rA ) r a . C . .
7 6 e . a.

Who goes not ev in fe sust ins m n y inj uie d er ar a a r s an

of e epent
t n r (
s. A C . . 1 7 0 r.
 APH OR I S MS 59

To sp ea k well of a wo thle s m is like spe king ill

r s an a

of a
g o od ma n .
(
8 K M iii
.
4 1 . . . o.
)

F lly
o is the buckle r of sh ma e as impo tunity is r of

p v ty
o er .
(
Tr Ta o 52
. . a.
)

F ea r s r n p i gs to i e mo e quickl y th n nything else

lf r a a .

( L 90

A th t h m me even is good which does

s ev il a ar s no t so

not
p fit me
ro .

Wh inj ue o he eg ds
o r s himself t M
( )
rs r ar n ot .
4 r.

T uth l one w the d ughte f time

r a as(M a r o .
58

H wh does
e v lue l ife des es it
o not
( ) a erv not. I 1 5 r.

Ak c un el f him who gove ns hims lf well

s o s o r e .

Jutice equi es powe intelligence d will It

s r r r, an .

mbles the q u
een bee
,

rese .

H wh negl ec s
e o punish evi l s nctions the doi g
t to a n

H e who t kes the sn ke by the il

a a ta is af te w ds
r ar

bitt by it
en .

He wh digs the pit upon him will it f ll in uin

o a r .

(
H 1 1 8 2 5 r.
[ ] a.
)
He wh thinks l ittle m ke m ny mist ke
o a s a a s.

N cou n el is mo e t ustwo hy th n th t which is

o s r r rt a a

given upon hips th t in pe il s a ar e r .

L him expect di te who sh pes his cou e

et sas r a rs on a

youg m s ounsel
n an
’

(C [ ] ) . H 1 19 24 a r.
60 AH PO R IS MS

Hewho expec s f om expe ience wh t h does nott r r a s e

pos ess kes le ve f e son

s ta (a A o r a . C. . 2
99 r.

H ppy is th t est te which is seen by the eye f i

a a a o ts

lo d
r .

This by expe ience is p oved th t he wh neve puts

r r a o r

his t ust in y m will neve be deceived

,

r an an r .

( A C
34 4. . r.

The memo y f benefits is f il g inst ing tit de

r o ra as a a ra u .

Rep ove f iend in sec et but p ise him befo e othe s

r a r r ra r r .

He who w l ks in fe f d nge s will

a ar o a r no t pe ish r in
consequence the eof r .

Lie bout the p st

4

n ot a a .
(
H 16

B s f gold
ar o efined in the fi ( are r re . H 9 8[
44 ti: o.
] r.
)

It is by testing th t we disce n fine gold a r .

As is the moul d will be the c st so a .

(
H 1 00 [4 3 ] r.

Eve y w ong sh ll be set ight

r r a r .
( 99 [44
H a
] r.
)

Const ncy Not he who begins

a .
,
but he who p seve er res .

(
H 101
[
4 2 a
] r.
)
He who st ips the w l l b e on him wi ll it f ll
r a ar a .

He wh cut down the t ee him it t kes venge nce

o s r on a a

in its f ll a .
( [ ] ) H 11 8 25 a r.

Obst cles c nnot bend me

a a .

Eve y Obst cle yi lds effo t

r a e to r .

He who fixes his couse by st ch nges r a ar a n o t.

W
( indsor M S S . R
62 AL L E GOR E I S

motion tow ds h ve bec ue if she could she woul d

.

ar ea n, a s

u h s ength g inst G d Sh is m de with m sk

se er tr a a o . e a a a

upon h f ce f f i ppe nce Sh is m de wouded

er a o ar a ara . e a n

in the sight by p lm d olive Sh is m de wounded i

a an . e a n

the by l uel d my tle signify th t ic o y d

ear a r an r to a v t r an

tr uth offend h Sh is m de with m ny lightnings

er . e a a

i suing fo th f om h to denote h evil spe king Sh

s r r er er a . e

is m de le n d wizened b c use she is eve w sting in

a a an e a r a

pe petul d si e Sh is m de with fie y se pe t
r a e r . e a a r r n

gn wing h he t Sh is given quive wi h

a at er ar . e a r t

tongues f ows bec use with the tongue she often

or arr a

offends d she is m de with leop d s skin sin e h

,
’
an a a ar c t e

l eop d f om envy sl ys h l ion by gu

ile Sh is give
, ,

ar r a t e . e n

a v se in h h nd full f flowe s d bene th th

a er a o r an a ese

fill ed with sco pions d to ds d othe venomous

,

-
r an a an r

things Sh is m de iding upon de th bec use envy

. e a r a a

neve dying h l o dshi p ove him d de th is m d

,

r as r r ; an a a e

with b idle in his mouth d l den with iou

a r an a var s

we pons since these l l the inst uments f de h

a ,
are a r o at .

(fi
Ox rd Dr a wings, Pa rt ii No . .

In the moment when vi tue is bo n she gives bi th r r r to

en y g inst he se lf d body sh ll soone e is

v a a r , an a a r x t

without sh dow th n vi tue without envy

a a a r .

(f
Ox ord Dra win s Pa rt l l
g , . No .

Pl e suea r an d P in a ep esented
twi s though
a re r r as n as

they we e joined togethe f the e is neve the

,

r r, or r r o ne

without the othe d they tun thei b cks be us r ; an r r a ca e

they cont y to e h othe

are rar ac r.

If y ush l l choo e pl e s ue know h t he h behi d him

o a s a r t a as n

o newh wil l d l u to y ut ibu

o l tion
ea d epent
o e t o r a an r an c .
 AL L E G OR E I S 63

This i ple ue toge he with p in d they

s as r t r a an are

ep e t d twins bec use the is neve sep ted

,

r res n e as a on e r ara

f m h othe
ro t They m de with thei b cks tuned
e r. are a r a r

to ea ch othe b c use they con y the to the

r e a are trar o ne

othe They m de g owing u f the me t unk

r. are a r o t o sa r

b c us hey h ve
e a e t d the s me fou nd tion f the
a o ne an a a or

fou nd tion f pl sue i l bou with p in d the

,

a o ea r s a r a an

fou nd tions f p in v in d l scivious ple sues

,

a o a are a an a a r .

Ad c dingly it is ep esen ed he e with eed i the

n a co r r r t r a r n

r ight h d which is useless d without s ength

an d an tr an

the w unds m de with it poisoned I Tusc ny

o a are . n a

re eds pu to suppo t beds signify th t he e occu

are t r to a r r

v in d e ms d he e is consumed g e t p t f
a r a an r a r a ar o

l ife h i sq unde ed mu ch useful time n mely th t

,

: ere s a r a a

f h mo ni g when the mind is composed

,

o t e r n d an te

f e hed
r s d the body he efo e is fit d
an esume new t r r te to r

l bou T he e l so t ke m ny v i ple sue both

,

a rs . r a are a n a a n a r s

with the mi d im gining impossible things d with

n a , an

the body t ki g those pl sues which ofte the

a n ea r are n

c u f the f ili g f l ife

a se o h t f this the e d is
a n o ; so t a or r e

h ld p esenting such found tions

e as re r a .

(f
Ox or d D ra wing,
s Pa r t 11 No . .

In llectul p s ion d iv s
te a a s r e o u
t sensul ity a .

(
C . A 358v
. . a. )

Who o cubs lus ful desi pu himself on

s r no t t res ts a

l ev l with the be sts

e a .

Y u h ve neithe g e te
o ca n l es dominion
a r a r a r nor a s

th n th t ove youself
a a r r .

1 MS .
‘
vanj , not var] .
64 TH E S C O U RG E OF F O LL Y
It is e sie to esist a r r at the begin ing th n the end
n a at .

(
H 1 19
[
24 a
] r. )

kept you body in cco d nce with i tue

If you r a r a vr

you desi es woul d not be f this wo ld

r r O r .

( B 3

N thing i so much to be fe ed b d eput tion

o s ar as a a r a .

This b d epu tion is used by vice

a r ta ca s.

( ) H 40 r.

Y ug ow in epu
o t tion l ike b e d in the h nds f
r r a r a a o

chil d en r .
( ) B 3 o.

Methinks th t c se men f b d h bits d lit l e a o ar o a a an t

powe f e son do not dese ve so fine inst ument

r o r a r an r or

so g e t v iety f mech nism those endowed with

r a a ar o a as

ide s d with g e t e soning powe b u me ely s c k

a an r a r a r, t r a a

whe ein thei food is ecei ed d f om whence it p sses

r r r v an r a

w y F in t uth o l y e kon hem

,

a a . or r o ne can n r c t as a

p ss ge f fo d since it does seem to me th t he y

a a or o ; not a t

h ve ny hi g i common with h hum n e except

a a t n n t e a rac

spe ch d sh pe d in ll else they f below

e an a an a are ar

the level f the be st

,

o a s.

W
( ind or M
s S S . Dell d na t F ogl i B
’
. 2 1

his m excels in folly wh continully sti ts

Ad n t an o a n

hims lf in o de th t he m y w nt d his life sli p

e r r a a no t a an s

w y while he is still looking fo w d to enjoying the

,

a a r ar

we lth which by ext eme toil he h cqui ed

a r as a r .

(
S K . . M . iii . 1 7 o. )

O specul to s bout p petul motio how m ny v i

a r a er a n, a a n

chime s h ve y uc e ted in the like quest Go

ra a o r a and

t ke y u pl ce with the seeke s fte gold

a o r a r a r .

(
8 K M. . . 11.
9 2 v.
)
 AVA IC —TH E R E H EA T L H OF TH E B D O Y
O mise y r of man ! To how m n y things d a o .

yo u
m ke yous lf sl ve f
a r e a a or money
W
( indsor M S S . R

To the mbitious whom neithe the boon f life

a r o no r

the b uy f the wo ld ufii to content it comes

,

ea t o r s ce as

pen nce th t l ife with them is squnde ed d th t they

,

a a a r an a

p ss neithe the benefits h b uty f the wo ld

,

o sse r no r t e ea o r .

(
C . A9 1 . v. a . )

Str ive to p se ve you he lth d in this y uwill the

re r r a ; an o

bette succeed in p opo tion y u keep cle f the

r r r as o ar o

phy sici ns f thei d ugs

a kind f lchemy con
or r r ar e a o a

ce ning which the e no fewe books h n the e

,

r r are r t a r

are medicines (W M . A A ) indsor S S Dell.

’
na t. Fog/i 2 r.

E ve y m desi es to cqui e we l th in o de h t he
r an r a r a r r t a

m y give it to the docto s h dest oye s f li fe the e

a r t e r r o r

fo e the y ought be ich

,

r (
to ) r . F 96 a.

Wine is good bu w te i p fe ble t ble ,

t a r s re ra at a .

(
I 1 25 [7 4 ]
He e n tue eems in m ny f m ny nim ls to
r a r s a or or a a a

h e been the c uel step mothe th n mothe d

av ra r a r -
r a a r , an

f
orsome not step mothe bu comp ssion te mothe
a - r ta a a r.

8
( K M
. . . iii. 20 a. )

We uppo t life by the de th f othe s

s r a o r .

I de d m tte the e em ins insensible l i fe which

n a a r r r a on

b omi g uni ed to h stom chs f the livi g

,

ec n te -
t t e a o n re

sumes the life f the senses d f the intellect

o an o .

( 9 [4 1 ]
H 8 a )

M an an d the a nim l s a are me ely p ss ge

r a a a and ch nnel a

B
 OF G OVERNANCE
for food tomb f othe nim l s h ven f h de d
a or r a a a a or t e a ,

giving life by the de th f othe s

, ,

fu
'

fl ll f a o r , a co er o

co uption
rr .
( A ) C . .
7 6 o. a.

M h g t powe f speech bu h g e te p t
an as rea r o t t e r a r ar

he o f is empty d deceitfu The ni m ls h ve l ittle

,

t re l an . a a a

e d bette is sm l l
,

b u h t littl e is ue fu
t t a l d t u s an r
1
; an r a a

and ce in thing th n g e t f lsehood

rta ( a) a r a a . F 96 a.

Lust is the c use f gene tion a o ra .

Appetite is h st y f l i fe t e a o .

Fe timidity is the p olong tion f life

ar o r r a o .

Deceit is the p ese v tion f the ins u ment r r a o tr .

( ) H 32 r.

L the s eet h
et wide the univ s l height f the
tr e as as er a o

hOu
S CS .
( 3
B 6 r. )

When besieged by mbitious y nts I find me s a t ra a an

f o ffence d de fence in o de to p se ve the hief gi ft

,

o an r r re r c

of n tue which is l ibe ty

a r d fi st I woul d spe k f r ; an r a o

the position f the w lls d then f how the v ious

,

O a an o ar

pe ples mint in thei good d j ust lo ds

,

o can a a r an r .

M
( S . 2 0 37 , Bil . Na t . 1 0 r. )
m ll ooms dw llings set the mind in the ight
S a r or e r

p th l ge one c use it g st y
a , ar s a to o a ra .

M
( 8 2 0 38 Bi
. b Ne t , . . 1 6 r. )
c se ou hip to stop d pl c the h d f
If yo u au y r s , an a e ea o

a l ong tube in the w te d pl ce the o he e t emi y a r, a n a t r x r t

to you y uwill he shipsr ear g e t dist o ar at a r a a nce

f om y u
r o .

1
ir . .
‘
vero
(
the read in g adopted b y Dr. Richter) . MS . has verso.
’
 OF C ERTA I N INV E NTI ONs 67

o do the s me by pl cing the he d f the

Youean al s a a a o

tube upon the g oud d y uwill then he y r n , an o ar an o ne

p i g dist nce f om y u
ass n at a a
( ) r o . 3 6 r.

A OF A V NG ONE E L F A T E PE T
WAY S I S IN M S

OR H PW RECK AT A S I SE

It is neces y to h ve co t m de f l the with

sar a a a a O ea r

a double hem ove the b e t f the width f finge r r as o o a r,

an d d ouble l o f om the gi dle to the knee d l the

as r r an et

l e the f which it is m de be q u ite i tight And

,

a r O a a r -
.

whe y u obl iged j ump into the blow u the

n o are to sea , o t

l p p ts f h co t th ou gh the hems f the b e st d

.

a e o t e a r o r a an

he j ump into the And l youself be c ied by

,

t n sea . et r a rr

h w v
t e aif the e is
es, sho e ne h nd d y udo
r no r ar a t a an o

not k ow the n And lw ys keep in you mouth h

sea . a a r t e

end f the tube th ough which the i p sses into the

o r a r a

g ment d if once twice it shoul d become nec ss y

ar ; an or e ar

to t e b e th when the o m p events

.

f ory u o k a f a
y ur a a r o

d w it th ough the mouh f the tube f om the i

,

ra r t o r a r

within the co t a .
( a 81

Wo ds which f i l s tisfy the f the listene lw ys

r a to a ear o ra a

eithe f tigue we y him d y um y ofte see

r a or ar ; an o a n a

sign f his when such listene s f quently y wning

o t r a re re a .

Co s quen ly when dd ssing men whose good opinion

n e t a re

y u
o desi e e ithe u r sho t yo u speec h when
r c
y u t r r o

the evident signs f imp tience else ch nge the

,

se o a , or a

subj ct f if y ut ke y othe couse then in pl ce

e ; or o a an r r , a

o f h t pp ob tion y ude i e y uwill win di like d

e
,

a r a o s r o s an

Ad if y uwoul d see in wh t m kes pl ue

n o a a an ta eas r
68 OF N C E RO MA NC Y
without h ing him spe k t lk to him d ch nge the
ear a a an a

subject f you discou e seve l times d when it

,

o r rs ra an

comes bout th t y u see him st nd fi edly without

,

a a o a x

eithe y wning knitting his b ows m king y

r a or r or a an

othe movement then be sue th t the subject f which

r r a o

sp king is the one which he t kes p s e

,

y uo are i ea l u n a ea r .

( 49
G r

Bu
t of hum n discouses th t must be conside ed
all a r a r

as most fooli h which fli m belief in nec om ncy

s a r s a r a ,

which is the siste f l chemy the p oduce f simpl e r o a r r o

d n tu l things bu is much the mo e wo hy f

,

an a ra t so r rt o

bl me th n lchemy bec use it neve gives bi th to y

,

a a a a r r an

thing wh teve except to thi gs like itself th t is to y

,

a r n a sa

l ies d this is not the c se with lchem y which wo ks

,

an a a r

by the simple p d ucts f n ue bu who e function

,

ro o at r t s

c nnot be e e cised by n tue he self bec ue the e

,

a x r a r r a s r are

in h no o g nic inst uments wi h which she might be

,

er r a r t

a ble do the wo k which m pe fo ms with his h nds

to r an r r a

by the u f which he h m de gl ss etc Bu this

,

se o as a a . t

nec om ncy ensign flyi g b nne blown by h

,

r a an or n a r, t e

wind is the g u ide f the fooli h multi ude which is

, ,

o s t

continul witness by its cl mou the limitless effects

, ,

a a a r to

o f su ch And they h fill ed whole books i

an art. ave n

a ffi ming t h t ench tments

r d spi its
a wo k d an an r ean r an
spe k without tongu d
a sp k without y es, an can ea an

o g nic inst ument without which speech is imp ssible

r a — r o

c y the he vi st weights d b ing temp sts

, ,

— d an can arr a e an r e

in d th t men be ch nged into ts d

,

an d ra an a ca n a ca an

wolves d he be sts lthough those fi st b come

,

an o t r a a r e

be s wh ffi m such things
,

a ts o a r .
2. TH E DEF INIT I O N OF AS PRT I I

We h ve the efo e ce t ined in p t the mischief

a r r as r a ar

an d the u sefulnes h t belong such if it is t a to an art s

e l d if it is e l why h it not em ined mo g

r a ; an r a as r a a n

men who desi e much not h ving eg d r

yso a r ar to an

deity me ely b c ue the e i fi ite numbe f

,

, r e a s r are an n n r o

pe sons wh in o de g tify one f thei pp tit

r o r r to ra o r a e es

woul d d st oy G d d the whole uive se

e r o an n r

If then it h em ined mo g men l though

as not r a a n a

n cess y to them it neve e i ted d neve e ist

,

e ar r xs an r can x ,

follo ws f om the definition f spi it which i

, ,

as r o a r s

invisible d inco po e l f wi hin the elements the e

,

an r r a or t r

no inco po l things b c use whe e the e is not b dy

,

are r rea e a r r o

the is v cuum d the v cuum does not exist

,

re a a an a

within the elements be use it woul d b inst tly filled

,

ca e an

by the e ement
,

u p l .

W
( indsor M S S . Dell ’
An t a . Fog/i B 3 1 v ) .

PRT OF S I I S

We h ve j ust w st ted on h othe side f this

a no a t e r o

p ge th t the defi ition f spi it is powe united to

body bec u
a a n o a r a r

s f it el f it neithe fi esis nce

,
'

a a e o s can r o er r ta

t ke y kind f lo l movement d if y u y
,

nor a an o ca ; an o sa

th t it doe in itself fi esist nce this c n ot be

a s o
'

er r a a n so

within the elements bec use if the spi it is qun ity

,

a r a a t

without body this quntity is wh t i lled v cuum

,

a a a s ca a a

d the v cu m does not exist i n tue d g ting

, ,

an u a n a r an r an

h t we e fo med it would be i st n ly fill d up b y

,

t a o ne r r n a t e

the f ll ing in f th t element within which such v cuum

,

a o a a a

h d b en c
a d S by the definition f weight which
e reate . o o

sy th t g vity is fo tuitous p we c e ted by

,

sa a ra a r o r r a o ne

element being d w imp lled tow ds nothe i ra n or e ar a r, t

 OF W ET ER A P R T
H H S I I H AS B D O Y
w th t y element though wi hout weight when
fo ll o
cqui es weight i the el em
s a an t

h s me element ent
,

i
n t e a a r n

e it which is l ighte th n it elf one sees th t

,

a b ov r a s ; so a

p t f the w te h neithe g vity levity i

,

o ne ar o a r as r ra no r n

h
t e res t f the w te bu if y ud w it up into the i
o a r, t o ra a r

th it wil l cqui e weight d if y u d w the i

en a r an o ra a r

u d e the w te then the w te on findi g itself bove

,

n r a r a r n a

t hi i s a r qui s weight which weight it c nnot suppo t

ac re a r

f i elf d conseq u ently its descent is inevit ble d

,

o ts an a an

fo e it f ll s i to the w te h ve y spot which

, ,

h
t ere r a n a r, a t t e r

h d bee l e ft
a hu
n um by this w te a v cThe s me thing
‘
a r. a

w u l d h ppen
o spi it if it we e mong the elements f
a to a r r a or

i wo u l d continully c e te v c u m in wh teve element

,

t u a r a a a a r

i h nced
t c a find it elf d f this e on it would be
to s an or r as

n e cessa rily in pe pe ul flight tow ds the sky until it

r t a ar

h d p ed u f these l ements
a ass o to e .

WH ET H ER TH E P R T S I I A BO Y A ONG TH E
H AS D M
E E EN T
L M S

We h ve p oved how the spi it c nno f itself Eist

a r r a t o
‘
x

among the el ement withou t body yet move f s a nor o

i lf by olunt y movement except to ise upw ds

,

tse v ar r ar .

W w p ceed to
e no
y th t s ch
u
ro spi it in t k i
g sa a a r a n

a body f i must f necessity sp e d itself h ufi

o a r o r a t ro

this i f if it em ined united it would be sep t d

a r or r a ara e

f m it d wou l d f ll d so e te v c u m is s id
,

ro an u a an cr a a a as a

b ve d th fo e it is nece s y if it is to be ble to
, ,

a o an ere r s ar a

e m i supended in the i th t it should sp e d itself

,

r a n s a r, a r a

e ce i qunti y f i d if it becomes mingl d

ov r a rta n a t o a r ; an e

wi h h i w di fi cul ties ensue n mely th t it fi

t t e ar t o f , a , a rare es
 7 2 OF WH ET ER A R T H S PI I C N A M OVE
th t quntity f i within which it is mingled d
a a o a r an co n

equently this i becoming efied flies upw ds f i

,

s a r, rar ar o ts

cco d d will not em in mong the i th t i

,

ow n a r an r a a ar a s

he vie th n itself d mo eove th t his ethe e l

,

a r a an r r, a as t a r a

e ence is sp e d u the p ts f it become sep ted

ss r a o t, ar o ara ,

and its n t ue becomes modified

a d it the eby l o es
r an r s

ome hing f its fo me powe To these he e is l so

,

s t o r r r. t r a

added thi d diffi culty d th t is th t this body f i

a r an a a o a r

ssumed by the spi it is exposed the penet ting fo ce

,

a r to ra r

o f the winds which inces ntly seve ing d te ing are sa r an ar

i piec s the co nected po tions f the i spinning

,

n e n r o a r,

them ound d whi ling them mid the othe i d

r an r a r a r ; an

the efo e the spi it which w sp e d th ough this i

r r r as r a r a r

woul d be dismembe ed ent in pi ces d b oken r or r e an r

togethe with the ending i pieces f the i wi hin

,

r r n o a r t

which it w sp e d as r a .

W H E TH R E TH E P R T HA V NG A ED A BOD Y
S I I I S S UM OI"

A A
IR OVE T E L F OR NO
C N M OF I S

It is impossible h t the spi it diffused wi hin qun ity

t a r t a a t

o f i a r h ve powe move this i d this is

can a r to a r ; an

s own by the fo me section in which it is st ted th t

h r r a a

the spi it fi th t quntity f i wi hin which it h

r rare es a a o a r t as

ente d This i c n equently will ise up bo e the

re . a r o s r a v

othe i d this wi ll be movement m de by the i

r a r , an a a a r

th ough its w levity d not th ough the volunt y

r o n an r ar

moveme t f the spi it d if this i meets h wind

,

n o r an a r t e

by the hi d p t f this sec ion this i will be moved

,

t r ar o t a r

by the wind d not by h spi it which is diffu d

,

an t e r se

wi hin it
t .
 OF W ET ER A P R T A VO E
H H S I I H S IC

WH ETH ER T H E P R T A PEA K S I I C N S OR NO

W shi g p ove whethe

i n to the spi it spe k
r r or no r can a ,

it is ece s y fi st to define wh t voice is d how it is

n s ar r a an

p od ued d we m y define it follows h v ice is

,

r c an a as -
t e o

mo ement f i in f iction g inst comp ct b dy f

,

v o ar r a a a a o ,
or o

h comp ct bod y in f iction g inst the i which is the

t e a r a a a r,

s me thing d this f iction f comp ct with enuous

a
; an r o a t

subst ce condenses the l tte d so m kes it c p ble f

an a r, an a a a o

re sisting mo eove the te uous sub t nce when in

r r, n s a ,

swift motion d simil subst ce movi g slowly an a ar an n ,

conde se e ch othe thei cont ct d m ke noise

,

n a r at r a an a a

t emendou up o d the sou nd mumu c used

,

or r s r ar an or r r a

by enuous subst nce moving th ough nothe

o ne t a r a r at a

mode te p ce [ ] l i ke g e t fl me which c e t s noises

ra a is a r a a r a e

within h i d h loudest up o m de by nuous

t ea r an t e r ar a o ne te

sub nce with nothe is when the one swiftly moving

sta a r

penet tes the othe which is unm ve ble f inst nce

ra r o a , as or a

the fl me f fi issuing fo th f om the c nnon d

a o re r r a an

st iking g inst the i d l so the fl me is ui g f om

r a a a r, an a a s n r

th cl o u
e d which st ikes the i d so p oduces thunde r a r an r r

bolt
,

s.

We m y y the efo e th t the spi it c nnot p oduce

a sa r r a r a r

voice without movement f i d the e is i

,

a o a r, an r no a r

within it d it c nnot e pel i f om itself if it h it not

an a x a r r as

d if i wishes to move th t within which it is diflu d

, ,
'

an t a se

it be omes nec s y th t the spi it should multiply itself

,

c e sar a r ,

an d this it c nnot do unless it h quntity And by the

a as a .

fouth p t it is s id th t
r ar tenuous body mov a a no ca n e

ul e it h
n ss fi ed spot f om whence t ke its motio
as a x r to a n,

an d e p i l ly i the c se f
s ec a l ement moving i i
n a o an e n ts
7. O F TH E S E E NS S

o wn ement which do
el move f itself ex pt es no t o , ce

by unifo m e po tion h cent e f the hi g

,

r va ra at t e r o t n

ev po ted h ppen with sponge squee zed i h

a ra as a s a n t e

h nd which is held unde w te since the w te flows

,

a r a r, a r

w y f om it in e e y di ection wi h equl moveme t

,

a a r v r r t a n

th ough the openi gs h t come between the finge f

r n t a rs o

the h nd wi hin which it is squ zed

a t ee .

Of wh the the spi it he ticul voic d wheth

r — r as ar a te e an er

the spi it be he d — d wh t he i g is d eei g

r can ar an a ar n an s n

— d how the w ve f h voice p ss s h o ugh the i

, ,

an a o t e a e t r a r,

and how the im g s f o bjects p ss the eye a e o a to .

W
( indsor M 8
8Dell Anot .
’
. Fogli B 3 1 r. and 30

H OW T H E F VE EN E A RE TH E N TER
I S S S MI IS S OI"

TH E O S UL

The soul pp e tl y esides in the se t f the j udg

a ar n r a o

men d the j udgment pp ently esides in the pl ce

t, an a ar r a

whe e ll the senses meet which is c lled the common

r a a

se se d it is not ll f it i the whole body m ny

,

n ; an a o n as a

h ve believed bu it is ll in this p t f if it we e
a t a ar ; or r

l l in the whole d ll in eve y p t it wo uld h e

,

a an a r ar no t av

been nece s y f h inst uments f the senses ome

, ,

s ar or t e r o to c

t gethe i concouse
o r p tic ul spot the
n r to o n e ar ar ; ra r

woul d it h ve suffi ced f the eye to egiste its func ion

a or r r t

o f pe ception r its suf ce d not to t ns mit the

on r a an ra

im ges f the things seen to the ens by w y f the

,

a o s e a o

optic ne ves bec use the soul f the e so l d y

r — ; a or r a n a r ea

given would comp ehend them upon the suf ce f

— r r a o

the eye .

S imi l ly wi h h sense
ar f h , ing it would be
t t e o ear ,
 5 , o r TH E S E E NS S 75

fi cien t merel y for

u
s the voice esoud in the ched to r n ar

rec ess s f the ock like bone which is withi h

e o r - n t e ear,

without he e being nothe p ss ge f om his bone

,

t r a r a a r t to
‘
h
t e co mm n n e whe eby the s id mouth m ight dd ess
o se s r a a r

it elf the common j udgment

,

s to .

Th nse f smell lso is seen be fo ced f

e se o a to r o neces

si y h ve ecouse this s me j udgment

r to a r r to a .

Th t u ch p s th ough the pe fo ted te dons d

e o a ses r r ra n an

is t mi ted this sense hese tendons p oceed

rans t to ; t r to

p
S rea d u with infinite
o t mific tio s into the skin which ra a n

e clo h body s membe s d the bowels Th p

n ses t e
’
r an . e er

f i g endons c
ora t n y impul se d ens tio to the
t arr an s a n

s u bject l imb these tendons p ssing be ween the

s a t

mu l es d the sinews dict t these thei movement

sc an a e to r ,

an d the e ob y s d in the ef obeyi g they cont ct

an act o n ra ,

on th t the welling educe thei l gth

,

f ih
or t e reas a s r s r en

an d d w wi h it the ne ves which

ra s t inte woven mid r are r a

h p ticl es f the l imb d being sp d th oughout

,

t e ar o s, an rea r

t eh e emities f the finge s they t nsmit the sense

xtr o r ra to

h imp e sion f wh t they tou ch

,

t e r s o a .

Th ne ves wi h thei m u
e r scl es se ve the tendons even
t r r

sol die se ve thei le de d the tendons se ve

,

as rs r r a rs, an r

the ommon sense the le de s hei c pt in d this

c as a r t r a a an

ommo s nse s ve h ul the c pt in s ves his

,

c n e er s t e so as a a er

lo d r .

S the efo e the

o ticul tion f h bones obeys h
r r ar a o t e t e

n v d the ne ve the mucle d the muscle the

,

er e, an r s an

te don d h tendon the common s nse d h

,

n an t e e an t e

c mm n sense is the se t f the oul d the memo y is

, ,

o o a o s an r

its mo ito d its f ul y f eceiving imp es ions

,

n r, an ac t o r r s

e v its st nd d f ef ence
s r es as a ar o r er .
 OF TH E O R I G IN OF T H E OU S L

How the sen e w its the soul d the soul s a on an no t on

the sense d how whe e the sen e th t should mi ist

,

an r s a n er

to the oul is l cking h soul i such life l cks

,

s a t e n a a co n

nction this s nse is seen in

,

ce
p i f h
t on o fu f t e h o e as t e

c se f mute one bo n blind

a o a or r .

W
( i r MS S
nd m . Del l
’
Amt . Fogli B 2 r. )

l thou
A ghhum n subtlety m kes v iety f i a a a ar o n ve n

ti ns nswe ing by diff ent me ns to the s me end it

o a r er a a ,

will neve devise i vention mo e b utiful mo

r an n r ea re

simple mo e di ect th n does n tue bec use i h

,

or r r a a r a n er

inventions othing is l cking d no hi g is supe fluou

, ,

n a an t n r s ;
d she n eds no c u nte il ing weight when h
,

an e o r va s s e

c e tes limbs fitted f movement in the bodies f h

r a or o t e

a nim l s bu puts within them h oul f the body

a t t e s o

which fo ms them th t is h soul f h mothe whi h

,

r a t e o t e r c

fi st const ucts within the womb the sh pe f the m

,

r r a o an ,

an d in du time w kens the so u e l th t is to be its i h bi

a a a n a

t nt F this fi st em ined sleep in the gu di

a . or at r r a a ar an

ship f the soul f h mo he who nouishes d giv s

,

o o t e t r, r an e

it life th oug h h umbi lic l vein with ll its spi i ul

r t e a a r t a

membe s d so it will continue f such time h

,

r an or as t e

s id umbilic l c d i joined to the pl ce t d h

,

a a or s a n a an t e

co t
ylid by which h
o ns chil d is tt ched the mothe t e a a to r.

And this is the e son why y wish inte s desi e r a an or n e r or

f ight expe ienced by the mothe

r r
y the ment l r, o r an o r a

suffe ing is felt mo e powe ful ly by the chil d h n by h

r r r t a t e

mo he f he e m n y c ses in which the child los s

,

t r, or t r are a a e

i l i fe f om it
ts r .

This discouse does not p ope ly l ong he e bu is

r r r be r t

ne ess y in t e ti g f the st uctue f nim ted bodies

,

c ar r a n o r r o a a
7 8 OF TH E RE EWA OF N L TH E B D O Y
to p s in the b dies f the im l by m ns f h
a s o o an as ea o t e

be ti g f h he t whe eby the e is p odued w ve

a n o t e ar r r r c a a

f bl ood i ll the veins d thes continully eithe

,

o n a , an e are a r

enl ging c nt cting bec use the exp nsion occu

ar or o ra a a rs

when they eceive the excessive quntity f blood d

,

r a o an

h cont ction is du to the dep t ue f the excess f

,

t e ra e ar r o o

blood they h e eceived d this the be ting f the

av r ; an a o

pulse te ches u when we touch the fo e id veins wi h

a s, a r sa t

the finge s in y p t wh ts eve f the living body

r an ar a o r o

Bu to etu u pupose I y th t the flesh f

.

t r rn to o r r sa a o

h nim l s is m de new by the bl ood which is contin u

,

t e a a a a

al ly p odu ced by th t which nouishes them d th t

r a r an a

this flesh is dest yed d etuns by the m ic

,

ro an r r esara

ar te ies d p sses into h int tines whe e it pu ifi

r an a t e es , r tr es

in foul d fetid de th they show u in thei

a an a as s r

deposits d ste m like the smoke d fi which we e

,

an a an re r

given comp i on as a ar s .

W
( il b u
r MS S . Del l
’
Amt . Fog/1 B 2 8r .)

Ad this ld m f w h us befo e his de th told

n o an , a e o r r a

me th t he h d lived hund ed y e s d th t he did

,

a a a r ar an a

not feel y bodily il ment othe th n we kness d thus

,

an a r a a an

while sitting upon bed in h hospit l f S nt M i

,

a t e a o a a ar a

Nuov Flo ence without y movement sign f

a at r an or o

y hing miss he p s d w y f om this l ife

,

an t a as e a a r .

And I m de utop y in o de to sce t in the c use

,

a an a s r r a r a a

o f so pe ceful de th d foud th t it p c eded f om

a a a an n a ro e r

kness th u gh f ilue f blood d f the te y th t

,

wea ro a r o an o ar r a

fe ds the he t
e d the othe l owe membe s which I
ar an r r r

fo und to be ve y p ched d sh unk d wi he ed d

,

r ar an r an t r an

the esult f his ut p y I w ote down ve y c efull y

r o t a o s r r ar
 PLATE 3

S T DE
U I S IN T H E

B
T
ANA OMY "
OI fI-H E NEC K
‘

OT
O NES OF T H E FO
AND OF TH E

Fa re p. 7 8
 79

and wi h g t se f
t rea w devoid f eithe f
ea or as o r at

mois ue d these f lm the chief hin d nce the

,

or t r an o ra to

k owl dg f i p ts
,

n e e o ts ar .

Th o he u e topsy w
t child f w ye s d
r a as o n a o t o ar an

he e I f ud eve ything h cont y wh t it w in

,

r o n r t e ra r to a as

the c e f the ld m
as o o an .

The l d wh enjoy good he l th di th ough l ck f

o o a e r a o

susten n And this is b ought bout by the p ss ge

a ce . r a a a to

th me ic veins becoming continully est icted by

esara a r r

the thickeni g f the kin f these vei s d the p

n o s o n an ro

cess c ontinus until it ffects the c pill y eins which

e a a ar v ,

are the fi st close up l ogethe d f om this it

r to a t r ; an r

com es p ss th t the ld d e d the col d mo e th

to a a o r a r an

the y u g d th t those wh ve y ld h ve thei

o n an a o are r o a r

kin the colou f wood f d ied chestnut bec use

,

S r o or o r a
,

this skin is l most completel y dep ived f susten nce

a r o a .

And this netwo k f veins cts i m in o nges r o a n an as ra

i which the peel becomes thicke d the p u

l p dimini hes
,

n r an s

h mo e th y become ld
t e r And if y u y th t the
e o . o sa a as

blood b com s thicke it ce ses flow th ough the

e e r a to r

veins this is t ue f h blood in the veins does

, no t r or t e

thicken bec use it continully dies d is enewed

,

not a a an r .

W
( ium M 88 Del
'
l .
’
d u
ct . Fogli B IO

TH E N AT RE OF T H E VE N
U I S

o igin f the is h cont y h t f the

The r o sea t e rar to t a o

blo d f o the eceives within itself ll the ive

or sea r a r rs,

Which enti ely used by h quous v pous th t

,

are r ca t e a e a r a

h scended up into h i while the f the bl d

ave a t e a r; sea o oo

i h ou e f ll the veins
s tes rc o a .
80 OF TH E O UE T NG

OF TH E NUM BER TH E VE N OF I S

The vein is one whole which is divided into m ny as a

m in b nches the e p incip l pl ces which it h to

,

a ra as r are r a a as

nouish d the e b nches subdivided in infinite

r , an s ra are an

numbe r. (W M Am A ) in t er 8s De11 .
’
. Fog/i 4 r.

OF TH E L E W H CH OVE TH E TON E
M US C S I M GU

N membe needs
0 g t numbe f muscle
r so rea a r o s as

the tongue twenty fou f these being l e dy kn wn

— -
r o ar a o

p t f om the othe s which I h ve discove ed d f

,

a ar r r a r ; an o

a ll the membe s which moved by volunt y ction

r are ar a

this exceeds l l the est in the numbe f its movements

a r r o . .

And if y ush ll y th t this is the the fuc ion f

o a sa a ra r n t o

the eye which eceives l l the infi ite ieties f fo m

r a n var o r

d colou f the objects set be fo e it d f h smell

,

an r o r an o t e

with its infinite mixtue f odous d f the wi h

,

r o r an o ca r t

its sounds we m y eply th t the tongue lso pe cei es

,

a r a a r v

infinite numbe f fl vous both simple d m

,

an r o a r an co

pounded buthis is not u pupose f u i tenti n

; t to o r r , or o r n o

is to t e t only f the p icul movement f h

r a o art ar o eac

membe r.

Conside c efully h w by h movement f h tongu

r ar o t e o t e e,

with h help f h lips d teeth the p onunci tion f

t e o t e an , r a o

a ll the n mes f thi g is known

a u d h w by
o n s to s ; an o

me ns f this inst ument h simple d compou d

,

a o r t e an n

wo ds f l nguge ive u e s d how thes

,

r o a a a arr at o r ar ; an e,

if the e we e r n me f ll the effects f n tue woul d

r a a or a o a r

pp o ch infinity in numbe togethe with ll the coun

,

a r a r, r a t

l ess th ings which i ction d in the pow f are n a an er o

n tue a d these would not be exp essed in l gmg

a r n r one an e
 OF L ANG U AG E 81

o l y bu in g e t numbe f l guges d these l so

n t a r a r o an a an a

woul d tend to infinite v iety bec use they v y con

, ,

ar a ar

i ull y f om centuy to centuy d in one c u nt y d

,

tn a r r r an o r an

nothe th ough h inte mingling f the peoples who

,

a r, r t e r o

by w s o he misch nces con inully becoming

,

ar or t r a are t a

mi ed with e ch othe d h se s me l nguges

x a r ; an t e a a a are

li ble
a p ss into oblivion d they mo t l l ike ll
to a an are r a a

the est f c e ted thi gs d if we g nt th t u wo ld

,

r o r a n ; an ra a o r r

is eve l ting we sh ll then y th t these l guge h ve

r as a sa a an a s a

b d s il l m u
ee n , an st be f infinite v ie y th ough the i
t o ar t r n

fi ite numbe f centuies which constitute infinite time

, ,

n r o r .

N is this t ue in h c se f y othe sense f

or r t e a o an r ; or

the e conce ned o l y wi h such thi gs n tue is

s are r n t n as a r

co nti ull y p oduci g d she does

n a r ch nge then an not a

o din y ki ds f the thi gs which she c e tes in h

,

r ar n o n r a t e

s me w y th t f om time to time the things ch nged

a a a r are a

which h ve been c e ted by m

a d indeed m is
r a an ; an an

n tue s chiefest inst ument bec use n tue is conce ned

a r
’
r a a r r

o l y with the p oduction f elemen y things bu m

,

n r o tar t a n

f o m these el ement y thing p odu ces infinite numbe

,

r ar s r an r

o f compo uds ltho u gh he h no powe c e te y

n a as r to r a an

n tu l thing except nothe like himself th t is hi

,

a ra a r a s

chil d en And f his the ld lchemists will s ve

,

r . o t o a er as

my witnesses wh h ve neve ei he by ch nce de o a r t r a or

e expe iment succeeded i c ting the sm llest

,

lib erat r n rea a

thi g which
n be c e ted by n tue d indeed this
can r a a r ; an

g e tion dese ves unme sued p i es f the se vice

e n ra r a r ra s or r

a blene s f h hings which they h ve invented f the

s o t e t a or

u f men d wo u
se o ld dese ve them even mo e if they
an r r

been the invento s f noxious things like poi o s

,

h d a not r o s n

an d oth simil things which dest oy the life the

er ar r or
82 OF A H E MY LC

intell ect bu they ; exempt f om bl me in h t by

t are n o t r a t a

much study d expe iment they s eki g to c te

an r are e n rea

ind ed the me nest f n ue s p oducts bu h

,

’
n ot, e a o at r r t t e

most excellent n mely go ld which is begotten f the u

, ,

a o s n

i smuch it h mo e e mbl nce to it th n to y

, ,

na as as r r se a a an

thi g else th t is d no c e ted thing is mo e endui g

n a an r a r r n

th n this gold It is immune f om des uction by fi

,

a . r tr re ,

which h powe ove ll the est f c e t d thing

as r r a r o r a e s,

re duci g them to shes gl ss smoke If howeve

n a a or . r,

i sens te v ice hould d ive y uinto such e o why

, , ,

n a a ar s r o rr r,

d y unot go to the mines whe e n ue p od u

o o ces this r at r r

g ld d the e become h disciple Sh will completely

o an r er e

cue y u f you folly by showi g y u th t nothing

,

r o o r n o a

which y uemp l o y in you fun c will be nu

o mbe ed r r a e r

a mong the things whi h she employs in o de to p duce c r r ro

this gold F the e is the e quicksilve no sulphu

. or r r no r, r

o f y ki
an d no fi othe he
n t th n th t f n t ue re no r r a a a o a r

giving l i fe to u wo ld d she will show y u h

,

o r r ; an o t e

v ins f the gold sp e ding th ough the st e h

e o — r a r on t e

blue l pis l zuli whose colou is un ffected by the pow

,

a a r a er

f the fi And conside c efully this mific tion f

,

o re . r ar ra a o

the gold d y uwill see th t the ext emities f it

an o a r o are

c ntinully exp nding in sl w movement t nsmuti g

,

o a a o ra n

i to g ld wh teve they come in cont ct with d note

,

n o a r a an

th t the ein is living o g nism which it is wi hin

a r a r a no t t

y u powe to p duce
o r r ro .

W
( ind er M S S . Dell d u
e t Fog/i B
’
. 2 8

And thoum who by these my l bous dost look an, a r

pon the m vellous wo ks f n tue if thouj udg st it

,

u ar r o a r e

t ocious to dest oy the s me efl ct th t

,

tob e an a r act r a , r e a
s, or ANAT OM IC AL S T UD Y
dest oying ll the v ious membe s d emoving even
r a ar r an r

the e y sm ll est p ticles f h flesh which su ound d

,

v r a ar o t e rr e

the e veins without c using y effusion f blood othe

s a an o r

th n the impe ceptible bleeding f the c pill y veins

a r o a ar .

And , single body did not ufli f long

as o ne s ce o r so a

time it w necess y to p oceed by st ges with m ny

, as ar r a so a

b di s would ende my knowledge complete d

o e as r r ; an

thi I epe ted twice ove in o de to discove the

s r a r r r r

diffe ences r .

Bu hou gh possessed f inte est in the subj ct y u

tt o an r e o

m y pe h ps be dete ed by n tu l epu
a r a g nce if rr a ra r na o r,

this d e not est in y uthen pe h ps by the fe f

,

o s r ra o r a ar o

p ssing the night hous in the comp n y f thes co p

,

a -
r a o e r ses,

q u te ed d fl yed d ho ible to behol d d if his

ar r an a an rr an t

d s not det y u then pe h p y um y l ck h

,

oe er o r a s o a a t e

skil l in d wing e s nti l f such ep esen tion d

,

ra s e a or r r ta ; an

even if y upossess this skill it m y be combined

o a no t

with kn wledge f pe spective while if it is

a o o r so

combined y um y not be ve ed in the methods f

, ,

o a rs o

ge met ic l demonst tion the m thod f estim ting

,

o r a ra or e o a

th fo ces
e d st ength f m u l es
r an pe h ps y um y
r o sc or r a o a

be f und w nting in p tie e so th t y uwill not be

,

o a a nc a o

dil igent Conce ning which things whethe no they

. r r or

h ve ll been found in me the hud ed d twenty books

,

a a n r an

which I h ve composed wil l give thei ve dict yes

,

a r r or

no in the e I h ve not b en hinde ed eithe by v ice

s a e r r a ar

or negligence bu only by w nt f ti me F ewell

t a o . ar .

W
( inmar M 88 Etude: Ana tomiglm Rea
. d! 9 (
R ow eyre) 7 o.
)
 P LTAE 4

1
‘
A 2“ “ a
l

S T UDI ES O F LL
A S KU IN M E D IAN S ECTIO N

Fa ce p . 84
 OF T H E S UN

with disp gement f h t body d th t he should

a ra o t a an a

h e s id h t it esembled bu ing stone d it is

,

av a t a r a rn an

ce t in h t whoeve Oppo es him in such e o

,

r a t a r s an rr r ca n

sc cely d w ong I coul d wish th t I h d such powe

ar o r . a a r

o f l guge
an should v il me to censue those wh
a as a a r o

woul d f in x ol h wo ship f men bove th t f the

a e t t e r o a a o

u f I do not pe ceive in the whole u

s n, or nive se body r r a

g te
rea d mo
r e powe
an ful th n this d rits l ight r a an

i llumi es ll the celesti l bodies whi h dist ibut d

,

n a a c are r e

th oughout the unive se

r r .

All vit l p incipl e d sce ds f om it since the h t

a r e n r ea

the e is in li ing c tue p oceeds f om this vit l

,

r v rea r s r r a

p inciple d the e is no o he he t light in h

r an r t r a or t e

nive se I sh ll show in the Fou h Book, d inde d

,

u r as a rt an e

those wh h ve wished wo ship men gods such

, , ,

o a to r as as

Jupite S tun M s d the like h m de v y

,

r, a r ar an v ave a a er

g ve e o seei g th t even if m we e l ge u
, , ,

ra rr r n a a an r as ar as o r

e th he woul d seem like one f the le st f the

ar o a o stars,

which ppe s bu p c in the unive e d seeing

a ar t a s e k rs ; an

a lso h t the e men

t a mo t l d subject to dec y d
s are r a an a an

co up ion in thei t mbs

rr t r o .

The Sp m d M ullo d m n y othe s p ise the

a , an ar ,
an a r ra

Sun .
( F 5r . and 4
. a.
)

the flowe s which the u m tue thei seed

All r see s n a r r

d m the othe s th t i th s wh ich see onl y h

,

an ot r ,
a s o e t e

reflection f the u o ( s
) n. G 37 r.

Th t the tmosphe e tt c s it elf like m gnet

a a r a ra t to s a a

all h im ges f h thi g which s u ou

t e a nd it do t e n s rr an no t

o l y thei b dily sh pes bu lso hei n tue is c le ly

,

n r o a t a t r a r ,
ar
 o n TH E S UN 37

to be en in the c s f the u which is h d

se a e o s n, a o t an

luminous bod y All the mosphe e which is exposed

. at r

to its influence is ch ged in ll its p with light d ar a arts an

he t d it ll eceives wi hin itself h sh pe f th t

a an a r t t e a o a

which is the souce f this he t d di nce d does

,

r o a an ra a an

h s me l so in e ch m in u
t e a a test p t Th n th st is a ar . e or ar

shown to do the s me by the needl e f the c mp ss a o o a ;

and ch f h pl nets d es the like without itself
ea o t e a o

unde going y dimi ution Am ng the p odu

r an cts f n . o r o

the h the s me is found to h pp n with musk d

ea rt a a e an

othe scent
r s. ( A ) c . . 1 38 v a . .

E P LA N AT O
X I N OF WH Y TH E EE LA R ER S UN S MS G

IN TH E WE T S

C in m them tici ns contend th t the u g ows

erta a a a a s n r

e when it is sett ng bec use the eye sees it c ntinu y

la rg r i a o al l

t ough tmosphe e g e te density eging th t

,

hr a r o f r a r all a

objec s s en th ough mist in w te seem ge

,

t e r a nd a r l ar r.

T tho e I ep y th t this is not the c e

o s r l the things a as fo r
seen h ough the mist simil in colou to thos
,

t r are ar r e

which dist nce bu they d not unde go

are
‘

at a a t as o r

the s me p ocess f diminution they ppe g e te

,

a r o a ar r a r

in size
,

In the s me w y nothi g seems l ge in smo th

a a n ar r o

w te d this y um y p ove by cing upon bo d

a r, an o a r tra a ar

which is pl ced unde w te a r a r.

The e l e son why the u g ows l ge is th t

r a r a s n r ar r a

e e y luminous body ppe s l ge it is futhe w y

v r a ar ar r, as r r a a .

A
( 4
6 . v. )
 OF TH E MOO N

WHA T TH E OO M N IS

The moon is not luminous in itself bu it is we ll t

fitted to t ke the ch cte istics f light fte the m nne

,

a ara r o a r a r

o f the mi f w te
rror or o
y othe s hining body a d r o r an r ; an

it g ows l ge in the E st d in the West like the su

r ar r a an n

an d the othe pl nets d the e son f this is th t e e y

r a an r a o a v r

minous body g ows l ge it becomes mo e emote

,

lu r ar r as r r .

It m y be e dily unde stood th t eve y pl net d st

a r a r a r a an ar

is futhe w y f m uwhen in the West h n when it is

r r a a ro s t a

ove he d by bout th ee thous nd five hund ed [miles]

r a a r a r

cco di g to the p oof given the side [ f the p ge]

,

1
a r n r at o a ;
an d if y u the u moon eflected in w te which i
o se e s n or r a r s

ne h nd it will seem to be the s me size i the w te

ar at a a n a r

as it does in the sky while if y ug w y to the dist nc o o a a a e

f mil e it wi ll eem h u nd ed times l ge And if

,

o a s a r as ar .

y uo see it eflected in the

r the moment f its setting se a at o

the im ge f the u will eem to y uto be mo e th

a o s n s o r an

ten miles long bec use it wil l cove in this eflection a r r

mo e th ten miles f Ad if y uwe e whe e the

,

r an o sea . n o r r

moon is it wou l d pp to y uth t the u w eflected

a ear o a s n as r

ove much f the it illumines in i d ily cous

,

r as o sea as ts a r e,

an d the l nd wou l d ppe

a mid this w te like the d k a ar a a r ar

spots th t upon the moon which when looked f om

a are at r

the e th p esents to m nkind the s me ppe nce th t

,

ar r a a a a ra a

o u e th wou
r l d p esent to men d we ll ing in the moon
ar r .

OF TH E AT RE OF TH E OO N U M N

When ll th t w see f the moon is illumin t d

a a e ca n o
9

a e

it gives u its m imum f light d then f om the

s ax o , an r

1
H ere the margin of the MS . con ta in s a diagra m representing the earth

with the u
s n sho wn in two positions .
 OF TH E MOO N

an d the moon in the cent e f the sky bec ue h r O a s t e

nsp ent hollow woul d then be in sh dow f h

,

tra ar s a as ar as t e

tops f thei dges since the u could not c t its ys

o r e s n as ra

into the mouths f these s me hollows d they w ul d

,

O a ; an o

a pp b ight full moon when the moon in the E st

ear r at a

f ces the u in the West then the u woul d

,

a s n f ; or s n

ill umine even the lowest depths f these t nsp ent o ra ar

p ts d in conseq uence no sh d ow w c e ted the

ar an as a as r a

moon woul d such times eve l to u the bove

, , , ,

no t at r a s a

me tioned spots d so it woul d be sometimes mo e

n an r

sometim s less cco ding to the ch nge in h position

, ,

e a r a t e

f the u to the moon d f the moon to u eyes

,

O s n an O o r as

I h ve s id b ve
, ,

a a a o .
( 8 ) F 4 a.

It h l o been s id th t the spots on the m on

as a s a a o are

c e ted i the moon itsel f by the f ct f it being f

r a n a o O

v ying thinness densi y If this we e so then in the

,

ar or t . r

eclipses f the moon the sol ys c ul d pie ce th oug h

,

O ar ra o r r

some p t whe e it is thin h been st ted bu since

ar r as as a t

we do this esul t the fo es id theo y is f lse

, ,

n o t see r a r a r a .

O the s y th t the suf e f the moon is smoo h

r sa a r ac O t

an d pol ished d h t l ike mi o it eceives withi

an t a a rr r, r n

it elf the eflection f the th This theo y is f l

, ,

s r O ear . r a se ,

si ce the e th when not cove ed by the w te p en

n ar r a r, res ts

sh pes f om diffe e t points f view so whe

,
'

difl eren t a r r n O ; n

the moon is in the E st it would efle t othe spots th a r c r an

when it i o e he d in the West whe e s the spo

s v r a or r a ts

pon h moon seen fi l l moon neve ch ge duing

,

u t e as at i r an r

h cou e which it m kes in u hemisph e A seco d

, ,

t e rs a o r er . n

reas on is th t object eflec ed i conve suf e fill s

a an r t n a x r ac

o nl y sm ll p t f the mi o i p oved i p p
a a ar O rr r , as s r n ers ec
 OF TH E MOO N 9 !

tive . The thi d e on is th t when the moon is full it

r r as a

onl y f es h lf the b f the ill umin ted e th in which

ac a or o a ar

the n d the oth w te s shine b ightly while the

,

ocea an er a r r

l d fo ms spots mid this b ight ess d consequ entl y

,

an r a r n ; an

the h lf f u e th would be seen gi ded ound bout

a o o r ar r r a

by the di nce f the which t kes its light f om the

ra a o sea, a r

su n, d i the moon this eflection wou

an n l d be h l st r t e ea

p t f th t moon The fouth e son is th t

ar o a . r r a a o ne

ra di nt b dy c n ot be eflected in nothe d con

a o a n r a r, an

s equen ly the de i es its di nce f om the u

t as sea r v ra a r s n,

as does l o the moon it could not show h eflected

a s t e r

im ge f the e th unle s one l o w eflected he e

,

a o ar s a s sa r t r

sep tely the b f the u d f e ch f the st s

,

ar a or o s n an o a o ar

whi h look down up n it

c ( o ) . P s; r.

HO W TH E OON PO L H E A P H ER AL TH E
IF M IS IS D ND S IC

AGE TH E
IM PONOF POWE F LL Y SUN U IT IS R U

L O A O LY A ALL ART
UMIN US , ND IS N ON SM P OF

RAE
ITS S U F C

Y u will see the p o f f this by t king

o b ll f ro o a a a o

bu ished gold d pl cing it in the d kne s d etting

rn an a ar s an s

a lig ht me dist nce f m it Al though this illumi

at so a ro .

n bout h lf the b l l the eye only ees it eflec ed

ates a a a s r t on

sm ll p t f its suf ce d ll h est f the suf ce

,

a a ar o r a an a t e r o r a

efl ct the d kne s whi h su ounds it F this e son

,

r e s ar s c rr . or r a

it i only the e th t the im ge f the light is pp ent

s r a a o a ar

d l l the est em ins invisibl e bec use the eye is

,

an a r r a a at a

dist nce f om the b ll The s me thing would h pp n

a r a . a a e

with h suf ce f the moon if it we e polish d glit e ing

t e r a o r e t r

d olid b di s which h ve eflec i g suf ce

,

an s as are o e a a r tn r a .

S how how if y uwe e u pon the moon upon st

,

o r or a ar
9 2 OF TH E MOO N

our e th woul d ppear y u to pe fo m the s me a ar to o r r a

function f the u w the moon does And show

or s n as no .

how the eflection f the u in the c not i lf

r o s n sea an tse

appe u it does in fl mi o
ar a s n as ( ) a at rr r . F 93 r.

OF TH E C RC LE OF TH E OON I S M

I find th t h e ci cl s which night seem

a t os r e at to

su ound the moon v ying in ci cumfe ence d in thei

rr ar r r an r

deg ee f edness c used by the difl deg ees f

,

’
r o r are a eren t r o

thick ess f the v pou which situted diffe ent

,

n O a rs are a at r

al titudes between the moon d u eyes And h an o r . t e

ci cle th t is l ge d less d is in the fi st p t l owe

r a ar r an re r ar r

th n the s id v pous the econd being le s is highe

a a a r ; s s r

d ppe s dde b c ue it is seen th ough two s t

, ,

an a ar re r, e a s r e s

o f v pous a d so the highe the y

r ; the sm ll e d
an r are a r an

the edde wil l they ppe f between the eye d

r r a ar , or an

them the e will be mo e l ye s f pous d this goe

r r a r o va r an s

to p ove th t whe e the e ppe s g e te ednes the

,

r a r r a ar r a r r s, re

the e is g e te quntity f v pous

r a r a r a o a r .

(.
C A . v. e. )

Why the thunde l sts f longe time h n h t r a or a r t a t a

which c us s it — d why immedi tely on its c e tio

a e an a r a n,

the light ing becomes visible the y while h

,

n to e e, t e

thunde equi es time to t vel fte the m nne f

r r r ra a r a r o a

w ve d m kes the loudest noise when it m ets with

,

a an a e

most e is ce
,

r s tan ( .
[ ] ) K n o 30 v.

T H E OR ER OF T H E F R T B OOK ON W A T ER
D I S

Defi ne fi st f ll wh t is heightr d depth l so h w

o a a an a o

the lements situted within the othe Then

,

e are a o ne r.
9, OF TH E E ART H S ST ’
RU TU RE C

ear th m h within him pool f blo d whe ein

; as an as a o o r

h lu
t e ngs he b e he e p nd d cont ct
as h r at s x a an ra ,
SO t e

body f the e th h its oce n which l so ises d f ll s

o ar as a a r an a

eve y six hous wi h the b e thing f the wo l d

,

r r t r a o r ; as

f om the s id p ol f bl od p ceed the veins whi h

r a o o o ro c

sp e d u thei b nches th oughout the hum b d y

r a o t r ra r an o ,

in just the s me m nne the oce n fills the body f the

a a r a o

ear th with infinite numbe f veins f w te In this

an r o o a r.

body f the e th he e is l cking howeve h sinew

o ar t r a r, t e s,

d these b ent bec use sinews c ted f h

,

an are a s a are rea or t e

pupose f movement d the wo ld is pe petull y

r o an as r r a

st ble within it elf no movement eve t ke pl e the e

,

a s r a s ac r

d in h b en e f y movement the sinews

,

an t e a s c o an are

not nece s y bu in ll othe things m d h

s ar ; t a r an an t e

wo ld show g e t mbl nce

r a A
( r a ) rese a .
55 v.

OI" T H E H E AT THAT IS IN TH E WOR L D

Whe e he e is life the e i h t d whe e the e is
r t r r s ea an r r

vit l he t the e is movement f v pou This is p oved

,

a a r o a r. r

bec use se s h t the he t f the element f fi

a o ne e t a a O o re

al w ys d ws
a itself the d mp v pous the thick mi t
ra to a a r s s

d dense cl ou ds which given ff by the e s d

,

an are o s a an

othe l kes d ive s d m shy v lleys And d wi g

r a an r r an ar a . ra n

these littl e by little up the cold egion the e the fi t to r r rs

p t h lts bec use the w m d moist c nnot e ist with

,

ar a a ar an a x

cold d d yness d this fi st p t h ving h l ted cei

,

an r ; an r ar a a re ves

the o he p ts d so ll h p ts joining togethe

t r ar an a t e ar r o ne

to nothe fo m thick d d k cl ouds Ad thes

,

a r r an ar . n e are

often swept w y d c ied by the winds f oma a an arr r on e

re gion no h e unti
to a l l st thei densit
t y give hem
r, at a r s t
 OF TH E EART H S ST
’
RU T U RE
C 95

such weight th t hey f ll in thick in bu if the he t

a t a ra t a

of the u is dded to the powe

s n f the element f fi
a r o O re,

the louds d wn up ighe d come mo e intense

c are ra h r, an to r

cold d he e become f ozen d so p od uce h ilsto ms

an t r r an r a r .

S the me he t which holds up g e t weight f

, ,

O sa a so r a a o

wa te is see to f ll in in f om the clouds sucks it

r as n a ra r

om e ow om the o ts mo nt ins
,

up f r b l f f h u rd r o o t e a an

d ws it up d nfines it mo g the mount in summits

ra an co a n a ,

and the e h w te finds c evice

r d
t e continuing it
a r r s, an so

i u
ss es fo th d e tes ive s
r an ( A
cr a ) r r .
55 v.

or TH E S E A E A R TH WH H IC O I R DL ES
'

TH E

I pe ceive th t h suf ce f the e th w f om f

r a t e r a o ar as r o

o ld enti e l y fill ed u
r p d cove ed ove in its l eve l pl ins
an r r a

by the l t w te s d th t the mount ins the bones f

sa a r an a a o

the e h with hei wide b es penet ted d towe ed

, ,

art t r as ra an r

mid the cove ed ove c d with m ch igh

, ,

u p a i d l
a r, u h r r an a

lying soil Su bsequently h inces nt ins h ve c used

. t e sa ra a a

the ive s to inc se d by epe ted w hing h ve

,

r r rea an r a as a

s ipp d b e p t f the lofty summits f he e moun

, ,

tr e ar ar o o t s

t ins l e ving h site f the e th so th t the ock finds

a a t e o ar a r

it lf e posed the i d the e h h dep ted f om

, ,

se x to a r , an art as ar r

these pl ces And the e h f om f the slopes d h

a . art r of an t e

l ofty s ummits f the mount ins h l e dy descended

o a as a r a

to thei b ses d h is d the flo s f the se s which

r a an as ra e or o a

e ci cl e these b ses d c used the pl in be uncove ed

,

n r a an a a to r

me p ts h d iven w y the se s f om the e

, ,

an d i n so ar as r a a a r r

ove g e t dist nce

r a r a
( a . C. d . 1 3 6 v.
 OF WAT ER
OF TH E FO A OF WAT ER M

W te which f ll s f om height into othe w te im

a r a r a r a r

p isons wi hin itself ce t in qunti y f i d this

r t a r a a t o a r, an

th ough h fo ce f the blow becomes subme ged with

r t e r o r

it d hen with swift movement ises up g in d

an t r a a an

ive the suf ce which it h quitted clothed with

,

arr s at r a as a

fine veil f moistue sphe ic l in fo m d p oceeds by

,

o r r a r an r

ci cles w y f om the spot whe e it fi st st uck O the

, ,

r a a r r r r . r

w te which f lls down upon othe w te uns w y f om

a r a r a r r a a r

the spot whe e it st ikes in v ious diffe ent b nches

r r ar r ra

bifuc ting d mingling d inte l cing with

, ,

r a an an r a o ne

a nothe d ome being holl ow d shed b ck upo

r an s , , are a a n

the suf ce f the w te d so g e t is the fo ce f

r a o a r ; an r a r o

t h weight
e d f the shock c u sed by this w te th t
an o a a r, a

h ou gh its e t eme swi ftn s the i is u ble sc p

,

t r x r es ar na to e a e

into its w element bu the cont y is subme ged

o n t on rar r

in the m nne th t I h ve st ted b ve

,

a r
( a
) a a a o . 4 59 r.

o r TH EOP N ON H E L D O E THAT WAT ER

I I BY S M TH E or

O E E A H H ER THA N H H E T
S M S S Is IG TH E IG S S U M M IT S

O N TA N A N S THAT
or TH E WAT ER w
M U I S I TH E as

DR VEN TH E E
I T U P To S S U M MI S

W te will not move f om one spot nothe unless

a r r to a r

to seek lowe l evel d in the n tu l couse f its

a r
‘
an a ra r o

cu ent it will neve be ble etun to elev tion

,

rr r a to r r an a

equl th t f the spot whe e it fi st issued fo th f om

a to a o r r r r

the mount ins d c me into the l ight Th t p t f

a an a . a ar O

the which by e o f im gin ti y ust te

sea an rr r o a a on o a to

h ve bee high h ve flowed ove h summits f

a n so as to a r t e o
 OF TH E ED E D I S OF WAT ER
mighty se since in the g e te bulk the e is g e te
as, r a r r r a r

powe d g e te powe fl esist nce to the l sse

r, a n r a r r O
'

ers r a e r,

in his c se the w te descending upon the be ts down

t a a r sea a

upon its sl ow moving m ss d this c nnot m ke pl ce

,

-
a an a a a a

it with suffi cient sp ed bec use it is held up by the

,

for e a

st f the w te d the w te th t descends

,

re o a r ; an so a r a not

bei g willing to sl cken its couse tuns oud fte it

,

n a r r r n a r

st uck d continues its fi st movement in ci c ling

,

h as r an r r

ddies d fulfils its desi e d wn in the depth f i

,

e an so r o or n

these s me eddie it finds nothi g mo e th n its w

,

a s n r a o n

moveme t Which is ttended by succes ion f ci cles

n a a s o r

within the he d by thus evol i g in ci cles

, ,

o ne ot r ; an r v n r

its cous becomes longe d mo e continuous bec u

,

r e r an r a se

it meets with no Obst cle e cept itself d this mo ion

,

a x ; an t

e ts w y d consumes the b nks d hey f ll he d

a a a an a an t a a

l ong l i
,

u n r n. (A ) 60 r.

OF WA V ES

The w ve is the ecoil f h st oke d it will be

a r o t e r an

g e te less in p po tion the st oke itself is g e te

,

r a r or ro r as r r a r

or l ess A w ve is neve found lone bu i mingled

. a r a t s

with m ny othe w v s the e uneven pl c s in h

,

as a r a e as r ar e a e t e

object whe e the s id w ve is p oduced At one d the

r a a r . an

s me time the e will be moving ove the g e te t w ve

a r r r a s a

o f a seain ume ble o h w ves p oceeding in difl

n ra t er a r
'

ere n t

di ctions If y u h ow stone into with v iou

re . o t r a a sea ar s

sho es ll the w ves which st ike g inst thes sho e

r a a r a a e r s

th own b ck tow ds whe e h stone h st uck d

,

a re r a ar r t e as r an

meeting othe s dv n ing they neve inte upt ch

,

on r a a c r rr ea

othe s c use W ves f equl volume vel city d

,
’
r o r . a o a o an

powe when they encounte e ch o he i opposi g

, ,

r, r a t r n n
 OF WAVE S 99

moti n ecoil qul ngles the f om h st oke

o r at e a a o ne r t e r

f h othe Th W ve will be f g te elev ti n

, ,

o t e r. at a o rea r a o

whi h i c e ted by h g e te st oke d the s me is

c s r a t e r a r r an a

t ue f the conve e The w ve p oduc d in sm l l t cts

,

r o rs . a r e a ra

o f w te wil l g
a d et un m ny times f om the spot
r o an r r a r

which h been st uck The w ve goes d etuns

as r . a an r r so

m ny mo e times in p o po tion
a r the which p oduces r r as sea r

it cont ins less quntity f w te d onve ly

a a a o a r, an so c rse .

Onl y h high do the w ve dv nce without eve

on t e sea a s a a r

tu i g in ecoil In lesse t cts f w te the s me st oke

rn n r . r ra o a r a r

gi es bi th m ny motions f dv nce d ecoil

v r to a o a a an r .

The g e test w ve is c ve ed wi h innume ble othe

r a a o r t ra r

wv a es movi g in diffe ent di ections d the e h ve

n r r ; an s a a

g te les depth they o c sioned by g e te

rea r or s as are c a a r a r

or l ess p we The g e tes w ve is c ve ed with v ious

o r. r a t a o r ar

w ves which move in m ny difl di ections

a as a
’
eren t r as

the e we e diffe ent pl ces f om which they sep ted

,

r r r a r ara

them lv The s me w ve p oduced within sm l l t ct

se es. a a r a a ra

o fw t h a erg e te numbe f othe w ves p oceeding

as a r a r r o r a r

o e itself in p opo tion to h g e te st ength f its

v r r r t e r a r r o

st oke d ecoil f om the opposite sho es G te is

,

r an r r r . rea r

the motion f the w ve th n th t f the w te f which it

o a a a o a r o

is compo d M ny w ves tuned i diffe ent di ections

se . a a r n r r

ca n be c t d between the suf ce d the bottom f h

rea e r a an o t e

s me body f w te the s me time The eddying move

a o a r at a .

me ts ccomp ny the di ect movements f e ch w ve

n ean a a r o a a .

A l l the imp e sio s c u sed by thi gs st iki g upon

r s n a n r n

h w t
t e penet te
a er nothe without being
ca n ra o ne a r

des oyed One w ve neve pene te nothe bu

tr . a r tra s a r ; t

they onl y ecoil f om the spot whe e th y st ike

r r r e r .

(
C . A 84. e.
1 00 OF TH E E ART REAE H S INC
’
S

I NS TA NCE S AN D DED CT ON A s To
U I S TH E E AR TH
’
s

N REA E
I C S

T ke v se fi ll it full f pue e th d set it up

a a a o r ar an on

oof Y uwill see h w immedi tely the g een he bs

, ,

a r . o o a r r

will begin to sho t up d how these when fully g wn

o an ro

will c st thei v ious seeds d fte the child en h ve

, , ,

a r ar an a r r a

thus f llen the feet f thei p ents y uwill h

a at o r ar o see t e

he bs h ving c s thei eeds becoming withe ed d

,

r a a t r s r an

f ll ing b ck g in to the e th d within sho t ti me

, ,

a a a a ar an a r

becoming ch nged into h e th s sub t nce d giving

,
’
a t e ar s a an

it inc e se fte this y uwil l see the eeds sp inging up

r a a r o s r

an d p sing th ou gh h s me couse d y uwill

as r t e a r an so o

lw ys see the s ucessive gene tions fte completing

,

a a c ra a r

thei n tu l couse by thei de th d co uption giving

r a ra r r a an rr

inc e se the e th And if y ul ten ye s el pse

,

r a to ar . o et ar a

an d then me s ue the inc e se in the so il y uwill be

a r r a o

ble to discove how much h e th in gene l h i

,

a r t e ar ra as n

c e sed d then by multiplying y uwill see h w g e t

r a an o o r a

h be n the inc e se f the e th in the wo l d d uing

,

as e r a o ar r r a

thous nd ye s Some m y y th t his inst nce f h

a ar . a sa a t a o t e

va se which I h ve mentioned does j ustify the d du

a no t e c

tion b sed upon it bec use one sees in the c se f th s

a a a o e e

ses th t f the p ize f the flowe s h t l oked

,

va a or r o r t a are o

p t f the soi l is f eque tl y t ken w y d its

,

f or, a ar o r n a a a an

pl ce is filled up with new ich soil d I epl y them

,

a r an r to

th t the soil which is dded the e is blend f ich f

a as a r a O r at

subst nces d b ken bits f ll so ts f things it nnot

a an ro o a r o ca

be s id be pue e th d this m s f subst nc s

,

a to r ar an as o a e

dec ying d so losing in p t thei sh pe become

, ,

a an ar r a s

h nged into ich ooze which feeds h o ts f the

, ,

c a a r , t e r o o
 OF TH E S ALT OF TH E S E A

of the we e c ued by the he t f the u the is no

sea r a s a o s n, re

doubt th t the l k s d pools d m sh s would b mo e

a a e an an ar e e r

s lt in p opo tion thei w te s h ve less movement d

a r r as r a r a an

depth bu the cont y expe ience shows u th t h

t on rar r s a t e

w te s f the e m shes enti ely f ee f om s ltness

,

a r o s ar are r r r a .

It is l o st ted by Pl iny in the s me ch p e th t his

a s a a a t r, a t

s ltness might i e bec us fte the sub ction f

,

a ar s a e, a r tra o

eve y sweet d tenuous po tion such the he t e dily

r an r as a r a

d ws itsel f the mo e bitte d co e po tion will

ra to r r an ars r r

be left behind d in cons quence the w te the

,

an e a r on

suf ce is sweete th n th t the bottom Bu this is

,

r a r a a at . t

cont dicted by the e sons gi en bove whence it foll ws

ra r a v a o

th t the s me thing would h ppen with m shes d

,

a a a ar an

othe t cts f w e which become d ied up by the he t

r ra o at r r a .

It h l so been s id th t the s ltness f the is h

as a a a a o sea t e

swe t f the e th bu this we m y eply th t then

a o ar t to a r a

ll the sp ings f w te which penet te h o u h the

,

a r
go a r ra t r

e th would be s l t The conclusion the efo e is th

ar a . r r at

the s ltness f the is du to the nume ous sp ings f

, ,

a o sea e r r o

w te which in penet ting the e th find the s l t

a r, ra ar a

mines d dissolving p ts f these c y them w y with

, ,

an ar o arr a a

them h oce n d to the othe se s f om whence

,

to t e a an r a r

they neve lift d by the clouds which p oduce h

,

are r e r t e

rive s S the would b mo e s lt in u times th

r . o sea e r a o r an

it h eve been y time p eviousl y d if it we e

as r at an r ; an r

ar gued by the dve s y th t in infinite couse f a r ar a an r o

time the would eithe b come d ied up conge l ed

sea r e r or a

into s lt to this I ep y th t the s l t is sto ed to the

a r l a a re r

e th by the setting f ee f the e th which is ised up

,

ar r o ar ra

togethe with the s l t it h cqui d d the ive to

r a as a re an r rs res re

it to the th ove which they flow

,

ear
( )
r . G 4 8 o.
 OF TH E ACTI O OF WAT ER
N

s one is h own into still w te it wi ll fo m ci cl s

If a t t r a r r r e

equidist nt f om thei cent e bu if into moving ive

a r r r t a r r

the i l fo med will leng hen u d be lmost ov l

c r c es r t o t an a a

i sh pe
n d will t vel on t gethe with the i cent e
a an ra o r r r

w y f om h spot whe e it w fi st m de following

,

a a r t e r as r a ,

the u e f the [st e m]

co rs o ( [ ] ) r a 1 87 39 r.

W te will l e p up f highe th n it h f llen th ou

a r a gh ar r a as a ,
r

the iolent movement c ued by the i which finds itself

v a s a r

shut i within the bubbles f the w te d which fte

n o a r, a n a r

w ds ises d flo ts like bells upon the suf ce f the

ar r an a r a o

w te Re uning to the pl ce whe e it st i kes the

a r. t r a r r

w te is g in subme ged by h bl w th t the i

,

a r a a r t e o so a a r

finds it elf hemmed in between h w te which d ive

,

s t e a r r s

it down d th which encoute s it d being p essed

an at n r , an r

upon with such fuy d violence suddenly bust h ou r gh an r s t r

the w te which se es it cove ing d like

,

a r rv as a r an a

thunde bolt eme gi g f om the clouds so this i eme ges

, ,

r r n r a r r

f om the w te c ying with it p t f the w te

,
1
r a r, arr a ar o a r

which p eviously fo med its cove ing

r ( [ ] ) r r . I 69 zI v.

TH E DE TR CT ON OF A R H E W LL B E B RO H T A BO T
S U I M S S I UG U

WH EN T R B D R VER F LOW N TO TH E U I I S I M

This is p oved by the ct th t whe e the ive flows

r fa a r r r

s i t y it w shes y the s i
wf l whe e it de ys the e
a awa o l, an d r la r

it l ves its deposit d both f this e son d bec use

ea an or r a an a

w te neve t vels slowly in ive s it does in the

, ,

a r r ra so r r as

m shes f the v ll eys the movement f h w te s the e

ar o a o t e a r r

is impe ceptible Bu in these m shes the ive h to

,

r . t ar r r as

te th ough l w n ow windi g ch nnel d it h

en r r a o , arr ,
n a , an as

1 MS hw uig air.
1 04 OF TH E EART H S S
’
UR F AC E
to flow u ove l ge e f bu little depth d
o t r a ar ar a o t ; an

this is necess y bec use the w te flowing in the ive

ar a a r r r

is thicke d m e l den with e th in the lowe th n

r an or a ar r a

in the uppe p t d the sluggish w te f the m shes

r ar ; an a r o ar

a l so is h s me bu the v i ti n between the l ight ess

t e a t ar a o n

d he viness f the u ppe d lowe w te s f the

,

an a o r an r a r o

m shes f exceeds th t in h cu ents f ive s i

ar ar a t e rr o r r n

which the lightness f the uppe p t difl bu littl e

,
'

o r ar ers t

f om the he viness f the p t bel ow

r a O ar .

5 the concl u
0 sion is th t the m sh will b dest oyed a ar e r

bec ue it is eceiving tubid w te below while bove

a s r r a r a

the Opposite side f the s me m sh only cle w te

, ,

on o a ar ar a r

is flowing u d consequently the bed f the m sh

,

o t an o ar

wi ll f necessity be ised by me ns f the soil which is

, ,

o ra a o

b ing continully disch ged into it

e a
( ) ar . E 5r .

OF H OW TH E SE A HA E TH E
C NG S WE IG HT OF

TH E E A RTH
The shells f oyste othe simil c e tues which
o rs an d r ar r a r

are bo n in the mud f the testify to u f the

r o sea , s o

ch nge in the e th ound the cent e f u eleme ts

a ar r r o o r n .

This is p oved follows the migh y i e s l w ys

r— as t r v r a a

fl wo t u bid bec use

r f the e th sti ed up in them
a o ar rr

th ough the f iction f thei w te s upon thei bed d

r r o r a r r an

g inst the b nks d this p ocess f dest uctio

a a a ; an r . o r n

uncove s the tops rf the idges fo med by the l ye s f o r r a r o

these shells which embedded in the mud f the are o sea

whe e they we e bo n when the s lt w te s cove ed

,

r r r a a r r

them And the e s me idges we e f om time time s a r r r to

cove ed ove by v ying thicknesses f mud which h d

.

r r ar o a
 OF M A INR E HE S L LS

of motion If it dep ted how did it move uless i ar n t

went upw ds At this point n tu l c uses f il u d

, ,

ar a ra a a s, an

the efo e in o de esolve suh doubt w mut n ed

r r r r to r c a e s e s

eithe c ll in mi le to u id else y th t ll hi
r a a rac o r a or sa a a t s

w te w ev po ted by the h t f the u

a r as a ra ea o s n.

(
C . A 1 55
. r.

OF TH E L OOD A OF A R E H E LL
F ND M IN S S

If sho d y th t the shells which visible the

you ul sa a are at

p esent time wi hin the bo de s f It ly f w y f om

r t r r o a ar a a r

the g e t heights du to the Fl ood h ving

,

d
sea an at r a are e a

deposited them th e l eply th t g nting this Flo d

,

or r a ra o to

h ve isen seven cubits bove the highest mount in

, ,

a r a a as

he h w itten wh me sued it the e shells which lw y

,

as r o a r s a a s

inh bit n the ho es f the ought be found

,

a ear s r o sea to

lying the mount in sides d not

on sho t a an at so r a

dist ce bove hei b se the me lev l

,

an a d ll t r a s, an a at sa e

l ye u pon l ye
,

a r a r.

Shou l d y u y th t the tue f these shell s is

o sa a na r o to

keep ne the dge f the ar d th te the ose o sea, a n a as sea r

in height the hell s left thei fo me pl ce d foll ow d

s r r r a an e

the ising w te s up to thei highest level to this

r a r r -

I eply th t the cockl e is c e tue inc p ble f mo

r a a r a r a a o re

ra pid movement th n the sn il u f w tel is even a a o to a

'
or

somewh t slowe since it does not swim bu m kes

,

a r, t a

fu ow in the s nd d suppo ting itself by me ns f

,

a rr a an r a o

h sides f this fu ow it wil l t vel between th ee

,

t e o drr ra r an

fou b cci in d y
r ra d the efo e with su
a a ch moti n
a an r r a o

as this it could not h ve t velled f om the Ad i ic a ra r r at sea

as f ar asMonfe to in Lomb dy dist nce f w rra ar ,

a a o t o
 R E E
OF M A IN SH LL S 1 07

hu d n re d a nd fi ty mi es in ty d s he
f y
— l s id fo r a as has a

wh k pt eco d f th t time
,

o e a r r o a .

A d if y u y th t the w ves c ied them the e

n o sa a a arr r

they ul d move by e son f thei weight except

co no t r a o r

up on thei b e And if y ud not g nt me this

r as . o o ra at

te ow th t they m st h ve em ined on tops

,

an y ll
ra a u a h a r a t e

o f h highest mou
t e nt ins d in the l kes which shut a an a are

in mong the mount ins such h l ke f L io

,

a a as t e a o ar or

C m d L ke M ggio e d th t f Fiesole d f
,

o o , an a a r an a o an o

P ug i d othe s
,

er a an r .

If y ushou ld
o
y th t the s hell we e
sa empty dade d s r an a

wh ied by the w ves I

e n carr ply th t whe e the de d a re a r a

one went the living we e f dist nt d in these

,

s r no t ar a an

mo u t i s found ll l iving ones f they k own

,

n a n a re a or are n

by h he lls being in p i s d by thei being in w

,

t e s a r an r a ro

wi th u t y de d d littl e highe up is the pl ce

o an a an a r a

wh e l l the de d wi h thei shel l s ep ted h ve been

,

er a a t r s ara a

cast up b y the w ves ne whe e thea i e s p l unged in ar r r v r

migh y ch sm into the S it w with the A n

,

t a sea . o as r o,

which fell f om the G f li ne Monte Lupo d

r on o na ar to an

the e left g vel deposits which deposits still to be

r ra are

s en wel ded togethe d fo ming conc ete m ss f

,

e r an r one r a o

v ious ki ds f stones f om diffe ent loc l ities d f

ar n o r r a an o

var iy g colou d h dness Ad little futhe

n r an ar : n a r r on,

whe e the ive tuns tow ds C stel Fio entin the

r r r r ar a r o,

h de ing f h s nd h fo med tuf stone d below

ar n o t e a as r a an

this it h deposited the mud in which the shell s lived

as

d the mu
an d h isen by deg ees the floods f the
as r r as o

A no poued thei tubid w e s into this

r r r r 8 f om at r sea . 0 r

time ime the floo f the w ised d this

to t r o sea as ra , an

c us d the e shell s be i l ye s
a e s to n a r .
10 8 R E E OF MA IN SH L LS

This is en in the cut ing Co e

se which h t of ll Gon z ol i, as

been m de p ecipitous by the ctio f the A no we i g

a r a n o r ar n

aw y its b se in which cutting the fo es i d l ye s f

a a a r a a r o

shells pl inly be seen in h bluish cl y d th

,

are a to t e a an ere

l so to be fou
nd othe things f om h
,

are a r r t e sea .

(
Lai r 8b [R .

As f those who y th t the shells foud ov

or sa a a re n er

a wide e d p oduced dist nce f om the b y

ar a an r at a a r sea

the n tue f the l c li y d the disposition f h

a r o o a t an o t e

he vens which moves d influences the pl ce to such

a an a a

c e tion f nim l li e to them it m y be nswe d

r a f — o a a a a re

th t g nted such influence ove these im ls the y

,

a ra an r an a

could not h ppen ll in line s ve in the c se f those

, ,

a a o ne a a o

f the s me species d not one ld d nothe

,

o a d g an a e an o an a r

youg with oute cove ing d nothe without

n o ne an r r an a r

b oken d nothe whole one fill ed wi h

, ,

o ne r an a r n or t sea

s nd d the f gmen s g e t d sm ll f othe s inside

,

a an ra t r a an a o r

the whole shell s which st nd g pi g open the cl ws

,

a a n ; no r a

of c bs witho u
ra t h est f thei bodies with the t e r o r ; n or

shells f othe species f tened on to them like ni m ls

o r as a a

c wling ove them d le ving the m k f thei t ck

,

ra r an a ar o r ra

on the out ide whe e it h e ten its w y like wo m i

s r as a a a r n

wood would the e be found mo g them bones

; nor r a n

d teeth f fish which some c ll ows o he e pents ’

an o a a rr t rs s r

to gues woul d m ny pa ts f d ifl im l
,

’
n ; n or so a r o erent an as

b fou
e nd joi ed t gethe unl ess they h d been th own
n o r, a r

up the e up n the
r bo de s f h o r r o t e sea .

And the Flood could h ve c ied them the e no t a arr r

bec use things which he vie th w te do not flo t

,

a are a r an a r a

high in the w te d the fo es id thing coul d b

a r, an a r a s no t e
I IO OF S H E LLS

d ies d becomes fi st sticky p ste d then ch nges

r an r a a an a

into stone e cl si g wh t oeve it finds within itself

n o n a s r

d itself fill ing u eve y c vit find ng the

,

y
,

an p d i r a ; an

h llow p t f the moul d fo med by thes c tues it

o ar o r e rea r

pe col tes g dully th ough the tin y c evices in h

,

r a ra a r r t e

e th th ough which the i th t is within sc pes w y

ar r a r a e a a a

th t is l te ll y f it c nnot esc pe upw ds since the e

,

a a ra or a a ar r

the c evice fill ed up by the moistue d scendi g

,

r s are r e n

int the c ity

o it esc pe downw ds bec use h
av n o r can a ar a t e

moistue which h l e dy f ll en h cl sed up h

,

r as a r a a as o t e

c e ices The e em in the openings the side whence

r v . r r a at

this i condensed d p essed dow upon by h

,

a r, an r n t e

moistue which descends esc p s with h s me low te

r a e t e a S ra

f p og ess th t f the moistue which descends the

,

o r r as a o r re ;
1 this p ste
( it d ies becomes stone which is devoid
a as r

of weight d p ese ves h ex ct sh pes f h c e t ues

an r r t e a a o t e r a r

which h ve the e m de the mould d encloses thei

,

a r a an r

bon s wi hin it
,

e t .
( ) F 79 v.

S H E LL S AN D TH E RE A O OF TH E R HA PES N I S

The c e tue th t e ides within the shell const uct

r a r a r s r s

its dwelling with j ints d m d oofing d the o an sc a s an r an

o the v ious p ts j ust m does in h house in

r ar ar as an t e

which he dwell d his c e tue exp ds the house

,

s ; an t r a r an

an d oo f g d ul l y in p op
r ion its b dy inc ses
ra a r o rt as o r ea

an d it is tt ched to the sides f these shell s Coue

as a a o . s

quently the b ightness d smo thne s which the sh ll s

r an o s se e

pos ess on the inne side is somewh t dulled the point

s r a at

whe e they tt hed to h c e tue th t dwel ls th e

r are a ac t e r a r a er

d h holl ow f it is ghened e dy to eceive h

,

an t e u o ro , r a r t e
 OF PE T R IF ACTI O N I I I

knitting toge he f h muscles by m ns f which the

t r o t e ea o

c e tue d ws it lf in when it wishes to shut it elf up

r a r ra se s

wi hin i house
t ts .

When n tue is the point f c e ti g stones it

a r on o r a n

p oduc s kind f sticky p ste which it d ies fo ms

,

r e a o a as r r

itself into solid m ss toge he with Wh teve it h

, , ,

a a t r a r as

enclosed the e which howeve it does not ch ge into

r r, an

stone bu p ese ve within itself in the fo m in which it

, ,

t r r s r

h fou
as nd them This is why le ves found whole. a are

withi h
n ocks which fo med the b ses f the
t e r are r at a o

mount i s toge he with mixtue f di ffe ent kinds f

a n t r a r o r o

thi gs j ust they h ve been left he e by the floods f om

,

n as a t r r

the ive s which h ve occu ed in the utumn se sons

,

r r a rr a a

an d he e the mu
t d c ued by the s u
r ccessive inund tions a s a

has cove ed hem ove d then his mud g ows into

r t r, an t r

one m ss togethe with the fo es id p ste d become

a r a r a a an s

ch ged i to successive l ye s f stone which co espond

,

an n a r o rr

wi h h l ye s f the mud
t t e a r o ( ) . p 80 n

or R AT RE W H C H HA VE TH E R
C E U S I I BON E S ON TH E

O T DE L E U SI A L O Y T E CO LLOP
, IK co c E s, S N I S, S R S, S S,

A
E OU OLI WH H A N D TH E L I x E , IC R E o r I NN U M E R

A BLE D KIN S

When the floods f the ive s which we tubid with o r r re r

fine mu d deposited this upon the c e tue which dwelt r a r s

bene h the w te s ne the oce n bo de s these c e tues

at a r ar a r r r a r

m embedded in this mu d finding themsel ves

,

beea e d an

enti ely cove ed unde g e t weight f mud they we e

,

r r r a r a o r

fo ced
r pe ish f l ck f supply f the c e tues
to r or a o a o r a r on

whi ch they we e ccu stomed to feed r a .

 OF PET R IF ACT I O N

In couse f time the level f the bec me l we

r o o sea a o r,

an d the s lt w te flowed w y his mud bec me

as a a r a a t a

ch ged into stone d such f these shells h d l ost

an an o as a

thei inh bit nts bec me filled p in thei st d with

r a a a U r ea

mu d d consequ ently duing the p oc ss f ch nge f

an r r e o a o

ll h s u o u nding mud int stone hi mud ls whi ch

,

a t e rr o t s a o

w within the f mes f the h lf pened shell s si e by

,

as ra o a -
o nc

the opening f the shell it w j ined to h e t f h

,

o as o t e r s o t e

mu d bec me l o itself ch nged i to stone

a a s d the e a n an r

f e ll the f mes f these shell s we e l e ft betwe n w

,

'

or a ra o r e t o

pet ified subst nces n mely th t which su ounded the m

r a a a rr

d th t which they encl osed

,

an a .

These still be found in m ny pl ces d l most

are to a a an a

ll the p t ifi ed shel l fish in the o ks f h mo u nt ins

,

a e r r c o t e a

still h ve thei n tu l f me ound them d esp ci ll y

a r a ra ra r an e a

those which we e f suffi cient g to be p se ed by

,

r o a a e re rv

e son f thei h dness while the younge ones which

r a o r ar r

we e l e dy in ge t p t ch nged into ch l k we e
,

r a r a r a ar a a r

penet ted by the viscous d pet ifying moistue

ra an r r .

( 79
F

OF H E LL O TA S S IN M UN INS

And if y uwish to y th t h shells p oduced

o sa a t e are r

by n tu i hese mount ins by me ns f the influence

a re n t a a o

of the st s in wh t w y wil l y ushow th t this infl u

ar a ence a o a

p oduces in h ve y s me pl ce shells f ious sizes

,

r t e r a a o var

and v yi g in g ar d f di ffe nt kinds

n a e , an o re

S H GL E
IN

And h w will y ue pl in me the f ct f the shingle

o o x a to a o

being ll stuck toge he d lyi g in l ye s diffe ent

a t r an n a r at r
 OF F OR E C

desi es to conque d l
r f pposition
r an s y the c us
a a e o o

d in conq u e ing dest oys itself It w xes mo e powe

,

an r r . a r r

fu l whe e it finds the g e te obst cl e

r Eve y hi g r a r a . r t n

ins inctively flees f om de th Eve y hing when unde

t r a . r t r

const int i elf const ins othe things Without fo ce

ra ts ra r . r

nothi g moves The body in which it is bo n neithe

n . r r

g ows in weight in fo m None f the movements

r nor r . o

th t it m kes l sting It inc e es by fl d

a a are a . r as e
'

o rt an

dis ppe s when est The body within which it is

a ar at r .

confined is dep ived f libe ty Often lso by its mo

r o r . a ve

ment it gene te w f ce ra s ne (A or .
34

OF W HAT FORCE IS

Fo ce I define
r spi itul powe inco po e l d
as a r a r, r r a an

invisib e which with b ie f i fe is p odu

l ced in th se bodies
r l r o

which the esul t f ccident l vi len e b o ught

,

as r o a a o c are r

o u f hei n tu l st te d co dition
to t r a ra a an n .

I h ve s id spi it ul b c use in this fo ce he e is

a a r a e a r t r an

a ctive inco po e l l i fe d I c ll it invisible b c use h

r r a an a e a t e

body in which it is c e ted does not inc e se eithe in

,

r a r a r

weight in size d f b ief du tion bec use it desi es

or ; an o r ra a r

pe petully to subdue its c use d when thi is subdud

r a a ,
an s e

it kill s itself .
( ) 3 63 r.

A GA T PERPE T AL OT O I NS U M I N

No in im te Obje t will move f its w cco d

an a c o o n a r

con equently when in motion it will b m ved by unequl

s e o a

powe unequl th t is in time d vel city unequl i

r, a a an o or a n

weight d when the impulse f h fi st motive powe

,

an o t e r r

ce ses the sec nd will ce se b uptly

a o
(A a a r . 22

Eve y imp ession is p ese ved f time in its e si

r r r r or a
‘

s n
 OF MPRE O I SS I NS I I
5

tive Object d th t which w f g e te powe will

; an a as o r a r r

b p es
e ed in its Object f longe time d f
r erv or a r an or a

sho e time with the less powe ful I this connectio

,

rt r r . n n

I pply the te m sensitive to such obj ct by y

a r e as an

imp es ion is ch ged f om th t which w fi st

r s an r a as a t r an

i sensible Object th t is which while ch ngi g

n — a o ne a n

f m its fi st st t p ese ves within its lf imp ession

,

ro r a e, r r e no r

o f the thing which h moved it The sensible im as .

p e sion is th t f blow eceived upon esoundi g

r s a o a r a r n

sub nce such bells d such l ike hings like h

sta as an t or t e

note in the which indeed uless it p es ed the

, ,

c ar, n r e rv

imp ession f the notes coul d neve de ive ple u f om

, ,

r o r r as re r

he ing voice lone f when it p ss s immedi tely

,

ar a a ; or a e a

f o m the fi st
r the fifth note h effect is hough
r to t e as t

he d these w notes the s me time d thus

,

one ar t o at a an

p ceived h t ue h m ny which the fi st m kes with

,

er t e r ar o r a

h fi f h bu if h imp ession f h fi st note did

t e t t t e r o t e r no t

r em in in the f
a pp eci ble sp ce f time the
ear o r an a r a a o

fi fth whi h fol lows immedi t l y fte the fi st woul d

,

c a e a r r

m l one d one note c nnot c e te mon

, ,

see a an y h y a r a an ar

d conseq u ently y song wh tsoeve o cu ing lone

, ,

an an a r c rr a

w u o l d seem be devoid f ch m to o ar .

S o, h di nce f the u o he l uminous

too , t e ra a o s n or t r

b d y em ins in the eye f

o r a some time fte it h been or a r as

see n d the motion f si gle fi eb nd whi led

; an o a n r ra r

ra pidly in ci cle c us s this ci le to eem

a r a e rc s o n e co n

tni uu d u o ni fo m fl me
s an r a .

The d ops f in w te seem ontinuous th e ds

r o ra a r c r a

d cendi g f om hei clouds d so he ein m y

es n r t r an r o ne a

see h w h eye p e
o ves h imp essions f the moving
t e r ser t e r o

thi gs which it ee
n s s.
I 16 OF I M PRE O SSI NS

The insensible Objects which do not p ese ve the r r

imp essions f the things which opposite them

r o a re to

are mi o s d y polished subst nce which so soon

rr r an an a

eve the thi g f which it be s the imp essi n is

, ,

as r n o ar r o

removed f om bef e it becomes once e ti ely

r or at n r

dep ived f th t imp ession We m y the efo e con

,

r o a r . a r r

d th t it is the ction f the move p essing g inst

, ,

clu e a a O r r a a

the body moved by it which moves this body in h t e

di ection in which it moves

r .

Am ngst the c ses f imp e ions being p ese ved in

o a o r ss r r

v ious bodies we m y lso inst nce the w ve h eddies

ar a a a a t e

f the w te the winds in the i d kni fe stuck

,

o a r, a r, an a

into t ble which on being bent in di ection d

a a o ne r an

then ele sed et ins f long time quive ing move

, ,

r a r a or a a r

ment l l its movements being ecip oc l f nothe

,

a r r a o ne o a r,

d ll m y be s id to be pp o ching tow ds the

,

an a a a a r a ar

pe pendicul f the suf ce whe e the knife is fixed

r ar o r a r

by its point .

The voice imp esses itself th ough the i without r r a r

displ cement f i d st ikes upon the Objects d

a o a r, an r an

retuns b ck to its souce

r a r .

The concussion f l iq uid bodies with solid is f o o a

di ffe ent ch cte the bove mentioned c s s f

r ara r to a -
a e o co n

cui ss o n d the conc usion f l iq u

; an id with liquid lso s o a

v ies f om the f eg ing

ar r or o .

Of the conc usion f solid with l iq uid the e is s en

s o r e an

ex mple in the sho s f the oce n which eceive h

a re o a r t e

w te s full thei ock d hul them g inst h

,

a r on r r s an r a a t e

steep c gs d of entimes it h ppens th t befo e h

ra ; an t a a r t e

couse f h w ve is h lf completed the stones c ied

r o t e a a arr

b i etun the f om whence they c me d hei

,

y t r
-
r to sea r a ; an -t r
 U RE OF TH E
G T NAT OF S I H

the b iefest possible w y ! The

r the mi cl s a se are ra e

fo ms l e dy lost mingl ed togethe in so sm l l sp ce

,

r a r a , r a a a

it ec e te d constitute by its dil tion

,

ca n r r a an re a .

H w it m y be th t f o m indistinct c ues he e m y
o a a r a s t r a

issue effects m nifest d immedi te a the i m g s an a as a re a e

which h ve p ssed th ough the fo es id n tu l point

,

a a r a r a a ra .

W ite in thy An tomy wh t p po tion the e is b

r a a ro r r e

tween the di mete s f ll the lenses f the eye d

a r o a o an

the dist nce f om the e to the c yst ll ine lens

,

a r s r a .

(
C. A 34 5 v
. .

OF TH E AT RE N U OF S IG HT
I y th t sight is exe ci ed by ll nim l s th ough
sa a r s a a a r

the medium f light d if g inst this y one should

o an a a an

inst nce the sight f noctun l nim l I woul d y th t

a o r a a a s, sa a

these in ex ctly h me w y subjec to the s me

a t e sa a are t a

l w f n tue
a o F a m y e di l y u
r . nde st nd h
o r , as o n e a r a r a t e

senses when they eceive the im ge f things d

,

r a s o o no t

send fo th f om themsel ves y ctul powe bu

, ,

r r an a a r ; t on

the cont y h i which is be ween the object d h

rar t e a r t an t e

sense se ving medium inco po tes withi itself

r as a r ra n

the im ges f things d by its own cont ct with h

, ,

a o an a t e

sense p es nts hem to it if the objects eithe by sound

,

r e t r

smell p oject hemselves to the eye the nose by

,

or r t or

vri tue f thei inco po e l powe s He e the light is

o r r r a r . r

not nece y is it m de u f The fo ms f

ssar n or a se o . r o

obj cts d not ente into the i im ges unless h y

,

e o r a r as a t e

are luminous his bei g the eye c nnot eceive the

t n so , a r

s me f om th t i which does not con in them bu onl

a r a a r ta , t y
 O F TH E EYE 1 19
;

touches hei suf ce If y uwish to spe k f h m ny

.

t r r a . o a o t e a

anim ls which hunt hei p e y by night I nswe th t

a t r r a r a

when th t sm ll mount f light ufli i f them to see

,

a a a o s c en t o r

thei w y f ils hem they v il them elves f thei powe s

r a a t a a s o r r

f he ing d smell which not impeded by h

,

o ar an are t e

d kne s d in which they in dv ce f m

,

ar s f an are ar a an o an .

If y uw tch in the d y time le ping mong l

,

o a a cat a -
a a a ot

o f pieces f c ocke y y uwi l l see th t these will em in

o r r o a r a

whol e b u if it does the s me b y night it will b e k

; t a r a a

conside ble numbe Night bi ds do fly unle s the

ra r. r n ot s

m on is shining ei he fu
o ll in p t bu thei time f t r or ar t r o

fe ding is between the hou f s u nset d the tot l d k

,

e r o an a ar

ness f the nighto .

N su bst nce be c mp ehended without light d

o a ca n o r an

sh de light d sh de c used by l ight

a an a are a .

( A9C
0 . . r.

EYE O F TH E

S ince the e ye is h window f the sou l the l tte t e o a r

l w ys in f f being dep ived f it uch

,

i s a a ear o r o to s an

extent th t when nything m ves in f nt f it which

,

a a o ro o

ca uses m sudden fe he does not u his h nds to

a an ar , se a

p ote t his he t which suppl ies life to the he d whe e

r c ar a r

dwell s the lo d f the senses his he ing sense

,

r o n or ar n or

f smell t ste bu immedi tely the fli igh d ens

, ,

o or a ; t a a
-
te s e,

n ot contented with shutti g the eyes d p essing thei n an r r

l ids toge he with the u tmost f ce c uses him tun

t r or a to r

suddenly in the opp site di ection d not yet

,

o r ; an as

fee ling e ue he cove s them with the

s c r h nd d r o ne a an

s e ches u h othe to fo m sc een g inst the

tr t o t t e r r a r a a

bject f his f
O O
( A ear .
) C , , 1 1
9 0. a .
 OF TH E EYE
The eye which is used to the d kne s on sudde ly ar s n

beholdi g the l ight i hut d the efo e clo s quickl y

, ,

n s r an r r se

being un ble to endue the l ight This is du to the

,

a r . e

f ct th t the p u
a pil in de to ecognise y object in
a or r r an

h d k ess to which it h g own cc u

t e ar n stomed inc e ses as r a r a

in size employing ll its fo ce to t smit to the

,

a r ran re

p t the im ge things in h dow And the

,

ce
p i t ve ar f a o S a .

l ight s u ddenly penet ting c uses too l ge p t f ra a ar a ar o

h pu pil which w in d kness to be hut by the

, ,

t e as ar r

ra di nce which busts in upon it this bei g the ex ct

a r n a

Opp site f the d kness which the eye h l e dy

,

o o ar to as a r a

g own ccust med d h bituted d which seeks

r a o an a a an to

m int in itself the e d wi ll not quit its hold without

,

a a r an

inflicting inj uy upon the eye

,

r .

O ne might l so y th t h p in c ued to the eye

a sa a t e a a s

when in sh dow by the sudden l ight i s f om the

a ar se r

sudden cont ction f the pupil which does not occu

ra o r

except the esul t f the sudden cont ct d f iction f

,

as r o a an r o

the sensitive p ts f the eye If y uwould see ar o . o an

inst nce f thi ob ve d n te c efully the size f

a o s, se r an o ar o

h pu
t e pil when y one is lo king d k pl ce d an o at a ar a an

then c use c ndle be b ought bef e it d m ke

,

a a a to r or an a

it pidl y pp o ch the eye d y u will see i

,

ra a r a an o an n

u con ction f the pupi l

,

sta n ta n eo s tra ( ) o . C 1 6 r.

BOD L Y OF I M OV E M E NTS

I y th t the note f h echo is c st b ck to the

sa a o t e a a ear

a fte it h st u
r ck j ust h im ge f obj cts ike
as r as t e a s o e S tr

the mi o d thence eflect d to the eye And in

,

rr r an are r e .

the s me w y these im ges f ll f om the object to the

a a as a a r

mi o d f om the mi o to the eye eq ul ngle

rr r an r rr r at a a s, so
1 22 U RE OF
G T TH E N AT OF S I H

I y h t the powe f ision extends by m ns f the

sa t a r o v ea o

vis ul ys f the suf ce f bodies which

a ra as ar as r a o are n o t

t nsp ent d h t the powe p sse sed by the e bodi s

ra ar an t a r o s s e

extends up to the powe f vision d th t eve y simil

,

r o an a r ar

body fills ll the su ounding i with its im ge E ch

,

a rr a r a . a

body sep tely d ll togethe do the s me d not

ara an a r a an

only d they fi ll it with the l ikeness f thei sh pe bu

,

o o r a t

l s with h t f hei powe

,

a o t a o t r r.

EX A P L E M

Y usee wi th the u when it is

o the cent e f u s n at r o o r

hemisphe e how the e h im ges f its fo m in ll

r r are t e a o r a

the p ts whe e it eve ls itself d y usee how in ll

,

ar r r a an o a

th se s me pl ces he e lso the im ges f its di nce

,

o a a t r are a a o ra a

these must lso b dded the im ge f h powe

,

an d to a e a a o t e r

o f its he t d ll he e powe s p oceed f om h s me

a an a t s r r r t e a

souce by me ns f di nt lines which i sue f om its

r a o ra a I s r

body d end in the op que objects without its the eby

an a r

unde going y diminution

r an .

The no th st em ins continully with the im g f

r ar r a a a es o

its powe sp d u d becoming inco po ted not o ly

r rea o t, a n r ra n

in thin bu in thick bodies in th se t nsp ent d hos

t o ra ar an t e

op que bu it does not on this ccount suffe y loss

,

a t a r an

f i sh pe
,

o ts a .

C O N F UT ATIO N
Tho e m them tici ns then wh y th t the eye h
s a a a o sa a as

spi itul powe which extends dist nce f m

, ,

no r a r to a a ro

itself since if it we e so it could not be wi h ut g t r t o rea

diminution i the u f h powe f vision d th t

, , ,

n se o t e r o an a

t ugh the eye we e g e t the body f the e th

,

ho r as r a as o ar
 OF PRO E T E POWER J C D

it woul d f necessity be consumed i beholding the

o n

st s d f this e son they m in in th t the eye

ar ; an or r a a ta a

t kes i bu does send fo th ny hing f om iw lf

a n t no t r a t r e ,

EX A P L E M

Wh t will th se y f the musk which lw y keeps

a e sa o a a s

a g e t quntity f the tmosphe e ch ged with its

r a a o a r ar

o dou d which if it b c ied thous nd mil es wi ll

r, a n e a rr a a

e me te tho s nd mi es wi h th t t ickness tmo

, ,

p r ua l a h a f t a o a

sphe e without y diminution f its lf

r an O e

O will the y y th t the

r ud which the bell m kes
sa a so n I a

on its cont t with the cl ppe which d ily f itself

ac a r, a o

fill s the whole count yside with its s und must f r o o

cessity consume this bell

,

ne

Ce t inly it seems to me the e such men these

r a r are as

d th t is ll th t ne d b s id f them
, ,

an a a a e e a o .

EX A P L E M S

Is not th t sn ke c lled l mi seen d ily by the ustics

a a a a a a r

a tt cti g itself with fixed g ze the m gnet tt cts

ra n to a as a a ra

i on the n ighting l e which with mo unfu l song h stens

,

r a ,
r a

h de th
,

to er a

It is s id lso th t the wolf h powe by i look to

a a a as r ts

ca ue men to h ve ho e voice
s a ars s.

The b silisk is s id to h ve the powe by its gl nce to

a a a r a

d ep ive f l ife eve y l iving thing

r o r .

The ost ich d the spide s id to h tch thei eggs

r an r are a a r

by looking hem at t .

M idens s id to h ve powe in th i e yes tt ct

a are a a r e r to a ra

to themselves the love f m o en .

The fi h c ll ed l m which some n me fte S E mo

s a i o, a a r . r ,
1 24 OF L AND S CA PE A OO T N N

which is o nd the c sts f u it not seen

o ff oa of S ardini a —is
night by the fi she men shedding light with its eyes
,

at r

ove g e t q ntity f w te though they we e two

r a u r a — a o a r as r

c ndles And ll those fishes which come within the

a a

comp ss f this di nce immedi tely come up to h

,

a o ra a a t e

suf ce f the w te d tun ove de d ( A

,

r a o a )
r an r r, a . C. . 2 7 0 0. r .

L ndsc pes f mo e be utiful zue when in fine

a a are o a r a a r

we the the u is oon th n y othe hou f the

a r s n at n a a t an r r o

d y b c u
a se the tmosphe e is f ee f m mois ue d
e a a r r ro t r an

viewing them unde such conditions y usee the t ees f

,

r o r o

be utiful g een thei ext emities d the sh dows

,

a a r at r r an a

d k tow ds the cent e d in the futhe dist nce h

,

ar ar r ; an r r a t e

a tmosphe e which is inte posed between y u d them

r r o an ,

pp s mo e be uti ful when beyond it the e is some

,

a ear r a r

d ke su
ar bst nce d c ns quently the zue is most
r a an o e a r

be utiful Objects s en f om h t side on which the u

,

a . e r t a s n

is shining will not displ y thei sh dows to y u Bu if a r a o . t

y uo l owe
ar e th n h u y u wi llrsee wh t wa not t e s n, o a as

seen by the u d th t will be ll in h dow The

s n, a n a a S a .

l ves f the t ees which

ea o betwee y u d the u
r are n o an s n

are o f two p incip l colo us n mel y r most be utiful

a r a a a

vi id g een d the eflection f the tmosphe e which

, ,

v r an r o a r

illumine wh teve is not visible the u d the p ts

, ,

s a r to s n , an ar

in sh dow which only f ce h e th d h d kest

a a t e ar an t e ar

p ts which su ounded by some hi g othe th n

,

ar are rr t n r a

d kness The t ees by the count yside which

ar . r r are

between y u d h u f mo e be utiful th n
o an t e s n are ar r a a

those in e pect to which y u between the u d

r s o a re s n an

t hem d this is the c e bec ue those which in the

an as a s are

me di ection the u sh w th i le ves nsp ent

,

sa r as s n o er a tra ar
 LA D
N S CAPE WI T H C L T
OUD EFFEC

Face p. 12 5
 OF AT M O ER EF E T
S PH IC F C S 12
5

tow ds thei ext emities d such

ar r not t nsp ent
r an as are ra ar

h t is h tips eflect the light d the sh dows

, ,

t a at t e r an a are

d k be use they not cove ed by nything

,

ar ca are r a .

The t ees when y upl ce youself between them d

r o a r an

the u will only displ y y uthei light d n tu l

,

s n, a to o r an a ra

colou which is r, f itsel f ve y conspicu ous d

no t o r an

besides this ce t in eflected l ights which owing to thei

,

r a r r

being g inst b ckg ound th t ff st ong

, , ,

no t a a a a r a o ers a r

cont st thei b igh ness bu l it le in evidence

ra to r r t are t t

l owe l titu de th n hese then those

,

an d if y u o are at a r a a t

ts them be visib e which ight the

,

p ar f o m y l ha l f on t e o

u does d these wil l be d k

,

s n f ll no t a , an ar .

TH E W D IN IN

Bu if y u t on the side f om whe ce the wind is

o are r n

bl owing y uwill see the t ee look much l ighte th n

o r s r a

wo d see them om the othe sides this is

,

y u
o ul f d d u
r r an e

the f ct th t h wind tuns up the eve e side f the

,

to a a t e r r rs o

l ves which is in ll c ses m u

ea ch p l e th n thei ight a a a r a r r

side d especi lly will they b ve y light if the wind

,

; an a e r

blows f om the qu te whe e the u h ppens be d

r ar r r s n a to an

if y uh ve yo u b ck tuned to it
,

o a
(r M a
) r . B . . 2 6 3, Jr . 11 3v .

I h ve long h d the oppo tuni y f Obse ing m ny

a a r t O rv a

difi
'

[ tmosphe
ere n t ic e f
faects ] d once bove Mir l n an a a

ve in the di ection f L ke M ggio e I w cloud

, , ,

o r r O a a r , sa a

sh ped l ike huge mount in m de up f b nks f fi

a a a a o a o re ,

b c use the ys f the u which w then setting d

e a ra o s n as re

on the ho izon h d dyed it with thei colou This g e t

r a r r. r a

cloud d ew itself ll the litt le clouds which we e

r to a r

r ound bout it And the g e t cloud em ined st tion y

a . r a r a a ar
1 26 OF S UN- R IS E

and re i ed h light f the u its pex f hou

ta n t e o s n on a o r an r

and h l f fte s u
a nset eno mous w its size Ad
a a r so r as . n

bout w hous fte night h d f llen the e e

,

a t o r a r a a r aros a

stupendous d phenomen l wind sto m an a r .

(
Left . 2 8a [R

At the fi st hou f the d y the mosphe e in the outh

r r o a at r s

ne to the ho i on h dim h ze f ose fluh d cloud

ar r z as a a o r -
s e s

tow ds the west it g ows d ke d tow ds the e t

ar r ar r, an ar as

the d mp v pou f the ho izon shows b ighte th the

a a r o r r r an

a ctul ho i on itself d the white f the houses in h e st

a r z an o t e a

is sc cel y be disce ned while in the south the futhe

,

ar to r r r

dist nt they the mo e they ssume d k o e fluh d

, ,

a are , r a a ar r s -
s e

hu d even mo e
e, a n in the we t d with the sh dow
r so s ; an a s

it is the cont y f these dis ppe befo e the white

ra r or a ar r .

in the e st d the tops f the t ees mo e

,

a an o r are r

visible th n thei b ses since the tmosphe e is thicke

,

a r a a r r

l owe down d the s u ctue becomes mo e indistinct

,

r an tr r r

height
,

at a .

And in the south the t ees m y sc cely b distin r a ar e

by e s n the v po whic d kens in the

,

g ui h d
s e f ur a o h o a r ar

west d g ows le in the e st

an r
( c ar a . C. 4 . I 76 r.

OF TH E OL O R TH E AT P H ERE C U OF M OS

I y th t the blue which is seen in the tmosphe e is

sa a a r

not its w colou bu is ued by the he ted moistue

o n r, t ca s a r

h ving ev po ted into the most minute impe cep ible

a a ra r t

p ticl s which the be ms f h sol ys tt ct d

ar e a o t e ar ra a ra an

c use eem luminous g in t the deep intense d k

,

a to s a a s ar

ne s f the egion f fi th t fo ms ve ing bove

s o r o re a r a co r a

t hem And this m y be seen I myself w it by

. a , as sa ,
12 8 OF TH E C L O OU R OF TH E AT M O ERES PH

with moistue it will h v the fl f dense cloud

r a e e
'

ect O a

which t kes definite lights d sh dows though it we e

,

a an a as r

a solid b dy o .

The s me is ue f h tmosphe e which excessive

a tr o t e a r

moistue ende s white whi le littl e moistue ted upon

,

r r r r ac

by he t c uses it to be d k d f d k blue colou

,

a a ar an O a ar r ;
an d this is su ffi cient eg ds the definiti n f the as r ar o o

colou f h tmosphe e l though one m y lso y th t

r o t e a r a a a sa a

if the tmosphe e h d this t nsp ent blu e its n tu l

,

a r a ra ar as a ra

c lou it would foll ow th t whe eve g e te quntity

o r, a r r a r a r a

o f tmosphe e c me between the eye

a d the fie y
r a an r

element it would ppe f deepe sh de f blue i a ar O a r a o as s

seen with blue gl ss d with pphi es which ppe

, ,

a an sa r a ar

d ke in p opo tion they hicke T he tmo

,

ar r r r as are t r. a

sphe e unde hese conditions cts in e ctly the oppo

r r t a xa

site w y si ce whe e g e te quntity f i com s

, ,

a n r a r a r a o t e

between the eye d the sphe e f fi the e it is seen

,

an r o re , r

much white d this h ppens tow ds the ho izon d

r, an a ar r an

in p opo tion
r les ermo unt f tmosphe comes
as a s r a o a re

between the eye d the sphe e f fi f much the an r O re, o so

deepe blue d es it ppe even when w i the l w

r o a ar, e a re n o

pl ins It follows the efo e f om wh t I y th t the

a . r r r a sa a

tmosphe e cqui s its bl ueness f om the p ticles f

, ,

a r a re r ar o

mois ue which c tch the luminous ys f the u

t r a ra o s n.

We m y l so Obse ve the difl

a a between the toms r
’
e re nce a

f du st d those f h smoke seen i the su s y s ’

o an o t e n n ra as

they p s th ough the chinks f the w lls in d k ooms

as r o a ar r

th t the one seems the colou f shes d the o he

,

a r o a an t r

the thin smoke seems f most be utiful blue W

,

— o a a . e

my a l so in the d k sh dows f mou

see a nt ins f f om ar a O a ar r

the eye th t h tmosphe e which is between the e y e

, ,

, a t e a r
 OF TH E C L O OU R OF S M K OE
and th se sh dows will pp ve y blue d in the p
e a a ear r an or

tio f hes mount ins which is in light it will not v y

,

n o t e a ar

m uch f om its fi st colo u

,

r r r.

Bu whoev t would see fin l p oof should st in

er a a r a a

b d with v ious diffe ent col us mong which he

,

o ar ar r o r a

sho uld include ve y st ong bl ck d then ove them

,

a r r a an r

l l he shou ld l y thi nsp e t white d he will

,

a a a n, tra ar n an

hen pe ceive th t the lust e f the white wi ll nowhe e

,

t r a r o r

displ y mo e be uti ful bl ue th n ove the bl ck bu

a a r — a a r a t

it m ut be ve y thin d finely g ound

,

s r an r .

( 4
Lair . . a
[R

When the sm ke f om d y wood comes between the

o r r

eye f the Obse ve d some d k sp ce it ppe s blue

o r r an ar a a ar .

8 the tm sphe e pp s bl u
0 a o e bec ue f the d k ess
r a ear a s O ar n

which is beyond it d if y ulo k t w ds the h iz n an o o o ar or o

o f the sky y uwil l see th t the tm sphe e is not blu

o e a a o r

d this is du to i density d so eve y st ge

, ,

an e ts ; an at r a as

y uo ise yo
ra u e y e up f m this h
r iz n the ky ro or o to s

which is b ve y u y uwill find th t the tmosphe e

a o o o a a r

wi ll seem d ke d this is bec use le se quntity f

,

ar r, an a a s r a o

i inte poses between y u eye

a r r d this d kness Ad o r an ar . n

if y u o on the p f high m unt in h tmosphe e

are to o a o a t e a r

will seem d ke bove y uj ust in p po ti n it

ar r a o ro r o as

becomes e be w en y u d the s id d kness d

rar r t e o an a ar an

this will be intensified eve y successive st ge f its at r a o

height h t the l st it will em in d k

so t a at a r a ar .

Th t sm ke will ppe h bl uest which p o e ds

,

a o a ar t e r c e

f om h d iest w od
r t e d is ne est
r the pl ce f its
o an ar to a o

o igin d when it is seen g inst the d kest b ckg und

,

r , an a a ar a ro

with h light f the u upon it

t e o
( )s n . P 1 8r .

1
I
30 A S AND - S TO RM P
— L ANT L IF E
H ow mouths f ce t in v lleys the gusts f
at the o r a a o

Wind st ike down upon the w te s d sco p them u in

r a r an o o t

a
g e t ho
r a l l ow d c y the w te up into
an the i in the arr a r a r

sh pe f c lumn d f the c l u f cloud And this

,

a o a o an o o o r o .

sa me thing I once w t king pl ce s nd b nk in sa a a on a a -

a

t eh A no whe e the s nd w
r h ll wed u to depth
r a as o o o t a

f mo e th m n s st tue d the g vel f it w

,

’
o r an a a a r an ra O as

moved d Whi led g e t dist nce p t d ssumed

,

re an r a r a a a ar an a

i the i the fo m mighty c mp nile d the

,

n a r f r o a a a an

summit f it g ew l ike the b nches f g e t pine d

,

O r ra o a r a an

then it bent meeti g the swift wind which p ssed ove

,

on n a r

the mount ins a .

( [ Lair . as 6 R

Though n tue h given sensibil ity to p in to such

a r as a

l iving o g nisms r h ve the powe f movement i

a as — a r o n

de the eby to p ese ve the membe s which in this

,

or r r r r r

movement li ble to diminish d be dest oyed the

are a — an r

l i ing o g nisms which h ve p we f movement do

,

v r a a no o r o

n ot h ve to encounte opposing objects d pl nts con

a r an a

sequently do need to h ve sensibility to p in d

,

no t a a a an

it comes bout h t if y ub e k them they do

,

so a t a o r a not

feel ngu ai h in thei membe s do the nim l s

s r r as a a .

(
H 60 [ ] 12 r.
)

Nothing g ows in spot whe e the e is neithe

r a r r r

s ntient fib ous
e tion l life The fe the s g ow
r or ra a . a r r

upon bi ds d ch nge eve y ye h i s g ow upon

, ,

r an a r ar ; a r r

anim l s d ch nge eve y ye except p t such the

a an a r ar a ar as

h i s f h be d in l i ns d c ts d c e tues l ike
,

ar o t e ar o an a an r a r

these The g ss g ows in the fields the le ves upon

. ra r a

h t e d eve y ye th se enewed in g e t
,

t e r es, an r ar e are r r a
P LAT E 6

MS . WI T H TEX
V ENUS ) ,
T A T
OF
ALS O
PE L S I I O D l V E N E R E
' ’

AL
’
(
F O R T
AND
H E S H R I N E O F

T
RC H I

O F NE PTUNE
E CTUR

WI
S T UD I ES

H H IS H OR S ES
S K ETC H

Fa re p . 1 31
 TH E EART H AN OR GA NI S M

p t S then w m y y th t the e th h spi it f

ar . o e a sa a ar as a r o

g owth th t its flesh is the soil its bones the u

r ; a are s c

st t f the ocks which fo m the mount ins

,

i
cess ve ra a o r r a

its m uscles the uf stone its blood the sp ings f its

,

ar e t a r o

w te s The l ke f blood th t lies b ut the he t is

,

a r . a o a a o ar

the oce n its b e thing by the inc e se d dec e se

a r a Is r a an r a

o f the blo d in its pu l ses d even so in the e th is

o an ar

h flow d ebb f the And the he t f the spi it

,

t e an o sea . a o r

o f the wo ld is the fi which is sp e d th oughout the

r re r a r

e th d h dwelling pl ce f its c e tive spi it is in

ar an t e -
a o r a r

the fi es which i dive s p ts f the e th b e thed

r n r ar o ar are r a

u in b ths d su l phu mines d in volc noes s u

ch
,

o t a an r an a

Mount Aetn in Sicily d m ny othe pl ces

, ,

as a , an a r a .

(
Ll it. 34 . a
[R

FOR TH E H R NE OF VE
S I N US

should m ke steps fou sides by which to

You a on r

ascend pl te uf med by n tue on the summit f

to a a a or a r o

a rock d l this ock be holl owed u d suppo ted

; an et r o t, an r

with pill s in f ont d pie ced bene th by g e t

ar r an r a a r a

po tic whe ein w te shoul d be f lling into ious

,

r o, r a r a va r

b sins f g nite d po phy y d se pentine within

a o ra an r r an r te

sh ped like h lf ci cle d l h w te in

,

a a a -
r ; an et t e a r

these be conti ully flowing ove d f cing this p

n a r ; an a or

tico t w ds the n th l the e be l ke with sm ll

o ar or et r a a a a

isl d in the cent e d this h e thick d sh dy

,

an r an on av a an a

w d Let h w te s the top f the pil l s be

,

oo . t e a r at o ar

p ued down into v e st ding thei b ses d

o r as s an at r a an

f om the e l the e be flowing tin y i u

lets
,

r s et r r v .

F om h cor — Set i g u f om the co st f

t e ast tn o t r a o
1 32 TH E REA M L OF VE U N S

C ici tow ds south

il a ar the yo u disco e v r the b uty
ea of the

is nd Cyp us which
,

la of r ,

(V is i tor M88 Nam at den ts: mr

.
'

In Attitud e: dc I Hosme ’

am n
[R o ] 1 1 r
) .

F m the southe n
ro b d f Cil ici m y be s en r sea -
o ar o a a e

to the south the be utiful isl nd f Cyp us which w a a o r as

the e lm f the goddess Venus d m ny the e h ve

,

r a o ; an a r a

been wh impelled by h lovelines h ve h d thei

o, er s, a a r

ships d igging b oken upon the ocks which li

,

an r r r e

a midst the seething w ves He e the be uy f some a . r a t o

ple s nt hill invites the w nde ing m ine s to t ke thei

a a a r ar r a r

case a mong its flowe y ve due whe e h zephy s con r r r r t e r

i ull y come d go fi ll ing with sweet odo us the isl nd

,

tn a an r a

d the e comp sing Al s ! How m ny ships

,

an n as sea . a a

h ve founde ed the e ! How m y ves ls h ve b e

a r r an se a e n

b oken upon the e o ks ! He e might be seen

r s r c r an

in ume ble h st f ships some b ken in pieces d

n ra o o ; ro an

h lf buied in s nd he e is visible the poop f one d

a r a r o an

the e p w he e keel d the e ib d it seem

,

r a ro r a an r a r an s

l ike d y f j u
a dgment when the e sh ll be esu ectio
a O r a a r rr n

o f de d ships a g e t is the m ss th t cove s the whol e

so r a a a r

no the sho e The e the no the n winds esouding

,

r rn r . r r r r n

m ke st nge d fe ful noise

a ra an ar s.

W
( is dror M 88 Nam at den im mr . In Attitu
d e: d: 1 [1m m
’

[R y ]
os w n 1 I

When mount ins f ll he dlong ove holl ow pl ces th y

a a a r a e

shut in the i within thei c ve ns d this i in o de

ar r a r an a r, r r

to e c pe b e ks th ough the e th d p odu

,

s a r a r ar an so r ces

e hqukes
, ,

art a .
1 3, OF BI RD S OF P REY
m ny f the l bous f w etched husb ndme
H ow a o a r o r a n

h ve b en ende ed idl e
a e d p fi l
r ! How m ny r an ro t ess a

f m il ies h
a it b ought nought d ove whelmed !
as r to an r

Wh t sh ll I y f the he ds f ttl e which h ve been

,

a a sa o r o ca a

d owned d lost
r an

And often i suing fo th f om i ncient ocky b ds it

s r r ts a r e

w shes ove the tilled [l nds]

a r a .

(
C . A 36 1
. 0. a . )

Amid the whi ling cu ents f h winds we e een r rr o t e r s

a g e t numbe f comp nies f bi ds coming f om

r a r o a o r r

dist nt l nds d these ppe ed in such w y to be

a a an a ar a a as

l most in disting u
ish ble f in thei wheel ing move
,

a a or r

ments one time l l the bi ds f one comp ny we e

,

at a r o a r

seen edgewise th t is showing little possible f a as as o

thei bodies d nothe time showing the whole

,

r an at a r

me sue f thei b e dth th t is full in f ce d

,

a r o r r a a a ; an at

the time f hei fi t ppe nce they took the f m

,

o t r rs a ara or

of indistinguish ble cloud d then the second

an a an

d thi d b nds bec me b y deg ees mo e c le l y

,

an r a a r r ar

defined they pp o ched ne e the eye f the

as a r a ar r to o

beholde r.

And h ne e t f the bove mentioned b nds d opped

t e ar s o a -
a r

down l w with sl nting mo ement d s ttl ed upon

o a a v an e

h de d b die which we e b ne l ong by h w ves f

,

t e a o s, r or a t e a o

this g e t deluge d f d upon them d so continued

r a an e an

unti l such time the buoy ncy f the infl ted d d

, ,

as a o a ea

bodies c me to f il d with slow descent they s nk

a a an a

g dully down to the bottom f the w te s

,

ra a o a r .

(
C . A 354
. , v.

Like an eddying wi d s ouing th ough hollown c r r a ,

 OF A RO CK Y CAV ERN 13
;

sa ndy ll ey d with peeding couse d iving into i

va an S r r ts

o tex eve ything th t opp ses its fuious onset

,

v r r a o r .

N ot o he wise does h no the n bl st d ive b ck wi h

t r t e r r a r a t

its hu ic ne rr N does the tempestu

a . ous m ke or sea a

so l oud o ing when the no the n bl st be ts it b ck

a r ar r r a a a

i fo ming w ves between Sc yll

n a d C h ybdis
a a an ar n or

S t ombol i Mount Etn w hen the pent up sulphuous

,

r n or a - r

fi es busting open d ending sunde the migh y

,

r , r an r a r t

mount in by thei fo ce huling th ough h

.

a r r a re r r t e

cks d e h mingled togethe in the i sui g

,

i
a r ro an art r s n

belchi g fl mes n a .

N when Etn s buning c ve ns vomit fo th d

or a
’
r a r r an

ig e u g in the uncont oll ble element d th ust it

v o t a a r a an r

b ck to i w egion in fuy d iving befo e it wh t

,

a ts o n r r r r a

eve obs cle withst nds its impetuous ge

,

r ta a ra .

And d wn on by my e ge desi e n ious to behold

ra a r r a x

the mighty f the ied d st nge fo ms c e ted

,

o var an ra r r a

b y the ifi n tue h ving w nde ed f some dist nce

art cer a r a a r or a

mo g the ove h nging ocks I c me to h mouth f

,

a n r a r a t e o

huge c ve n befo e which f time I em ined

,

a a r r or a r a

st up fi d not h ving been w e f its e istenc

e e a— my a ar O x e
b ck bent ch my l eft h nd clutching my knee
,

a to an ar a

whil e with the ight I m de sh de f my lowe ed d

, ,

r a a a or r an

cont cted eyeb ows b ndi g continully fi st one w y

ra r e n a r a

an d then noth e in o de to see whethe I co u

a l d disce n
r r r r r

a n ything inside though this w ende ed impossible by as r r

the intense d kness within d fte em ini g the e

,

ar ; an a r r a n r

for a time suddenly the e we e w kened within me w r r a a t o

emotions fe d desi e fe f the d k th e te ing

,

— — ar an r ar o ar r a n

c ve n d si e to see whethe the e might be y m vel

, , ,

a r e r r r an ar

lou s thi g the ein

,

n ( M r A .
) 3 . . 3 6 3, r. 1 5; r.
 OF AS E A M O T ER
NS

O powe fulonce livi g i st ume t f c nst uctiv

r a nd n n r n o o r e

n tue thy g t t ength not v iling th e thoumust

a r rea s r a a e

needs b ndon thy t nquil life obey the l w which God

, ,

a a ra to a

d time o d ined f
an ll p oc e tive n tue ! To hee
r a or a r r a a r t

av iled the b nching study do s l fins whe ewi h

a no t ra r r a r t

pusui g thy p ey thouwe t wont plough thy w y tem

, ,

r n r r to a ,

p u ul
e st o
y te ing open
s the b in y w ves
ar with h y b e t r
.

a t r as .

0 how m ny times the f ightened sho l s f dol phins

a r a o

an d big tu nny fish we e seen to flee befo e hy insens te r r t a

fuy r d tho u l hing wi h swi ft b nching fins

; an d
as t ra an

fo ked t il didst c e te in h mist d sudden

, ,

r a r a t e sea an

tempest with loud up o d found ing f ships with

,

r ar an er o ; .

mighty w ve thoudidst he p up h open sho es wi h the

,

a a t e r t

f ightened
r d te ified fishes which th u
an s c ping f om
rr es a r

thee e e left high d d y when h b ndoned

,

w r an r t e sea a a

them d bec me h plenteous d bund nt spoil f

an a t e an a a o

the neighboui g peoples

,

r n .

0 time swi f despoi le f c e ted things !

t How r o r a

m ny kings how m ny peoples h st thoub ought l w

,

a a a r o

How m ny ch nges f st te d ci cums nce h ve

,

a a o a an r ta a

f ll owed since the wond ou

o s fo m f this fish died he e r r o r

in this h ll ow wind i g ece Now dest yed by time

o n r ss ro

p tiently th uliest within this n ow sp ce d with

,

a o arr a an

thy bones despoiled d b e become mou d

,

an ar art an ar r an

su ppo t to h mount in which lies bove hee

r t e a a t .
1

(
B . M . 2 6 3, A r. 1
56 r. )
1 The tex t o f the a ovep b assag e is in parts very indistinc t s m
y . A
tra n script d iffers In severa l places from that given b y Dr Richter (Litera ry .

Work: of L da 7 I give the passa ge in ex tra» :

.

0 po tete e gia animato stru meto dell artefi ciosa na tu ra a te n o va led o l e

tue
g ra fo rze ti c houene ba d nare l a tra u illa vita obedj re a ll a l e is h l
a o
q g c e

Che djo cl te o d e alla

p j gie nj trice n atu ra a te tte n o ua l se l e ram v t e e
(g
Le
)
13 8 OF TH E E ND OF TH E W OR D L

not feed upon them d if thes c uses we e emoved an e a r r

the esults would ce se S the efo e this e h seeks

,

r a . o r r art to

l ose its l ife d si ing onl y const nt ep od uction d

e r a r r an as,

f the e son which y uh ve ssig ed d e pou nded

, ,

or r a o a a n an x

the fi gene lly in h mony with thei c uses

,
'

e ects are ra ar r a

nim ls type f h life f the wo ld

,

so a a are a o t e o r .

( M ) B . . 2 6 3, Jr . 1 56 a .

The w e y element em ined pent up wi hin the

at r r a t

ra is d b nks f the ive s d h is s en mid h

e a o r r an t e sea e a t e

phe ved m sses f the e th the su ounding i

,

U a a o ar ; rr a r

se ved to bind togethe d ci cumsc ibe the e h s

r r an r r art
’

m nifold st uctue bec use its m s which sto d betwee

a r r a as o n

the w te d the fie y element em ined st itly m

,

a r an r r a ra co

p ssed bout d dep ived f the needful supply f

a a an r o o

w te The ive s will em in without thei w te s

,

a r. r r r a r a r ;
the fe tile e th will pu fo th no mo e h l ight l v s
r ar t r r er ea e

no mo e will h fields be decked with w ving co n l l

,

r t e a r a

the nim l s will pe ish f ili g to find f esh g ss f

a a r a n r ra or

fodde d the
r, vening lions d wol es d o he
an ra an v an t r

be st which live by p ey will l ck susten nce d f e

a s r a a an a t r

m ny despe te shifts men will be fo c d b nd

,

a ra r e to a a on

thei lives d the hum n ce will ce se to be H n e

r an a ra a . e c

the f tile d f uitful e h being de e ted wi ll be left

,

er an r art s r

ar id d ste i le bu by e son f the sto ed up moistue

an r t r a o r -
r

f the w te confined within its depths d by the ve y

,

o a r an r

a ctivity f n tue it will obse ve s methi g f its l w f

o a r r o n o a o

g owth until fte h vi g p ssed h ugh the cold d

r a r a n a t ro an

ifi d i it w ill be fo ced to end its co use in the

,

rar e a r r r

element f fi d then h suf ce f it will em i

o re ; an t e r a o r a n

bunt cinde d this will be h end f ll te e

r to a r, an t e o a rr s

t i l n tue
r a a r .
( M A ) B . . 2 6 3, r. 1 55 v.
 OF N OT H IN N S S G E —OF TH E E O CH 1 39

Noth ngne s
i cent e d its bound ies
s has no r an ar are

othingness
,

n .

My opponent s ys th t nothingness d v cuum a a an a a are

o ne d the s me thing h vi g indeed two sep

an a te a n ara

mes by which they c l led bu not e isting

,

na are a t x

p tely in n tue
,

se ara a r .

The eply is th t wheneve the e exists v cuum

r a r r a a

the e will lso be the sp ce which su ounds it bu

r a a rr , t

nothingness e ists p t f om occup tion f sp ce it

x a ar r a o a

foll ws th t nothingness
o a d v cuum not h an a a are t e

s me f h is divisible to infini y d no hingness

a or t e o ne t an t

c nnot b divided bec use nothing be less th n it is

, ,

a e a ca n a

and if y uwe e to t ke p t f om it this p t wou

o r l d be a ar r ar

equl h whole d the whole h p t

a to t e , an to t e ar .

(
C . A . 2 89 v.

TH E NOT E OF TH E EC H O
The note f h echo is eithe continuous inte
o t e r or r

mittent it occus lone is united is f b ief l o g

r a or o r or n

d u tion finite endless in sound immedi te f

, ,

ra or a or ar

w y It is continuous when the suf ce on which the

, ,

a a . r a

echo is p oduced is uifo mly conc ve The note f

r n r a . o

the echo is inte mittent when the pl ce which p oduces it

r a r

is b oken d inte upted It is lone when it is p

r an rr . a ro

d u d in one p l ce onl y
ce It is united when it is p oduced
a . r

i seve l pl ces
n ra It is eithe b ief long conti ui g
a . r r or -
n n

when it goes winding ound within bell which h

,

as r a as

been st u ck in ciste n othe hollow sp ce

r or a r or r a or

in cloud whe ein the note ecus fixed dist nces in

, ,

s r r r at a

regul inte v ls f time eve uifo ml y g owing f i te

ar r a o , r n r r a n r,
 I40 OF AC OU T S ICS

an d is like the w ve th t sp e ds itself u in ci cle

a a r a o t a r

ove h r t e se a

The sound often seems p oceed f om the di ection to r r r

o f the echo d not f om the pl ce whe e the

an l so und r a r rea

is d simil ly it h ppened Ghie d Add when

,
’
an ar a at ra a, a

fi which b oke u the e used in the i twelve l uid

re r o t r ca a r r

reflec ions upon twelve clouds d the c use w not

t an a as

pe cei ed
,

r v .
( A C . .
77 v.

OF TH E O D WH H EE
S UN RE A N IC S M S TO M I IN TH E
B E L A TER TH E TROKE L F S

Th t sound which em ins seems em in in the

a r a or to r a

bell fte it h eceived the s oke is not in the bell

a r as r tr

itself bu in the tf the l istene d the et ins

car o r, an ear r a

within itself the im ge f the st oke f the bell which it

a o r o

h he d d onl y loses it by slow d g ee like h t

as ar an e r s, t a

which the i mp ession f the u c e tes in the eye

,

r o s n r a

whi h onl y by slow deg ees becomes lost d is

,

c r an no

l onge seen r

A PROOF TO TH E CONTR A R Y
If the o es id p opositio we e t ue y uwoul d
a f r a r n r r o no t

be ble to c use the sound f the h ll to ce se b uptl y

,

a a o e a a r

by touching it wi h the p lm f h h nd especi l ly

t a o t e a a at

the beginning f its st ength f suely if it we e touch d

,

o r or r r e

it woul d not h ppen th t y utouched h b ll with the

,

a a as o t e e

h nd the wo uld simul t neousl y withhold the s und

a car a o

whe e s w see th t if fte h st oke h t ken pl ce

r a e a a r t e r as a a

h h nd is pl ced u
t e a pon the thing which is st uck h
a r t e

sound suddenly e es ( A
c as . C . .
332 a .
142 O F TH E F L I GH T OF BI D S R
a bo t with two o s who t kes m ny st okes th t
a ar a a r on a

side f om which he wishes to esc pe d k eps h othe

,

r a an e t e r

fi ed
,

oa r x .
( ) K7 r.

U nl ss the move ment f the wi g w hi h p esses h

e o n c r t e

ari is swi fte h n the flight f the i when p essed

r t a o a r r

the i will bec me condensed ben th h wing d

,

a r no t o ea t e an

in con equence the bi d will not suppo t its lf bove

,

s r r e a

the i a r.

Th t p t f the i which is ne est to the wing

a ar o a r ar

will most esemble in i movem r ent the movement f ts o

the wi g which p esses it d h t p t will be mo e

n r on an t a ar r

st ble which is futhe emoved f om the s id wi g

a r r r r a n .

Th t p t f the i which is h n est to h wing

a ar o a r t e ear t e

which p es es it will h ve the g e test den ity

r s on ,
a r a s .

The i h g e te density when it is ne e to w te

a r as r a r ar r a r,

l [g e t
C ity] when it is ne e to the cold egion
r a er rar ar r r

d midw y between these it is pue

,

a r r.

The i f the cold egion fi no esist nce to the

a r o r o
'

ers r a

movement f the bi ds unl ess they h ve l e dy p s d

o r a a r a as e

th ough conside ble sp ce f h i bene th them

r a ra a o t e ar a .

The ext emities f the wings f bi ds f n ces ity

r o o r are o e s

fle ible
x .

The p ope i s f the i such th t it m y b com

r rt e o a r are a a e e

condensed efied o r rar

( A ) . C . . 1 6 1 r. a .

The bi ds which eek to penet te within h pp ch

r s ra t e a roa

ing wi d in the h bit f flutte i g to h ight d

n are a o r n t e r an

to the left l ike s ilo s t cking g inst h di ection f h

a r a a a t e r o t e

winds d his they do in o de to m ke l ong

,

; an t r r no t a a

descent f if h bi d did gu d g inst d scendi g

, or t e r not ar a a e n
 OF TH E F L I GH T O F BI R DS 143

fo r yang e t dist nce

r a it wo u
l d be d iven ight
a g inst r r a a

the cu ent f h wind d ente ing unde h wind

,

rr o t e ; an r r t e

sl nting lengthwise it will p esent so much f its weight

,

a r o

by this l ine subd ue the esis ce f h wind

,

as to r ta n o t e .

(
K 8 v ) .

The opening d lowe ing f the t il d the sp e d

an r o a an r a

ing u f the wmg the s me time to hei full

o t o s at a t r

e tent e s the swift movement f bi ds

x ,
arr st o r .

When bi ds in descending ne to the g ound

r are ar r

d the he d is be low the t il the y then l owe h t il

,

an a a r t e a

which is sp e d wide open d t ke sho t st okes wi h

, ,

r a an a r r t

the wi gs d consequently the he d becomes highe

,

n ; an a r

h n h t il
t a t e d h spe d is checked to suh
a an e tent
t e e c an x

th t the bi d lights on the g oud wi hout y shock

,

a r a r n t an .

In ll the ch nges which bi ds m ke in thei lines f

a a r a r o

movement hey sp e d u thei t ils

t r a o t r a .

The e m ny bi ds which move thei wings

r are a r r as

swif ly when they ise them when they l them f ll

t ra as et a

such m gpies d bi ds like these

as a an
( r . L 58

The e some bi ds which in h h bit f moving

r are r are t e a o

thei wings mo e swiftly when they lowe them th n when

r r r a

they i them d this is seen to be h se with

Ja se an t e ca

d oves d su ch l ike bi ds
,

an r .

The e othe s which lowe thei wi gs mo e slowly

r are r r r n r

h n th y i hem d this seen with oks d othe

t a e ra se t an ro an r

bi ds l ike th se
,

r e .

The bi ds which fly swiftly keeping the s me dist nce

r at a a

bove the g ound in the h bit f be ting thei wi gs

,

a r are a o a r n

downw ds d behind them downw d to the e tent

,

ar an , ar s x
 OF TH E F LI GHT OF RD BI S

necess y to p event the bi d f om descending

ar r r r an d

behind when they wish to d nce with g e te speed

,

a va r a r .

The peed f bi ds is checked by h opening

S o r t e an d

sp e ding u f the t il
r a o to ( a . L 59

Theimpe ceptible flutte ing f the wi gs without y

r r o n an

actul s okes keeps the bi d p ised d motionless mid

a tr r o an a

the moving i a r.

The eve se movement g inst the di ection f h

r r a a r o t e

wi d will lw ys be g e te th the dv cing move

n a a r a r an a an

ment d the eve se movement when m de with the

an r r a

c use f the wind will be inc e sed by the wind d

o r o r a an

will become eq ul to the dv ncing movement

,

a a a .

T he w ys in which bi ds ise without be ti g thei

a r r a n r

wings bu by ci cles with the help f the wind f w

,

t r o are o t o

kinds simple d complex The simple comp i e those

, ,

— an . r s

in hich in thei dv ncing movement they t vel bove

,

w r a a ra a

h flight f the wind h end f it tun d f ce the

, ,

t e o d an at t e o r an a

di ection f the wind eceiving its bufl i g f om bene th

,
’

r o r et n r a

d so finish the eve se movement g inst the wind

, ,

an r r a a .

The complex movement by which bi ds ise is l so r r a

ci cul d consists f d ncing d eve e move

r ar , an o an a va an r rs

ment g inst the di ection f the wind in c use which

a a r o a o r

t kes the fo m f h lf ci cle d f dv ncing d

a r o a a r an o an a a an

eve se movement which foll ows the couse f the wind

,

r r r o .

The simple ci cul movement f ising without be t

r ar o r a

ing the wings wil l l w ys occu when the e is g t a a r r r ea

agit tion f the wi ds d this b ing the c se it f llows

a o n an e a o

th t the bi d i so ising is lso c ied c nside ble

, ,

a r n r a arr a o ra
1 46 OF TH E F LI GHT OF BI D S R
We h ve the efo e p ov d th t when bi d h i
a r r r e a a r as ts

wi gs sp e d u
n d its he d somewh t
r a o i ed it is
t an a a ra s

impossible f it eve to f ll descend in p p

,

or r a or a er en

di uc l line ar h cont ;y it wi ll l
on t e w ys de cend by rar a a s

sl nting line d eve y ti y movement f wi gs

,

a a an r n o n or

t il ch nges the di ectio d sl nti g descent f this

,

a a r n an a n o

l ine to the eflex movement r .

N tue h p ovided h t ll the l ge bi ds

a r as so r t a a ar r ca n

st ya g e t elev ti n h t the wind which

at so r a an a o t a

inc e es thei flight m y be f st ight cou e d

r as r a o ra rs an

p we ful F if thei flight we e l w mong moun

o r . or r r o a

t ins whe e the wind goes w nde ing d is pe petull y

,

a r a r an r a

fu ll f eddies o d whi lwinds d W he e the y c nnot

an r an r a

find y pot f shelte by son f h fuy f the icy

,

an S o r rea o t e r o

bl sts mong the n ow d fil f the mount ins

a a arr e es o a no r

so guide themselves with hei g e t wings

,

can t r r a as to

a v id being d shed upon the cliffs d h high ocks

o a an t e r

an d t ees wo u
r l d not this someti mes p ove to be the c u se r a

f thei dest u ction Whe e s g eat ltitudes when

,

o r r r a at r a

eve th ough some ccident the couse f h wind i

r r a r o t e s

ch nged in y w y wh tsoeve the bi d h lw ys time

a an a a r r as a a

to edi ect its couse d in s fety t ke c lm flight

r r r an a a a a

which will lw ys be enti ely f ee d it lw y

, ,

a a r r ; an can a a s

p ss bove clouds d the eby void wetting i wings

a a an r a ts .

In smuch ll beginnings f things Often h

a as a o are t e

ca ue f g e t s u
s o l ts so we m y see
r a resm ll l mos a a a a t

impe ceptible movement f the udde to h ve pow

,

r o r r a er

to tun ship f m vellous size d lo ded wi h ve y

r a o ar an a t a r

h vy c g d th t too mid such weight f w te

ea ar o , a n a a a o a r

p sse its eve y be m d in the teeth f h

, ,

as re s on r a , an o t e
 OF TH E F LI GH T O F BI D S R 147

impe uous winds which env loping its mighty s ils

t are e a .

The efo e we m y be ce t in in h c se f those bi ds

r r a r a t e a o r

which supp t themselves bove h couse f the

can or a t e r o

wi ds without be ting thei wings th t slight m ve

n a r a a o

ment f wi g t il which will se ve them to ente

,

o n or a r r

ei he below bove the wind will suffi ce p event

,

t r or a to r

h f ll f the s id bi ds
,

t e a o
( A a r . C . .
30 80 .

The helms which the houlde s f the wings are o n S r o are

necess y when the bi d in its flight without be ti g its

ar r a n

wi gs wishes to m int in itself in p t f t ct f i

n a a ar o a ra o a r,

U pon which it is eithe lippi g down ising d r s n or r an

when it wishes to bend eithe u pw ds downw ds

,

r ar or ar

or ight left It then uses th se helms in this

to r or . e

m nne if the bi d wishes to ise it sp e ds the hel m

a r : r r r a

in the opp site di ecti n the w y h wi d st ikes it

o r o to a t e n r

an d if to descend it sp ds the top p t f the hel m re a ar o

sl nting the couse f h wind If it tuns to the

a to r o t e . r

right it sp e ds the ight helm to the wind d if it

r a r an

tuns to h left it sp e ds the left hel m the wind

,

r t e r a to .

m
(7 )
K

When the bi d ises up by h ssist nce f the windr r t e a a o

without be ting its wings it sp e ds u d ises its

a r a o t an ra

wings th t they fo m ch with the conc ve ide

,

so a r an ar a S

tow ds the sky d it eceives the wind unde its wings

ar an r r

continully in its movement d f d this woul d

,

a to an ro, an

c use it tun ight ove if it we e th t h p int

,

a to r r r, r n ot a t e o

fi il is tuned to h wind
ts ta it ente s bene th h t e t e
‘

o r as r a

wi d n d his fte w ds b y i powe

an t f esist ce cts
a r ar ts r o r an a

to p event h s id movement f tuning o e bec use

r t e a o r v r, a

the wings est ined by the t il i such w y th t

are r ra a n a a a
 14 8 OF TH E F LI GH T OF BI D S R
thei v ious p t
r ar f eq ul powe d the il
ar s are o a r, a n so ta

becomes p tly lowe e d the bi d is ised fo w d

ar r d an r ra r ar

slightly .
( K 10

Whe the kite ise sinks without be ting its wings

n r s or a ,

it holds them sl nting d keeps the t il sl nting in

a an a a

the s me w y bu not to the s me extent f if this

,

a a t a or

we e so h bi d woul d f ll the g ound by the l ine

,

r t e r a to r

o f h sl nt f the wings
t e a d f the t il
o bu this an o a ; t as

t il is w y f om the cent e f the bi d s le gth it meets

a a a r r o r
’
n

wi h somewh t mo e esist nce h n the wings d this

t a r r a t a an

in consequence checks its movement d the t il

,

an so a

l ess movement h n the wings Nece si y c us s

,

has t a . s t a e

the bi d to move with ci cul motion d the t il

r a r ar an as a

is less sl nti g in p opo tion the ci cl es le s in

,

a n so r r r are s

di mete d lso conve sel y ( ] [ ]

,

a r, an so a r . K I r.
59 10

When the bi d is c ied l ong by h wind d r arr a t e an

wishes tun quickly tow ds it it will hen ente

to r ar t r

bene th h wi d with h wing tuned tow ds it d

,

a t e n t e r ar ; an

then with the fe the s f the t il uned tow ds h a r o a t r ar t e

wi d it will ente upon it d by h help f h

n r an so t e o t e

wind st iki g upon its t il it tuns much mo e pidly

, ,

r n a r r ra .

K s m)
(
If o ne wings is lowe ed pidly d then folded
o f the r ra an

the bi d d ops l ittle h t side d if it is lowe ed

r r a on t a an r

rapidl y d e tended the bi d d op the Oppo it

an x r r s on s e

side d if it is lowe d slowly d e tended h bi d

; an re an x t e r

moves in ci cl e ound this wing f ll ing it p o ds

a r r a as r cee

d if it is l owe ed slowly d wi h hesit ion

,

an r d an t at an

folded u then the bi d de ce ds in c ves on th t side

,

p ,
u r s n r a .

( 4
K n 3 m)
1 50 OF TH E F LI GHT OF BI RD S

wind d when the wind is blowi g

; an height they n at a

m y be seen
a g e t elev tion bu if it is blowing l w
at a r a a t o

down then they em in l w

,

r a o .

When he e is no wind sti i g i the i then the

t r rr n n a r

kite be ts its wings mo e pidly in its flight in such

a r ra a

w y th t it ises to height d cqui es impetus

,

a a r a an a r an ;
wi h which impetu
t s d opping then ve y g dully it r r ra a ca n

t vel f g e t dist nce without moving its wings

, ,

ra or a r a a .

And when it h descended it does the s me ove as a r

a g in d continues f m ny tim s in succession

a an so or a e .

This me hod f descendi g without moving the wing

,

t o n s

se ves it me ns f esting in the i fte the f tigue

r as a a o r a r a r a

o f h bove menti ned be ting f the wings

t e a o a o .

Al l the bi ds which fly in sputs ise to height b y

r r r a

be ting thei wings d duing thei desce t they

a r an r r n

p oceed st themselves f while descending hey d

r to re or t o

not be t thei Wi gs
,

a r ( n . 8111 Vols deg/i Uttell i

The sw llow h its wings quite diffe ent f om hose f

a as r r t o

the kite f it is ve y n ow in the shoulde d long

or r arr r an

in the sp n f the wing Its st oke when it fli s is m de

,

a o . r e a

U p f two
o distinct ctions th t is the sp n f the
a wing is a a o

sp e d u like in the di ection f the t il the

,

r a o t an o ar r o a

hould tow ds the e th d in his w y while h

,

S er ar ar ; an t a t e

o ne movement impels it fo w d the o he keeps it r ar t r at

its height d the two combined c y it st ge

,

an arr a a

onw ds whe eve it pl e ses

,

ar r (
r A ) a . C . . 6
3 9 r. a .

The th ushes d othe sm ll bi ds ble m k

r an r a r are a to a e

he dw y g inst the couse f h wi d bec use they

a a a a r o t e n a

fl y in spu s th is they t ke long couse below

,

rt ; at a a r
 OF R
A TI F ICI AL F LI GH T 1
51

the wind by d opping in sl nting di ection tow dsr a a r ar

the g ound with thei wings h lf closed d they then

,

r r a an

open the wing d c tch the wind in them with thei

, ,

s an a r

r eve se move ment d so ise to height d then

r an r a ; an

they d op g in in the me w y
,

r a a
( A sa a . C . .
3 3
1 r.

Remembe th t you bi d shoul d h ve no o he

r a r r a t r

model th the b bec use its memb nes se ve

an at, a ra r as a n

ar mou r the or me ns f binding t ge he the

ra r as a a o o t r

pieces f its mou th t is the f mewo k f the wings

o ar r, a ra r o .

And if y ut ke you p tte n the wings f fe the ed

o a as r a r o a r

bi ds th se mo e powe ful in st uctue f bone d

r e are r r r r o an

sinew bec use hey p b l h t is to y the

,

a t are i e n etra e, t a sa

f he s
eat sep ted f om one nothe d the i
r are ara r a r an a r

p s s th ough them Bu the b is ided by its

a se r . t at a

memb ne which binds the whole togethe d is not

ra r an

penet ted by the i

ra ( i [ ] )
a r ,
8d Vole zie Uttd li, 16 1 5 r.

B RD OVE E T O F TH E I
’
S M M N

Of whethe bi ds when continully descending

r r a

without b ting thei wi gs will p oceed g e te dis

ea r n r a r a r

t nce in one sust ined cuve by f equently m king

a a r , or r a

s ome eflex movement d whethe when they wish

r an r to

p s in flight f om one spot to nothe they will go mo e

as r a r r

quickly by m king impetuous h dlong movements d

a ea an

then isi g p with eflex movement d g in m ki g

, ,

r n U r an a a a n a

f esh descent
r d so contin u ing To spe k f this ub
— an a o s

m st needs the fi st book exp in n t

,

j y e ctu u o i l h u n r a t e a re

o f the esis nce f the i in the second the n tomy

r ta o a r, a a

o f the bi d d f its wings in the thi d the method

r an o r

f wo king f the w ings in thei v iou s movements

,

o r o r ar ,
 OF ART I F ICI AL F LI GH T
in the fouth the powe f the wings d the t il
r r o an ot a ,

at such time the wi gs not being moved d as n a re an

h wind is f vou bl e to e ve guide in difi '

t e a ra s r as a eren t

movements
,

D i sect the b
s tudy it c efully d this model at, s ar an on

con t uc the m chine

,

s r t ( m)
a . F 41

A bi d is inst ument wo king co ding m the

r an r r ac r to a

m i l l w which inst u
at ca a ment it is wit in the c p city r h a a

to ep oduce with ll its movements bu not

,

o f m an r r a t

with co esponding deg ee f st ength though it i

,

a rr r o r s

deficient only in the powe f m int ining equilib ium

,

r o a a r .

We m y the efo e y th t such inst ument con

a r r sa a an r

st ucted by m is l cking in nothing except the l ife

r an a

o f the bi d d this l i fe m u
r st needs be supplied f om
an r

th t f m
,

a o an .

The l ife which esides in the bi d s membe s wil l r r

’
r

withou t doubt bette confo m to hei needs th n will r r t r a

th t f m which is ep ted f om them d especi lly

a o an s ara r an a

in the l most impe ceptible movements which p ese ve

,

a r r r

equilib i um Bu since we see th t the bi d is equipped

r . t a r

f
or m ny obvious v ieties f movements w
a bl e ar o e are a

f om this expe ience to ded u ce h t the most udim

,

r r t a r en

t y f thes movements will be c p ble f bei g

ar o e a a o n

comp ehended by m n s unde st nding d th t he

r a
’
r a ; an a

wi ll to g e t extent be ble to p ovide g inst the

a r a a r a a

dest uction f th t inst ument f which he h himself

r o a r o as

become the living p inciple d the p opelle r an r r.

(
C . A . 1 6 1 r. a .
)
1
5, OF A TI R F ICI AL F LI GH T
mentioned d its joints shoul d b m de f st ong
; an e a o r

t nned hide d sewn with co ds f ve y st ong w

a an r o r r ra

sil k And l no one encumbe him elf with i n b nds

,

. et r s ro a

the e ve y soon b oken h joints el e they

,

f or s are r r at t e or s

become wo n u d consequently it is well not

r o t, an to

encumbe one s se lf with them

r
’

8
(111 7 010 deg/i Uta /Ii , 8[
7] r.
)

A RG EN T TO D PO E TH E OB E T ON
AN UM IS S OF J C I S

TH E ATT E P T TO M

Yo uwi pe h ps th t the sinews musc s

ll r a sa
y a a nd le of

a bi d incomp b y mo e powe u th n those

r are ara l r rf l a of

man bec use ll the gi th f m ny muscles d f

, a a r o so a an o

the fleshy p ts f the b e t goes to id d inc s

ar o r as a an rea e

the movement f the wings while the bone in the b e st

o r a

is ll in one piece d consequently ffo ds the bi d ve y

,

a an a r r r

g e t powe the wings lso being ll cove ed with

r a r, a a r a

netw k f thick sinews d othe ve y st ong l ig ment

or o an r r r a s

o f g istle d h skin being ve y thick with v iou

r an t e s r ar

muscles Bu the eply to this is th t such g e t st eng h

,

. t r a r a r t

gives it ese ve f powe beyond wh t it o din ily uses

a r r o r a r ar

to suppo t itself on its wings since it is nece

r

it wheneve it m y so de i e ei he double t eble

,

r a s r t r to or r

its te f speed in o de to esc pe f om i pusue

ra o r r a r ts r r

or to follow its p ey Consequently in such se it r . a ca

be omes
c
y f it pu fo
nece ssarth do b
ul e t eb l e
'

or to t r or r

the mount f fi a d in ddition to this to

o e y
ort, an a carr

th ough the i in its t lons weight co esponding

r a r a a rr to

its own weight 5 sees f l co c ying duck

. 0 o ne a a n arr a

an d ne gle ca ying h e which ci cumst nce shows

a arr a ar r a

cle ly enough whe e the excess f st e gth i spent f

ar r o r n s ; or
 OF A TIR F ICI AL F LI GHT 1 5;

they need bu little fo ce in o de to sust in themselves

t r r r a ,

an d to b l nce themse lves on thei wings

a a d fl p them in r an a

the p thw y f h wind d so d i ect the couse f thei

,

a a o t e an r r o r

joune yings d light movement f the wings is

r an a S o

s ufli i f this d the movement will be slowe in

c en t or an r

p opo ion the bi d is g e te in size

,

r rt as r r a r .

M is l o pos essed f g e te mo u
an a s nt f s ength
s o a r a r a o tr

in hi legs th n is equi ed by his weight And in o de

s a r r . r r

to show the t uth f this pl ce m st nd upon

r o a a an to a

sho e d obse ve how f the m ks f his feet

,

h
t e sea -
r an r ar ar o

sink in d then set nothe m his b ck d y u

,

an a r an o n a an o

how m uch deepe h m ks f his feet will be

,

will see r t e ar o .

Then t ke w y the m f om hi b ck d set him

a a a an r s a an to

j ump st ight up high he wi then find

,

ra
y u l las as ca n ; o

th t the m ks f hi feet m ke deepe imp ession

a ar o s a a r r

whe e he h j umped th whe e he h h d the othe

r as an r as a r

m his b ck This ffo ds u double p oof th t

an o n a . a r s a r a

m i poss s ed
an s f mo e th n twice the mo u
e s ont f r a a o

t eng h th t is equi ed to en ble him to suppo t himself

s r t a r r a r .

V010 deg/i Ura l /i 17

[ ] )
16 r.
 BO O K III
ART
PA T PO TRY A U PT
I. IN ING , E , ND S C L URE

H OW PA T G RPA E ALL H A N W OR BY RE A ON
IN IN SU SS S UM KS S

OF TH E BTL E PO B L T E WH C H ON TA
SU SSI I I I S I IT C I NS

TH E eye which is c l led the window f the soul is h a o t e

chief me ns whe eby the unde st ding m y most full y

, ,

a r r an a

an d bu nd ntl y pp eci te the infini e wo ks f n tu

a a a r a t r o a re ;
an d the is h second in smuch it cqui es its
ea r t e a as a r

impo t nce f om h f ct th t it he s the things

r a r t e a a ar

which the eye h seen If y uhisto i ns poets as . o r a or

m them tici ns h d neve seen things wi h you

, ,

or a a a a r t r

eyes y uwoul d b ill ble to desc ibe them i you

o e a r n r

w itings And if y u O poet ep esent st y by

r . o r r a or

depicting it with you pen the p inte with his b ush

, ,

r a r r

will so end it to be mo e e sily s tisfyi g d l

,

r er as r a a n an ess

t dious to unde st nd If y u c ll p inting dumb

e r a . o a a
‘

poet y then the p inte m y y f the po t h t hi

r
’
a r a sa o e t a s

is bli d p inting Conside the which is h mo

,
’
ar t n a . r n t e re

g ievous fflictio be blind be dumb Al hough

r a n, to or t

the poet h wide choi e f subjects the p inte

as a s a c o as a r,

hi c e tions f i l to ff d
s r a much tisf ction to m
a a or as sa a an

kind do p inti gs f while poet y ttempts with

as a n or r a

wo d ep esent fo ms ctio s d scenes the p inte

,

r s to r r r ,
a n ,
an , a r
156
 OF PA T I N IN G AND P ET RY
O

e due the ep o ch f so vil e n me If y uc ll it

n r r r a o a a . o a

mech nic l bec use it is by m nul wo k th t h h nds

a a a a a r a t e a

r ep esent wh t the im gin tion c e tes you w ite s

r a a a r a r r r ar e

setting down with the pen by m nul wo k wh t o igi

,

a a r a r

na tes i the mind If y uc ll it mech ni l bec use it

n . o a a ca a

l
S G f m ney who f ll into this e o if indeed
( le or o — a rr r

it be c lled e o mo e th n y uyouselves
/ ,

can — a an rr r r a o r

If y ul ectue f the S chool s do y u

o r
g
or to whoeve o no t o r

p ys y uthe most D y u do y wo k wi hout

a o o o an r t

some ew d And yet I do not y this in o de

r ar sa r r to

censue such opinions f eve y l bou looks f i

r or r a r or ts

ew d And if the poet shoul d y I wi ll c e te

,

‘
r ar . sa r a a

fiction which sh ll exp ess g e t things likewise wi l l

,
’
a r r a so

the p inte lso f eve so Apell es m de the C l um y

,

a r a or n a a n .

If y usho u ld th t poet y is mo e end ing

,

o
y h sa u a r t e r r ,

to this I would eply th t the wo ks f coppe smith r a r o a r

are mo e enduing still since time p ese ves hem lo ge

r r r r t n r

th n ei he you wo ks o us neve theless they show

,

a t r r r or r r

bu l ittl e im gin tion

t d p inti g if it be done pon
a a an a n U

coppe in en mel colous be m de f mo e u

r a r ca n a ar r e

d ui g r n .

In A we m y be s id to be g nd on unto God
rt a a ra s s .

If poet y t ts f mo l phil sophy p inting h d

r rea o ra o a as to o

with n tu l philosophy if the one desc ibes the wo k

,

a ra ; r r

i gs f the mind the oth conside s wh t the mind

n o er r a

by movements f the body if the one dism ys

,

’
fl
e ects o ; a

f l k by hell ish fictions the othe d s the l ike b y show

o r oe

ing the s me things in ction Suppose the p et

,

a a . o se t
s

himself ep esent some im ge f be uy te o

to r r a o a t or rr r,

s omething v ile d fo ul ome monst o us

an thi g i or s r n n

contest with h p inte d uppo e i his w w y

, ,

t e a r, an s s n o n a
 OF PA INT IN G AND POET RY 1 59

he m kes ch nge f fo ms his ple ue will not the

a a a o r at as r

p inte still s tis fy the mo e H ve we not seen pic

,

a r a r a

tue which be so cl ose esembl nce to the ctul

r s ar a r a a a

thing th t they h ve deceived both m d be sts

a a en a n a

If y u k ow how to desc ibe

o n d w ite down the r an r

appe nce f h fo ms the p inte m ke them so

ara o t e r a r can a

th t they ppe enl ivened with lights d sh dows

,

a a ar an a

which c e te h ve y exp ession f the f es he ein

r a t e r r o ac ; r

y uo c nnot tt
a in with the pen
a whe e hea tt ins with r a a

the b ush r (. M m Bi b Na t . . 8 . 2 03 8, 1 9 r . a nd ,
2 0 r.

5 s on 0 the poet ce es ep esent in wo ds wh t

o as as to r r r a

exists in n tue then the p et ce ses to be like the

a r o a

inte the poet we e to ve s ch ep esent

,

p a f if r ; or l u r ea r r a

tion d desc ibe the polished d pe susive wo ds f

an r an r a r o

him whom he wishes to ep esent spe king then he r r a

becomes o to d is no longe poet p inte

,

an ra r an r a or a a r

an d if he p ks f the he vens he becomes

s ea o st ologe a an a r r

an d phil osophe
a d theol ogi when discousing f the
r an an r o

wo ks f n tue f God Bu if he confines himself

r o a r or o . t

h
to t e r ep esent tion f specific objects he will vie with
r a o

the p inte onl y if by hi wo ds he s tisfy the eye to

a r s r ca n a

h s me extent
t e a he does as .

W
( is dror M 88 Nate: . et 11 m in: If 14 Gi ura tios
’

[a y
e re
] , 1

H OW H E DE P E PA T NG A LO E
WH O S IS S IN I H S NO V FO R

TH E P H LO OP H Y N AT RE I S IN U

If y ude pi e p inting which is the ol e imit to

o s s f
a s a r o

ll the visible wo ks f n tue it is ce t in th t y uwi ll

,

a r o a r r a a o

b despising btle invention which with philosophic l

,

e u a s a
'

an d i genio uspec u
n l tion t kes its theme ll h v ious
s a a as a t e ar
 OF PA TU RE IN I N G AND S CUL PT

kinds f fo ms i s d scenes pl nts nim ls g sses

o r a r an a a a ra

d flowe s which su ounded by l ight d sh de

, , , , ,

an r are rr an a .

And thi uly is s ience d the t ue bo n d ughte f

,

s tr a c an r -
r a r o

n tue since p inting is the fl p i g f n ue Bu in

a r , a o
'

s r n o at r . t

o de spe k mo e co ectly we m y c ll it the g nd

r r to a r rr a a ra

child f n tue f ll visible things de ive thei exist

O a r or a r r

ence f om n tue d f om these s me things is bo n

r a r an r a r

p inting S the efo e we m y j ustly spe k f it

,

a . o r r a a o as

the g ndct f tue d el ted to God Him

ra o na r an as r a

self . M
( 8 N ) . 2 03 8Bib . 4 1. 2 0 r.

THAT L PT RE L E TE LL ECT AL THA N P A T

S CU U IS SS IN U IN

A ND LA K A Y OF N AT R AL PA R T
I NG , C S M N ITS U S

As p ctisi g myself h f scul p ue l es h n

ra n t e art o t r no s t a

th t f p inting d doing both the

a o a d h othe
an o ne an t e r

in the s me deg ee it seems to m th t without supicion

,

a r e a s

n f i n ss I m y ventue give Opi ion

,

o f u a r e a r to an n as to

which f the w is the mo e intellectul d f the

o t o r a an o

g e t difli ul y d pe fection In h fi st pl ce
,

r a er c t an r . t e r a

sculptue is dependent ce t in l ights n mely tho

r on r a a se

f om bove while pictue c ies eve ywhe e with it

,

r a a r a rr r r

its w l ight d sh de light d sh de the efo e

,

o n an a ; an a r r are

essenti l scul ptue In his spect the sculpto is

a to r . t re r

a ided by the n tue f the elief which p duce the e f

a r o r ro s s o

its own cco d bu the p inte tifici lly c e tes the m

a r t a r ar a r a

by his in pl ces whe e n tue woul d no m lly d h

,

art a r a r r a o t e

l ike . The scul pto c not ende h di ffe e ce in h r an r r t e r n t e

var yi g natues f the col ous f objects p inting d

n r o r o ; a o es

no t f il to do so in
a y p ticul The l ines f p p an ar ar . o ers e c

tive f sculpto s d not seem in y w y t ue th e f

o r o an a r ; os o

p inte s m y pp to e end hud d miles b y d

a r a a ear xt a n re e on
 OF U PTU RE
SC L

is l ike the b onze f when y uh ve fi st m de the

r or o a r a

model f this i w it still be eithe educed

,

or n ax ca n r r or

al te ed While the sculptue in b onze is impe ish

r r r r

ble this p inting upon coppe d en mel is bsolutel y

.

a a r an a a

et n l d whil e b onze em ins d k d ough this

,

er a ; an r r a ar an r

is full f infinite v iety f v ied d lovely colous

,

o an ar o ar an r

f which I h ve l e dy m de mention
,

o Bu if y u
a a r a a . t o

w uld h ve me spe k only f p nel p inting I m

o a a o a a a

content to give Opinion between it d sculp ue by an an t r

s ying th t p inting is m e be utiful mo e im gin tive

a a a or a r a a

d iche in souce while sculptue is mo e enduing

, ,

an r r re r r r r

bu exc l s in nothing el se S cul ptue eve l s wh t it is

, ,

t e . r r a a

with littl e fl p inting seems thing mi culous

e
'

ort ; a a ra

m king thi gs int ngible ppe t ngible p esenting in

,

a n a a ar a r

elie f things whi h fl in dist nce things e

,

r c are at, a n ar at

h nd In f ct p inting is do ned with infinite possi

a . a a a r

b il i i f which scu
t es o l ptue m ke no u r can a se .

M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bié Na t . . 2 5 r . a nd 2 4

The s ulpt c nnot ep esent t nsp ent luminous

‘

c or a r r ra ar or

thi gs n .
( A C . . 3 1
5 a.

OF TAT E S U S

If y uWish to m ke figue f m bl e m ke fi st
o a a r o ar a r o ne

o f cl y d fte y uh ve finished it
a an d la it d y set
r o a an et r

it in c se which sho d be s ciently l ge th t fte

, ,

a ul u fi a — f ar a a r

the figue h been t ken u i h l d the blo k f

,

—
r as a o t t ca n o c o

m bl e whe ein y upupose to l y b e figue

ar r o r a ar a r

sembling th t in cl y Then fte y uh ve pl ced the

'

a a . a r o a a

Cl y figue inside this c s m ke pegs so th t they fit

a r a e a a

e ctl y into hol es in h c se

xa d d ive them in e ch t e a an r at a

e nti h white peg to ches fig e

,

1
h lo u l u h u
eac d ifi t e r at a
'

ere n t
P LAT E 7

G ENI S TA T T A
I NC OR I QUE R C US R B
O U R PE D A
UNCUL TA

(y ( a ll ed Oa t)
’
D cr r G r eenw eed ) S t

Fate p . 163
 1 6, OF TH E PRO G RE S S OF PA T IN I N G
being conscious f diffe ent Objects h t often whe
o r so t a n

meeti g f iends el tives d bei g luted by them

n r or r a an n sa

l tho u
gh they m y see d he them th y know them
, ,

a a an ar e

no mo th n if th y h d met only so much i

re a e a a r.

M
( 8 2 0 38 B
.ib Na t , . . 2 r. )

H O W RO A GE TO A GE TH E A R T OF PA N T G
F M I IN CO N

A DEC L NE A DE T ER OR AT E WH EN
TI N U LLY I S ND I S

P A T ER HA VE NO OTH ER TA NDA RD THA N

IN S S

WORK AL REA D Y DO E N

The p inte will p oduce pictues f l ittle me it if he

a r r r o r

ta kes h wo ks f othe s his st nd d bu if he wi ll

t e r o r as a ar ; t

a pply himself l n f om the objects f n tue he will

to ear r o a r

p oduce good esults This we see w the c se with h

r r . as a t e

p in s wh c me fte the time f the Rom f

a ter o a a r o an s, or

they continully imit ted e ch oth d f om g g

a a a er, an r a e to a e

thei ste dily declined

r art a .

Af e these c me Giotto the Flo en ine d h

t r a r t an e,

e ed i mount in solitudes inh bited only by go t

,

r ar n a , a a s

an d su ch like be t tuning st ight f om n tu

— as s r ra r a re to

his beg n to d w the ocks h movement f

art, a ra on r t e s o

the go ts which he w tending d beg n to d w

a as an so a ra

h figues f ll the nim l s which we e be found i

,

t e r o a a a r to n

the count y in such w y th t fte m uch study he

r a a a a r no t

only sup sed the m ste s f hi w time bu ll tho

,

r as a r o s o n t a se

o f m ny p eceding centuies
a r Afte him gi r . r art a a n

decl ined bec use ll we e imit ting p intings l e dy

a a r a a a r a

d e d f centuies it continued de line un il

,

on an so or r to c t

such time Tomm so the Flo entine ni k m d

as a r c na e

M ccio showed by the pe fe ion f hi wo k h w

,

asa r ct o s r o

th se wh took thei st nd d ything oth h

,

o o as r a ar an er t an
 TH E L I F E OF TH E PA T ER IN 165

na tue h sup eme guide f ll the m ste s we e

r t e r o a a r r

we ying hemsel v s in v in Simil ly I wou ld

, ,

ar t e y a . ar sa as

to these m them tic l subjects h t those who study only

a a a t a

th ities d not the wo ks f n tue in

,

h
t e a u or an r o a r are art

t h g ndsons
e ra d not the sons f n tue which is the
an o a r

sup me guide f the good uho ities

,

re o a t r .

M k the sup eme foll y f those wh censue such

ar r o o r as

l e n f om n tue l e ving u
ar r ncensued the utho ities wh
a r a r a r o

w e the disciples f this s me n tue ( A

,

er o a a r C . . 1 4 1 r.

TH E L E IF OF TH E P A T ER IN IN TH E CO TR Y UN

The p inte equi es such knowledge

a r r m them tics
r of a a

as belongs to p inting d seve nce f om comp nions

a an ra r a

not in symp thy with his studies d his b in

,

wh o are a a n ra

hould h ve the p we f d pti g itself to h teno f

,

s a o r o a a n t e r o

h objects w hich p e ent themsel ves be fo e it

t e d he
r s r an

hou l d be f eed f om l l othe c es

,

s r r a r ar .

Ad if whi le conside ing d e mining

n subject r an xa o ne a

se cond should i te vene h ppens when object n r as a an

occupies the mind he ought to decide which f hese

,

o t

subjects p e ents g e te difli ul i in investig ti n d

,

r s r a r c t es a o an

foll ow th t u ntil it becomes enti ely cle d fte w ds

,

a r ar , an a r ar

pusue the investig tion f the othe And bove ll he

r a o r. a a

should keep his mi d cl e the suf ce f mi o n as ar as r a o a rr r ,

which becomes ch nged m y difi colousa to as an

'

eren t r as

are th e f h object within it d his c mp nions

os o t e s an o a

shoul d esemble him i t ste f the e studies d if

,

r n a a or s an

he f il to fi d y such he should ccustom himself

,

a n an a to

be a lone in his inve tig tions f in the d he wil l find

s a or en

mo e p ofit ble comp nio hip

,

no r r a ( A ) a ns . C. . 184 v. t.
1 66 TH E FE LI OF THE A TER P IN

OF TH E L FEI OF T H E P A N T ER
I T DO
'

IN H IS S U I .

The p inte d ughtsm n ought to be solit y in

a r or ra a ar

o de th t h well being f the body m y

r r a t e p the -
o a no t sa

vigou f the mind d mo e especi ll y whe he is

r o an r a n

occupied wi h h conside tion d investig tion f

,

t t e ra an a o

things which by being continully p esent befo e his a r r

eyes funish food to be t e sued up in the memo y

,

r r a r r .

If y u l one y ubel ong enti ely to youself if y u

o a re a o r r ; o

are a ccomp nied even by one comp nion y ubelong onl y

a a o

h lf you elf even less in p opo tion h thought

a to rs or r r to t e

l essne s f hi condu ct d if y uh ve mo e th n
,

s o s an o a r a o ne

comp nion y uwill f ll mo deeply into the s me plight

a o a re a .

If y ushou l d y I wi ll t ke m y own couse I will

o sa
‘
a r

eti e p t so th t I m y be the bette ble investig

,

r r a ar a a r a to ate

the fo ms f n tu l object hen I y his m ust ne d s

,

’
r o a ra s, t sa t e

tun u b dl y f y uwill be ble to p event you

r o t a or o no t a r r

e lf f om Often lending to thei ch tt d

,

s r an ear r a er ; an no t

b i g ble s ve two m te s y uwill disch g

en a to er as r o ar e

b dly h duy f comp io ship d even wo se h t

,

a t e t o an n an r t a

o f ende vouing to e l ise you conceptions in

a r r a r art.

Bu su ppose y u y I will withd w so f p t

t o sa
‘
ra ar a a r

h t hei wo ds sh ll e ch me i y w y di
,

t a t r r a n ot r a no r n an a s

tub me I eply th t in this c se y uwill be l k d

r
’
r a a o oo e

pon m d d be in mind th t in doing y u

,

U as a an ar a so o

will hen be s lit y

,

t o ar .

If y umu s h ve c mp nionship choose i f om you

o t a o a t r r

studio it m y then help y u Obt in the dv nt ge

; a o to a a a a s

which esult f om diffe en methods f tudy All

r r r t o s .

oth comp nion hip m y p ve e t emely h mful

er a s a ro x r ar .

M
( 8 2 0 38 Bi
.d Ne t , . . 2 7 0. a nd r . )
 16 8 TH E MI RROR AT E T OF PA S INTI N G
the subject f the w im ges is in confo mity with both
o t o a r ,

studyi g esp ci ll y the mi o Th mi o ought

n e a rr r. e rr r to

be t ke a guide th t is the fl mi o f wi hi
—
n as a — a at rr r or t n

its suf ce subst nces h ve m ny points f esembl nce

,

r a a a a o r a

to pictue mely th t y u h pictue m de

a r ; na a o see t e r a

upon one pl e showing things whi h ppe in el ief

an c a ar r ,

an d h mi o u t e pon one pl ne d e h s me The

rr r a o s t e a .

pictue i one single suf ce d the mi o is the s me

r s r a an rr r a .

The pictue is int ngible i smuh wh t ppe

,

r a na c as a a ars

ound d det ched not be enclosed within the h d

,

r an a ca n an s ,

an d the mi o is the s me The mi o d the pic

rr r a . rr r an

t ue p sent the im ges f things su ounded by sh dow

r re a o rr a

an d l ight d e c h l ike s ems to p oject o ide bl y

an a a e r c ns ra

f om h pl ne f its s uf ce And si ce y uknow

,

r t e a o r a . n o

th t the mi o p ents det ched things to y u by

a rr r res a o

me ns f oulines d sh dows d lights d since

a o t an a an an

h ve mo e ve mong t yo co o mo e powe
,

yo u a u
r o l u r a s r rs r r

fu l sh dows ad l ights t h n th se f the m i o

an it is a o o rr r,

ce t in th t if y ubu know well how to compose you

r a a o t r

pictue it will lso eem n u l thing seen i g e

r a s a at ra n a r at

mi o rr r. (M M N ) S . 2 03 8, B . et. 2 4 o .

P i te s ofte times decei the m elves by ep esenting

a n r n ve s r r

w te i which they ende visibl e wh t i s en b y

a r n r r a s e

m an whe e s h w te sees the object f om side

; r a t e a r r o ne

an d the m ees it f om the othe d it f equentl y

an s r r ; an r

h ppens th t the p inte will see thing f om bo e

a a a r a r a v

an d h w te sees it f o m bene th
t e a r d h me r a an so t e sa

bod y is en i f ont d behind d bove d b low

,

se n r an an a an e

the w te eflects the im ge f the obj ct in

, ,

f
or a r r a o e one

w y
a d h ey e sees it in nothe
an t e
( A ) a r. C . .
354 0. a .
 or j U DG I NG vo v n o w n p re w a r.

We know well th t mist kes mo e e ily detected a a are r as

in h wo ks f othe s th n in one s own d th t of en

t e r o r a
’
an a t

times while censuing the sm ll f ults f oth s y uwill

,

r a a o er o

ove look you w g e t f ults I o de to void

r r o n r a a . n r r a

such igno nce m ke youself fi st f ll m ste f

ra a r r o a a a r o

pe spective hen g in complete knowledge f the p

r t a a o ro

po tions f m d othe nim ls d lso m ke

,

r o an an r a a an a a

yousel f good chitect h t is in f conce ns

,

r a ar t a so ar as r

the fo m f the bui ldings d f the o he things which

,

r o an o t r

are upo the e th which i finite in fo m d the

n ar are n r ; an

mo e knowledge y uh ve f these the mo e will you

,

r o a o r r

wo k be wo hy f p ise d f those things in which

r rt o ra an or

y u
o h ve no ap ctice do not disd in d w
ra f om n tue a to ra r a r .

Bu to etun to wh t h
t r been p omi ed bove I y
r a as r s a sa

th t when y u p i ting y ush ul d t ke fl mi o

,

a o are an o o a a at rr r

an d o f en lo k t you wo k wi hin it d it will then

o at r r t an

be s en in eve e d will ppe to be by the h d f

,

e r rs an a ar an o

ome othe m ste d y uwill be bette ble to j udge

,

s r a r, an o r a

o f its f ul t th n in a
y othe s w y I is al so good an r a . t a a

pl n ev y now d then go w y d h ve little

a er an to a a an a a

r el ti n f then when y ucome b ck to the wo k

axa o ; or o a r

youj udgment will be sue since to em in const tly

r r r, r a an

at wo k will c use y u lose the powe f j udgment

r a o to r o .

I is lso dvi bl e
t a go some dist nce w y bec ue
a sa to a a a a s

then the wo k pp s sm lle nd mo e f it is t k

,

r a ear a r, a r o a en

i
n at a gl n e d l ck f h mony p opo tion in
a c an a a o ar or r r

the ious p t d i the colous f h objects is

,

var ar s an n r o t e

mo e r dily seen
rea M
( N
.
) 8
. zo 3 8, Bil . e t. 3 8r .
1 7 0 TH E P RO VINC E TH E PA T ER OF IN

OF VA R ET Y F G RE
I iN I U S

The p inte ought to st ive

a being uni e s l f
r r at v r a or

the e is g e t l ck f dignity i doing one thing

,

r a r a a o n

well d o he b dl y like m ny who study only th

an an t r a a e

m uements d p opo tions f the nude figue d

,

eas r an r r o r an

do seek fte its v ie y f m m y be p ope ly

no t a r ar t or a an a r r

p opo tioned d yet be f d sho t long d hi

r r an at an r or an t n,

or medium And whoeve does not t ke count f thes

. r a o e

v ieties wi ll lw ys m ke his figues in moul d

ar a a a r o ne so

th t they will ll ppe siste s d this p c ice d s v

a a a ar r an ra t e er es

seve e censue
,

r r .

OF TH E OR ER A C R NG TH D VER AL TY OF QU I I IS U NI S I

It is e sy m t e f wh eve knows h w to
an a a t r or o r o te

p sent m
re fte w ds cq u
ani e this unive s lity f
to a r ar a r r a , or

all the ni m l s which l ive u

a pon the e th esemble h
a ar r eac

othe in thei l imbs th t is in muscles sinews d

r r a an

bones d they do not v y ll e cep in leng h

, , ,

an ar at a x t t

thickness will be shown in the An tomy The

, ,

or as a . re

are l so ha qutic nim ls f which the e m ny

t e a a a a o r are a

diffe ent kinds d with eg d to these I do dvise

,

r an r ar no t a

the p inte to m k fi ed s nd d f they

a r a fe a x ta ar or are o

l most infinite v iety d the s me is l o t u e f

,

a ar ; an a as r o

the insect wo ld r .
( G 5

HO W P A NT ER O T
TH E E ROI H EA R UG H TO BE D SI US OF

EVERY A N OP N O
I NO PROGRE
M
’
S I I N a s TO TH E SS

m WORK or s

Suel y when m is p inting

r pi tue he ought
a an a a c r no t

to efue he y m n s opinion f we k ow y
r s to ar an a
’

,
or n ver
 v7 : U YOF E O
M T H D S OF ST D

g ed f g in p ve st o ge in entive h n enow
re or a ro a r n r c t a r n

in f g i this e own is f g e te thi g th

art, or to a n r n a ar r a r n an

is the enown f i hes F these then d othe

r o r c . or an r

on which might be gi en y ushould pply youself

, ,

reas s v o a r

fi st f ll d wing in o de p e ent the eye in

,

r o a to ra r r to r s to

visible fo m h pupo e d invention c e ted o igin ll y

r t e r s an r a r a

in you im gin tion then p oceed to t ke f om dd

r a a r a r or a

to it unti l y us tisfy youself then h ve m

o a nged r ; a e n ar ra

as model d ped nude in the w y in which y uh ve

s ra or a o a

disposed hem in you wo k d m ke the p op tions

t r r an a r or

and size in cco d n e with pe specti e

a r th t no p t
a c r v so a ar

f the wo k em ins th t is so c uselled by e on

,

o r r a a no t o n r as

and by the effect i n tue And this will be h w y

s n a r . t e a

to m ke you elf enowned in you

a rs r r a rt.

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Na t . . 26 r.
)

OF T D Y NG
S U OON A
I A RE AWA KE OR BEFORE
AS S S YO U

LEEP BED TH E DA R
YOU G O TO S IN IN K

I h ve p oved in m y own c e th t it is f sm ll
a r as a o no a

benefit findi g ones lf in bed i the d k to go

on n e n ar

ove g in in h i m gin tion the m i oulines f the

r a a t e a a a n t o

f ms p evio u
or sly studied f othe n tewo thy things
r or o r o r

conceived by ingenious specul tion d this exe cise is

,

a ; an r

enti ely be commended d it is useful in fi ing

r to ,
an x

things in the memo y (M N r

) . S. 203 8, Bib . e t. 2 6 r.

A WAY TO T LATE A ARO E TH E S IM U ND US M IN D TO

VA R O E TO I US I NV N I NS

I will not ef in r ra fro m set i g mong hese p e pt

tn a t r ce s
 OF D EV E IC S F O R PA T ER IN S 173

a new device f conside tion which l though it m y

or ra a a

ppe t ivi l d lmost ludi ous is ne e theless f

,

a ar r a an a cr v r o

g t utili y in ousing the mind to v i us i ventions

,

rea t ar ar o n .

Ad this is th t if y ulook
n
y w llas spotted with o at an a

v i us st ins with mixtue f diffe ent kinds f

ar o a or a r o r o

stone if y u bout to invent some scene y uwi ll

s, o are a o

b ble see in it esembl nce v iou

e a to s di fe ent a r a to ar f r

l ndsc p s do ned with mou

a a e a nt ins ive s ocks t ees
r a r r r r

pl ins wide v lleys d ious g oups f hil l s Y u

, , , ,

a a an var r o . o

will l so be b l e see dive s comb ts d figues in

, ,

a a to r a an r

quick movement d st ge exp essions f f ces d an ran r o a an

utl ndish costumes d i finite numbe f things

, ,

o a an an n r o

which y u th n edue into sep te d well con

,

o ca n e r c ara an

i d fo ms With suh w ll s d blend f difl '

ce ve r . c a an s o eren t

ston it c mes bout it does with the soud f bell s

es o a as n o

in whose l nging y um y discove eve y n me d

,

ca o a r r a an

w d th t y u
or a im gine o ca n a .

M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bi b Net . . 22

OF TH E GA E M S H H RA G HT EN
IN W IC D U SM

S H O L ND LGE
U D I U

When y ud ughtsmen wish to find s me p ofit ble

o ra o r a

e tion in g me y ushould lw ys p ctise thi gs

recr a a s o a a ra n

which m y be f u in you p ofession th t is by

a o se r r a

givi g you eye ccu cy f j udgment so th t it m y

,

n r a ra o a a

know h w estim te the t uth to h l ength d

o to a r as t e an

b e dth f obj cts S in o de ccustom the mind

r a o e . o r r to a

to such hings l one f y ud w st ight line y

t et o o ra a ra an

whe e r w ll d then l e h f y ut ke light

on a a , an et ac o o a a
i y4 UD Y
O F TH E T IM E F OR S T

rush s w in his h nd d l e ch u his w

or tra a an et a c t o n to

h leng h which the fi st l ine ppe s him when h

,

t e t r a ar to e

is dis nt f om it sp ce f ten b c i d then l

ta r a a o ra c a , an et

e h g up the copy in o de to me sue it g inst

ac o to r r a r a a

the length which he h j udged it to b d h wh e as e, an e os

me ue comes n e t to h length f h copy h

as r
.

ear s t e o t e as

done b st d is the winne d he should eceive f m

e an r, an r ro

all the p ize which w p eviously g eed upon by

r as r a r

y u
o F.u the mo e y usho u
rl d t ke me r s uements f re o a a r or

sho tened th t is y ushoul d t ke spe

r a ome othe o a a ar o r s r

stick d lo k befo e y uto ce t in point f dist n e

, ,

an o r o a r a o a c

d then l e ch himself eckon how m ny time

,

an et a set to r a s

this me sue is cont ined in the s id d st nce Anothe

a r a a i a . r

thing is to who d w the best line one b ccio i

see ca n ra ra n

leng h td this m y be t sted b y tightl y d wn h

an d a e ra t re a .

D ive sio s su ch the e en ble the eye q ui e

,

r n as s a to ac r

ac cu cy f j udgment d this is the p im y ess ti l

ra o ,
an r ar en a

o f p i ting
an .
( M N ) 8 . 2 03 8, Bib . a t. 2 6 a.

P inte s h ve good oppo tunity f obse ving ction

a r a a r o r a s

in pl ye s esp ci l ly b ll ennis with the m ll et

a r e a at a or t or a

when they contending togethe b tte indeed th

,

are r, e r an

in y othe pl ce e e cise
an r a
( )or x r . 1 4s a .

or TH E PROPER T E IM PORT Y S UD I NG TH E S ELE T O

C I N

OE S U BET J C S

wi t evenings shoul d be spent by youth ful

The n er

stude ts in study Of the thi gs p ep ed duing h

n n r ar r t e

summe h t is l l the d wi gs f om h nu
r ; t a de whi h a ra n r t e c

h ve m de the s mme sho d b

,

y uo i
a u u
l a b u
g h n r e ro t
I 76 PRE EPT C S OF PA INT IN G
PA N T NG I I

Men d wo ds anctul d y u p in e if y u
r are a a an o a t r, o

not know h w to execute you figu s will b

, ,

d o o r re e

l ike o to who does not know h w u hi

,

an ra r o to se s

wo ds r .
( [ ] ) K I IO 30 v.

The p inte wh d w by p ctice d j udg ment f

a r o ra s ra an o

the eye wi hout the u f e s n is like h mi o

t se o r a o t e rr r

which ep oduces within itself ll the objects which

,

r r a are

set opp site to it wi hout k owl dge f the s me

o t n e o a .

( A C
7 6 . . r.

TH R L E O G HT TO B E G VEN TO C H DRE
IS U U I IL N

A NT WH O P I

We k o c e y th t the sight is one the i t s

n w l arl a of sw f e t

a ctio s th t e ist f in the s me inst nt it suvey

n a ca n x or a a r s

infinite numbe f fo ms neve theless it o l y

,

an r O r ; r ca n n

comp ehend one thing time To t ke inst n e

r at a . a an a c

y uo 0 R e de might g lance l o k r,h who l e f at a a o at t e O

this w itten p ge d y uwould i st n ly decide th t

,

r a an o n a t a

it is full f v i us lette s bu y uwill

o ar oecogni r t o n ot r se

in this sp ce f ime eithe wh t lette s they wh t

,

a o t r a r are or a

they pupo t to y d the efo e it is necess y f y u

r r sa an r r ar or o

if y uwish to g in knowledge f hese lette to ke

,

o a a o t rs ta

them wo d by w d d l ine by line Ag in if y u

r or an . a o

wish go up to the summit f buil ding i will b

,

to O a t e

nec s y f y uto scend step by step othe wise it

es ar or o a r

will be imp ssible to e ch the top S I y y u

,

o r a . o sa to o

whom n tue incl ines this if y uwould h ve

a r to art, o a a

t ue knowledge f the fo ms f difl obj ts y u

r o r o
'

ere nt ec o
 PRE EPT OF PA
C S INT IN G
should commence with thei det ils d not p s on r a an as to

h second util the fi t is well in you memo y

t e n d rs r r an

y uoh ve p caised i If y ud t h
rae wise y u
twi ll be t . o o o r o

th owing w y time d to ce t inty y uwil l g e ly

r a a an a r a o r at

p olo g the pe iod f study And emembe to cqui e

,

r n r o . r r a r

diligen e the th n f cility M

c ra r a a .

8 8r )
( . 2 03 8, Bib Na t . . 2 .

H OW O G HT F R T TO L EA RN D L GE E ATH ER
ONE U I S I I NC R

THA RA P D EXEC T O N I U I N

If d ughtsm n y uwish to tudy well d p

as ra a o s an ro

fi b ly cc u
ta stom youself when y u d wi g to w k
a r o are ra n or

l owly d to dete mine b tween the v io u s lights

,

s an r e ar

w hich p sess h highest deg ee f b ightness

,

os t e d i r o r an n

w h t me ue
a d simi l ly
as r to the sh dows which
an ar as a are

ho e th t d ke th n the est d in wh t m nne

,

t s a a re ar r a r an a a r

hey mingle togethe d comp e thei dimensions

,

t r, a n to ar r

o ne with nothe d so with h contous obse ve

a r ; an t e r to r

which w y the y tending d to the lines wh t

a are an as a

p t f e ch is cuved in one w y no he d whe e

,

ar O a r a or a t r , an r

they m o e less conspicuous d consequen ly thick

are r or an t

or fi d l l y to
ne ; an th t you sh dows d lights
ast see a r a an

m y blend witho u
a t st okes lines in the m nne f r or a r o

smoke And wh y ush ll h ve t i d you h d

. en o a a ra ne r an

an d judgment with this deg ee f c e it wi ll speedil y r o ar

come p ss th t y uwill h ve no need to t ke thought

,

to a a o a a

the e o r t .
(M 8 . 2 03 8 Bib Na t
, . . 27

TH E ORDER BE O ERVED T D Y
OF TO BS IN S U

I y th t ought fi st to le n bout the limbs

sa a o ne r ar a

an d h w theyo wo ked d fte h ving completed

are r , an a r a

M
17 8 U Y OF E O
M T H D S OF ST D

this knowledge one ought to study hei c ions in the t r a t

diffe ent conditions in which men pl ced d thi dl y

r are a an r

to devise figue composition the studie f these being

,

r s, s or

t ken f om n tu l ctions m de on occ sion pp

a r a ra a a a as o or

ui i o ffe ed d one shou

t n t es l d be on the w t h in the
r an a c

st eets d squ es d fields d the e m ke sketch

,

r an ar an an r a es

with pid st okes ep esent fe tues th t is f

,

ra r to r r a r a or a

he d m y m ke m st ight
,

a o ne d f a a an 0, an or a n ar a ra or

cuved li e d so in l ike m nne f the legs d

r n an a r or an

nk fte w ds whe b ck home wo king up these

,

tr u a r ar n a at r

notes in compl eted fo m

,

a r .

M y opponent s ys h t i o de to g in e p ience a t a n r r a x er

an d l e n h w to wo k e dil y it is bett
to ar th t the
o r r a er a

fi st pe iod f study shoul d be spent in copying v iou

,

r r o ar s

compositions m de by di fe ent m ste eithe she t a f r a rs r on e s

o f p pe a w ll s since f om these
r or oncqui a r o ne a res

pidity i executi n d good method Bu to thi

,

ra n o an a . t s

it m y be eplied th t the ensui g method would be

a r a n

good if it w founded upon wo ks th t we e e cellent

as r a r x

in c mposition d by dil igent m ste s d since such

o an a r an

m ste s so e th t f w
a r are be found it is s f
rar a e are to a er

to go di ec to the wo ks f n tue th n to tho

,

r t r o a r a se

which h ve been imit ted f om h o igin ls wi h g t

a a r er r a t rea

dete io tion d the eby to cqui e b d method

r ra an r a r a a

he wh h cce to the fout in does not g

,

f
or o as a ss n a o to

the w te pot a r -
(.
) C. 4 . I 9 9 v. a .

ORDER OF L E A R TO DR AW
TH E N I NG

F i f ll c py d wings by good m ste m de b y

rst o a o ra a a r a

his f om n tue d not e e cises ; then f m

art r a r an as x r ro a
 180 OF A E A M F C S ND L I BS

OF TH E A RT OF TH E FA CE
P S

n tue h d o l y fixed st nd d f the p opo

If a r a n o ne a ar or r r

tio s f the v ious p ts then the f ces f ll men

n O ar ar a o a

woul d emble ch othe to such deg ee th t it would

,

res ea r a r a

be impossible to disti guish one f om nothe bu she n r a r \ t

h v ied the five p ts f the f ce in su

as ar ch w y h t
ar o a a a t a

a tl hough she h m de l most unive l st d d

as a an a rsa an ar as

to thei size she h not Obse ved it in the v ious con

r as r ar

di i
t o nsto such d g ee to p event f om being
a e r as r o ne r

cle ly distinguished f om nothe

ar ( A r a r. C . . I I 9 0.

OF TH E A RRA GE E T OF TH E L B N M N IM S

As eg ds the ngement f the limb y ushoul d

r ar arra o s, o

be in mind th t when y uwish to ep esent wh

ar a o r r o ne o

by ome ch nce h
s eithe to tun b ckw ds
a as r r a ar or o n o ne

side y umus not m ke him move his feet d ll hi

o t a an a s

l imbs in the me di ection he tuns hi he d bu

sa r as r s a ; t

y ou sho ul d how the p oce

S s sp e di g itse l f d trking s r a n an a

e fl
'

ove the fou sets f joints n mely those f h

ect r r o a o t e

foot the knee h hip d the eck

,

t e Ad if y ul an n . n o et

his weight est the ight l g y ushould m ke h

, , ,

r on r e o a t e

knee f the left bend inw ds d h foot f it shoul d

,

o ar an t e o

be slightly ised the outside d the left shoul d

ra on an er

shoul d be s mewh t lowe th the ight d the n p

,

o a r an r ; an a e

o f the neck sho u l d be e ctl y bove the o u te cuve f xa a r r o

h
t e a nkle f the left foot d the left shoulde sho ul d
o an r

be bove the toe f the ight foot in p pendic ul

,

a o r a er ar

l ine A d lw ys
. n dispos you figues th t h
a a so e r r a t e

di ection in which the he d is tuned is

r th t i a r no t a n

whi h the b e st f ce since n u h f u

c r a a s, at re as or o r co n
 OF L I MBS

ven ien ce soo med the neck th t it e ily se ve the

f r a ca n as r

diffe ent occ sions on which the eye desi es to tun in

r a r r

v ious di ections d to his s me o g n the othe

ar r ; an t a r a r

joints in p t espo sive And if eve y ush w

are ar r n . r o o a

m sitting with his h nds

an wo k up n omething by a at r o s

hi side m ke the chest tun u

s , pon the hip joints
a r -
.

M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bib Nat 30 . . r. )

PA T OF IN I NG

If y uh ve to ep esent
o m eithe
a moving r r a an r as or

l i fting pulling c ying weight equl to his w

or or a rr a a o n

weight how ou ght y uto fit the legs unde hi body o r s

(
C . A 349
. r. b.)

OF TH E CONFOR T Y OF TH E L B MI IM S

Futhe I emind y uto p y g e t ttention in giving

r r r o a r a a

l imbs to yo u figues th t h y m y not m ely ppe

r r so a t e a er a ar

to h monise with the size f the bod y bu l so with

ar o t a

its g S the limbs f youths shoul d h ve f w mucl es

a e. o o a e s

an d veins d h ve soft suf ce d be ounded d

an a a r a an r an

e i g in co o in men the sho d be sinewy

,

l l u y u
l d
scle in ld m the suf ce should be
as n ; an
p r

fu ll of mu s ; o en r a

w inkled d ough d cove ed with veins d wi h

r an r an r an t

h sinews g e tl y p ot u ding
, ,

t e r a r r .

H ow L TTL E H L DREN HAVE TH E R

I C TH E RE
I I j o I N TS
'

TH O E
v E R S E OF TH E R TH CKNE S OF MEN IN I I SS

Little hild en h ve ll the joints slende while the

c r a a r

inte vening p ts thick d this is du to the f ct

r ar are ; an e a

h t the joints
t a only cove ed by skin d the e is
are r an r no
I 82 OF L I MBS

fl esh ll ove them d this skin cts sinew to gi d

at a r an a as a r

d bi d t gethe the bones d fl bby l ye f flesh

,

an n o r an a a a r o

is f und betw en one joint d the next shut in betwee

o e an n

the skin d the bone Busince the bones thicke

an . t are r at

the joint th n be ween them the fle h the m g ows

s a t s as an r

oses th t which existed b tween the ski

,

u p l u p flui a
y s er t e n

an d the bone d so the skin is d wn ne e to h bone

an ra ar r t e

d c u ses the limbs to s em mo e slende Bu since

,

an a e r r. t

the e is nothing bove the joint except c ti l ginous

r a s ar a

an d sinewy s kin this c nnot d y u p d not being d aied r an r

it does not s ink these e sons the im s

,

u p h S f r l
. b f o or r a o

child en slende the joints d thick between the

r are r at an

joi ts is seen in the joint f h finge s ms d

n as s o t e r ar an

shoulde s which slende d h ve g e t dimples d

, , ,

r are r an a r a an

a m an o nthe cont y h ll the joints f fi ge s ms rar as a o n r ar

d l egs thick d whe e c hil d en h ve hol l ows men h ve

, ,

an an r r a a

the joints p o uding

,

r tr (M m N
. S . 20 3 8, . a . 2 8

OF TH E GR A C OF TH E L B E IM S

The l imbs should fit the body g cefully in h mo y ra ar n

with the effect y uwish the figue p odue d if o r to r c ; an

y u
o desi e to cr e te fi gu e whichr ash l l possess
a ch m r a a ar

o f its w y usho u
o n, ld m ke it with l imb g ce fu
o l d a s ra an

extended without showing m ny f the muscles too a o

d the f w which yo u p upose eq u i es y uto how

, ,

an e r r r r o S

indic te b iefly th t is without giving them p omin ce

a r a r en

d with h sh dows not sh ply defined d the limb

,

an t e a ar an s,

d esp ci l l y the ms shoul d be sy th t is th t

,

an e a ar ea a a no

l imb shou ld be in st ight line with the p t h t d

, ,

a ra ar t a a

joins i And if the hips which fo m it we e h

t . r as r t e

o es the by his po ition p d th t

,

p l f o m a n, are l h s ace so a t e
 1 84 . U E OF TH E M S CL S

an
y one becomes l e n l d sing l e m usc l e di id
a s into
or o a v e

seve l d in this t e tise ll thei peculi ities h l l

ra ; an r a a r ar s a

be set fo th e ch in i pl ce d espe i ll y with eg d

r a ts a an c a r ar

to h sp ces th t come between h joints f e ch limb

,

t e a a t e o a .

Futhe y u shoul d not f il Ob e ve the v i tions

r r o a to s r ar a

o f the f es id m u scl es oud the joints f the limb

a or a r n o s

O f y nim l d u to the dive sit y f h movement

an a a e f r o t e s o

e ch limb f side hese joints the i dic tio

,

a
y f o r o n an o t n a n

O f these m u l es b comes completel y l ost by

sc e o reas n

eithe f the inc e se diminution f h fle h f which

r o r a or O t e s o

the e mucle comp sed

s s s are ( )
o . E I 9 o.

OF A N T N P I I G

It is ne ess y thing f the p inte in o de b

a c ar or a r r r to e

a ble to f shion h l imbs co ectly in the positions d

a t e rr an

ac ions which they ep e ent in the nude to know

t can r r s

the n tomy f the sinews bones musc les d te dons

,

a a o an n

in o de to kn w in the v ious diffe ent movem nt

, ,

r r o ar r e s

an d impu l s s which sinew muscle is the c use f e ch

e or a o a

mo ement d to m ke only these p omine t d

v an a r n an

thickened d not the othe s ll ove the limb d

,

an r a r as o

m ny who in o de to ppe g e t d ught men m ke

, ,

a r r a ar r a ra s a

thei nudes w oden d without g ce so h t it s ems

r o an ra t a e

the if y uwe e looki g s ck f nuts th n

,

ra r as o r n at a a o a a

hum n fo m a bundle f dishes the th n the

r or at a o ra ra r a

muscl s f nudes e o .
( ) L 79 a

H OW E E A R Y FOR TH E P A TER TO K OW
IT IS N C SS IN N

TH E N E R T RE OF A I N R ST UC U M N

The p inte wh h cqui ed k owledge f h

a r o as a r a n o t e

n tue f h sinews; mucl s d e dons will k w

a r o t e s e ,
an tn no
 OF D RAPER E I S 1 85

e c ly i the movement f y limb h w m ny d

xa t n o an o a ,
an

which f h sinews the c use f it d whi h muscle

o t e are a o an c

by its swelling is the c ue f this sinew cont cting d

,

a s o ra , an

which sinews h vi g bee ch nged into most deli te

a n n a ca

c il ge su ound d cont in the s id mus le S he

art a rr an a a c . o

wi ll be bl e in dive s w y s
a d u nive s l ly to indic te r a an r a a

the v ious muscles by me ns f h difi

ar t itudes a o t e
'

eren t a t

of his fig ues d he will not d l ike m n y wh in

r an o a o

diffe ent c ions l w ys m ke the s me things pp in

r a t a a a a a ear

the m h b ck the b e st d the legs f such

ar t e a r a an ; or

hings these ought not nk in the c tego y f

, , ,

t as to ra a r o

mi o f un l ts r a .
(M 8 ) . 203 8, 2 7 r.

OF TH E N AT RE OF TH E FO L D OF DRA PER E U S I S

Th t p f the fol d which is futhest f om the ends

a art o r r

whe e it is confined will etun most cl osely to its

r r r

o igin l fo m Eve ything n tu lly desi es to em in

r a r . r a ra r r a

i
n its w st te D pe y bei g f uifo m density
o n a . ra r n o n r

an d thick ess the eve se d the ight side

n on r r an on r ,

desi e to l i fl co quently wheneve y folds

r s e at ; nse r an or

ple ts fo ce it to quit this condition f fl tne s it obeys

,

a r o a s

the l w f his fo ce in th t p t f itself whe e it is

,

a o t r a ar o r

m t const i ed d the p t futhest w y f om such

os ra n an ar r a a r

const int y uwill find etun most ne ly to i o igin l

,

ra o r r ar ts r a

st te th t is y lyi g ex ended d full

a ,
a to sa , n t an .

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Net 4 . . r. )

H ow ought give d pe y confusion f

o ne no t to ra r a o

m n y folds bu onl y m ke th m whe e it i hel d by the

a t a e r s

h ds ms d the t m y h suffe d to f ll simply

,

an o r ar an res a e re a

wh e its n tue d w it the contou

,

er d d a l r ra s : an o n ot et r
I 86 OF D RAPER E I S

of the figue be b oken by too m ny lines inte upted

r r a or rr

fol ds .

H w d pe ies shou
o l d be d wn f om
ra r tue th t is ra r na r a

if y uwi h to ep esent wool len l oth d w the fol ds

,

o s r r c ra

f om the s me m te i l
r d if it is to be si l k
a a fine r a an or

cl oth homespun f l inen c pe show the

, ,

or or o or ra

n tue f the folds in e ch d do m ke

, , , ,
'

difl eren t a r o a ; an no t a

a costume m ny m ke it f om models cove ed with

as a a r r

pi ces f p pe thin l the f y uwill be deceiving

e o a r or ea r, or o

you elf g e tly

rs r a (M 8 . N . 2 03 8, Bib . a t. I
7

OF TH E FEW FO L D DR A PER E S IN I S

H w figue when d essed in

o r s clo k ought r a a no t to

show the sh pe to such e tent th t the clo k se ms

a an x a a e

to be next to the flesh f suely y uwould not wish or r o

th t the clo k should be next the flesh sin e y umust

a a c o

e lise th t betw en the clo k d the flesh othe

r a a e a an ar e r

g men s which p event the sh pe f the l imbs f om

ar t r a o r

being Visible d ppe ing th ough h lo k And an a ar r t e c a .

those l imbs which y um ke visible m ke thick f thei o a a o r

kind so th t the e m y seem to be othe g ments the e

a r a r ar r

unde the cl o k And y ushou

r l d onl y ll ow the l mo t
a . o a a s

identic l thickness f the limbs to be visible in nymph

a o a

or ngel f hese
an a ep esented l d i l ight
or t are r r c a n

d pe ies which by the blowing f the wind d ive

,

ra r o are r n

d p ssed g inst h v iou s limbs f the figues

,

an re a a t e ar o r .

M
( S . 2 038, Bib Net . . 1 8r . )

OF P A N T NG I I

In orde r to p oduce h me ffect f tio in

r t e sa e o ac n a

pictue r on the p t f ld m d young y u

ar o an O an an a , o
 PRE E C PTS OF PA T IN I NG 1 87

must m ke the c ion f the young m ppe mo e

a a t o an a ar r

vigo ous in p opo tion he is mo e powe ful h n h

r r r as r r t a t e

o ld m d y uwi ll m ke the s me diffe ence between

an , a n o a a r

a youg m d inf nt
n a n an
( A an a . C . .
34 9 r.

Let the movements f m be such in k eping o en as are e

with thei dignity m nne s

r
( A or ea s . C . .
34 5 v.

M ke you wo k to be i k eping with you pupo e

a r r n e r r s

d design th t is when y um ke you figue y u

; a o a r r o

should conside c efully wh it is d wh t y uwish it

,

r ar o an a o

to be doing .
( A C . .
34 9 r.

PRECEPT OF A NT N S P I I G

Let the sketches f his o ic l subjec s be pid d or t r a t ra , an

the wo king f the limbs not much finished C

r o too . on

tent youself with me ely gi ing the positions f these

r r v o

limbs which y uwill hen be ble you leisue to

o t a at r r

finish y uple se as o (M 8 m N
a . . 2 03 8, . a t. s

The youth ought fi st to le n pe spective then the r ar r

p opo tions f eve ythi g hen he should le n f om the

,

r r o r n t ar r

h nd f good m ste in o de ccustom himself to

,

a o a a r r r to a

good l imbs then f om n tue in o de to co fi m f

; r a r r r n r or

himself the e sons f wh t he h le nt then f

r a or a as ar ; or a

time he shoul d study the wo k f difl m ste s r o

’
erent a r ;
then m ke it h bit to p cti e d wo k his
a a a ra s an r at art.

H w the fi st pi tue w
o nothi g bu line which
r c r as n t a

u ounded the sh dow f m m de b y the u u

s rr pon
a O a an a s n

a w ll a .

H w histo ic l pic ues ou

o ght be c owded d
r a t r no t to r an

confued by m ny figues
s a r .

H w l d men shou
o l d be shown wi h sl ow l is le
o t , t ss
 U RE OF G ROUP S OF F I G S

movements with the legs bent h k when they at t e n ees

st nding up with the feet p ll e l d sep ted

,

are a ar a an ara o ne

f om nothe the spine bent l w the he d le ing

,

r a r, o a an

fo w d d the ms not f p t
,

r ar an ar too ar a a r .

How women should be ep esented in m dest tti

,

r r o a

tude with legs clo e togethe ms folded d with

s, s r, ar an

hei he ds l w d bendi g sidew ys

,

t r a o an n a .

H w l d women shou
o l d be ep esent d
o h ld wi h r r e as o t

swift p sio te movements like the infe l fuies d

,

as na rn a r an

these movements should seem quicke in the ms d

, ,

r ar an

h d th n in the legs
ea s a .

Little child en shoul d be ep e nted whe sitti g

r r r se n n as

twisting themsel v s bout with quick movements d i e a an n

shy timid ttitudes when st ndi g up

,

, a a n .

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Nat . . I7

OF TH E ETH OD L EA RN N A R HT W TO CO PO
M OF I G IG HO M SE

RO P OF F G RE H TOR AL P T RE
G U S I U S IN IS IC IC U S

When y uh ve tho ughl y l nt pe spective d

o a ro ear r an

h ve fi ed in y u memo y ll h v ious p ts d
,

a x o r r a t e ar ar an

fo ms f thi gs y usho u
r o l d often mu se youself when
n o a r

t ke ec e tion in w tching t ki g
,

y uo w lk f
a a d a or r r a a an a n

note f the ttitudes d ctions f men they t l k d

,

o a an a o as a an

dispu te l ugh come to blows with nothe

or a or o ne a r,

both thei ctions d tho e f the by t nde who eithe

,

r a an s o s a rs r

inte ve e st nd l oki g
r n these thi gs noting
or a o n on at n ;
thes down with pid s okes in this w y in little
e ra tr a
1
a

pocket book which y uought lw ys to c y wi h y u

,

-
o a a arr t o .

And l this be f tinted p pe th t it m y not b

,

et o a r, so a a e

rubbed u bu y ushould ch nge the ld f

o t wt o a o or a ne

3 S ketc h o f fi gu
re in text of MS .
I go OF ORT RAT PA
P I INTIN G
ouds simil hings
cl or ar t ; bu
t othe wise do not pu r t

youself the t ouble f

r to r or the whole f you wo k will o r r

be w ong r . M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bib Na t . . I Or. )

OF TH E C H O E OF TH E L G HT WH C H G VE
IC I I I S

A R A CE FA CE G TO S

If y uh ve cou y d which when y u pl e

o a a rt a r
y u o so ase o

can co e ove with linen wning the light will then b

v r r a a e

excellent O when y uwish p int po t it p i t

. r o to a a r ra a n

it in b d w the the f ll f the evening pl cing h

a ea r, at a o a t e

sitte with his b ck f h w ll s f the couty d

,

r a to o ne o t e a o r ar .

Notice in the st eets the f ll f h e e ing the f c s

r at a o t e v n a e

o f the men d women when it is b d w the wh t

an a ea r, a

g ce d sof ne s they displ y The efo e O p i t

ra an t s a . r r a n er ,

sho d ve co t d fitt d wi h the w s

,

y uo ul h u y a up a ll r ar e t a

tinted i bl ck d with h oof p ojec i g fo w d

n a an t e r r tn r ar

a l it le beyo d the w ll
t d the width f it sho u
n l d be a ; an o

ten b ci d the leng h twenty b cci d h

rac a, an t ra a, an t e

height ten b cci d y ushould cove it ove with

ra a ; an o r r

the wni g when the u is it el e y ushoul d

a n s n on or s o

m ke you po t it the h u f the f ll f the eveni g

,

a r r ra at o r o a o n

whe it is loudy misty f h light then is pe fect

n c or , or t e r .

M
( S . 2 0 38, Bib Na t: 2 0
.

OF TH E CH O CE OF BEA T F FA CE I U I UL S

Methink it is sm ll g ce in p inte to be ble

s no a ra a a r a

to give pl ing i to his figu s d whoeve is

a eas a r re an r n ot

tu l ly po se sed f thisg ce m y cqui e it by study

,

na ra s s o ra a a r

Oppo tuity fi i the followi g m n e B

,
'

as r n O ers, n n a n r. e on

t h w tch
e t ke the best p ts f m ny be ui ful f es
a to a ar o a a t ac
 OF L I MBS 19 I

of which h be uy is est blished the by gene l

t e a t a ra r ra

repute th n by you w judgment f y um y e dily

a r o n or o a r a

d eive youself by selecting such f ces be

,

ec r a as ar a re

sembl nce you w f it would ften em th t

a to r o n, or o se a

such simil ities ple e u d if y uwe e ugly y u

ar as s ; an o r o

wou ld select be utiful f ces d y uwould be

n ot a a an so o

c e ting ugly f ces like m y p inte s whose types ofte

,

r a a an a r n

e mble thei m ste the efo e choose the be utiful

r se r a r; so r r a

ones I h ve s id d fi hem in you mind

as a a , an x t r .

M
( 8 2 0 38 Bib Na
.
, . . 2 7 r. )

O F TH E ERROR W H C H I Is CO MMIT TED IN

AS To TH E L B
IM S

The p inte wh h clumsy h nds will ep oduce the

a r o as a r r

same i his wo ks the s me thing will h ppen with

‘

n r , a a

eve y lim r study p events it D y uthen r . O o

0 p inte t ke c efu l ote f h t p t in youself which

,

a r, a ar n o t a ar r

is most mis sh pen d pply you el f by study to

-
a an a rs

em dy this enti ely F if y u b ut l you fi gu

,

r e r . or o are r a r

will be the s me d devoid f g ce d in lik \m

,

a an o ra an e an ner

eve y quli y h t the e is wi hin y u f good f evil

,

r a t t a r t o o or o

will be in p t eve l ed in you figues

ar r
( ) a r r . 4 2 3 r.

A pictue y ep esent
r tion f figues
o r ano ght
u r r a o r to

be done in such w y h t those wh see them m y a a t a o a

b ble wi h e se ecognise f om thei ttitudes Wh t

e a t a to r r r a a

i p ss ing th ou
s agh hei minds S if y u h ve
r t r . o o a to

p esent m f good epute in the f spe king

re r a an o r act o a

m ke his gestues cco d with the p obity f his speech

,
'

a r a r r o

an d simil l y if y uh ve ar ep e ent b ut l m o a to r r s a r a an,

m ke him with fie ce movements flinging u hi ms

a r o t s ar
192 OF G E S TU RE
t ow ds hi he e d the he d d chest p o udi g
ar s ar r, an a an r tr n

fo w d beyond the f et hou

r ar l d seem ccomp ny h e s to a a t e

h nds f the spe k

a o a er .

J ust de f mute wh s s w people t l ki g

so a a o ee t o a n

l hou gh being him elf dep ived f the pow f he ing

,

a t s r o er o ar ,

is none h l s ble divine f om the mov men d

t e es a to r e ts an

ges ues f the spe k s the subject f thei discussi

t r o a er o r on.

I onc w in Fl o ence m wh h d b c me de f
e sa r a an o a e o a

wh cou l d not ude s nd y u if y uspoke

,

o n him r ta o o to

l ou dly while if y u spoke s ftly without letting theo o

voice utte y sound he unde stood y ume ely f om

,

r an r o r r

the movement f h lips Pe h p howeve y uwill

,

o t e . r a s, r, o

sa
y to me B u does m w h s t
p ks l o d
u ly move not a an o ea

his lip l ike wh spe ks softly And since h

s o ne o a t e o ne

move his lips like the o he will the be unde

s t r, not o ne r

st d l ike the othe A this I le ve h decisio

oo r
’
s to a t e n

to the test f exp ience S some o spe k s ftl y

er . et one to a o

an d then [ l ou
dl y] d w tch the lips ! an a
A
,

(
C . . 1 39 mi ) .

H OW A F G RE I WO THY OF PR A E L C
U IS NO T R IS U N ES S S U H

A CT O A PEAR
I N A ERVE T OP PRE TH E S IN IT S S S EX SS

A O TH E O L
P SSI N OF S U

Th t figue is most wo thy f p ise which by i

a r r o ra ts

action best exp es es the p ssion which nim tes it

r s a a a .

W HO O G HT TO REPRE E T A ANGR Y F G R
ONE U S N N I U E

A ng y figue should be ep e ented eizi g m

n a r r r r s s n so e

o ne by h h i d twisting his h d down h

t e ar an ea to t e

g o u
rnd with knee
, hi ibs d wi h
o neh ight on s r , an t t e r
1 94 OF AN OR ATOR
an d by the b ightness f the fi those whi h
no t r o re ; c are

at h sides sho u
t e l d be h lf in sh dow d h lf in u
ddy a a an a r

l ight d those visibl e beyond the edge f the fl m s

; an o a e

wil l ll be li up with uddy light g inst d k b ck

a t r a a a ar a

g ound As f thei ctions how tho e wh n

r or r a S s o are ear

it m king sc een with h nds d cl o ks p otection

.
,

a a r a an a as a r

g inst the unbe ble he t with f c s tuned w y

,

a a ara a a e r a a as

though the p int f flight while f tho e futhe

,

on o O ; o s r r

a w y y u should show g e t numbe p sing hei

a o a r a r res t r

h nds u
a pon thei eyes hut by the intole ble gl e r , r ra ar .

M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bib Net . . 1 8tr. )

OF H OW TO REPRE ENT O E ONE S S M WH O IS S PEA K NG I

A O G A RO P OF PER O
M N G U S NS

When y udesi e to ep esent y spe king mo g

o r r r an one a a n

a g oup f pe sons y u ought to conside fi t h

r o r o r rs t e

subject f which he h to t e t d h w to o de
o as r a an o so r r

his ctions th t they m y be in keeping with his ub

,

a a a t s

j t Th t is if the subject be pe susive the c ions

ce . a r a a t

shoul d se ve this intention if it be th t n ed b

,

r one a e s to e

ex pounded unde v ious he ds the spe ke should t ke r ar a a r a

finge f hi left h nd between two finge s f his ight

,

a r o s a r o r

keeping the w sm ll e ones cl o ed d l his f ce

,

1
t o a r s an et a

be nim ted d tuned tow ds the people with mouh

,

a a an r ar t

slightly pened so to give the eff c f spe king

, ,

o as e t O a

And if he is se ted l him eem to be in the

, .

fa et s act O

ra ising him elf mo e up ight with his he d fo w d

s r r a r ar ;
d if y u ep e ent him s nding m ke him le n n
,

an o r r s ta a a

fo w d l ittl e with he d d sho u

l de s to w ds the
,

r ar a a an r ar

1 MS . has aerate.
’
M . Ravaisson - Mol lien gives searate,
‘
and transl a tes

as tho u
gh it were se
p a rate.
 N OT E UPPER
S F OR ‘
TH E L AS T S
’
19
5

popul ce whom y ushoul d how silent d ttentive

a o S an a

d ll w tching the f ce f the o to with gestues

, ,

an a a a o ra r r

o f dm i tion
a ra Show the mouhs f some f the ld
. t o o o

m with the co ne s pu
en lled down in tonishment
r r as at

Wh t they he d wing b ck the h k in m ny

a ar, ra a c ec s a

fu ows with thei eyeb ows

rr ised whe e they meet r r ra r

m king m y w inkles thei fo ehe ds d how

, ,

a an r on r r a ; an S

some sit ing with the finge s f thei h nds locked

t r o r a

togethe d cl spi g thei we y knees d othe s

r an a n r ar an r

dec epit ld men with knee c ossed ove the o he

,

r — o o ne r r t r,

an d h nd esting upon it which se ves

o ne a r up r as a c

for the othe el bow while the othe h nd suppo ts h

r r a r t e

ded chin
,

b ear .
(M N ) S. 2 03 8, Bib . a t. 2 1 r .

[ O T E LANT ER ] S F OR
‘
TH E S S U PP

One wh w d inking h left the gl ss Whe e it w

o as r as a r as

an d uned his he d tow ds the pe ke

t r Anothe a ar S a r. r

t wists h finge s f his h nds togethe

t e d tuns with
r o a r an r

set b ows to his comp nion Anothe with his h nds

r a . r a

p e d open displ ys thei p l ms d sh ugs his shoulde s

s r a a r a an r r

up tow ds his e s d g pes in stonishment A othe

ar ar an a a . n r

is spe king in his neighbou s

a d he who l i ens r
’
ear , an st

uns tow ds him d gives him he i g holding in

t r ar an ar n

h d k ife d in the othe h b e d h lf u

,

o ne an a n an r t e r a a o t

h ough by the knife Ano he he tun ound

,

t r . t r, as r s r

holding knife in hi h nd h upset with his h nd

a s a as a a

ss w ich is pon the t b e

,

g l a h u l a .

Anothe est hi h nds upon the t ble d w tches

r r s s a a an a

Anothe blows u his mouth Anothe bends fo w d

.

r o t . r r ar

to see the spe ke d m ke sh de f his eyes wi h

a r an a s a a or t

hi h d
s an Anothe le ns b ck behind the wh is
. r a a o ne o
1 96 OF AT E MPE T S

bending fo w d d sees the spe ke between the w ll

r ar an a r a

d him wh bb d fo w d
,

an o n s r ar .

(
8 K M . . . 62 v. a nd 63 r.
)

O RE RE ENT A TE PE T
H OW T P S M S

If y uwish oep esent tempest p ope ly conside

to r r a r r r

d set down e ctl y wh t the sults when the wind

,

an xa a a re re

blowi g ove the f ce f h

n rd f the l nd l ifts da o t e se a an o a an

c ies with it ev ything th t is not immov ble in the

arr er a a

g ene l m ss
ra And in o de ap o pe l
. y to ep esent his r r r r r r t

tempest y umust fi st f ll how the louds iven d

o r o a S c r an

to n wept long in the p h f the wind ogethe with

, ,

r s a at o t r

s o ms f nd blown up f om the sho es d

, _ ,

t r o sa r sea r an

b nch s d l e ves c ught up by the i esistible fuy

,

ra e an a a rr r

o f h g le
t e d sc tte ed th ou
a gh h i d with them
an a r r t e a r , an

m ny o he things f light weight The t e s d sh ub

a t r o . r e an r s

should be bent the g ound though showi g thei to r , as n r

desi e follow the di ection f the Wind with thei

r to r o r

b nches twisted u f thei n tu l g owth d hei

,

ra o t o r a ra r an t r

l e ves tos ed
a d inve ted s Of the men wh
an th e r . o are er

some shoul d h ve f ll en d be lying w pped ound b y

,

a a an ra r

thei g ments d lmost indistinguish ble on ccount f

r ar an a a a o

the dust d th se wh lef st ding should be behi d

an o o are t an n

ome t ee with thei ms th own ound it p eve t

,

s r r ar r r to r n

the wind f om d ggi g them w y othe s houl d b

r ra n a a ; r S e

shown c ouching h g ound hei h nds ove thei

r on t e r , t r a r r

eye bec use f the dust thei g ments d h i s e m

s a o ,
r ar an a r tr a

i g in h Wind Let the

n t e be wild d tempestuus d
. sea an o an

between h ests f its w ves it should be cove ed with

,

t e cr o a r

e ddying fo m d the wind should c y the fi e sp y

a an a rr n r ra

h ough the sto my i fte the m nne f thick d

,

t r r a r a r a r o a an
19 8 OF A ATT E B L

keep its n tu l colou F om the side whence h

a ra r. r t e

l ight comes h i mi tue f i d smoke

t s d dust wil l
x r o a r an an

s eem f b ighte th n the opposite side

ar r r a on .

As f the comb t ts h mo e they in the mid

or a an t e r are st

f this tumoil the l ess the y wi ll b visibl e d the l s

,

o r e an es

will b the cont st be ween hei light d sh dows

,

e ra t t r s an a .

Y usho u
o ld give uddyglowto the f es d the figue
a r ac an r s

an d the i ound them d to the gunne s d tho e ne

a r ar an r an s ar

them d this glow should g ow f inte it is futhe

,

to an r a r as r r

w y f om its c use The figues which betwe n

,

a a r a . r are e

y ou d the
an l ight if f w y w ill ppe d k g inst ar a a a ar ar a a

l ight b ckg ou nd d the ne e thei l imbs the

, ,

a a r an ar r r are to

g ound the l es will they be isible f the e the dust is

,

r s v or r

g e te d thicke And if y um ke ho e g llopi g

,

r a r an r. o a rs s a n

a w y f om the th ong m ke litt le clouds f dust f

a r r a o as ar

dist nt one f om no he is the sp ce betw en the

a r a t r as a e

st ides m de by the ho s d th t cloud which is futhe

r a r e , an a r r

a w y f om h ho se should b the le st visible f it

a r t e r e a or

should be high d sp e d u d thin while th t which

,

an r a o t an a

is ne e should be mo e conspicuous d sm lle d

,

ar r r an a r an

mo e comp ct
r a .

Let the i be full f ows going in ious di

a r o arr var rec

t ions s me mounti g upw ds o he s f l li g o he s

o n ar t r a n t r

flyi g ho izont l ly d l the b ll s sh t f om h gus

, , ,

n r a an et a o r t e n

h ve in f smoke following thei couse Show h

,

a a tra o r r . t e

figues in the fo eg ound cove ed with dust thei

r r r r on r

h i d eyeb ows d such othe level p t ff d

a r an r an r ar s as a or

t eh du st sp ce l dge a a to o .

M ke the conque o s unni g with thei h i d

a r r r n r a r an

othe light things st e ming in the wind d with b ows

,

r r a an r

bent down d they shoul d be th usting fo w d

,

an r r ar
 OF ABATT L E 1 99

o pposite limb th t i if m dv nces the ight foot

s, a s, a an a a r

h l e ft
t e m shou ld l so come fo w d
ar If y u ep esent
a r ar . o r r

an
y one f ll en y u sho
a ul d show the om k whe e he h ar r as

been d gged th ough the dust which h become

ra r as

ch nged blood st ined mi e d ound bout in h

,

a to -
a r an r a t e

h lf liquid e th y u shoul d how the m ks f the

,

a -
ar o S ar o

t mping f men d ho ses wh h ve p sed ove it

ra O an r o a as r .

M ke ho se d gging h de d body f his m ste d

a a r ra t e a o a r, a n

l e ving behind him in the d u

a st d mud the t ck f an ra o

whe e the body w d gged long

r as ra a .

M ke the be ten d conque ed p llid with b ows

a a an r a r

i ed d knit t gethe d l h skin bove the

,

ra s an o r, an et t e a

b ows be ll full f lines f p in the sides f the

r a o o a at o

n o e how the fu ows going in ch f om the nost il s

s S rr a n ar r r

an d ending whe e the ey e begins r d how the dil tion an S a

f the nost i l s which is the c u se f these l ines d l

,

O r a o an et

the lips be ched displ yi ng the uppe w f teeth

ar a r ro o

h teeth be p ted fte the m nne f su ch

,

an d l et t e ar a r a r o as

cr y in l ment tion
a S how asome using
. his h nd o ne a as

a shield f his te ified eyes tuning the p lm f it

or rr r a o

tow ds the enemy d h vi g h othe esting on h

,

ar an a n t e r r t e

o nd to s ppo t the eight his bod ot e s be

,

g r u u W f r y l h o et r

c ying u with thei mouths wide open d fleeing

r o t r an

w y Pu ll so t f ms l ying between the feet f

,

a a . t a r s o ar o

the comb t nts such b oken shields l nce b oken

a a as r a s, r

swo ds d othe thi gs like these M ke the de d

, ,

r an r n . a a

some h lf bui d in dust othe s with the dust ll mingled

, ,

a r e r a

wi h the oozi g blood d ch nging i to c i mson mud

,

t n an a n r

an d l h l ine f the bl ood be disce ned b y its colo u

et t e o r r,

flowi g i si uous st e m f om co pse h dust

n n a n r a r the r to t e .

S how othe s in h de th g n y g ind ing thei teeth

r t e a d a o r r an
 OF ABATT L E
r olling thei ey s with clenched fists g indi g g ins
r e r n a a t

thei bodi d with legs disto ted Then y umight

,

r es, an r . o

show one di med d st uck down by the e emy sar an r n ,

tuning him with teeth d n il s to t ke fie ce d

,

r on an a a r an

inhum n venge nce d l

a ide le s ho se be s en
a ; an et a r r s r e

g ll oping with m ne st e ming i the wind ch ging

a a r a n ar

mong the enemy d doing them g e t mi c hief wi h

,

a an r a s t

his he ls Y um y see the e one f the comb t n

e . o a r o a a ts

m imed d f l len on the g ound p otecting himself with

a an a r r

his shield d the enemy bending dow ove him d

an n r an

st ivi g give him the f t l st oke he e might l

,

r n to a a r ; t r a so

be s en m ny men f llen in he p top f d d

e a a a a on o a ea

ho e d y ushoul d show s me f h victo s le ing

rs an o o o t e r av

the comb t d eti ing p t f om the c owd d with

a an r r a ar r r an

both h nds wipi g w y f om eyes d h k h hick

,

a n a a r an c ec s t e t

l ye
a f mu
r o d c used by h sm ting f thei eyes f om
a t e ar o r r

the dust And the squd on f the ese ves houl d b

.
1
a r s o r r s e

seen st nding full f hope bu c utious with eyeb ow

a o t a r s

ised d h ding thei e yes with thei h nds p e ing

,

ra an s a r r a e r

into the thick he vy mist in e dine s f the comm d

, ,

a r a s or an s

f thei c pt in the c pt in wi h his fl

,

’
o r d a a ; an so too a a t sta

ra ised hu ying to the ese ves d pointing u to hem

rr r r an o t t

the q u te f h field Whe e they n eded d y u

,

ar r o t e r are e an o

should how ive within which ho ses g lloping

S a r r, r are a

sti ing h w te ll ound with he ving m s f

,

rr t e a r a ar a a as o

w ves
a d fo man d b oken w te l e ping high in o the
a an r a r, a t

i
a r an d ove the l egs d bodies f the ho
r s bu an o rse ; t see

th t y um ke no level spot f g oud h t is

a o a o r n t a no t

t mm
ra ed ove with blood r .

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Na t 31 . . r . and 30 P .
)
1 MS has .
per la mor della po l vere.
‘
 OF ADE UG E L

o f to n b nches f t ee mixed toge he with

the r ra o r s t r an

i fini e numbe f le v s All ound l the e be e

n t r o a e . ar et r se n

a ncient t ee up ooted d t n in pieces by h fuy

r s r an or t e r

o f the Winds Y u shou l d show h w f gments

. o f o ra o

mount ins which h ve b en l e dy st ipped b e by h

a a e ar a r ar t e

uhing to ents f ll he dl ong into thes ve y to ent

r s rr a a e r rr s

an d choke u p the v l l e y s until the pent up ive s ise i

a -
r r r n

flood d cove the wide pl ins d hei i h bit nt

,

an r a an t r n a a s.

Ag in the e might be s en huddled togethe on h tops

a r e r t e

o f m ny f the mou
a nt ins m ny diff ent so ts f im l s
o a a er r o an a ,

te ified d subdued l st to st te f meness i

rr an at a a a o ta n

comp ny with men d wome wh h d fled the e wi h

,

a an n o a r t

thei child e And the fields which we e cove ed wi h

r r n. r r t

w te h d hei w ves cove ed ove in g e t p t wi th

a r a t r a r r r a ar

t bles bedste ds bo t d v ious the kinds f fts

a a a s an ar o r o ra

imp o ised th ough necessity d fe f d th upon

, ,

r v r an ar o ea

which we e men d women with thei child en m ss d

,

r an r r a e

togethe d utte ing v ious c ies d l men ions

,

r an r ar r an a tat ,

dism yed by h fuy f the winds which we e c usi g

a t e r o r a n

the w te s oll ove d ove i migh y hu ic ne

a r to r r an r n t rr a

be ing with hem the bodies f the d owned d the e

,

ar t o r an r

w no object th t flo ted on the w te b u w cove ed

as a a a r t as r

with v ious diffe ent nim ls who h d m de t ue d

ar r a a a a r c an

stood huddled toge he in te o mong them being t r rr r, a

wolv s foxes sn kes d c e tue f eve y kind

e a an r a r s o r ,

itives om de th And the w es th t be t

, , ,

fu g f r ll a . a av a a

a g inst thei sides we e st iking them with ep ted

a r r r r ea

blows f om the v ious bodies f the d owned d the

r ar o r ,
a n

blows we e kill ing tho e in whom life em ined

r s r a .

S ome g ou ps f men y umight h ve ee wi h m in

r o o a s n t ar s

thei h nd defending the tiny footholds th t em ined to

r a s a r a
 OF AD E UG E
L 2 03

th em f om the lions d wolves d be sts f p ey

r an an a o r

w hich s u ght s fety the e Ah Wh t d e dful tumults

o a r . a r a

he d esounding th ough h gloomy i smitten by

,

o ne ar r r t e a r,

the fuy f the thunde d h lightning it fl shed fo th

r o r an t e a r ,

which sped th ou gh it be ing uin st iking down

r ar r r

wh teve withstood its co use Ah how m ny might

, ,

a r r a

h ve seen stopping thei e wit thei h nds in

,

y u
o a h r ars r a

o de shut u the loud up o c used th ough the

r r to o t r ar a r

d kened i by the fuy f the Winds mingled togethe

ar ar r o r

with h i the thunde f the he vens d the ging

t e ra n , r o a an ra

o f the thu nde bolts ! Othe s we e not content shut

r r r to

t hei eyes bu pl cing thei h nds ove them one bove

r t a r a r a

h o he wou l d cove them mo e tightl y in de

, ,

t e t r, r r or r no t

to see the pitiless sl ughte m de f h hum n c by a r a o t e a ra e

the w th f God ra o .

Ah m how m ny l ment tions H W m ny in hei

e, a a a O a t r

te o flug themselves down f om the ocks ! Y u

rr r n r r o

might h ve seen h u ge b nches f the gi nt o ks l den

a ra o a a a

with men bo ne l ong th ou gh the i by the fuy f the

r a r a r r o

impe uou Winds How m ny bo ts we e c p ized d

t s . a a r a s an

l y ing s me whol e othe s b oken in pieces on the top

o r r

f men st u ggling esc pe wi h cts d ge tues f

, , ,

o r to a t a an s r o

de p i which fo etold wful de h Othe s with

s a r r an a at . r

f enzied cts we e t king thei w l ive in de p i f eve

r a r a r o n s, 3 a ro r

being b e endue such nguish some f these we e

a l to r a o r

flinging themselve down f om the lofty ocks othe s s r r r

st gled themse lves with thei w h nds some seized

,

ran r o n a

hold f thei own child n d with mighty violence

o r re an
1

slew them blow me uned hei ms g inst

,

at one ; so t r t r ar a a

3 MS . inpeto
‘
, impeto .
’
Richter read s MS . as ra it
p ,o
’
and gives in text
ra pid iti .
2 04 OF A E UG E D L

them elve wound d sl y oth s f lling pon hei

s s to an a er a U t r

kn es we e commending themselve to God

e r s .

A l h w m y mo he s we e bew il ing thei d owned

as, o an t r r a r r

sons holdi g them upon thei knees li f ing up ope

n r t n

ms to he ven d With dive s c i s d sh iek

, ,

ar a an r r e an r s

decl iming g inst the nge f h gods Othe s with

,

a a a a r o t e r

h nds clenched d finge s locked toge he gn wed d

a an r t r a an

devoued them with bites th t blood c ouhing dow

r a ran r c n

th t thei b e ts touched thei kn es in thei inten

,

so a r r as r e r se

an d intole le gon y ra b a .

He ds f nim l s such ho ses oxen go ts sh ep

r o a a as r a e

we e to be seen l e dy hemmed in by the w te s d lef

, , , , ,

r a r a a r an t

isol ted upon h high pe ks f h mount ins ll huddl ing

a t e a o t e a a

ogethe d those in the middle climbing the top d

,

t r, an to an

t e di g the othe s d w ging fie ce b ttles with

r a n on r an a r a

e ch othe d m ny f them dying f om w nt f fo d

,

a r, an a o r a o o .

And h bi ds h d l dy begun to settle up n men

t e r a a rea o

an d othe n im l s longe finding y l d left

r a a no r an an

unsubme ged which w c ve ed wi h living c e tue

,

r as n o t o r t r a r s.

Al e dy h d hunge h ministe f de h t ke w y
r a a r t e r o at a n a a

thei life f om the g e te n umbe f h nim ls when

r r r a r r o t e a a

the de d bodie l e dy bec ming l ighte beg n i

,

a s a r a o r a to r se

f om u the bottom f the d ep w te s

r o t d eme ged o e a r an r to

the suf ce mo g h conte ding w ves d the e l y

r a a n t e n a an r a

b ting g inst nothe d b ll s puffed up with

ea o ne a a a r , an as a

wind ebound b ck f om the spot whe e hey st ike these

r a r r t r

f ll b ck pon the othe de d bodies Ad

,

e d l y u
a an a r a . n

above he e ho o s the tmosphe e w seen cove ed

t s rr r a r as r

with muk y l ou ds th t we e ent by the j gged cou e

r c a r r a rs

O f the ging thunde bolts f he ven which fl shed light

ra r o a a

hi he d hith mid the obs uity f h d k es

t r an t er a c r o t e ar n s.
2 06 OF AD EUE L G

t oughs d othe cont iv nces f

r an hills r r a or floating —
cove ed with men d women d nim l s with light
,

r an an a a

i g f om the l ou
ds which illumine the whole cene
,

n n s r c s .

W
( irvdror M 8S Efra in . ct den im ref f c tmorpbcre [Rorw eyr e] 17

DE R PT ON TH E DE L GE SC I I OF U

Fi st f ll l the e b ep esented the summit f

r o a et r e r r o a

gg d mo
e u nt in wit h ce t in f the v
a l l ey th t u r a o a s a s r

r ound its b se d on its ides l h suf e f the

a an S et t e r ac o

s il be seen slipping down togethe wi h the tin y oots

,

o r t r

O f h sm ll sh u
t e bs d le ing b e g e t p t f h
a r an av ar a r a ar o t e

su ounding ocks Sweeping down in dev t tion f om

,

rr r . as a r

these p ecipic s l it pusue its he dl ong couse st iking

r e et r a r r

d l yi g b e the wisted d gn l ed oots f the

, ,

an a n ar t an ar r o

g e t t ee d ove tuning them in uin And h

r a r s an r r r . t e

mount ins becoming b e hould eve l h deep fissue

a ar S r a t e r s

m de in them by the ncient e thqukes d l the

a a ar a ; an et

b ses f the mount ins be in g e t p t cove ed ove

a O a r a ar r r

an d c l d with the d é b is f the sh u

a bs which h ve f llen r o r a a

he dlong f om the sides f the lof y pe ks f the s id

a r o t a o a

mount ins d l these h mingled togethe with mud

a an et e r

oots b nches f t ees with v ious kinds f le ve

, ,

r ra o r ar o a s

th ust in mong the mud d th d stone And

, ,

r a an ear an s.

l
et h f gments f some f the mo u
t e ra n ins h ve f llen
o o ta a a

down into the depth f f the v ll eys d he e fo m o o ne o a an t r r

b ie to the swollen w te s f its ive which h vi g

,

a arr r a r o r r, a n

l e dy b ust h b
a r a ie ushes on with imme se w s
r t e arr r r n a ve

the g e test f which st iking d l ying in uin h

,

r a o are r an a r t e

w lls f the citie d f ms f the v lley And f m

a o s an ar o a . ro

the uins f the lofty buildings f the fo e id cities l

r o O a r sa et

the e i e g e t qunti y f d ust mounting up i the

r r s a r a a t o n
 OF AD E UG E
L 29 7

a ir with the ppe nce f smoke f w e thed clouds

a ara o or o r a

th t b ttle g inst the de cending in

a a a a s ra .

Bu the swoll en w te s shou

t l d be cousing o u nd the a r r r

pool which confines them d st iki g g inst v ious an r n a a ar

Obst cl s with whi li g eddies le ping up into the i

,

a e r n a a r

in tubid fo m d then f lling b ck d using the

,

r a an a a an ca

w te whe e they st ike to be d shed up into the i

,

a r r r a a r ;
an d the c i cl ing w ves which ece de f om h point f
r a r r t e o

cont ct impell ed by thei impetus ight c ss the

a are r r a ro

couse f the othe ci cling w ves which move in

r o
‘

r r a an

o pposite di ection them d fte st iki g g inst

r to an a r r n a a

hese they le p up into the i without becoming de

,

t a a r

tac e h d f m thei b se ro And whe e the w te issues

r a . r a r

fo th f om the s id pool the spent w ves

r r s en
a a are e

sp e ding u tow ds the outle fte which f lli g

,

r a o t ar t a r a n or

d escending th o u gh the i this w te cqui s weight

,

r a r, a r a re

an d impetu s d then pie ci g the w te whe e it st ikes

; an r n a r r r

i te s it p t d dives d wn in fuy e ch its

,

t ar a ar an o r to r a

depth d then ecoiling it sp ings b ck g in tow ds

an r r a a a ar

the suf ce f the l ke ccomp nied by the i which h

,

r a o a a a a r as

been subme ged with it d this em ins in the sl imy

r an r a

fo m mingl ed with the d i ftwood d othe thi gs

,

1
a r an r n

l ighte th n the w te
r ad ou nd the e g i fo med a r , an ar s a a n are r

the b ginnings f the w ve which inc e e the mo e in

e o a s, r as r

ci cumfe ence they cqui e mo e movement d this

r r as a r r ; an

movement m kes them lowe in p opo tion they a r r r as

a cq ui e Wide b se d the efo e they become l most

r a r a an r r a

they die w y the w ves

,

i p
In i
e rce
p b l t Bu
e asif a a . t a te

bound g inst v ious obst cles then they le p b ck d

a a ar a a a an

Richter s 609 ) is vissci cho l la he read s nella

’
tran sc ript and
’
‘
w rita
calla sc iu
ma The MS. has I think
' ‘
.
‘
Visscichosa , which I ha ve taken as a

vari ant of viwhiow

‘ ‘
208 OF A E UG E D L

opp e the pp ch f the othe w ves foll owing h

os a roa o r a t e

s me l w f de elopment in thei cuve they h

,

a a o v r r as a ve

l e dy shown in thei
a r a igin l movement The in r or a . ra as

it f lls f m the louds is f the s me olou th

a ro c o a c r as ese

clouds th t is its h ded ide unle s howe h

a on S a S s ver , t e

sy f the u should penet te he e f if this w e

, , ,

ra o s n ra t r or er

the in woul d pp les d k th n the cloud Ad

,

so ra a ear s ar a . n

if the g e t m s es f the d eb i
r a f hu
a s ge mount ins o r s o a or

o f l ge b u
ar il dings s ike in thei f ll h mighty l kes f tr r a t e a O

the w te s then v t qunti y f w te wil l eb und

a r a as a t o a r r o

in h i d its cou e will b in opposite di ecti n

,

t e a r, an rs e an r o

to th t f the subst ce which st uck the w te th t is

a o an r a r, a to

sa y the ngl e faeflection w i l l be eq

o ul h
r ng l f a to t e a e o

incidence .

Of th objec s bo ne l o g by the cu ent f h

e t r a n rr o t e

w e s th t will be
at r a g e te dist ce f om h w at a r a r an r t e t o

Opposite b nks which is h vie f l ge bul k The

a ea r or o ar r .

eddie f the w te s evol ve most swiftl y in those p ts

s o a r r ar

which n st thei cent e The c sts f the

are eare to r r . re o

w ves f the f ll fo w d to hei b se be ting d

a o sea a r ar t r a a an

bbing themselves g inst the smooth p ticles which

,

ru a a ar

fo m thei f ce
r d by this f iction the w te
r a anit f lls r a r as a

is g ound up in tiny p ticles d becomes ch ged to

r ar
‘
an an

thick mist d is mingled i h cu ents f the wi ds

,

an n t e rr o n

in the m nne f w e thing smoke winding clouds

a r o r a or

l st ise u in the becomes ch ng d into

,

an d at a
p i r d s a r an a e

clouds Bu the in which f lls th ough the i being

. t ra a r a r

be ten upon d d iven by h cu ent f the winds

a an r . t e rr o

b comes e dense cco ding to the i y densi y

e rar or a r rar t or t

o f these wi ds d by this me ns he e is p odu

n , an ced a t r r

1 MS . e tta l confreghatio ne a i min minute partichu

le la direciente w qu
a
’
.
 OF PER PE T VE S C I

III . P ER S PECT IV E, AND LI G H T AND S H DE A

mong the v
A ious studies f n tu l p o es es h t f
ar o a ra r c s t a O

It gives m st ple sue to those wh contempl t it

o a r o a e

1 mong h notewo th y ch
a t e cte istics f m h m r a ra r o at e a

l l science the ce in y f its demons tions is wh

rta t o tra at

ara tes most powe ful ly l e te the mi ds f i r to e va n o ts

est ig Pe spective the efo e is to be p efe d

ato rs. r r r r rre

a l l h fo m u
t e l e r d sys ems f the s ho lmen f
ari s an t o c o or

its p ovin e the comple be m f light is m de

,

r c x a o a to

w the st ges f its devel opment whe ein is foud

a o r n

gl y o l y f m hem tic l bu lso f phy i l

,

or no t n o at a a t a o s ea

do ned it is with the flowe s f both And

n ce , a r as r o .

cr a e s its p opo itions h ve b en exp nded wi h much

r s a e a t

uml ui oc I will epitomise them with concl usive

t on

vi y int oducing howeve ill ust tio s d wn eith

r r r, ra n ra er

n tue o f om m them ic l cience cco ding

, ,

In a r r r a at a s a r to

n tue f the subject d sometimes deduci g the

.

a r o an n

f om the c u s s d o he times the c ues

,

u l ts r a e an at t r a s

m h esul ts dding lso my conclusi ns s me

t e r ; a a to o o

ich not cont ined in these bu which i h l

are a t neve rt e ess

to b i fe ed f om them even the Lo d wh is

,

e n rr r as r o

Light f ll thi gs sh ll vouchs fe eve l m

o a n a a to r a to e

0 seek to inte p et this light d consequently I

— r r an

l divide the p esent wo k into th ee p ts

,

r r r ar .

(
C . A . 203 r. a .
)
PRE A B E TO PER PE T
M L TH E S C I VE CON CERN I NG
—
F N T ON TH E E Y E U C I OF

Conside w 0 R e de wh t t u
r no st w pl e i a r, a r ca n e ac n

cient who h ve set u to define the n tue f h

,

an s a o t a r o t e

l
l d
an f l i feo things inc p ble f p o f —whilst
,
-
a a o r o ,
 OF P ER PE T VE S C I 2I 1

thos thi gs which by e pe ience m y lw ys be cle ly

e n x r a a a ar

known d p oved h ve f so m ny centuies eithe

an r a or a r r

rem i ed unknown h ve bee w o gly inte p eted

a n or a n r n r r .

T he y which thus cl ly fl p oof f i fuc

e e ear o
’
ers r o ts n

i ns h even down to u w times been defined by

to as o r o n

countl ess w ite s in w y bu I find by expe ience

r r o ne a t r

th t it cts in nothe
,

a a a( A ) r. C . . I I
9 0. a .

Pe spective is the b idl e d udde f p inting

r r an r r o a .

M
( S . 2 03 8, Bib Ne t . . 1 3 r. )

Pe spective is
r ti n l demonst tion whe eby ex
a ra o a ra r

p i
er ence confi ms how rll thi gs t smit theia im g es n ran r a to

h eye b y p y mid l l in s
t e ra By py mid l lines I me n
a e . ra a a

tho e which st t f om the ext emities f the suf ce f

s ar r r o r a o

b odie sd by g dull y conve ging f om

an ra a dist nce r r a a

a rr ive h s me point the s id point bei g I sh ll

at t e a a n as a

how in this p ticul c e loc ted in the eye which is

,

s ar ar as a

nive s l judge f ll bjects I c l l point th t

, ,

t h u
e r a o a o . a a a

w hich c not be divided u

an p into y p ts d this an ar ; an as

p oint which is sit u ted i the y is

a indivisib l e no n body e e

ea n be seen by the eye which is g e te th n his not r a r a t

p int
o d th
an i s b eing the c it is nec ss y th t the ase e ar a

l in which e e d f om the object to the point shou ld

,

es xt n r

b py mid l
e ra And if y shoul d wi h p ove
a . an o ne s to r

th t the f cul ty f sight doe not belong this point

a a o s to

bu the t ra h t bl ck spot which is seen i the cent e

r to t a a n r

o f the pu pil might eply him h t sm ll object

o ne r to t a a a

neve could diminish dist nce e mp e

,

r y f at an l a , as or xa a

g rain f mi ll
o et p nic seed or othe asimi l hing
-
d or r ar t an

th t this thing which w g e t th n the s id point

,

a as r a er a a

co u l d ne e b enti ly
vr e re ( A ) . I o r.
2 12 OF ER PECT VE
P S I

The body f the tmo phe e is full f i fi

o a s r o an n n Ite

numbe f the py mids composed f di ting st ight

r o ra o ra a ra

lines which c used by the bound ies f h suf c s

are a ar o t e r a e

o f the bodies in h do th t found the e d h

S a w a are r an t e

futhe they w y f om the object which p oduces

,

r r are a a r r

t hem the mo e thei ngle becomes cute And l

r r a a . a

though they inte sect d inte l ce in th i p s ge r an r a e r a sa

neve theless they do not become confused wi h e ch

,

r t a

othe bu p oceed with dive gent couse sp e di g them

r t r r r r a n

selves u d bec ming diffus d th ough ll the u

,

o t an o e r a s r

r oundi g i And they

n a r. f eq ul powe mong are o a r a

thems lves ll equl to e ch d e ch equl to ll d

e a a a an a a a an

by me ns f them t nsmitted the im ges f the

, , ,

a o are ra a o

objects d these t nsmitted ll i ll d ll in

an are ra a n a an a

h p t d e ch py mid eceives f itself i e ch f

, ,

ar ; an a ra r o n a o

its sm llest p ts the whole fo m f the object which

a ar r o

p oduc s it
r e .
(M 8
. 2 03 8, Bib Na t 6 . .

OF TH E ERROR A DE B Y TH O E WH O PR A T E M S C IS

W THO T E E I U SCI NC

Th e wh os e moued f p ctice without sci n e

o are na r o ra e c

are l ike pil ot who goes into ship without udde

a a r r or

comp ss d nev h y ce t inty whe e he is going

a an er as a n r a r

P ctice should l w ys be b sed upon sound know

.

ra a a a a

l edge f hg y o f which pe spective is the g u

t e r o ide d r an

g tew y d without it nothi g be done well in y

,

a a , an n can an

kind f p inting
o a .
( ) G sr .

PER PE T VE S C I

Of things f eq ul i ze h t which is fu he
o wy
a s t a rt r a a

f om the e ye will ppe

r f l e s bulk ( aK M ) ar o s . 8 . . . ii. I ; a.
 OF L I N EA PER PE T VE
R S C I

OF L NE A R PER PECT VE I S I

Line pe specti e h to d with the function f the

ar r v as o o

l ines f sight p oving by me s uement how m u

o ch
r a r

sm lle is the second object th n the fi st d the thi d

,

a r a r an r

th n the second d
a contin ully until h limit f
a n so o n a t e o

things seen I find by expe ience th t i f the second

,

. r a

o bject is f dist nt f om the fi st the fi st is f om

as ar a r r as r r

you eye l though between themselves hey m y be

r a as t a

f eq ul size the second wi ll seem h lf sm l l g in

,

o a a as a a a as

the fi st d if the thi d object is equl in size to the

,

r ; an r a

s econd d it is f beyond the second the second

an as ar as

is f om the fi it will ppe h lf the size f the

,

1
r rst, a ar a o

second d thus by successive deg ees eq ul dis

an r at a

t nces the objects will be continull y lessened by h lf

a a a

the second being h l f the fi p ovided th t the inte

,

a rst, -
r a r

ve n ni g sp ce does not mo u a nt to much twenty a as as

b cci f the dist nce f twenty b cci figue

ra a ; or at a o ra a a r

r esembling y us will lo e fou fif h f its size d

o r s r -
t s o an at

dist nce f fo ty b cci it wil l lo e nine tenths d

,

a a o r ra a s -
an

nineteen twentieths six y b cci d by deg e s

,

- at t ra a, an so r e

it will continue dimi ish when the pl ne f the pictue

to n a o r

is twice you w height w y f om y uf if the dis

r o n a a r o or

t nce o ly equls you w height the e is g e t diffe

,

a n a r o n r a r a r

e ce between the fi st b cci d the second

n r ra a an .

M
( 8 . 2 03 8, Bib Na t . . 2 3 r. )

OF A ER AL PER PE T VE I S C I

The e is nothe kind f pe spective which I c ll

r a r o r a

aer a i l bec use by the difl

,
a in the tmosphe e '

erence a r o ne

1 M S has .
‘
third .
’
 OF AER A PER PE T VE I L S C I

is ble to dis i guish h ious dist n e f diff ent

a tn t e var a c s o er

buildi g whe thei b ses ppe end si gle li e

n s n r a a a r to on a n n ,

f
or his w uld be the pp nce p e ent d by g oup
t o a eara r s e a r

o f bu il di gs the f side f w ll ll f which

n on ar o a a a o as

seen bove the p f the w ll l ook b the s me si e

,

a to o a to e a z ;
an d if in p inti g y uwish to m ke
a eem futhe
n o a o ne s r r

aw y th n nothe y umust m ke the tmosphe e some

a a a r o a a r

wh t he vy Y uknow th t i
a a . tmosphe e f ui
o a n an a r o n

fo m de sity the most dist nt things seen h u

r n gh it a t ro ,

such the mount ins in consequence f the g t

as a o rea

quntity f tmosphe e which is between you eye d

,

a o a r r an

them will ppe blue l most f the me colou the

a ar a O sa r as

tmo phe e when the u is in the e st The efo e y u

, ,

a s r s n a . r r o

should m ke the buildi g which is ne st bo e the

a n are a v

w ll f its n tu l colou d th t which is mo e dis

a o a ra r, an a r

t t m ke less defined d blue d which y u

an a an r ; an o ne o

wish shoul d se m f w y g in m ke f double h e as ar a a a a a o t e

depth f blue d y ud si e shoul d em five tim

o an one o e r se es

w y m ke five times bl ue Ad
,

as f ar a a a as . n as a co nse

q u e nce of this u
l e it wi l l om bo ut th t
r h b u
il di g c e a a t e n s

which bove given l ine pp to be f h s me si z

a a a ear o t e a e

will be pl i ly di tinguished a n which the m e s as to are or

dist nt d which l ge h n the othe s

a an ar r t a r .

M
( 8 2 0 38
.
,
Bib Ne t . . 2 5

OF ORD N A R Y PER PECT VE I S I

A object f uni f m hickness d colou

n o or t an r seen

g i st b ckg ound f v io us colous will pp n

a a n a a r o ar r a ear ot

to be f unifo m thickness
o r .

And if object f unifo m hickne s d f ious

an o r t s an o var
 HO W TH E AI R IS F U OF LL IM AG E S

hei co ou Of h se th e divisions f pe sp ctive

r l r. t e r e o r e

fi st h its o igin i the eye the w othe s

r as r n t o r are

d f om the tm sphe e th t is inte po ed be ween

,

ve
I
r a o r a r s t

eye d the objec s which the eye beh lds

an t o .

Ph second eq u
e isite f p inting is th t the c io
r o a a a t ns

u l d be pp op i te a d h ve rv iety in the figu

r a an a a ar

th t the men m y ll l ok though they w e

a a n ot a o as er

thers. ( 79
5 t’

PER PEC T VE S I

Fh i is fu
e a r ll f infinite numbe f im ge f the
o an r o a s o

I
g s which dist ib ut d
are h o gh
u it d
r ll f the e e t r an a o s

ep esented i ll ll in d l l in e ch
,

r r n a C
a o n e, a n a a . on

ently it h ppens th t if two mi o s be pl ced

,

u so a a rr r a

as to be ex ctly f ing e ch othe the fi st will be

a ac a r, r

ecte d in h s cond t d the s cond in the fi st

e e N w
an e r . o

fi st bei g eflected in the econd c ies it its

r n r s arr to

I im ge togethe with ll the im ges which

a r a a are cc

sented in it mong these being the im ge f the

a a o

d mi o d so they contin u e f m im ge
,

on rr r ; an ro a to

g
I e on i fi nity
to in s
n uch w y th t e ch mi o a a a a rr r

infinite numbe f mi o s within it e ch sm ll e

,

an r o rr r a a r

n the l st d one inside nothe

,

a an a r.

By this x mpl e the e fo e it is cl e ly p v d th t

,

e a r r ar ro e a

h thing t nsmits the im ge f [it elf] to ll tho

, ,

ra a o s a se

ces whe e the thing itself is visible d so con e ly

r an v rse

bject is ble to eceive into itself ll the im g s f

,

3 o a r a a e o

things which in f ont f i are r o t.

Consequ ently the eye t smits i own im ge th ough ran ts a r

i
a r to al l the object which in f ont f it d s are r o an

them into itself th t is its suf ce whence

,

i
e ve s , a on r a ,
 H OW TH E U MAG E AI R IS F L L OF I S 217

the unde t nding t kes them d conside s them d

rs a a an r , an

s uch it finds ple sing these it c mmits the memo y

as a o to r .

S I ho l d th t the invisible powe s f h im ges in

o a r o t e a

h e yes m y p oject themselves fo th to the object

t e a r r as

d the im ges f the object to the e ye

o a o .

A inst nce f h w the im ges f ll things

n a o o a o a are

s p e d th ough the i m y be seen in numbe f

r a r a r a a r o

mi o s pl ced in ci cle
rr r a d they will then eflect e c h
a r an r a

the f infinite numbe f times f the im ge

,

o r o r an r o o r as a

f one e ches nothe it ebo u nds b ck to its souce

,

o r a a r r a r ,

an d then becoming l ess ebo u nds yet g in the h r a a to o

je ct, an d then et u ns d so contin

r ues f r infinitean o r an

numb f times
,

er o .

If night y upl ce light between two fl mi o s

at o a a at rr r

which cubit s sp ce p t y uwill in e ch f

’
are a a a ar o se e a o

th se mi o s infinite numbe f l ights one sm lle

,

e rr r an r o a r

th n nothe in succession
a a r .

If night y upl ce light between the w ll f

at o a a a s o a

[ oom
r
] eve y p f these rw l l s wi ll
art o become tinged by a

the im ges f this light d ll tho e p ts which

,

a o an a s ar are

exposed the light will likewise be di ectly li by it

,

to r t ;
h t is when the e i obst cle between them inte
t a r s no a to r

r upt the t nsmission f the im ges

ra o a .

This me ex mple is even mo e pp ent in the

sa a r a ar

t nsmission f sol ys whi h ll [p ss] h ough ll

ra o ar ra c a a t r a

objects d consequently into ch minutest p t f

,

an ea ar o

e ch object d e ch y f itself conveys to its o bject

,

a an a ra o

the im ge f its s uce

,

a o o r .

Th t e ch body lo e f its lf fill s the whole u

a a a n o e s r

r ounding i with its im ges d th t this me i is

a r a an a sa a r

b e me time to ecei e into itse the im g s

,

[ ]
a l h at t e sa lf r v a e
 UT ON N PER PE T VE
OF D IMI N I I S C I

the ountl ess o he bodies which withi i is

c t r are n t

Irly shown b y these i st nces d e ch body is n a an a see n

enti ety h oughout the whole f the s id mo

,

i
ts r t r o a at

ere a nd e ch in e ch min u
a test p t f the s me d a ar o a an

h ughout the whole f it d l l in e ch minute t

,

t ro o an a a s

t e ch in ll d ll i eve y p t ( A
a a ,
an ) a n r ar . C . . 13 8r b . .

P A N T N A ND ER PE T VE
OF I I G P S C I

[he e r th e divisions f pe spective emplo yed

are re o r as

i i g
Ia n t n Of these the fi st el tes to h dim in u
. tio r r a t e n

h vo lu
t e me f op que bodies the second t ts f
o a ; rea o

diminution d dis ppe nce f the outlines f

an a ara o o

se op que bodies h thi d is f thei diminution

a ; t e r o r

l oss f col ou when

o
g e t dist
r nce at a r a a .

ER PECT VE
O F TH E P D TO S I OF T H E IMI NU I N OF

OPA E BOD E QU I S

i m g op q u
on e bodies f equl m gnitude h
a o a a t e

i ui
I n t onpp ent in thei size will v y cco di g
a ar r ar a r n

thei dist nce f om the eye which ee them bu it

r a r s s ; t

be in inve p opo ti n f the g e te dist ce

rse r r o o r at r a r an

op que body ppe s less d l e s dis nce

,

a a ar an at a s ta

body will ppe g te d this is found d

,

a ar rea r, an on e

ar pe spective Ad how secondly h w e e y

r . n S o v r

set g e t dist nce loses fi st th t p tion f

at a r a a r a or o

If which is the thinnest Thus with ho se it . a r

1d l se the l egs soone th n h he d bec u se h

,

1 o r a t e a a t e

I thinne th n the he d d it woul d lose the

a re r a a an

k befo e h un k f the s me e on It foll ws

,

r t e tr or a r as . o
2 20 OF PR MARY A
I ND D ER VE I D SH AD WS O
wh t l ies within thei bound ies d l so
a th i r ar an a as to e r

boud ies themselv s unle s these seen g inst

n ar e s are a a a

b ckg ound diffe ing in colou to th t f h subst nce

,

a r r r a o t e a

an d conseq u ently in h fi st p oposition I t e t f t e r r r a o

sh dows d y in his connection th t eve y op que

a an sa t a r a

body is su ounded d h its suf ce cloth d wi h

,

rr an as r a e t

sh dows d l ights d to his I devote the fi t b ok

a an an t rs o .

Mo eove these sh dows in hems lves f v yi g

,

r r a are t e o ar n

deg ees f d kness bec use they c used by h

r o ar a are a t e

a bsence f v i ble qun i y f luminou ys d

o a ar a a tt o s ra ; an

t hese I c ll p im y sh dows bec use they the fi st

a r ar a a are r

sh dow d so fo m cove ing to the bodies to which

,

a s an r a r

they tt ch them elves d to his I sh l l devote h

a a s an t a t e

second book F om these p im y sh dows he e issue

,

. r r ar a t r

ce t in d k y which diflu d th oughout the i

r a ar ra s are
i
se r a r

an d v y in intensi y cco d ing to h v ieties f h

ar t a r t e ar o t e

p im y h d ws f om which hey de ived d

r ar S a o r t are r ; an co n

sequently I ll these sh dows de ived h dow bec use

ca a r s a s, a

they h ve thei o igi in the sh dows d f his I

a r r n o r a ; an o t

will m ke the thi d book M eove th se de ived

a r . or r e r

sh dows in st iking upon ny hing c e te m ny

a r a t r a as a

diffe ent effects

r the diffe ent pl ces whe e they
a s are r a r

st ike d f this I will m ke the fouth book Ad

r ; an o a r . n

since whe e the de iv d sh dow st ikes it is lw y

r r e a r a a s

su ounded by the i iki g f the l uminous ys it

,

st
'
rr n o ra

l e ps b ck wi h t h e in eflex s e m tow ds its

,

a a t es a r tr a ar

souce d m th p im y sh dow d mingles with

r an eets e r ar a an

d becomes ch nged into it l te ing the eby somewh t

,

an a a r r a

f its n tue d to this I wil l devote h fifth book

,

o a r ; an t e .

In ddition to this I will m ke h six h book con in

a a t e t to ta
an i vestig ti n f h m ny difi
n a o v ietie f h
o t e a
'

ere n t ar s o t e
 OF T E R H I I NCI DE E NC

rebo und f the eflected ys which will modi fy h

o r ra t e

p im y sh do by m ny diffe ent colous the e

r ar a w as a r r as r

are difl points f om whence these luminous eflected

'

erent r r

ra sy p oceed Futh I ill m ke the seventh division

r . r er , w a

t e t f the v ious dist nces th t m y e ist between the

r a o ar a a a x

poi t f st iking f e ch eflected y d the point f om

n o r o a r ra an r

whence it p oceeds d f the ious diffe ent sh de

r an o var r a s

f colou which it cq u i es in st iking g inst op que

,

o r a r r a a a

bodies .
( A ) 0
. . 2 50, r . a .

or A I QQ W
Q
P I
N

h dows d l ight
S a ob e ved by the eye unde
an s are s r r

th ee spects O ne f these is when the eye d the

r a . o an

light both the s me side f h body which is

are on a o t e

seen the second is when the eye is in f ont f the

; r o

object d the l ight behind it d h thi d is h t in

an ; an t e r t a

which the eye is in f ont f the object d the light r o an at

the side in such w y th t when the line which extends a a a

f m the object to the eye meets t h t which extends

,

ro a

f om the object to the l ight hey will

r hei j unction , t at t r
1

fo m r ight ng le
a r ( a
[ ] . K no ; z
5

OF HA DO W S

Whe e the sh dow is bounded by light note c e fully

r a ar

whe e it is lighte d ke d whe e it is mo e

,

r r or ar r, an r r or

l e s i distinct tow ds the light

s n d bove l l I wo uld ar ; an a a

r emind y u th t i youthful fig ue y u should not

o a n r s o

m ke the sh dows end like stone f h flesh e i s

a a or t e r ta n

slight t nsp ency m y be obse ed by looking

,

a ra ar , as a rv at

1 MS. ca otio, and so

g\ Dr Richter.
. M Ravaisson Mollien has
.
-
cognition
'

1
I l

.
 OF D IS T ANT O E BJ CT S

a h nd held between the eye d h u when it is

a an t e s n,

seen to fluh d d to be f luminous nsp ency

s re an o a tra ar .

And l h p t which is b ightest i c lou be between

et t e ar r n o r

the l ights d the sh dows And if y uwish see

an a . o to

wh t depth f sh dow i needed f the flesh c st

a o a s or a a

sh d ow ve it wi h you finge d cco ding y u

,

a o r t r r , an a r as o

wish it to be lighte d ke hold you finge ne e r or ar r, r r ar r

or f the w y f om the pictue d then copy his

ar r a a r r , an t

sh dow a .
(M N 8 . 2 03 8, Bib . a .
3 1

H OW ALL F G RE O G HT ON E E TLY TO BE
SM I U S U C S QU N

LEFT N H ED U NF I IS

I y th t when objects pp f minute size it is

sa a a ear o

du to the s id objects being dist nce f om h

,

e a at a a r t e

eye d when this is the c s the e must f neces i y

an a e, r o s t

be conside ble qunti y f tmosphe e between the

a ra a t o a r

eye d the object d his tmosphe e inte fe e

an an t a r r r s

with the disti ctness f the fo m f the objects d

,

n o r o an

conseque tly the minute det ils f these bodie will

,

n a o s

become indisti guish ble d un ecognis ble The e

n a an r a . r

f e O p inte
or y u sh ul d
a m ke y o u l esse
r, fig u o o a r r r es

only suggested d highl y finished f if y u

,

an no t ; or o

d othe wise y uwill p od u ce effects cont y tho

,

o r o r rar to se

f n tue you mist e s

,

o a r r r s .

The object is sm ll bec use f the g e t sp ce whi h

,

a a o r a a c

exists be ween the eye d it This g e t sp e co t i

t an . r a ac n a ns

within its lf g e t qunti y f tmosphe e d thi

e a r a a t o a r ; an s

atmosphe e fo ms f itself den e b dy which inte po e

r r o a s o r s s

and shu ts u f om the eye h minute det il s f h

o t r t e a o t e

objects . m N ) . a . 3 : o.
2 24 OF F G U RE I S IN D IS T ANC E
th ough the hollow cells which ppe d k this im g
r a ar ar a e

when not f st ong olou is ffected by the d knes

,

o a r c r a ar s

th ough which it p s es d on e ching h se t f h

r a s an r a t e a o t e

ense it ppe s d k No o he e son be dv nc d

,

s a ar ar . t r r a can a a e

to ccount f the bl ckness f this p int in the pupil

a or a o o

an d since it is fill ed with moistue t nsp ent like h a r ra ar t e

i it cts l ike hol e m de in bo d

a r, a d when l ook d
a a a ar an e

into it ppe s bl ck d the objects seen in the i

a ar a an a r,

whethe light d k become indistinct in the d kn

,

r or ar ,
ar ess .

OF HA DOW TH E A D TA NCE S S IN F R IS

S h dows b come l ost in the f dist nce bec u

a e se the ar a a

v st exp nse f l uminous mosphe e which li s be w en

,

a a o at r e t e

the eye d the object s en uflu h sh dows f h

an e s
’
ses t e a o t e

object with its own colou r.

WHY A EE AT A ER TA
M AN TA E CA OT
S N C IN D IS NC NN

BE RECOG ED N IS

D iminishing pe spective shows u h t in p opo tion

r s t a r r

as an object is futhe w y the sm lle it becomes And

r r a a a r .

if y ul ook
o m wh is h dist ce f bow hot
at a an o at t e an o a s

aw y f om y u d pu the eye f sm ll needl e lose

a r o an t o a a c

to you eye y uwill be ble th ough this to

r o h a r see t e

im g s f m ny men t nsmitted to the eye d thes

a e o a ra an e

will ll be cont ined one d the s me time within

,

a a at an a

the eye f h s id needl e If the the im ge f m

o t e a . n a o a an

wh is dist nt f om y uthe sp ce f
o a bowshot i
r o a o a s so

t nsmitted to you eye to occupy o ly sm ll p t

ra r as n a a ar

of the e ye f needle h w shoul d y ube ble in

o a o o a so

sm ll figue disti guish di ce n h n e

,

a a r to n or s r t e os or
 OF PER PE T VE S C I 22 5

mouth y de il
or f h body
an And not seeing ta o t e

the e y uc nnot ecognise the m si e he does not

s o a r an nc

show y uthe fe tu s which c use men to diffe in

o a re a r

appe nce ara . M

( 8 . 2 03 8, 3 36 Na t. . 20

OF P A T IN I NG

The t ue knowledge f the fo m f object becomes

r o r o an

g dully lost in p opo tion dist nce dec e ses its

ra a r r as a r a

size .
( A 0 . . 1 7 6 0.

wa x o r TWO ow ner s o r E ALQU srz a ms pa m rxo '

o m: wm . Lo o x RE L EF L A RGER THA T HAT N m I

This p opositi n is not e sy to e pound m ny

r o so a x as a

othe s bu I will eve th less t empt p ove it if

r t n r e a t to r

completely then in p t Dimi ishing pe spective

, ,

not ar . n r

d monst es by e son th t objects diminish in p opo

,

e rat r a a r r

tion they f the w y f om the y d this

as are ar r a a r e e , an

th o y i enti ely confi med by e pe ience Now the

e r s r r x r .

l ines f sight which

o between the object d the eye are an

when they e ch h suf ce f the p inting

r a tll e r a o a are a

in e sected unifo m bound y while the lin s which

t r at a r ar e

p s f om the y to the piece f scul ptue h ve diffe ent

as r e e o r a r

bound ies d f v ying lengths The li e which

ar an are o ar . n

i the l onges e tends to

s l imb which is f the
t x wy a ar r a a

h n the est d consequently this limb ppe s

t a r an a ar

m lle d the m n y lines longe th n o he s

,

s a r ; an re are a r a t r

the e son th the e m ny m l l p t one

,

f
or r a at r are a s a ar s

f the w y th n nothe
ar r a r a d being f the
a w y these
a , an ar r a a

o f neces ity s pp ing sm lle a ear a r

t hey eff t ec a in h whole m s t e a s

22 6 OF REF E T O L C I N

o the object Bu this does not h ppen in the p in i g

f . t a a tn

b ue the lines f sight end the me dist nc it

,

eca s as o at sa a e

foll ows th t they do ude go dimin u

a ti n d h n ot n r o an as t e

p ts not themselves diminished they do not le

,

ar are sse n

the whole m ss f the bject d consequentl y the

a o o an

diminution is not pe ceptible in the p inting it is i

,

r a as n

sc ul ptue r .
(M 8 N ) . 2 03 8, Bib . e t. 1
9 r.

REFL ECT O OF I N

Reflec ions c used by bodie f b ight u

t are a s o a r n at re

an d f smooth d h lf op que suf ce whi h whe

o a an a a r a c n

st uck by the l ight d ive it b ck g i to h fi st obj t

,

r r a a a n t e r ec

l ike h ebo u nd f b ll
t e r o a a .

OF WH ERE TH ERE C A OT BE L NO REF L C T ON NN UM I US E I

All solid bodies h ve thei suf s cove ed by v ious a r r ace r ar

deg ees f light d sh dow The l ights

r o f w an a . are o t o

ki ds n h is c lled o igi l the othe de ived

; t e o ne a r na r r .

O igin l I c ll h t which p oc eds f om the fl me f the

,

r a a t a r e r a o

fi re, orf om h l ight f the u

r f the tm phe
t e o s n, or o a os re.

De ived light is the l ight eflec ed

r Bu etun r t . t to r r to

the p omi d definition I y th t the e is lumi ou

r se sa a r no n s

reflectio on h side f the body which is tun d

n t e o r e

tow ds objects in sh dow suh sh ded sce

ar a c as a nes,

m d w wi h g s es f v ying height g en
ea o s t b e
ra s o ar re or ar

woods f the e lthough h p t f e h b ch

,

— or s a t e ar o ac ran

tuned to the o igin l light is imbued wi h h tt ibu

,

r r a t t e a r tes

of thi s light h ve neve th l ess m ny sh dows st b y

a r e so a a ea

ch b nch sep tely d so m ny sh dows c st by

,

ea ra ara an a a a o ne

b nch on nothe th t in h whole m ss he e e ul

,

ra a r a t e a t r r s ts
 F TH E T R E ATME NT OF W
ve r a g ainst it If yo u are lo
.

in white in the mid st o f a Ian

t is e pose d to the su
X n fjA

th a t p ar ts o f it l i ke the su n its
,

ight a nd as fo r the side e x po sed

,

h is l u mino u s bec au se o f the ra

ven with it a nd p enetra ting it
is it sel f b l u e the side o f the
,

to it wil l a ppe ar stee ped in bl

ne ar to he r he me adows ,

between a me adow l it b y the

on W fin d t . t an the p ar ts 0
,
s

which ar e ned ds th
e r e flected ra to the co l o
y
u 3 she beco ch an ged into
r ; bo th those l u n o u s
us, ( 8
1 ,
 OF C L O OU R S

in the open i ll i sh dow blue d his comes

a r a ts a s are an t

about in cco d n e with the fouth p oposition whi h

a r a c r r c

s ys th t the suf ce f eve y op que body p t kes

,

a a r a o r a ar a

f the colo u f s u o u nding objects As the efo e this ’

o r o rr . r r

white object is dep ived f the light f the u by the r o o s n

inte position f some object whi h comes between

r o c

the u d it ll h t po tion f it which is exposed

s n an a t a r o

the u d the tmosphe e continues to p t ke f

,

to s n an a r ar a o

h colou f the u d the tmosphe e d th t p t

,

t e r o s n an a r an a ar

which is not exposed the u em ins in sh dow d

,

to s n r a a an

o ly p t kes f the colou f the tmosphe e And if this

,

n ar a o ro a r .

whi e object sho u

t ld nei he eflect the g een f the fie l ds t r r r o

which st et h u to the ho izon

r c
y f ce
o the b
t ight r no r et a r

ne s f the ho izon itself it would undoub edl y ppe f

s o r t a ar o

uch i pl colou the mosphe e showed itself be

,

s s rn e r as at r to .

(75
F r

OF PA N T G I IN

The colou f the object il lumin ed p t kes f h

r o at ar a o t e

colou f th t which illumi tes it

r o a
( ) na . c 37 r.

The colous f the middle f the inbow mingle with

r o o ra

ea ch othe r.

The b w its lf is nei he in h in in the y th t

o e t r t e ra no r e e a

se s it l though it is p oduced by the in h u d

e , a r ra , t e s n , an

the y e e.

The inb w is inv i bly s en by h eye which is

ra o ar a e t e

situ ed betw en h in d h body f the u d

at e t e ra an t e o s n, an

con equentl y when the u is in h e st d the in in

s s n
'
t e a an ra

the w st h inbow is p oduced upon the wes e n in

e t e ra r t r ra .

(
E a ver l a. )
 OF O OU R PER E T VE C L IN SP C I

H OW T H E A N T ER O G HT TO PRACT E mu u
P I U IS ss r

T H E PER PEC T VE OF CO O R
IN S I L U S

As me s p ctising this pe pective the i

a an of ra rs of var a

ti on d lo s diminution f h p op e ence f
an s or o t e r er ss o

colous t ke dist nces hund ed b cci p t h

r a at a a r ra a a ar o

je t st nding in h l nds pe such t es houe

,

e a a t e a ca as re s s,

men d pl ces d i f ont f the fi st t ee fi

, ,

an a an n r o r r x a

piece f gl ss th t it is quite st dy d hen l

, ,

o a so a ea an t et

you eye est upon it d t ce u t ee upon the gl s

,

r r an ra o ta .
r a s

a bove the ouline f the t ee d f w ds emove

t o r ; an a ter ar r

the gl ss f to side h t the ctul t ee s ems

a so ar o ne t a a a r e

a lmost ouch the th t y uh e d wn Then

to t o ne a o av ra .

colou you d wing in such w y th t h w

r r ra a a a t e t o are

a l ike in c l o u d fo m d th t if y ucl ose one y

o r an r an a o e e

bo h seem p inted the gl ss d h s me dist n

,

t a on a an t e a a ce

a w y Then p oceed in the me w y with second d

a . r sa a a an

a thi d ee dist nces f hund ed b cci f om ch

r tr at a o a r ra a r ea

o he And these will lw y se e you st d d

t r. a a s rv as r an ar s

an d e che s when y u
ta wo k pictues whe e
r o are at r on r r

they be pplied d they will c use the wo k

can a an a r to

be successful in i dist nce Bu I find th t it is ul e

,

ts a . t a a r

h t the second i educed fou fif h the size f h

t a s r to r
- t s o t e

fi t when it i twen y b cci dist t f om it

rs s t ra a an r .

M
( 8 2 0 38 83
.6 Ne t , . . 22

OF PA T NG IN I

The outlin d fo ms f e ch p t f bodies

es an r o a ar o in
h dow poo ly distinguished in thei sh dows
s a are r r a an d

l ights bu in su
ch p ts
, between h lights
t ar as are t e an d

h dows p t f the e b dies f the fi st d g e

s a ar s o s o are o r e r e of

distinc s tn es .
( G 32 r. )
 OF EF E T OF ATMO P ERE
TH E F C S H

o r TH E AT O P H ERE N T ERPO ED B ETWEE

M S I S N TH E

A
E YE V BLE OB E T
ND T H E IS I J C

obj ct will ppe mo e l s dis inct h

The e a ar r or e s t at t e

s me dist nce in p opo tion the tmo phe e inte

a a r r as a s r r

po ed betw en the eye d this object is f g te

s e an o rea r or

l ess cl e ne S ince the e fo e y u

ar ss. w e th t the r r o are a ar a

g e te
r a l ss
r q u
or ntit y f temosphe e inte pos
a d b o a r r e e

twe n the eye d the object c uses the outlines f th

e an a o ese

objects to seem mo e less blu ed th y y u r or rr to e e e, o

should ep esent the st ges f l oss f d fi i

r r f a o o e n teness o

t he bodies in the me p opo tion e ch oth

se sa r r to a er as

th t f th i dist nces f om the eye f the beholde

a o er a r o r.

( 79
E 0

H OW TH E CO D T ON OF TH E AT O P H ERE A FFEC T
N I I M S S

TH E L G HT A HA DOW I S ND S S

Th t body wi p esent the st o ge t cont st betwe

a ll r r n s ra en

its l ights d sh dows which is seen by h st ong t

an a t e r es

l ight su ch the light f the u as night by the o s n o r at

l ight f bu this shou ld ly be empl oy ed i

,

fi o a re t rare n

p inti g bec use h wo ks will em in h d d devoid

a n a t e r r a ar an

o f g ce ra .

A body which is in mode te light will h ve bu a ra a t

l i tle diffe ence between its lights

t r d sh dows d an a ; an

this c mes p ss h f ll f the evening when

o to a at t e a o or

the e clouds wo ks p inted then soft in fe li g

,

r are r a are e n

an d eve y kind f f ce cq u
r i es ch m Thus i o a a r a ar . n

eve y w y e t emes i j uio us Exce s f light

r a x r ar e n r . s o

m kes hings seem h d

a t d too m u ch d kne ar ;
1
an ar ss

1 M S has .
‘
il trepo lu
me fa cr u
do .
’
So also Dr Richter
. . The text of
M Ravaiuo n- Mo llien in la ce of fa u
de has facendo .
’
.
p cr
 OF L IG H T S 2 33

does dmit no t a of o u
r seeing them The me n is . a

excellent .

OF A G H T SM LL LI S

The lights c st f om sm ll windows l so p esent

a r a a r a

st ong cont t f light d sh dow mo e especi lly if

r ras o an a r a

h ch mbe li by them is l ge d this is not good

,

t e a r t ar ; an

to u in p inting
se a (M 8 8 N . . 2 03 , Bib . e t. 33

AT W HAT E G H T L G H T H O B E ORDER
H I TH E I S U LD IN

TO R AW FRO NAT RE D M U

When y u d wing f om n tue the l ight should

o are ra r a r

be f om h no th th t it m y v y d if
r t e r so a a n ot ar ; an

it is f om the south keep the window cove d wi h

,

r re t a

cut in th t though the u shi e upon it ll d y lo g

r a so a s n n a a n

h l ight will u
t e nde go h nge The elev tion f h r no c a . a o t e

light shou l d be such th t e ch body sts h dow on a a ca a s a

h g ou
t e nd which is f the s me l ngth its height
r o a e as .

M
( 8 2 038 Bib Na t 33 r )
.
, . . .

WH Y BEA T F L CO O R H O L D B E
U I U L U S S U IN T H E G HT LI S

ince w
S th t the qul ity f colous becom s
e see a a o r e

known b y me ns f l ight it is to be infe

a d th t whe e
o rre a r

th e is most light he e the t ue qul ity f h colou

,

er t r r a o t e r so

ill umin ted will be most visible d whe e he e is most

a an r t r

sh d w the e the colou wil l be most ffected by the

,

a o r r a

colou f the sh d w The efo e O p inte be mindful

r o a o . r r a r,

show the t ue qul ity f h c lou in the p ts

,

to r a o t e o rs ar

whi h in light
c are
(M 88 . N ) S . 2 03 10. a t. 33 r.
 OF RR E ME T OF G T
A ANG N LI H

H OW O NE O HT TO A RA NG TH E L G HT PO
UG R E I U N

F G RE I U S

Th dis p ition f the l ight hou

e os l d be i h m y
o s n ar on

with the n u l conditions u a t ra nde whi h y u ep t r c o r rese n

you figue th t is if y u ep enting it in u

r r ; a o are r res s n

l ight m ke the sh dows d k with g

a a t sp ces f light ar rea a o

d m k the sh do w f ll h s u ou nding bodie d

, ,

an ar a s o a t e rr s an

thei sh dows upon the g ound If y u ep esent it i

r a r . o r r n

du ll we the m ke onl y
a slight diffe ence betwe n h
r, a a r e t e

l igh ts d the sh dows

an d d not m ke a
y othe an o a an r

sh dow the feet If y u ep ese t it wi hin doo

,

a at . o r r n t rs,

m ke st ong di ffe ence betw en the lights d sh dow

a a r r e an a s

an d show h h dow h g oud

t e s a on t e r n .

And if y u ep e ent window cove ed by ut in

o r r s a r a c r a

an d the w ll white the e hou

a l d b lit l e difl br s e t
’
eren ce e

tween the l ights d sh dow If it is li by fi y u an a s. t a re o

s hould m ke the lights uddy d powe ful d the

a r an r an

s ah dow d k d whe e h sh dows s ike the w lls

s ar ; an r t e a tr a or

the floo shoul d b h ply defined d the f the w y

r e s ar an ar r a a

they e tend f om the body the b o de d l ge shoul d

,

x r r a r an ar r

t hey become And if it be li i p t by the fi d

. t n ar re an

in p t by h tmosphe e m ke the p t li by the

ar t e a r a ar t

tmosphe e the st onge d l th t li by the fi be

,

a r r r, an et a t re

a lm t os d fi
as re itself And bove ll l h figu s
as re . a a et t e re

th t y up int h ve ufli i light d f om bo e th t

a o a a s c en t an r a v , a

is ll livi g pe sons whom y up in f the p ople whom

a n r o a t, or e

y ou see in the s eets l l l ighted f

tr om bove d I
are a r a an

would h ve y uknow h t y uh ve no cquint nce

a o t a o a a a a

so intim te b u h t if h light fell

a t t a him f om b l wt e on r e o

y ou w uld fi od it difi u l n co gni e him c t to re s .

M
( S . 2 03 8, N4 1 33 r )
. .
 OF L IG HT AND SH AD E
p oved f m the sides f well whi h b come d ke i
r ro o s, c e ar r n

p p tion thei depth this being du the f t th

ro or to r e to ac at

h l ow t p t f h well s es d is s en by l s
,

t e es ar o t e e an e a e se r

a mou nt f h luminous mosphe e th n y othe p t

o t e at
‘
r a an r ar

o f it . And the p vements when they h s me

a are t e a

colou the legs f the men d ho se will l w ys

r as o an r s a a

s em in highe light within equl ngles h n will thwe

e r a a t a

sa me l egs .
( ) 0 1 5 r.

OF T AT O SI U I N

T ke eful note f the sitution f you figues f

a car o a o r r or

wi h ve the ght s de di e ent the object

,

y u
o l l l i da h ff if an a r

is in d k pl ce with p ticul l ight d if it is in

a ar a a ar ar an a

b ight pl ce with the di ect light f the u d diffe ent

,

r a r o s n , an r

l
a so if it is in d k pl ce with the di ffued l ight f
a ar a s o

eveni g in dull we the d if it is i the diflu d

n or a r, an n
'

se

l ight f the mosphe e li by h u

o at r t t e s n.

( 33
G 0 )

OF HA DOW A L G HT S S ND I S

Y uwh o ep oduce the wo ks f n tue behol d the

o r r r o a r

dimensions the deg ees f intensity d h fo ms f

, ,

r o an t e r o

the lights d sh dow f e ch mus le d ob e ve i

, ,

an a s o a c an s r n

h l e gt hs f hei figue tow ds which m u scle they

,

t e n o t r r s ar

are di ected by h
r is f hei cent l line t e ax o t r ra s.
m
( s )
E

IV . A
L ND S C AE P
OF C T E OR OTH ER B LD G EE TH E EVEN NG
I I S UI IN S S N IN I

OR OR TH E T M NI NG IN M IS

Buildi gs seen g e t dist nce in h eveni g

n at a r a a t e n or

mo ning th ou
r gh m ist he y mosphe e h e o l y
r or av at r ,
av n
 OF MOR NIN G LI GH T
s ch po tions in light
u r min ted by the m
ill u as are a 3

which is the ne the ho izon d the p ts f these

n ar r an ar o

ildings which not e posed the u em in lmb

,

bu are x to s n r a a st

the me dim neut l colou the mist

sa
(
ra r as . E 3

OF TREE T H E O TH S IN S U

When the u is i the e st the t e s in the south

s n n a r e

d no th l most much in light in sh dow bu

,

an r are a as as a t

h tot l mou nt in light is g e te in p opo tion they

,

t e a a r a r r r as

are mo e the w st d the tot l mount in sh dow

r to e an a a a

i g e te in p opo tio hey mo e the st

,

s r a r r r n as t are r to ea .

OF EA DOW M S

When the u is in the e st the g ses in the

s n a ras

me dows d the othe sm ll pl nts most

,

a an f r a a are o a

b ill i t g en bec us they t sp ent to the u

r an re a e are ra n ar s n.

This does not h ppen with the me dows in h west

,

a a t e

d in those in h sou th d no th the g sses f

,

an t e an r ra are o a

mode te b il l i n e in thei g een

,

ra r a c ( ) r r . G 20 o .

TH E A PECT OF LA ND CA PE
S S S S

When the u is in the t ll the p ts f t e s

s n eas a ar o r e

which illumin ted by it f most b illi nt g een

,

are a are o a r a r ;
an d this is du to h f ct th t the l e ves illu
e mi ted by
t e a a a na

h u within h lf u hemisphe e n mel y the e ste n

t e s n a o r r a a r

h lf t sp ent whil e within the w ste n emici cle

,

a are ran ar ; e r s r

the ve due h omb e hu d the i is d mp d

,

r r as a s r e an a r a an

h vy f h colou f d k h s th t it is
ea , o t e r o ar as e , so a no t

p nt like th t in h st whi h is efulge t d

trans are a t e ea c r n an

h mo e it is mo e full f moi ue
, ,

t e r so as r o st r .
 OF MOR NIN G LI GHT
r h dows f h t es in the e t cov
e s a o t e re as er a la rge
j ea s t o f the t ee d theyrd ke p opo i
an are ar r 1n r rt o n as the
thicke with l s
,

trees are r eave .

(
G 2 1 r. )

OF TREE T H E E A T S IN S

When the u i in h e st the t en tow ds

s n s t e a rees se ar

the st will h ve h light su ounding them ll ound

,

ea a t e rr a ar

thei sh dows e cept tow d the h unless h t e

r a x ar s eart t e re

b p u d i the p evious ye d the t in

, ,

h as een r ne n r ar an rees

the s uth d in the no h will b h lf in sh dow d

o an rt e a a an

h l f in l ight d mo e le in sh dow i l ight

a an r or ss a or n

cco ding they mo e le s the t

,

a r as are r or s to eas or to

the west .

The f f h eye b i g high l w u

act o t e e n or o ca ses a

v i ion i h h dows d light f ees f whe

ar at n t e s a an s o tr or n

the eye is bo it es the t s with v y l ittle h d ow

,

a ve, se ree er s a ,

and when b low with g e t d l f h dow

e a r a ea o s a .

The diffe ent h des f g en f pl ntsr id

s a o re o a are as var e

as are thei sp cies r e ( . 6 z1

OF T H E HA DOW OF T REE S S S

When the u is in the e t the es t w ds the

s n as , tre o ar

we t will pp
s the y with v y littl e el ief d
a ear to e e er r an

o f l m t impe ceptible g d tion

a os ccout f h
r ra a on a n o t e

tmosph e which l ies ve y thi k be ween h eye d

,

a er r c t t e an

the t e s c o ding h enth [p t] f thi

se r e a c r to t e sev ar o s

t[ tise] d they dep ived f sh d w f lthough

,

rea ; an are r o a o or a

sh dow e ists in ch p t f h mific tion i

,

a a x ea ar o t e ra a t so

h p pens th t the im ges f sh dow d l ight which come

,

a a a o a an

to th eye e confued d blended togethe d

are t s an r, an can no
 OF O OU R C L IN L AN D APE SC

to the eye th t they show to the u d g inst this

a s n, an a a

b ight b ckg oud the smoke will be c ely isible

r a r n s ar c v .

Bu du st when seen unde the s me conditions will

t r a

appe d ke th n smoke be use it i thicke i

ar ar r a ca s r n

subst nce th n smoke which is m de up f pou

,

a a a o va r.

(
G 2 3 r. )

HA DOW A L G HT ON C T E
OF S S ND I S I I S

When the u is in the e st the eye is ooking

s n a an d l
dow upon city om bove the eye w
n a the fr a ill see

outhe p t f the city with its oofs h lf m sh dow

,

s rn ar o r a a

d h l f i light d so l so with the no the n p t

,

an a n an a r r ar ;
bu the e te p t will be ll in sh dow d h
,

t as rn ar a a an t e

weste n p t ll in light
r ar a ( . G 19

OF PA T NG IN I

Of h v iou s colous othe th n blue th t which

t e ar r r a a

g e t dist nce will esemble blue most clos ly will

,

at a r a a r e

be th t which is ne est to bl ck d conve sel y

,

a ar a an so r

the colou which le st esembles bl ck will b the

,

r a r a e o ne

which g e t dist nce wil l most et in i tu l

at a r a a r a ts n a ra

colou r.

Acco dingly the g ee in l ndsc pes will b m m

r r n a a eco e o re

ch ged into blue th n will h yellow the white d

an a t e or an

con e s ly the yell ow d the white wil l unde go l ss

,

so v r e an r e

ch nge th n the g een d the d s ill less

a a r , an re t .

OF A ND C A PE L S S

The d k olous f h sh dows f mount in

ar c r o t e a o a s at a

g e
r at d ist e t ke mo e be u
an ctifu l d pu
a bl ue th na r a an rer a

do hme p ts which in light d f om this i follow

t ar are ,
an r t s

I
 OF L ANDS CAP E IN WINT E R 24 1

tha t when h ock f the mount ins is eddish the

t e r o a r

ts it w i h in ight wn co o ed the
,

p ar f o h l cf l
are u d are a -
r an

mo e b ightl y it is illu mi ted h mo e closel y will it

,

r r na t e r

r et i i n tu l colou
a n ts a ra r.
( ) I 4 8r.

PA T IN ING

The l ndsc p s which occu in ep esent tions f

a a e r r r a o

wi te shou
n r l d not show the mou nt ins blue sees a as o ne

them in summe d this is p oved by the fouth p t f

r, an r r ar o

this [ch pte ] whe e it is st ted th t f the mount ins

a r r a a o a

e g t dist nce th t will eem deepe blue in

,

se n at a rea a a s a r

co l ou which is i itself d ke
r f when the t ees
n ar r or r a re

str ipp d f thei l ves hey look g ey in colou d

e o r ea t r r, an

w hen hey t with thei le ves they g een d in

are r a are r an

opo ion the g een is d ke th n the g ey the g een

,

rt ar r a
p r as r r r

wi ll ppe mo e intense blue th n the g ey d by

,

a ar a r a r ; an

the fifth p t f this [ch pte ] the sh dows f t ee

ar o a r a o r s

which cl d with le ves much d ke th n the

,

are a a are as ar r a

h dow
s a f those t ees which
s o st ipped f le ves h
r a re r o a as t e

tr ee l d with le ves dense th n those without

s c a a are r a

l e ve
a s d th u
; ans w h e est blished u p oposition
e av a o r r

The definition f the blue colou f the mosphe e

.

o r o at r

s u pplies the e on why l nd c pesr as deepe sh de f

a s a are a r a o

blue in summe th n in wint r a

( ) er. 3 1
9 r.

OF H OW PA T W D TO IN IN

In ep esenting wind i ddition showing the

r r n a to

b ding f the boughs d the inve ting f thei le ves

,

en o an r o r a

at the pp o ch f the wind y ushould ep esent the

a r a o , o r r

c l ou ds f fine dust mi gled with h t oubled i

o n t e r a r
 -
REEOF T S

OF W HO TO DEP T A W L D LA N C A PE
IC I DS

Thme t ees d sh ubs which m e split up into

r an r are or

qu tity f thin b nches ought to h ve l e s densi y f

an o ra a s t o

sh dow The t ee d the sh ubs which h ve l ge l ves

a . r an r a ar r ea

c st g e te sh dow
a a r a M
( 8r a . . 20 3 8, Bib Ne t 3 1 . .

OF T RE A TH E R L G HT ES ND I I

The ue m h d f p ctice in ep e enting coun y

tr et o o ra r r s tr

s enes I shoul d y l ndsc pes wi h thei t es i to

c or sa a a t r re s

choose them when the u in the sky is hidden so th t

, ,

s n , a

the field eceive diffused light d not the di e t light

s r a an r c

of the u f this m kes the sh dow sh ply d fi n d

s n, or a a s ar e e

an d ve y di ffe ent f om the l ight

r r ( r s. G 11

OF T REE S

Wh t outl ines do t ees sho w

a dist n g inst h r at a a ce a a t e

atmosphe e which se ves thei b ckg ound The

r r as r a r

outlines f the st uctue f t e g inst the luminous

o r r o r es a a

atmo phe e they s rmo e emote pp ch the

as are r r a roa

sphe ic l mo e losely i thei sh pe d hey

r a r c n r a an as t are

ne they displ y g e te dive ge e f om h

,

are r so a a r a r r nc r t e

sphe ic l fo m S the fi st t ee
r a r being n
. othe r r a as ear to

eye displ ys the t ue fo m f its mific tion bu this is

a r r o ra a t

somewh t less visible i b d dis ppe s ltogeth in

,

a n an a ar a er c,

whe e only none f the b nches f h t e be

,

r no t can o ra o t e re

seen bu the whole t ee only be e g ised wi h

t r ca n r co n t

g e t diffi culty
,

r a .

E ve y object in sh dow b it f wh teve sh pe y u

r — a e o a r a o

ple s will g e t dist nce ppe be sphe i l

,

—a e at a r a a a a r to r ca

and this occus bec u se if object b ect ngul th

r a an er a a r, en at

1
MS . contains a sketch of a row of tre es seen in perspective .
 or T REE S 24 3

a ve y sho t dist nce its ngles b come invisible d

r r a a e an a

l ittl e f the ff it loses mo e th it et ins f h le se

,

ar r o r an r a o t e s r

sides d b fo e losing the whole it los s the p si e

an so e r e ar ts, nc

these l s th n h whole S with m when

,

a re es a t e . o a an so

situted y ul ose sight f the legs ms d he d befo e

a o o , ar an a r

h t u nk d the the e t emities f the length become

, ,

t e r an n x r o

l o t befo e those f the b e dth d when hese h ve

,

s r o r a an t a

b come equl the e would be sq u e if the ngles

,

1
e a r a ar a

r em ined bu hey l st the e is sphe e (

a ,
t as t are o r a r . G 26

H OW H O L D REPRE E T LA ND CA E
O NE S U S N S P S

L ndsc pes ought be ep esented h t the t ees

a a to r r so t a r

are h lf in light d h l f in sh dow bu it is bette

a an a a t r to

m ke them when h u is cove ed in cl ou

a ds f then
t e s n r or

h t ees lighted u by the gene ight the sk y

,

t e r are
p l l f ra o

an d the gene l sh dow f h e th ra d these a so o t e ar ; an are

m uch d ke in thei p ts in p opo tion these p ts

ar r r ar r r as ar

are ne e to the middle f the t ee d h th

ar r o r an to t e ear .

(
G 19

OF TREE W H C H A RE LL ATE BY TH E OR
S I I U M IN D S UN

BY TH E AT O P H ERE M S

The t ee illumin ted by the u d by h mo

r s a s n an t e at

sphe e which h ve le ves f d k colou will be ill umi

r a a o a ar r

d on
n ate side by h tmosphe e l o e d in
o ne t e a r a n an

consequen e f being thus ill umin ted will sh e its

,

c o a ar

bluene s d on the opp site side they will be illumin ted

s an o a

both by the tmo phe e d the u d the p t which

a s r an s n, an ar

h e ye sees ill u
t e min t d by the u will be esplenden a e s n r t.

(
G 2 8o ) .

l I have fo llo wed Dr Richter in interpreting . a tiny figu

re in the text as a
u M Ravaiu Mollien reads it as ci .
’
‘
sq are . . on -
 RE OF T ES

OF TH E HA OW OF VERD RES D S U

The sh dows f ve due lw ys pp xim te blue

a o r r a a a ro a to

d so it i with eve y sh dow f ev y othe hi g d

,

an s r a o er r t n an

they tend this colou mo e enti ely when hey

,

to r r r t

futhe dist t f om the eye

r r an d l ess in p opo tion
r an r r as

they n e
,

a re ear r .

The le ves which eflect the blue f h tmosphe e

a r o t e a r

alw ys p esent them e lves edgewise to the eye

a r s .

OF TH E L N ATED PART OF ERD R A ND

IL UM I S V U E OF

O NTA M U I NS

Th p t ill u e min ted wil l show m e f its n tu l

ar a or o a ra

colou g t dist nce whe it is illumin ted by h

r at a rea a n a t e

most pow fu l l ight er .

( ) G 1 5 r.

In the ep e ent tion f t e s in le f be c eful

r r s a o r e a ar no t to

rep t the s me colou of en f t e which h

ea a r to o t or a re as

ano he ee f the s me colou its b ckg ound bu

t r tr o a r as a r t

v y it by m king the foli ge lighte d ke f

,

ar a a r or ar r or o a

mo e vivid g een
r r ..
( ) G 27 e.

The ex emi ies f the b nches f ees if d gged

tr t o ra o tr n ot ra

dow by the weight f hei f uit tun tow ds h sky

n o t r r r ar t e

as much p sible as os .

The uppe sides f thei l e r tuned tow ds

o r eav s are r ar

the sky in o de to eceive nouishment f om h d w

r r r r r t e e

th t f l ls by nigh
a a t.

The u gives spi it d life to pl nt d h th

s n r an a s an t e ear

nouishe them wi h moistue In this conn c ion I

r s t r .
‘
e t

once m de h expe iment f l i g o l y

a t e sm ll
r o eav n n o ne a

o t goud d keeping his noui hed with w t

r o on a r an t r s a er ;
 RK LE AV E S IN F R O NT OF T RAN S P

the l ea ves inte rposed betwee x

are

then tha t which is nearest to the

a nd th a t far the st aw ay wi ll be
e not seen aga inst the atmOS ph
with l ea ves which ar e bey ond th
t is i n the di rection o f the ligh t .

OF TH E LI G H TS ON D AR K LE A
ights on s u ch l ea ves a re dar kes

o sel
y r ese mb l e the c o l o ur o f the

in the m an d this is d u e t o th
ss o f the ill u min ated rt min
3 fo r ms o f lf a bl u e c ol o ur a
c oeds fr o m the b l ue o f the atmos
in the smoo s ur e o f these
o

I O the b l u en Whl Ch I S l lgIl l: 11S

s u o 11 d ar k 0b
p j ts g;
 OF FO LI AG E
colou f this mi o he efo e the blue f the tmo
r o rr r ; t r r o a

sphe e eflected i h yellow f the l e f ppe s g een

r r n t e o a a ar r

b ec u se blue d yell ow mi d togethe fo m most

,

a an xe r r a

b ill i nt g een
r a d the efo e the l u
r st e on light le v s
an r r r a e

which e o i h in co o wi be eenish ye ow
,

y ll w
are l u ll g s ll r a r .

(
G 2 8

The sh dows f pl nt neve bl ck f whe e the

a o a s are r a or r

tmosphe e pe e tes the e c nn t be utte d kness

,

a r n tra r a o r ar .

(
G 8 r .
)

The l f lw ys tu s its uppe side tow ds h sky

ea a a rn r ar t e

so th t it m y be bette ble to eceive ove i whole

a a r a r r ts

suf ce h dew which d ops down with h slow move

r a t e r t e

ment f h tmosphe e d these le v s

o t ea ged r an a e are arran on

h pl nt in su
t e a ch w y th t cove s no he lit le
s a a a o ne r a t r as t

as
p o sibl e b
s u the y li l te n te l y t b ve h othe e a r a o ne a o t e r

is s en with the i y which cove s the w lls And this

,

as e v r a .

al te n tion e es w ends th t is in o de to l e ve sp
r a s rv t o s a r r a ace

so th t h i d h u m y penet te between them

a t e a r an t e s n a ra

— d the s ond pupose f it is th t h d ops which

,

an ec r o a t e r

f l l f om the fi t le f m y f l l
a r to the fouth
rs a a a on r or o n

to the si th i the c e f othe t es

,

x n
( as
) o r re . G 2 7 v.

The sh dows on t nsp ent l ve seen f om b n th

a ra ar ea s r e ea

are the s me hose on the ight side f h le f f

a as t r o t e a or

the sh dow is visible in t sp ence on the unde side

,

a ran ar r

as we ll the p t in light bu the lust e neve be

as ar ; t r ca n r

se en in t sp ence ran ar (. G 3

Although le ves with sm oth suf ce f the a a o r a are or

mo t p t f the me colou the ight side on the

s ar o sa r on r as

reve e it h ppens h t the side e po ed the tmo

rs , so a t a ,
x s to a
 CF F O LI AG E
spher e p kes f h olou f the tmosphe d
arta o t e c r o a re, an

see ms to p t ke f i co lou mo e clo ely i p po io

ar a o ts r r s n ro rt n

h eye is ne e
as t e it d e s it mo e fo esho d
ar r to an s e r r rte ne .

Ad the sh d ows will inv i bly pp d ke

n a h ar a a ear ar r on t e

r ight side th n the eve se th ough h ont a on r r r t e c rast

c used by the high light pp ing g inst the sh d ow

a s a ear a a a .

The unde side f the le f lthough its colou i i el f

r o a a r n ts

m y be the s me th t f the ight side pp

,

a a as a o r a ears

mo e be utiful i colou d this colou is g en

,

r a n r ; an r a re

ve gi g upon yellow d this ccus when this leaf i

r n ; an o r s

inte posed between the eye

r d the l ight which ill u
mi an n es

i f om the opposite side

t r Its sh dows lso i the . a a are n

s me positions we e tho e the Opposite ide

a as r s on s .

The efo e O P inte when y um ke t n

r r a r, o a rees ear at

h nd membe th t when you y i omewh t b l ow

,

a re r a r e e s s a e

the le e l f h t e y uwill be ble to i l v

v o t e re o a see ts ea es

some the ight id d some on the e e e d

on r s e an r v rs ; an

the ight sides will be d epe blue they e mo

r a e r as are se n re

fo ho ened d h s me le f will sometimes show

res rt an t e a a

p t f h ight side d p t f the ev

,

ar o t e r d an ar o r erse , an co n se

quently y umust m ke it f w olous

o a o t o c r .

( 3
G r. a.
)

When the e is belt f g een b hind noth the

r one o r e a er,

high light the le ves d hei t nsp e t light

s on a an t r ra ar n s

show mo e st gly th n thos which

r gi t h
ro n a e are a a ns t e

b ightnes f the tmosphe e

r s o a r .

And if the u illumine the le v s without the

s n s a e se

coming betw en it d the y d without h y

e an e e, an t e e e

f i g the u then the high light

ac n s d the t
n, sp t s an ran aren

lights f the l ves

o e em l powe ful ea are xtr e y r .
 OF D IS T ANT O ETBJ C S 2 49

It is ve y ueful to m ke some f h lowe b nch s

r s a o t e r ra e

d h e shou l d be d k d shou l d se ve b ck
,

an t es ar an r as a a

d the i min t d b ts g e w ich

,

g u
ro f n ll u
or l f h a e e o re n are at

some li tle dist nce f m h fi st

t a ro t e r .

Of the d ke g eens s en f om bel ow th t p t

ar r r e r a ar

is d k st which is n es the eye th t is y which

,

ar e ear t to a to sa

is f the t f om the luminous mosphe

,

ar s r ( ) at re. G 4 r.

Neve p t l e th ugh n p nt i h
r re resen eav s as o tra s are n t e

u b u they
s n, eea selw ys indi tinc d his c m
are a a s t an t o es

b ut b u ov the t n sp ncy f l f the e

a o eca se er ra
'

are o o ne ea r

will be imp inted the sh dow f no he l f which i

r a o a t r ea s

a b ve it d this h dow h definite outl ine d

o ; an s a as s an a

fi d den ity
xe And ometimes it i the h l f thi d p
s . s s a or r art

o f h l e f which is i the sh d ow
t e a d con qu en ly h
n a , an se t t e

str uctue f such le f i indis inct d the imit io f

r o a a s t an at n o

it i to be void d
,

s a e .

The uppe b nches f the sp e ding boughs f t

r ra o r a o rees

keep ne e the p ent b ugh th d tho e b low

ar r to ar o an o s e .

Th t le f is l s t nsp e t which t kes the light

a a e s ra ar n a at a

mo cute gle
re a an .
( ) G 4 a.

o r TH E PRE E TA NT OBJECT PA N T NG
WAY To S NT DIS S rN I I

It is evident th t the p t f the tmosphe e whicha ar o a r

li s n
e the level g ound is de th n the est
earest r nser a r

d h t h high it i h light d m
,

an t a t e er r ses t e er an ore

t sp e t it b ome
ran ar n ec s.

I then f l g d lof y obj

ease o which m
ar e a n t ects are so e

di e w y f om y u thei lowe p will not be

stanc a a r o r r arts

ch e b ue the li e by which y u hould

,

mu se n, eca s n o s s ee
“5° OF TH E ATM O PH ERE
S

them p s th ough h thick st d densest po tion f

a ses r t e e an r o

h tmosphe e
t e a Bu h s ummi s f h e heights
r . tt e t o t es

seen long line which lthough when ti g f om

a a a star n r

you eye it is p oduced th ough the den mo

,

r r r se r at

sphe e yet sin i ends the high st summit f h

r ce t at e o t e

object een on ludes i couse in

,

s c c ts r an

mo e efied th n th t f its b And onsequentl y

,

r rar a a o ase . c

h f he
t e w y f om y u his li e e tends f om p int
art r a a r o t n x r o

to poi t h g t is the ch nge in h fine quli y f

n t e rea er a t e r a t o

the mosphe eat r .

D y u the efo e O P in e when y u p

O o ent
r r a t r, o re res

mount i s th t f om hill hill h b s l w ys

, ,

a n see a r to t e ase are a a

p le h the summit d h f the w y y um ke

a r t a s, an t e ar r a a o a

them f om nothe l the b e be p le in p opo

o ne r a r et as s a r r r

tion d h loftie th y the mo th y shoul d

an t e r e are, re e

ev l thei t ue sh pe d col ou
,

r ea r r a an r.

M
( 8 2 0 38.Bib Net , . . 1 8r. )

H OW TH E AT O P H ERE H O L D BE REPR ENTE M S S U ES D AS

PA ER PRO ORT ON A
L H OW IN P I S Y OU S IT EX

TE D NG LOWER N I

in e the mosphe e is de s n the g oud d

S c at r n e ear r n an

the highe it i the fine it becomes the efo e when the

,

r s r r r

u is in the e st d y u look tow ds h w s

,

s n a an o ar t e e t,

t king in p t the no th d to the south y uwill

a a ar to r an o

h t his dense i eceives mo e l ight f om the u

,

see t a t a r r r r s n

th n the fine i bec use the y encou e mo e

a r a r, a ra s nt r r

resist nce Ad if you view f the ho izon is boud d

a . n r o r n e

by l w pl in th t f thest egion f h ky will b

a o a a ar r o t e s e

en th ough th t thicke white tmo phe e d his

,

se r a r r a s r an t
will d yj h t uth f the colou seen h ough such
,
'

estro t e r o r as t r a
 BO O K IV

F A N TA S Y
A
F BLES

TH E h ppy willow fi nding he lf un ble enjoy

un a on rse a to

the ple sue f s ei g h slende boughs t in such

a r o e n er r a ta to

height she d si ed even point tow d the sky

as e r or ar s

b c use she w con inully b ing m imed d l opp d

, ,

e a as t a e a an e

an d spoil ed f the ke f h vine or y othe t

sae o t e or an r r e

which h ppened be n summoned up ll h

a to ear, a er

f cual tie d by this me ns opened wide the p

s an l f a orta s o

h erim gin tion em ining in continul m di i i

a a r a d a e tat or , an

eking i the wo ld f pl nts f whe ewith ll y

,

se n r o a o r o ne r to a

he elf which coul d n d h help f h b nch s

rs n ot ee t e o er ra e .

S co in u
o i g f
nt time with h im gin tion wo k
n or a er a a at r

the thought f the goud suddenly p sented it lf to h

,

o r re se er

mind d ll h b nch s qu
an a ive ed in h intense j y
er ra e r er o

it se med h th t h h d found the ight m

, ,

for e to er a s e a r co

p nion f the pupo e h desi d b c use h goud is

a or r s s e re e a t e r

by n tue mo e fitted to bind othe s th n b boud

,

a r r r a to e n

h elf Afte comi g thi con lusion she lifted up

ers . r n to s c

h b nches tow ds the sky d w ited the l ok

er ra ar an a on o

u f some f iend ly bi d e h in m di y
,

o t or r r to serv as t e ter e ar

o f h desi e Among the e t she de ied the m gpi

er r . r s scr a e

n ear hto d id him O g

er an le bi d by h
sa to en t r t e

ge y u h ve l tely found mong my b n h

, ,

refu o a a a ra c es at
 FA BL E S 2 53

d a wn , when the hug y c uel d p cious f lcon h n r r an ra a a as

wi hed devou y u by th t e t y uh ve often found

, ,

s to — r o a r s o a

in me when you wings c v d est by those delights

,

— r ra e r

h ve enjoyed mong my b nches in mo o s

,

y ou a au ra a r

d ll i nce with you comp nions —I ent e t y uto g

a a r d a r a o o an

k u h goud d obt in f o m h some f h

,

see o t t e r an a r er o er

s eeds telling h th t I will c e f wh t ve is bo

,
er a ar or a e r rn

f om them hough they we e my w fi p i g d in '

r as t r o n o s r n an

l ike m ne u ll s u ch wo ds m y incline h to the

,

an r se a r as a er

l ike pupo e thou gh y uwh

r s m te f l nguge to o o are a as ro a a

h e is n d f m give inst uc ion If y uwill

,

t er no ee or e to r t . o

d this I m con ent

o al you nest b i the fo k f
t to et r e n r o

my bo u ghs togethe with ll you f mil y wi hout p y r a r a t a

ment f y ent o 8 the m gpie fte stipu

an r .
’
l ting with 0 a a r a

h will o w f
t e ce t in fu he conditions h most
or r a rt r t e

impo nt bei g th t h shou l d neve dmit upon h

,

rta n a s e r a er

b ou ghs y s ke polec t cocked his t il d lowe ed

an na or a a an r

hi he d d c ting himse l f l oose f om the b u gh l

,

s a an as r o et

himsel f flo t his wi gs d b ting bout with the

,

a on n ; an ea a se

i the fleeting i seeking hithe

n d hi he
a r, d guid r an t t r, an

ing himself by usi g hi t il u dde he c me

n s a as a r r, a to a

g o u d r d fte co u
anteo s
u l y s al uting rh obt ined by r a er a

f w pol ite wo ds the seeds f which he sought On

,

a e r or .

ta king th e b ck the will ow he w welcomed with

es a to as

j y
o ful l ooks d then s ping; wany with his foot s me cra a a o

o f h e th ne
t e h wi ll ow he pl nted the g ins with
ar ar t e a ra

hi be k ou
s nd bout h in ci cl e
a r a er a r .

Th e s on beg n g ow d the b nche in d

es o a to r an as ra s crease

d open d u th y b g n cove ll the b che f

,

an e o t e e a to r a ran s o

h will ow
t e d thei g t l v an hut w y f om it the
r rea ea es s a a r

b uy f h u d h ky Ad ll hi vil
,

ea t o t e s n an t e s . n a t s e no t
2 54 FA E BL S

sufi cing the go ds next b g n d g down h

u
r e a to ra to t e

o d th de g ip h ops f the lende boughs

,

r u i eir ru t e t
g n n r o s r ,

twis ing d dis o ting them in st nge sh p s Then

t an t r ra a e .

the willow ft sh ki g d tossing he self no

a er a n an r to

pupo m ke the gouds loose thei hol d d v i ly

r se to a r r an a n

d ys che ishing such i dl e hope ince the g p f

,

f or a r s, s ras o

the gouds w r sue d fi m as fo bi d su

so ch r an r as to r

thought ing the wind p ss by fo thwi h omme d d

s, see a r t c n e

he elf it And the wind blew h d d it nt

,

rs to . ar ; an re

o pen the wil low s ld d holl ow t unk te ing it i two

’
o an r ar n

p ts ight down its oots d they fell sund

,

ar r to r ; an as a er

she v i ly bew il ed h f e onfe i g he elf bo

a n a er at c ss n rs rn to

go d end
,

no o .
( A ) a . . 67 r. a .

The th ushe ejoiced g tly s eing m

r s r h rea on e a an ca tc

the wl d ke w y h l ib ty by binding h feet

o an ta a a er er er

with t ong bonds

s r Bu then by me n f bi dl ime h
. t a s o r t e

o wl w h c ue f the th u
as t e shes lo ing onl y thei
a s o r s no t r

lib y bu ev n thei l ife

ert t This is s id f tho e t
e r . a o s s ates

which joice seeing thei ule s lose thei libe y i

re at r r r r rt n

ons quen e f which they fte w ds lo e hop f

,

c e c o a r ar s e o

ucou d em i bou
s c r an nd in the pow f thei e emy
r an er o r n

losing thei l ibe y d Often l i fe

,

r rt an .

(
C . A1 17
. r.

A ce t in p tch f now findi g it elf li gi g to the

r a a o s n s c n n

to p f o ock w hich
a r w pe ch d the ext eme s u
m mit as r e on r

o f ve y high mo u
a r nt i being l ft its w im gi a n, e to o n a na

tion beg n to eflect d to y within it el f S h ll I

a r an sa s a

not b thought h ughty d p oud f h ving pl c d

e a an r or a a e

myse in e l ed spot bei g indeed me e mo l

l f so — xa t a n a r rse

f snow And f llowing h t suh t qu tity f

,

o or a t a c a vas an o
3 56 FA EBL S

th e wo d h w ll mov d wi h comp ssion w n n

es r s t e a e t a a s co te t

gi it h lt in h spot whe e it h d f l l n Ad
, ,

to ve s e er t e r a a e . n

withi ho sp f time the u b g bu t op

n a s rt ace o n t e an to rs en

an d p uto i o i m ong the

t ts r ots n a c e ic s f the r v e o sto nes

an d puh hem futhe s t p t d h o w r u

p sho tr u
a ar an t r o s o t

o f its hollow d th e oon an bove h p f es s rose a t e to o

the buildi g d h twis d oots g ew thi k th y

,

n an as t e te r r c er e

co mm d to t
enee u nd the w lls d f the
ear as er a an orce

a nci nt stone u f th i ld positions The h w ll

e s o to ero . n t e a too

l e
at d in v i depl o d h
an ue f i d st u
a n c ion
re t e ca s o ts e r t ,

an d i sho ime i w to n unde d g e t p t

n a rt t t as r as r an a r a ar

fell in mi n. ( A C . . 67 r.

The p iv t f eli g its e de b ch l d n with

r e on e n t n r ran es, a e

ne wf u it p icked by the h p cl w d b k f h
r r s ar a s an ea o t e

t ouble ome bl ckbi d compl ined h with pitiful

,

r s a r a to er te

b s ching th t even she p ck d

,

u
'

p h
r oac es h e ee if l er fl h a e o er

d licious f uit she would y te dep ive h f h

e r at an ra no t r er o er

l
eave s which p otec ed h f om the o ching ys f the
r t er r sc r ra o

u
s n, no r with h h p cl w nd w y d st ip b e
er s ar a s re a a an r ar

h ende b k Bu to this the bl kbi d eplied with

er t r ar . t ac r r

insolent ebuke Silence ! ude b mble 1 K w y u

r r ra no o

no t th t tue h m de y u p oduce he e f uit f

a na r as a o to r t s r s or

my su e ce C not y u th t y u me into h
st nan an o see a o ca t e

wo ld i d supply me with thi ve y fo d K now

r n o r er to s r o

y uo il
n ot, hi g h t
v e t
y u th tn e t win
t a
y u o are, a n x ter o

will e uten n e d food f the fi

serv as s s a c T an or re o

which wo d h t ee listen d p tien ly d not without

r s t e r e a t an

te ars.

Bu ho t time f w ds the bl ckbi d w c u

t a s r a ter ght ar a r as a

in net d me boughs w e u m k c g i
a , an so er c t to a e a a e n
 F ABL E S 2
57

o de imp ison h d mong the st we e some

r r to r er , an a re r

cu f om the tende p ivet to se ve f h ods f the

t r r r r or t e r o

cage d these pe ceiving th t they would be the

; an on r a

cause f the bl ckbi d being dep ived f l ibe ty ejoiced

o a r r o r r

and u tte ed the e wo ds We he e 0 bl ckbi d

r s r are r a r ,

cons med by the s id we sh see

,

n ot
y u et fi y u l l re as o a ; a

y u in
o p i n b fo e y u see
r sou b u nt A
e r o s r .
’
]

(
C . . 67 r.

ome fl mes h d l e dy lived f month in gl ss

S a a a r a or a a a

fun ce when they w c ndl e pp o ching in be u

r a tiful sa a a a r a a a

an d gl itte ing c nd lestick They s ove with g e t

r a . tr r a

l onging e ch it d one f thei numbe left its

to r a ; an o r r

na tu l couse d wound itself into unbunt b nd

ra r an an r ra

upon which it f d d then p s ed u the othe end e an a s o t at r

by sm ll cl eft to h c ndle which w ne d flug

,

a a t e a as a r, an n

it elf upon it d devouing it with the utmost vo city

s an r ra

d g eed consumed it lmost enti ely then desi ous

,

r a r ; r

o f p o longi g its w l i fe it st ove in

r n in to etun o n r va r r

to h fun ce which it h d left bu w fo ced to

,

t e r a a t as r

d o p d die togethe with h c ndle S l st in

,

r o an r t e a . o at a

l ment tion
a d eg et it w
a ch ged to foul sm ke
an r r as an o

l e v i g ll i siste s in gl owi g d bidi g life d

,

a n a ts r n an a n an

be uty a .
( A C. . 67 r.

Th fi g t ee st nding ne to the l m
e -
r d pe eiving a ar e an rc

th t h boughs bo e no f uit hemselv s y h d h

,

a er r r t e et a t e

h dihood to keep w y the u f om h own un ipe

,

ar a a s n r er r

ebuked h s ying O El m y unot h med

,

fig s, r er, a are o as a

to st nd in f ont f me O ly w it until my chil d en

,

a r o n a r

are fu l l y g own d y uwill see whe e y uwill find

r an o r o

youself Bu when h offsp ing we e ipe egiment

r .
’
t er r r r a r

a
3 58 FA E BL S

s die s c me the pl ce d they to e ff the b h s

of o l r a to a an r o ranc e

f the fig ee in o d t ke h figs d l ft h ll
,

o -
tr r er to a er an e er a

s i pp d d b oken
tr e an r .

And she thus s ood m imed i ll h limb h

as t a n a er s t e

e l m qu estioned h s ying O Fig ee h w much be te er a -

tr o t r

it be without child en th n to be b ught by

, ,

w as to r a ro

th m to so w e ched p ss
e (
r tA a a
’
C . .
7 6 r.

Once upon time the zo eme ging f om the h dlea ra r r r an

which s ved it she th d pl cing itself in the u

er as a a an a s n,

u eflected on its suf ce which thing i

,

sa w h t e s n r r a at t

took g t p ide d tuning it ove in its though it

,

rea r an r r ts

b g n to y to it elf Am I go b ck y mo
,

e a sa s to a an re to

th t shop f om which I h ve j ust now come w y N

,

a r a a a o

su ly It c nnot be the ple sue f the gods h t such

re a a r o t a

ra d i nt be uy shou
a l d stoop such vile use ! Wh t
a t to s a

m d s would th t be which should induce me to s pe

a
’

ne s a cra

the l the ed chi s f ustic pe s n s d d suh

a r n o r a a t an to o c

me i l se vice ! Is his body m de f ctions such

n a r t a or a as

the e Ce t inl y ! I will g d hide myself i

s r a no t o an n

so me eti ed spot d th e p ss my life in t nquil e

r r an er a ra ase .
’

Ad so h ving hid itself w y f some mon hs

,

n a a a or t re

tuning d y the light d coming u f its sh h

,

r o ne a to an o to eat

it p eived th t it h d qui ed h pp n e f
erc a a ac r t e a ea ra c o a

r us y w d th t i suf ce no l o ge efl ct d the
t sa an a ts r a n r r e e

sun di nce In v in with usel p nt nce it b

,

’
s ra a . a e ss re e a e

mo n d i i p ble hut s ying i elf Ah h w

a e ts rre ara r a to ts o

much bette woul d it h ve b en to h e l h b b

, ,

r a e av et t e ar er

u th t l ost edge f mine th t h d

se a e ke 1 o a a so rar a e nn ess

Whe e w is the gli te i g suf e In uth h foul

r no t r n r ac tr t e
insid i u u st h co sumed it w y ! ’
o s r as n a a
2 60 FA E BL S

flew oun bout it in v ying i c es m ve i g g t

r d a ar c r l ar ll n rea ly
at s ch di nt b uty And contented me ely
u ra a ea . no t r to

behold it beg n t e t it w its custom with the

a to r a as as

f g nt flowe d di ecting its flight it pp o ched

,
‘
ra ra rs, an r a r a

with bold esol e close the light which the eupon

r v to r co n

sumed the tips f its wings d legs d the othe

,

o mi an an r extr e

ties d then d opping down the foot f it it beg

an r at o an

to c nside with tonishment h w thi ccident h d

,

o r as o s a a

bee b ought bout f it could

n r a much en or no t so as ter

t in thought h t y evil hut could pos ibly come

,

a a t a an or r s

to it f om thing be utiful d then h ving i p t

r a so a ; an a n ar

r eg ined the st ength which it h d lost it took no he

a r a a t r

flight d p ed ight th ough the body f the fl me

,

an ass r r o a

inst nt fell down buned into the il which

,

an d i n an a r o

f d the fl me p ese ving o l y

e a much life suffi d
r r n so as ce

it to eflect upo the c ue f i dest uction s ying to

,

r n a s o ts r a

it O ccu ed light ! I thought th t in y u I h d

,

a rs a o a

nd my h ppiness ! V i ly do I l ment my m d
,

f u
o a a n a a

de i e d by my uin I h ve come to know you

s r an r a
’

p cious d dest ucti e n tue

,
’
ra a an r v a r .

To which the light plied Thus d I t e t whoe e re o r a v r

does know h w to u me ight

,

’
no t o se ar .

This is s id f tho e who when they see befo e them

a or s r

these c n l d wo ldl y delights h ten tow ds them

ar a an r as ar

l ike the bu tte fly without eve king thought to hei

,

r r ta as t r

n tue which th y know fte long u ge hei

,

a r e a r sa to t r

sh me d l
,

a an oss. ( A C . . 2 57 r.

Th fl int e b ing s uck by h s eel m velled

on e tr t e t ar

g tl y d s id it in ste n voice Wh t og c
r ea an a to a r a arr an e

p mpts y uto nnoy me T ouble me f y u

,

ro o a r no t, or o
 FA E BL S 26 1

h ve cho en me by mist ke I h ve neve done h m

a s a ; a r ar

to an y T whic
o ne . h the
’
stee l m de
o swe If y u a an r,
‘
o

will be p tient y uwill see wh t m vellous esult will

a o a a ar r

i sue fo th f om y u At these wo ds the fli t w

s r r o .
’
r n as

p acified d p tie tl
an y end u d its m
a ty dom
n d it w re ar r an sa

it elf give bi th the m vellous el ement f fi which

,

s r to ar o re

by its potency b c me f cto in innume ble things e a a a r ra .

This is s id f those wh dism yed the outset f

a or o a re a at o

t hei studi s d then set u g in the m ste y ove

r e an o t to a a r r

them l ves d in p tience pply themselves

,

se an a to a co n

i uul y
tn o s the e s udi s f om which
to s es esult
t e , r one se r

thi gs m vellous el te
‘

n ar ( A
to r a . C. . z 57 r.

The w te finding itself in the p oud its l

a r on r sea, e e

ment w seized with desi e to ise bove h i d

as a r r a t e a r ; an

i ded by the element f fi h ving mounted up in thin

,

a o re , a

v pou it seemed l most thin the i itself d

a r, a as as ar ; an

a fte it h d isen
r a g e t height it c me to whe e the
r to a r a a r

i w
a r mo e efied d colde d the e it w b n
as r rar an r, an r as a a

d d by h fi
o ne d the sm ll p ticl es being p es d
t e re ; an a ar r se

t gethe we e unit d d bec me h vy d d oppi g

o r r e an a ea ; an r n

f om thence i p ide w
r
p u ts o t
u d
r it fel l f om as t to r an r

h sky then d uk up by the p hed e th

,

t e d w an as r n arc ar ,

whe e f r l o g time it l y imp i oned

or a n d did pen e a r s an an c

f its sin
or .
(8 M ) . K . . if . a r.

The lily pl nted it lf down upon the b k f the

a se an o

T ci o
i n d the st e m c
, an ied w y the b nk d wi h
r a arr a a a an t

it h l ily
t e .
(# ) H r.

The oys bei g h own u with othe fi h ne

ter n t r o t r s ar to

h
t e sea f om h hou f fi he m n p yed
r t e se o a s r a , ra to a ra t to
26 3 F ABL E S

t ke him h
a the wh w intending to d
to t e sea : rat o as e

vou him b de him open bu then he hi him h

r a t as t t e

oy te squ zed his he d d hel d it d h c me

, ,

s r ee a an ; an t e cat a

and kill ed him .

( [] H 5! 3

The spide thinking find epos within the k y

r to r e e

hole found de th
, a ( A .
) 0 . . 2 99 0. a .

The k ife — tifici l w pon d ep iv m f hi

n — an ar a ea r es an o s

n il hi n tu l we pon
,

a— s s a ra a .

The mi o b e it elf p oudly holding the queen

rr r or s r

mi o ed within it d fte she h dep ted h mi

rr r , an a r as ar t e rror

rem ins a .
( M ) s K . . . iii . 44 o.

The p pe seei g it elf ll spotted by h ob ue

a r on n s a t e sc r

bl k ess f the ink g ieves it d the ink shows it

ac n o r at an

th t by son f the wo ds compo ed upon it it b com s

,

a rea o r s e e

h c ue f i p
t e a s e v tio o ts (8 M )
res r a n. . K . . iii. z 7 r.

Loy lty The c nes in o de th t thei ki g m y

a . ra r r a r n a

not pe i h by thei keeping b d gu d st nd ound him

r s r a ar a r

at night holding stone in thei feet Love fe d s r . ar, an

eve en w ite these upon the h ee stones f the

,

r —r ce r t r o

c nes
ra .
( [ ] ) H 11 8 a s an r.

WE LL O G FO R -
D IN

By the b nch f h u t ee which is st uck d

ra o t e n t r -
r an

be ten j ust when it h b ought its f uit pe fe tion

a as r r to r c

is ep esented those wh the sequel f thei illust ious

,

r r o as o r r

w ks or st uk by envy in dive s w ys
are r c ( r a . G 88

B y the tho n upon which is g fted the g od f uit is

r ra o r s

me nt th t whi h i
a a f it e lf p edisp ed to vi tu
c s not o s r os r e,
 AL L EGOR E I S 26 3

yet by the help o f an ins ucto itself p oduces the most

tr r r

O ne puhes down othe by these cubes

s an r are repre

ented
s the ie
conditions f m ki d
lf an d ( ) o an n . G 89 r.

[ A ALL EGOR C
ro aAL u N
] I a s p a asa r a r ro n

l l Mo o the figue f Fo tue wi h h i nd ob s

r as r o r n t ar a r e

d with h nds he ld in f ont d Messe G ul tie i wi h

,

an a r an r a r t

f obei n e pl u ck him by the ob s f om below

,

act o sa c s r e r as

he p esents himself befo e him

r r .

Also Pove ty hideous figue unning behind

r as a r r a

youth whom 11 Mo o cove s with h ski t f his obe

, r r t e r o r

whil e he th e tens the monste with his gil ded

r a ept e r sc r .

( 3 [g ]
I 1 8 o a. )

[ so n AN ALLEGOR CAL I a sp a nss uurro n ] '

Mo o with the spect cles d Envy ep esented

ll r a an r r

wi h ly ing S l nde d Justice bl ck f 11 Mo o

t a r , an a or r .

L bou with the vine in h h nd

a r ( ) er a . H 88 a.

The g e t bi d will t ke its fi st flight upon h b k

r a r a r t e ac

of h g e t sw
t e filling the whole wo ld with m ze
r a an , r a a

ment d fill ing ll ec ds with its f me

an d it wi ll
a r or a ; an

b i g et l glo y the ne t wh e it w bo n
r n erna r to s er as r .

(
S al V010 41
c Uttell i , rover, a r.
)
w ite thus cle ly f the kite woul d seem to be my
To r ar o

de tiny b c u in h e liest collections f my inf ncy

s e a se t e ar re o a

i s emed me when I w in the c dl e th t kite

,

t e to as ra a a

c me d opened my mouth with its t il d st uck me

a an a an r

within upon the lip with its i l m y times s ta an .

(
C . A66 .
, 0.

1 MS . has a diagram with dice .

3 64 AF ANTAS TIC T AL E
Dan a Ban s n ar ro To give yo u the
news f the
— o

thi gs he e f om the t y umust know h t i the

,

n r r eas o t a n

month f June the e pp ed gi nt wh c me f om

,

o r a ea r a a o a r

the Liby n dese t This gi nt w bo n Mout

a r . a as r on n

Atl d w bl ck d he fought g inst A t e e

as, an as a an a a r ax rx s

with the Eg y pti ns d A bs the M d d P e si s

,

a an ra o es an r an

he li d in the upon the wh l e h g e t levi th s

,

ve sea a s, t e r a a an

an d the ships When the s v ge gi nt fel l by on

. a a a reas

o f h g ou
t e nd being cove d ove with blood d mi e
r re r an r

it emed though mount in h d f llen whe e t the

,

se as a a a a r a

c ount y [shook] though the e we e e hquke

r as r r an art a

with te Pluto in hell d M s fe ing f hi

,

rro r to an ar ar or s

l ife fl d f efuge unde the side f J ve Ad f om

,

l
e or r r o o . n r

the iolence f the shock he l y p o t te the level

v o a r s ra on

g ound though s unned until suddenly the people

r as t ;
believing th t he h d been killed by some thunde bolt
a a r

b g n tun bout his g e t be d d like flock

,

e a to r a r a ar ; an a

o f ts th t nge bout hithe d thi he fuiousl y

an a ra a r an t r r

a mong the b mbles be ten dow by the ra f h a n axe o t e

s udy pe s nt so these hu yi g bout ove hi

t r a a are rr n a r s

huge limbs d pie cing hem wi h f equent wounds

,

an r t t r .

At his the gi t being oused d pe ceiving himself

t an r an r

to be lmost cove ed by the c wd sudde l y on feeli g

,

a r ro n n

himself sm ting f om thei st b utte d o whi h

,

ar r r a s, re a r ar c

s emed though it w e te ific pe l f thunde d

e as er a rr a o r, an

set his h nds h g ound d lifted up his w

a on t e r an a e

inspi ing counte nce d then pl cing f hi h nds

r na an a o ne o s a

1 MS M arte fu
medoi dela l d vita sera
j gi Th
’
‘
. te g to so tto aco o ve ese .

wo rd s in Leo nardo s occu

r a t the sid e and a re not fou
writing
’

nd in the
tran script o f the Ita l ian edition I have ventu red to insert them wh e n the
.
y
see med to b
est fi t the sense, and a lso to chan e the ord er o f some o f the
g
senten ce: w hich are written in the mar i n.
g
2 66 F
A ANTAS TIC TAL E
a nd en e ing in mong h owd he beg n by his kicks
t r a t e cr a to

to s men up i the i so h t they fell down g in upo

s n a r, t a a a n

h
t e res t though he e h d b en thick sto m f h il
as t r a e a r o a ,

an d m ny we e h e wh in dying d l t u de h
a r t os Ad o ea o t at . n

thi b b i y ontinued until suh time h dut i d

s ar ar t c c as t e s st rre

u p b y his g t f et ising up i
rea the i comp
e l l d hi r n a r, e e s

i fe n l fuy b te whil e we continued u flight

,

n r a r to a a o r .

l s h w m n y tt ks w e m d e u po this gi g
,

A a o a a ac er a n ra n

fiend whom e e y onsl ught w n thi g ! 0

,

to v r a as as o n

w etched folk f y uthe e v il the imp g bl e

r or o r a a no t re na

fo t s the lofty w ll s f you cities the bei g

,

r resse no r a o r no r n

togethe in g e t numbe s you houses p l s !

, ,

r r a r no r r or a ace

The e em ined p ce n e s it we the iny

,
Q
r r
y la u l no t an a s re t

hol s d subte n c v ns whe e fte the m e

e an rra ean a er r a r a nn r

o f c bs ra d c ickets d c
an tue l ike these y umight
r an rea r s o

fi d s fety
n a d me ns f c pe Oh h w m ny
an a a o es a . o a

w etched mothe s d f h s we e dep iv d f th i

,

r r an at er r r e o e r

child en H w m ny unh ppy women w e dep i ed

r o a a er r v

o f thei comp ions ! In t u

r th my de Ben dett I
an r ar e o,

believe th t e e sin e the w ld w e t d

,

d o no t a v r c or as cr a e

the e h b en witnes ed such l ment tion d w ili g

r as e s a a an a n

o f peopl ccomp nied by g t t o In uh

e a a so rea err r. tr t

the hum n speci s in such pl ight h n d e vy

,

a e a as ee to n

eve y o he ce f e tue f though h e gle h

r t r ra o cr a r s ; or t e a as

st ength ufi i
r subdue h othe bi ds they y
s c en t to t e r r et

em in uconqu d h ough the pidi y f thei fligh

,

r a n ere t r ra t o r t,

an d the sw ll ow th ough thei sp ed es pe be oming

so a s r r e ca c

h p ey f h f lcon
t e r d the dol phins lso by thei
o t e a an a r

wi ft flight e c pe b comi g the p ey f h wh l

,

s s a e d n r o t e a es an

o f the migh y l vi th s bu f t u w et hed m l

e a an ; t or s r c o rta s

the re il ava s
y flight i ce this
no t an m n w h , sn o ster en
 PROP E E H CI S 26 7

adv ncing sl owly f e ceeds the speed f the swifte t

a ar x o s

couse r r.

I know wh t y d f eve
no t yw he e Iaseem to sa or o or r r

find myself swimming with bent he d within the

‘

to a

mighty h o t d em ining indistinguish ble in de h

t r a an r a a at ,

buied within the huge belly

r ( A . C. .
9 6 0. 5

PRO PH ECIES

TH E D O IV IS I NS O F TH E PROP H EC E I S

Fi st
things whi h el te h oning nim l
r of c r a to t e reas a a s,

second hose which h ve t h powe f e on a no t t e r o r as ,

thi d f pl nts fouth f ce emo ies fifth f cus oms

r o a r o r n o t ,

ixth f p positions dec ees disputes seven h f

, ,

s o ro r or t o

p opositions cont y to n tue ( spe k f subst nce

, ,

r rar a r as to a o a a

which the mo e the e is t ken f om it is h mo e i

r r a r t e r n

c e sed) d se ve the weighty p opositions until the

r a an re r r

end d begin with those f less impo t d show fi st

,

an o r an r

h evil s d hen the pu nishments eighth f philosophic l

, ,

t e an t , o a

thing s.

OF FOO WH C H A BEE AL VE D I H S N I

A l ge p t f h bodies which h ve h d l ife will

ar ar o t e a a

p s i to the bodies f othe nim l s th t is h hou s

as n o r a a a t e se

lo ge inh bited wil l p ss pieceme l h ou

gh those
,

no n r a a a t r

which inh bited ministe ing hei needs d be

ar e a r to t r an ar

ing w y with them wh t is w ste th t is th t

,

a a y a a ; a to sa a

h l ife f m is m de by h thi g whi h h e ts

t e o an d a t e n s c e a an

th t these c y with the m h t p t f m which is

,

a arr t a ar o an

de d a .
 wrtn mo ve me n amt

all se e the most r adi a nt spl

a n kin d Wha t fr en z y has ti
sh al l ho ld conve r se with ani m
h ey with yo uin l a ngu age.

el ve s fal l ing fr o if l
t hei

inj u f Y i the to rren w i

f
ming 13 In the l I ra pld CO f
'

WH O A RB WR A P PE D IN S “
>
AD D
the I behol d i n you yo citi
en tigh tl y bo d wi sto ut b
md legs b y fo l k who wil l hav
o ur s p eech and you wi ll o n!
yo u r gr ie d sense o f 10ss
u l c o pl a ints an d sighs a nd
er fo r th who bind y o u wi
 PROPH E E CI S

The skins f im l will m ke m oue f om thei

o an as a en r s r r

si en e wi h o d c i
l cl u d o ths B ll s f pl ying
t — r es an a z a or a

The wind which p es th ough h skins f nim l ass r t e o a a s

will m ke men l p u
a
p
— Th t i the b g pipes which
ea a s a -

c use men d nce

a to a
([ ] ). I 65 1 7 r.

OF C H L DRE WH O TA KE TH E BR A T
I N E S

M y F cisc s Dominic ns d Benedictin s will

an ran an a an e

th t which h ec ntl y b en e ten by o he s d

, ,

eat a as r e e a t r an

they will em in m y mon hs b fo e bei g bl e

,

r a an t e r n a to

( 7
1 6 [ 10
19

OF H OE A KER S M S

Men will t ke ple sue in seeing thei a a a r r o wn w ks or

wo n u d d st oy d
r o t an ( e r e . 8 K M ii 6 1
. . . .

OF A T N S

M ny communities will the e be wh will hide the m

a r o

selves d thei young d thei victuls within gl om y

an r an r a o

c ve ns d the e in d k pl ces will sust in them lv

a r an r ar a a se es

d thei f mil ies f m ny m nths wi hout y l ight

,

an r a or a o t an

eithe tifici l n tu l
r ar a or a ra .

BEE OF S

Ad m ny o he s will be obbed f thei sto e f

n a t r r o r r o

p o isi ns d thei f od d by i sens te folk

r v o an r o an an n a

will b c ully imme d d d own d O j ustice

,

e r e rse an r e .

o f God ! why dost hou w ke b hol d hy t no t a a to e t

c e ue hus bu d
r at r s t a se
 PROP E E H CI S

OF H EEP COW OAT A TH E L KE

S , S, G S ND I

F om coun tless num be s will be stolen thei l ittle

r r r

child en d the th o ts f the e sh ll b u d they

r an r a o s a e c t, a n

h ll be qu te ed most b b ouly
,

s a ar r ar a r s .

CAT THAT EAT AT OE S R S

In y u 0 citi s f Af ic ! you w sons sh ll be

o e o r a r o n a

een to n pie es withi thei w houses by most

,

s r to c n r o n

cru el d v ge nim ls f you coun y

an sa a a a o r tr .

OF A E WH C H A RE BEATEN SS S I

O neglec ful n ue whe efo e thouthus p ti l

t at r r r art ar a

becomi g some f thy child en tende d benig

, ,

n to o r a r an

n nt mothe othe s most c uel d uthles step

a r, to r a r an r s

mothe I thy child en given i to sl ve y to oth s

r see r n a r er

wi hout ev eceiving y benefit d i lieu f y

t er r an , an n o an

rew d f the e vices they h ve done f them they

ar or s r a or

are ep id by h se e est puishme ts d they

r a t e v r n n an c on

l y spend thei l ives in h se vice f thei opp esso

,

stant r t e r o r r r.

( A C. . 14 5 r. A
) .

NA KE CA RR ED BY WA N
OE S S I S S

S pents f h u
er ge size will be e n
o immense s e at an

height in the i fighting with bi d a r

( A r s. C. . 11 9 e.

OF TH E B E L OF L E WH C H A RE C LO E TO
LS MU S I S

TH E R EA R I S

Th e sh ll be he d in m ny p t f Euope i u
er a ar a ar s o r n str

me t f v iou
n s o s si es m ki g dive mel dies c uing
ar z a n rs o a s

e t e in s those he them m st o y
,

g w
r a ar w h e s to l l o ar o c se .
 PRO E PH CIES

AE OF SS S

The m ny l bo us sh ll be ep id by huge hi t
a a r a r a n r, t rs

w et hedne blows d g dings

,

r c ss, , an oa .

or T un 11 a m RA o m or k mvas M A DE or MS
’
n r s

In h ho ns f nim l s sh ll be seen sh p i ons which

t e r o a a a ar r

sh ll t ke w y the lives f m ny f thei species

a a a a o a o r .

( A C
37 0. . r.

OF BOW A E FRO TH E H ORN OXE

S M D M S OI" N

M ny th e will be wh by m
a er f h ho ns f o ean s o t e r o

c le will die p inful de th

a tt a
(
a A ) a . C . .
37 0 o . a.

Y uwi ll see h lion t ibe te ing open the e th with

o t e r ar ar

hooked l w d buying hemselves in h hol s th t

ca s, an r t t e e a

they h ve m de togethe with the o he nim ls whi h

a a r t r a a c

are in subjectio to them n .

The e sh ll come f th f om the g ound c e tues cl d

r a or r r r a r a

in d kness who sh ll t ck the hum n ce with

ar a a ta a ra tr e

m d u onsl u
en o s ghts d it sh ll h ve the blood poi oned
a an a a s

by thei fie ce bite even whil e it is devoued by

,

r r s r

them .

The e sh ll lso hutle h ough the i t ib f

r a a r t r a r a r e o

d e dful winged c e tues wh sh ll t ck both men d

r a r a r o a a ta an

be sts d feed upon them with loud c ie They sh ll

a an — r s a

fil l thei be lli s fu
r ll f c imson blood
e
( [ ] )
o r . I 63 1 5 r.

Oxen sh ll by thei ho ns p otect the fi

a f om de thr r r re r a
— Tl l nte n
( [ ] )
'
lc a r . I 64 16 a.
3 74 PROP E E H CI S

OI W E COFFER WH C H E CLO
OO D N S I N SE M N A Y TREA RE SU S

Within w l nuts d o he t ees d pl nts he e sh ll

a an t r r an a t r a

b foud v y g e t t
e n ues whi h l i hidd n he e
er r a reas r c e e t r .

(
C . A 37 0
. r. a. )

The fo ests will b ing f th youg wh will b ome

r r or n o ec

th c u
es f hei de th —The h ndle f the h chet
a e o t r a a o at .

( 4
1 6 16
[ ] ) 0

OF TREE WH C H ARE BEATE

N UT S I N

Those which h e done best will be most be e d

av at n , an

thei child en will be c i d ff d st ipp d de

r r arr e o an r e or

sp il d d thei bones b oken d c ushed

o e ,
an r r an r .

( 5 [ 71 4
1 6 1 0

0 17 TREE WH CH G VE
S GR AFT ED H OOT
I I S AP TO S S

F the s d mothe s sh ll be en to best w much

a r an r a se o

m e ttention upon thei step hil d e th n upon hei

or a r -
c r n a t r

ow hild en
n c r .
( M A a . . 2 6 3, r. 2 1 :

OF TH E OW G DOW GRA M IN N OI" SS

Innume ble liv s wil l be exti guish d d i um

ra e n e an nn er

ble v c nt sp c s c e ted upo h e h

,

a a a a e r a n t e art .

(
8 K M.u 34 . . . . r.
)

CH R T A O I" IS I NS

The m y wh hold h f i h f the S

re are an o t e a t o o n and

on ly buil d templ s in h n me f the Mo he

e t e a o t r.

(
C. A 14 5
. r. c . )
 P LA TE 1 3

A L
R NUNC U US R E PENS OR NIT H OG AL UM L M BELL IF ER UM
'

A NEM O NE NEMO O S A R
(S ta r gf Berk/Ma n) W ood A
( nemone
( p g
Cr ee in C f )
row oot

HR
EUP O BIA ES L LA
'
)

(q
Le Bra nd ed Syn g e)

Fa re I . 2 7 4
 OF F R I A RS WH O H O LD C O N F E SS I

HE cn ua c n es AND H A BI T A T I O NS 0

d po ve r t y
1 of
a mong riche s J

O F T H E SE L LI NG OF PA RA DI SE
d .

( l

K
‘ ’

. l
"

j“
x f
l
(
.

c m the Lo r d o
f these things , whi
 PROP E E H CI S 3 77

OF TH E DEA D ARE TA KE BE B R ED WH O N TO U I

The simp e o k wi c y g e t numbe ights

l f l ll arr a r a r of l
to light up the jouneys f ll those wh h ve wholly r o a o a

l st the powe
o f sight ! 0 hum n folly ! O m dness
r o a a

o f m nkind ! These w ph ses st nd f

a the m t o ra a or co

m m
en ce f the m tte
en t o ( A a r. C . .
37 0 0.

OF L T RE SCU P U

Al s wh m do I see The S viou c ucified g in

a o a r r a a .

( 5 [ 71 0
1 6 1 0

OF CR C F XE W H C H ARE O L U I I S I S D

I Ch ist g in sold d c ucifi d d His s ints

see r a a an r e an a

suff ing m y dom

er art r ( [ ]
.8 I 66 1

OF PR T W H O BEA R TH E H O T TH E R BOD E
I ES S S IN I I S

Then lmos ll the t be n cles whe e dwell h

a t a a r a r s t e

C p D m i will be pl in ly visibl e w l king bo u

or s: o in t f a a a o

th mselves h diff ent o ds f the wo ld

e on t e er r a o r .

( 5 [ 71
I 6 1 m
OF TH E TH R B L E W TH CE E U I I IN NS

Some sh ll g bout i white ves ments wi h og nt

a o a n t t arr a

ge ues th e tening othe with met l d fi which

st r r a rs a an re,

y et h ve neve do e them y h m
a r n an ar .

(
B .M . 2 6 3, A r.

And m ny h e m de t de in deceits d feign d

a av a a ra an e

mi cl s cozening the foolish he d d if no one

ra e r , an

howed hi mself cog is nt f thei de ei they would

,

s n a o r c ts
impo e them u
s pon ll ( a ) . P 5 v.
3 7 8 P ROPH E E CI S

(
T r Ta . . 63 a. )
Th t sh ll be d owned which supplies the l ight f
a a r or

di ine se vice The be s which m ke h w f

v — r e a t e ax or

h c n dles
t e a .
( M A B . . 3 6 3, r.

OF L K P G SI S I NNI N

The e h ll be he d mounful c ies d loud sh ieks

r s a ar r r an r ,

ho se ng y voi es f those wh to tu d d
,

ar a r c o o are r re an

despoil d d l t lef n ked d mo io le s d

,

e an at as t a an t n s ; an

thi sh ll be by e son f h motive powe which tuns

s a r a o t e r r

the whole .

FEATH ER m or S ss

Fl ying c e tue will suppo t men with thei

r a r s r r

OF O OF H OE W H H A RE OF L ATH ER
T H E S LES S S IC E

Ove g t p f h count y men sh ll be e

r a rea art o t e r a se n

w lking bout the skins f l ge nim ls

a a on o ar a a .

A T C WH C H A DEA TH G
OF S I K I IS D IN

The movement f the de d sh ll c ue m ny wh o a a a s a o

are l iv ing flee w y with g ief d l ment ti

to a a r an a a on

and c ie r s.

OF B AT G TH E BED TO E A KE E IN R M IT

T su o ch pitch f i g titude sh ll men come th

a o n ra a at

th t which sh ll give hem lodging wi hout y p i

a a t t an r ce

sh ll be l ded with blows in such w y th g e t p ts

a oa a a at r a ar

f the inside f it sh ll be de hed f om hei pl c

,

o o d a tac r t r a e an

h ll be tuned ove d ove within it

s a r r an r .
3 80 PROPH E E CI S

OF CA O W H C H CO E FORTH
NN N I M O UT O F A PI T

A FRO A O L D ND M M U

Th e sh ll ome fo th f om ben th h g oud th t

er a c r r ea t e r n a

hich by its te ific epo t sh ll s un ll wh

rr n it r r a t a o are ear

an d c us men to d op de d its b e h d it sh ll
a e r a at r at an a

de t e cities d c stles
,

vas at an ( A a . C . . 1 2 9 o.

OF COR A OTH ER EED N ND S S

Men sh ll th ow w y u f thei houses hose

a r a a o t o r t

vic uls which we e me nt f the suste nce f hei

t a r a or na o t r

l ives .
(8 M A . . 2 6 3, r. 3 1 :

M ny the e wi ll be wh will w g t in d u
a r o ax rea estr c

tio The b ll f snow olling ove the snow

n — a o r r .

The e wi l be g e t h st wh fo ge ful f th i e i t
r l a r a o o, r t o er x s

ence d thei n me will l i de d upon the sp i ls f

,

an r a e as a o o

othe de d Sleeping upon h fe he s f bi ds

,

r — a z t e at r o r .

Oh ! h w m ny g e t buil dings wi ll be uined by

o a r a r

reas on f fi By h fi f h gus
—o re t e re o t e n .

(
B M. 3 6 3,
. A r.

OF P LO H ED LA D UG N

The th will be een tuned upside dow d f ing

ea r s r n an ac

the opposite hemisphe es d l yi g b e the h l r an a n ar o es

whe e luk the fie cest nim ls

,

r r r a a .

OF BR CKK AND EK L N I I L NS LI M I S

At h l st the e th will become d fte b ing

t e a ar re a r e

e po d fi f m n y d ys d the n will
x se to re or a a an sto es

become ch g d to shes
,

an e a .
 PROP E E H CI S

OF BOOK WH C H C CATE PRECEPT

S I I N UL S

Bodies without soul s sh ll by thei s yings supply a r a

p ecepts which sh ll help u

r a s to die well .

OF TH E HA DOW THAT OVE W TH AS M S I M N

Th e sh ll be seen sh pes d figues f men d

er a a an r o an

anim l s which h ll pusue these men d nim l s whe e

a s a r an a a r

soe e they flee d the mo ements f the sh ll be

v r an v o o ne a

as th e f the othe bu it sh ll seem thing wonde

os o r, t a a to r

at be use f the diffe ent dimensions which they sume

ca o r as .

(
C . A 37 0
. r.

OF TH E HA DOW CA T B Y A AT G HT W TH A L G HT
S S M N NI I I

The e h ll ppe huge figues in hum n sh pe d

r s a a ar r a a an

the ne they pp o ch the mo e w he

,

u
arer
y to oill i a r a r t r

immense size diminish ( [] . K 5o 1

OF TH E HA OW CA BY TH E
S DA OF TH E ST SUN ND RE

F LECT O TH E WATER EE AT ONE A TH E

I N IN S N ND

A ET E
S M IM

M ny tim s m sh ll be s en to ch nge into

a e o ne an a e a

th ee d ll sh ll p o d togeth d oft n the

r an a a r cee er, an e o ne

h t is m st l b ndons him
t a o rea a a .

OF TH E WAL OF C T E REF LECTED TH E LS I I S IN

WAT ER OF TH E R T RE C H I N ES

The high w lls f mighty cities sh ll b ee inve ted

a o a e s n r

in t hei t ench s
r r e .
3 8a PROPH E E CI S

OF TH E WATER W H C H F LOW A T RB D T R A I S IN U I S E M
G LED W TH EA RTH A OF TH E D T A
MIN I ND US ND

NG L G W TH TH E A A OF RE
,

T MIS MI IN I IR ND TH E FI

WH C H G LE H EAT W TH EAC H
I MI N S I TS I

All the
elements h ll be seen confouded togethe s a n r,

ugi g in hu
s r n ge olling m ss w tow ds the cent e f
r a no ar r o

h e th now tow ds the sky time cousi g i

,

t e ar ar at on e r n n

fuy f om the sou the n egions tow ds the icy No h

,

r r r r ar rt

nothe time f om the E st to h West d g i

,

at a r r a t e an so a a n

f om his hemisphe e the o he

,

r t r to t r.

OF TH E G HT W H EN A NOT T G H
NI O NE C N DI S IN UIS

A CO LO R NY U

It sh ll even come to p ss h t it will be impo ible

a a t a ss to

tell the diffe ence b tween colous f ll will b ome

r e r or a ec

bl ck i hu
,

a n e.

OF WOR A PEA WH C H OF TH E E LVE

S DS ND S RS I MS S

EVER HA R A
N DO M TO NY ONE

Th t which f it lf is gentle d void f ll fl

a o se an o a o
’
e nce

will become te ible d fe ocious by e son f e i l

rr an r r a o v

comp nio ship d will t ke the lives f m ny p ple

a n an a o a eo

with the utmost uelty d it woul d sl y m ny mo e

,

cr ; an a a r

if it we e not th t these
r p ote ted by bodi s which
a are r c e

are them elves without life which h ve come fo th u

s a r o t

f pit h t i by cui sses f i on

,

o — s, t a s ra o r .

OF F RE I

F om sm ll beginni gs sh ll ise th t which sh ll

r a n a ar a a

ra pidly b come g e t d i sh ll h e spect f

e r a ; an c t a av re or no
 3 84 p a o r n s c rs s

Me n sh lla cas t a way heir t o wn f od o —Tha t is in

( 3
I 6 [ 1 0
15 0

The gene tion f men sh ll come such p ss

ra o a to a a as

no t unde s nd
to no he s speech Th t i
r — ta o ne a t r
’
a s a

Ge m n with Tuk
r a a r .

Men sh ll come fo th u f the g ves ch nged to

a r o to ra a

wi g d c e tues d they sh ll ck othe men king

n e r a r an a atta r ta

w y hei food even f om thei h nds d t bles

, ,

a a t r r r a an a

The fli s e .

M y the e will b wh will fl y hei w mo he

an r e o a t r o n t r

an d fol d b ck h kin The till s f the g ound

— a er s er o r .

( [ ] ) I 64 . 16 r.

M ny e tues f h e th d f h w te will
a cr a r o t e ar an o t e a r

mount up mong h st s The Pl net

— a t e ar a s.

Y ush llo the de d c ying h living in dive s

a see a arr t e r

p s f the wo ld —The ch iots d ship

art o r ar an s.

F m m y the food sh ll be t k n w y u f hei

ro an a a e a a o t o t r

mouths F om ovens
— z r .

And th e wh h ve th i mouhs fil l d by the

os o a er t e

h nds f othe s h ll h ve the food ken w y u f

a o r s a a ta a a o t o

thei mouths The oven

r — ( [ ] ) . 1 66 1 8 r.

S ow i su
n mme sh ll be g the ed
n h high mo unr a a r on t e

t i p ks d c ied to w m pl ces d he e be l
a n ea an arr ar a an t r et

to f ll down whe f stiv l held i the pi zz i h

,

a n e a s are n a a n t e

time f s umme o 8
( m
r.
[ ] ) 111 V010 l eg/1 U
°

fli, 14 1 3 r.

The st sh ll be s en to uh int the west d the

ea a e r s o an

souh the no th whi ling hemsel es ound bout

t to r r t v r a

the uive se with g e t noise d t embli g —Th

,

n r r a an r n e

wind f om h e st which u
r shes into h w st
t e a r t e e .
 PROP E E H CI S 2 85

The ys f the u will kindl e fi

ra o the e th s n re on ar

whe eby sh ll be l ight th t which is bene th the

r a set a a a

sky d efl cted by wh teve withst nds thei couse

an r e a r a r r

they will un downw ds The conc e mi o kindles

,

t r — ar av rr r

th fie with which h o en is he t d d this h

re t e v a e , an as a

fo u nd tion th t s nds bene th i oof

a a ta a ts r .

A g e t p t f the will fly tow ds h sky

r a ar o sea ar t e ,

an d f long ti me it will
or a etun Th t is in
— no t r r a

cl ouds .

The e em i s h motion which sep tes the m ve

r r a n t e a ra o r

f om h hing mov d
r t e t e .

Th de d sh ll come fo t h f om u
e a nde the e th d
a r r r ar an

by thei fi ce movements sh ll d i e u f h w l d
,

r er a r v o t o t e or

innume ble hum n c e tues The i on which comes

ra — a r a r r

f om u
r nde the e th is de d d it m kes the we pons
r ar a an a a

whe ewith m ny men h e be n sl in

,

r so a av e a .

The g e t st mount i s even though hey

r a e mote a n t are re

f om h
r bo de s will d ive h f om its pl ce
t e sea r r r t e sea r a

Th t is by h i e s which c y down the soil they

a t e r v r arr

h ve t ken f om the mout ins d deposit it upon

a a r n a an

h
t e e sho s d whe e the e th comes the
s a re ; an r ar sea

The w te f llen f m the clouds which continue

a r a ro to

move lo g the b s f the mount in will st y f

,

a n ase o a s, a or a

l o g time withou
n t m king y mov ment d this will a an e an

t k pl ce in m ny d dive gi n —S now which

,

a e a a an rs re o s

f ll s i d kes
a n which is w te
a ,
-
a r.

The g e t ocks f h mount ins will d t fo th fi

r a r o t e a ar r re,
 thi ngs which in the
hidde n be nea th the snow will
1; d o f a l ie whic

OF TH E F EA R OF

evo le n t an d tortify

an i ke s u ch te rr o r into 0 ti

thin kl ng to e
up
"
u[30 II its D OD II dI.

S
‘
OI CC
3 88 PROP E E H CI S

OF TH E PREC O E AL I US M T S

Th e h ll come fo th u f d k d gl om y c v
er s a r o to ar an o a es

th t which sh ll u the whole hum n e to unde go

a a ea se a rac r

g t
reafl l i i pe a il s d de th
ct o n s, To m n y f ho re an a . a o t s

wh foll ow it fte m u ch t ibul ion it will yield delight

,

o a r r at ;
bu who oeve p ys it no hom ge will die i w nt
,

t s r a d a n a an

mise y It sh ll b ing p s endl e numbe f

r . a r to a s an ss r o

c imes it sh ll p ompt d i cite w et h d m

r ; a r an n r c e en to

s s i te to ste l d to ensl ve it sh ll hol d its

a sa s na a an a ; a

w foll owe s in su spicion it sh ll dep ive f ee citi s f

, ,

o n r a r r e o

thei nk it sh l l t ke w y life itself f om m n y it

r ra ; a a a a r a ;
sh ll m ke men to ment e ch othe with m n y kinds f
a a r a r a o

sub e fuge deceits d t e che ie

tr an r a r s.

O vil e monste 1 H w much bet e we it f men

,

r o tr re or

th t thoushoul dst go b ck to hell F this h st

a a or t e va

fo est h ll be st i pped f he i t ees f

r s s a his r i fi i o t r r ; or t an n n te

numbe f c e tues h ll lo e hei li

r o r a r s a s t r ves.
A (
C . .
37 0 r.

OF TH E O WR E D I S OF M A DEN
I S

whe e s fi st youg m idens coul d

Ad n r a be at r n a no t

p otect d f om h lust d violence f men eithe by

r e r t e an o r

h w t hfu l ne s f p ents by h s eng h f w ll s

,

t e a c s o ar or t e tr t o a

the e will c me time when it will be necess y f h

,

r o a ar or t e

f the s
a d el tives f h se m idens
r an r
p y g a t o t e a to a a rea

p ice to whoe e is willing m y them even l th ugh

r v r to arr a o

they m y be ich d noble d e c dingly b uiful

,

a r an an x ee ea t .

H ein it eems c t in h t n tue desi es e e min te

er s er a t a a r r to xt r a

the hum e thi g useless h wo ld d the

an rac as a n to t e r an

de t ye f ll c e ted thi g
,

s ro r o a r a n s.
 PROP E E H CI S

OF TH E CR E LT OF U Y M AN

C e tues sh be s e upon e th who wi

r a r all y e n the ar ll al wa s

be fig hti g with nothe with ve y g e t los e d

n o ne a r r r a s s an

f eq u
r ent de ths on eithe side Th e sh ll set bounds
a r . es a no

to thei m lice by thei fie ce limbs g t numbe f

r a r r a rea r o

the t ees in h immense fo ests f the wo ld sh ll be

r t e r o r a

l id l evel with h g o u
a nd d when hey h ve c mmed
t e r ; an t a ra

themselves wi h fo d it sh ll g tify thei desi e to de l

t o a ra r r a

o u de th fli i i l bous te o s d b nishment to
t a a ct o n, a r rr r an a

e e y living thi g And by e son f thei boundless

, , ,

v r n . r a o r

p ide they sh ll wish ise tow ds h ven bu the

r a to r ar ea t

e ce sive weight f thei limb sh ll hold them down

,

x s o r s a .

The e sh ll be nothing em ining on h e th unde

r a r a t e ar or r

h e th
t e in h w te s th t sh l l be pu ued d
ar or t e a r a a not rs an

molested dest oyed d th t which is in one count y

or r an a r

t ken w y noth d hei w bodies sh l l be

,

a a a to a er ; an t r o n a

m de h tomb d the me ns f t nsit f ll the living

a t e an a o ra o a

bodie which they h ve sl in

s O E h wh t del ys thee
a a . art a a

to open d hul them he dlong into the d ep fissues f

an r a e r o

thy huge bysses d c ve ns d no longe displ y

a an a r an r to a

in the sight f he ven v ge d uthle s monste

,

o a so sa a an r s a r

(
C . A 37 0
. e. a. )

F I NI S