ASSET Technical Reference Guide-1

ASSET Technical Reference Guide
Version 10.0.2
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Change History
This table shows the change history of this guide:
Edition Date Reason
1 27 March 2019 First edition.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Array and Report Descriptions ...................................................................... 9
GSM (Sim) Arrays.............................................................................................. 9
Pathloss Arrays (GSM Sim) ....................................................................................... 10
Coverage and Data Rate Arrays (GSM Sim)............................................................. 10
All Servers Array (GSM Sim) ..................................................................................... 11
UMTS, CDMA2000 and EV-DO Arrays ............................................................ 12
Pathloss Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) .................................................................. 13
Pilot Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ........................................................ 13
Handover Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ................................................................ 15
Uplink Noise Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ........................................................... 16
Downlink Noise Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ....................................................... 16
Uplink Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) .................................................... 17
Downlink Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ............................................... 18
Coverage Balance Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) .................................................. 19
Soft Blocking Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)........................................................... 20
Hard Blocking Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ......................................................... 20
Throughput Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ............................................................. 20
HSDPA Arrays ........................................................................................................... 21
HSUPA Arrays ........................................................................................................... 23
All Servers Array (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO) ................................................................ 24
DVB-H C/I Array ........................................................................................................ 25
LTE Arrays....................................................................................................... 25
Pathloss Arrays (LTE)................................................................................................ 26
Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays (LTE) ................................................. 27
Downlink Noise Arrays (LTE)..................................................................................... 29
Uplink Coverage Arrays (LTE) ................................................................................... 29
Downlink Coverage Arrays (LTE) .............................................................................. 30
Beamforming Gain Arrays (LTE) ............................................................................... 32
Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (LTE) ................................................... 32
Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (LTE) ....................................................... 34
General Arrays (LTE)................................................................................................. 36
5G Arrays ........................................................................................................ 38
Pathloss Arrays (5G) ................................................................................................. 39
Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays (5G) ................................................... 39
Downlink Noise Arrays (5G) ...................................................................................... 42
UL Coverage Arrays (5G) .......................................................................................... 42
DL Coverage Arrays (5G) .......................................................................................... 44
Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (5G) ..................................................... 45
Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (5G) ......................................................... 46
General Arrays (5G) .................................................................................................. 47
Wi-Fi Arrays ..................................................................................................... 47
Pathloss Arrays (Wi-Fi) .............................................................................................. 48
Downlink Coverage Arrays (Wi-Fi) ............................................................................ 49
Throughput Arrays (Wi-Fi) ......................................................................................... 49
General Arrays (Wi-Fi) ............................................................................................... 50
Composite Tech Arrays (GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi) ................................... 50
Fixed WiMAX Arrays ........................................................................................ 51
General Arrays (Fixed WiMAX) ................................................................................. 51
Thresholded Arrays (Fixed WiMAX) .......................................................................... 52
Mobile WiMAX Arrays ...................................................................................... 52
Pathloss Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) .............................................................................. 53
5
ASSET 10.0.2 Technical Reference Guide
Preamble Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) ............................................................................. 53

Uplink Coverage Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) .................................................................. 54
Downlink Coverage Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) ............................................................. 55
General Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) ............................................................................... 57
Terminal Information Arrays ............................................................................. 58
Simulation Reports .......................................................................................... 59
UMTS Composite Reports ......................................................................................... 59
UMTS Cell Failure Report.......................................................................................... 60
UMTS Downlink Performance Reports ...................................................................... 60
UMTS Cell Handover Reports ................................................................................... 61
UMTS Cell Blocking Reports ..................................................................................... 61
CDMA2000 Composite Reports ................................................................................ 62
CDMA2000 Failure Report ........................................................................................ 63
EV-DO Composite Reports........................................................................................ 63
CDMA2000 Downlink Performance Reports ............................................................. 64
CDMA2000 Sector Handoff Reports ......................................................................... 64
CDMA2000 Sector Blocking Reports ........................................................................ 65
EV-DO Downlink Performance Reports .................................................................... 65
EV-DO Packet Quality of Service Reports ................................................................ 65
Throughput Reports ................................................................................................... 66
Uplink Performance Reports ..................................................................................... 66
LTE Reports ............................................................................................................... 67
LTE Cell Failure Report ............................................................................................. 70
5G Reports ................................................................................................................ 71
Wi-Fi Reports ............................................................................................................. 73
2 Prediction and Array File Management System ......................................... 75

Prediction and Array File Management Algorithm ............................................ 76
3 2g and 2.5g Algorithms ................................................................................ 79

Interference Table Algorithm ............................................................................ 79
Interference and Connection Array Calculations .............................................. 80
Worst Connection Array Calculation Method............................................................. 81
Average Connection Array Calculation Method ........................................................ 81
Worst Interferer Array Calculation Method ................................................................ 82
Total Interference Array Calculation Method ............................................................. 82
Table of Default C/I BER Conversion Values ............................................................ 83
Frequency Hopping Algorithms ........................................................................ 84
Synthesised Hopping Algorithm ................................................................................ 86
Non-Frequency Hopping Algorithms ................................................................ 86
Automatic Frequency Planning (ILSA) ............................................................. 87
Cost Function of the ILSA Algorithm ......................................................................... 88
MAIO Planning Cost Function .......................................................................... 88
GPRS Capacity Calculations ........................................................................... 89
TRX Requirement - Circuit Switched and GPRS Traffic ........................................... 89
Grade of Service and Data Rate ............................................................................... 89
Channel Occupation Table ........................................................................................ 90
FCC Calculations ............................................................................................. 91
Frequency Calculations ................................................................................... 92
6
Table of Contents
4 Packet Quality of Service Algorithms ......................................................... 95

Simulation Inputs for QoS Analysis .................................................................. 96
Preliminary Tests ....................................................................................................... 96
Traffic Generator for QoS Analysis .................................................................. 96
Matching Generated Traffic to the Simulator's Mean Number of Served Users ....... 97
WWW Traffic Model ................................................................................................... 98
Packet Model ............................................................................................................. 99
About the Code Schemes for GPRS ......................................................................... 99
QoS Profiles for GPRS ............................................................................................ 100
Time Simulator for QoS Analysis ................................................................... 102
System Model for QoS Analysis .............................................................................. 102
Simulation Model for QoS Analysis ......................................................................... 102
Results of QoS Analysis ................................................................................ 104
Confidence Interval Half Width ................................................................................ 104
Simulation Duration ................................................................................................. 105
Delay and Cumulative Delay Probability Distributions ............................................ 105
Mean and Standard Deviations of the Queuing Delays .......................................... 106
95th Percentile Delay............................................................................................... 106
Mean Transmission Time ........................................................................................ 107
Mean Retransmission Delay .................................................................................... 107
References .................................................................................................... 108
5 Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs ............................................... 109
6 ENTERPRISE Interfaces ............................................................................. 111
Index ...................................................................................................................... 113
7
8
Array and Report Descriptions
1 Array and Report Descriptions
This section describes many of the different types of arrays and reports available in ASSET. The
ranges of outputs available may vary according to which technology you are using, which licences
you have, and which processes you have chosen to run.
For information on creating, managing and displaying arrays, and generating reports, see the
ASSET User Reference Guide.
Note: In addition to this section, there are specialist documents containing a more comprehensive
list of descriptions of all the array outputs and algorithms used in the Simulator. For information on
how you can obtain these documents, please see Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs on
page 109.
GSM (Sim) Arrays

This is an overview of some of the GSM arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
All arrays are produced on a per cell-layer basis. Many arrays depend on whether the terminal is
taken to be indoor or outdoor. Indoor arrays use the in-building parameters for the clutter type at
each pixel (that is, indoor loss and indoor shadow-fading standard deviation).
Coverage arrays can be drawn even if no snapshots have been run, but you should note that the
arrays then refer to coverage in an unloaded system. To obtain coverage arrays for a loaded
system, you must run some snapshots; the key purpose of running snapshots is to provide
measures of traffic load. The arrays change little after a relatively small number of snapshots have
been performed (10s of snapshots in most cases). This is because only a small number of
snapshots are needed to get an idea of the average loading on each sub-cell.
Here is an example of the GSM arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the GSM (Sim) arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
9
Pathloss Arrays (GSM Sim)
DL Loss & Nth DL Loss
Dependencies: Terminal, Cell layer, Indoor
These are the downlink losses of the Best Server by RSS and Nth Best Server by RSS,
respectively. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
Coverage and Data Rate Arrays (GSM Sim)

These arrays all provide information on coverage levels and coverage probabilities.
Best Server by RSS & Nth Best Server by RSS
Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor
This is the sub-cell that provides the highest (and Nth highest) RSS for the terminal.
Best RSS & Nth Best RSS
These are the highest (and Nth highest) RSS levels. They represent average values and are
therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Coverage Probability
Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor, Fading
This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSS) satisfies the RSS requirement specified on the
terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter
type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible
coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied
exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
Coverage Probability OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor, Fading
This is a thresholded version of the RSS Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the RSS Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
CINR (Control)
These are the CINR(Control) values corresponding to the best serving sub-cells, so they are not
necessarily the highest CINR(Control) values.
10
CINR (Traffic + Control) & Nth CINR (Traffic + Control)
These are the CINR (Traffic + Control) values corresponding to the best (and Nth best) serving
sub-cells, so they are not necessarily the highest (and Nth highest) CINR (Traffic + Control) values.
Achievable Bitrate
Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Service, Indoor
This is the highest bitrate that can be achieved by the terminal based on CINR regardless of
system loading.
All Servers Array (GSM Sim)

This feature is not a true array, since it is sensitive to the location of your mouse cursor. It is a more
basic version of the Pixel Analyser tool (for more information on the Pixel Analyser, see the ASSET
User Reference Guide).
It displays information about which cells are "covering" each pixel. A set of lines is drawn between
all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel where the mouse cursor is located. For pixels with
more than one covering cell, the line thickness increases proportionally.
This array enables you to identify distant servers so that you can optimise your network design by
lowering, moving or reducing the transmit power of problematic sites.
The covering cells are shown in order of either:

 Best Servers by Signal Strength (according to the threshold set in the Array Settings dialog
box). This will work even if you have not yet run any snapshots because it relates to the
power in the cell and path loss, not to any simulation results.
 Best Servers by C/I. This requires snapshots to have been run because it relates to
attempted connections. Lines are only drawn if a terminal has been served on that pixel.
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor.
This picture shows an example of the All Servers array:
All Servers array
11
UMTS, CDMA2000 and EV-DO Arrays

This is an overview of some of the arrays for UMTS, CDMA2000 and EV-DO generated by the
Simulator in ASSET.
All these arrays are produced on a per carrier basis.
Most of them have a dependency on terminal type because body loss and terminal antenna gain
are always included in the link budget.
Many of them depend on whether the terminal is considered to be indoor or outdoor. Indoor arrays
use the in-building parameters for the clutter type at each pixel (that is, indoor loss and indoor
shadow fading standard deviation). Indoor terminals are always taken to be slow moving.
Coverage arrays can be displayed even if no snapshots have been run, but you should note that in
these circumstances the arrays represent coverage in an unloaded network. To obtain coverage
arrays for a loaded network, you must run some snapshots or define the loads manually. The key
purpose of running snapshots is to provide measures of system load.
Arrays for coverage tend to have a weak dependence on the number of snapshots run, and the
arrays change little after a relatively small number of snapshots have been performed (10s of
snapshots in most cases). This is because only a small number of snapshots are needed to get an
idea of the average noise rise and average DL traffic power on each cell.
Arrays for hard or soft blocking probabilities have a strong dependence on the number of snapshots
run. This is because blocking is evaluated by reporting the proportion of snapshots that would block
further connections. For example, if only 1 snapshot has been run, then all blocking probabilities
will be either 0% or 100%. If 5 snapshots have been run then all blocking probabilities will belong to
the set {0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%}.
Here is an example of the UMTS arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the Simulator arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
12
Pathloss Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
DL Loss and Nth DL Loss
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor
These are the downlink losses of the Best DL Cell by RSCP and the Nth Best DL Cell by RSCP,
Line of Sight
This is a two-valued array (LOS, non-LOS) for the Best DL Cell by RSCP. The indoor instance is
non-LOS everywhere. The array is available with Enhanced Macrocell, MYRIAD and Volcano
propagation model predictions.
Pilot Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

These arrays all provide information on pilot levels and coverage probabilities. There are three
types of quantity relating to the pilot (RSCP, Ec/Io, SIR) and there are arrays for all of these.
Best DL Cell by RSCP and Nth Best DL Cell by RSCP
This is the cell that provides the highest (and Nth highest) RSCP for the terminal.
Best RSCP and Nth Best RSCP
The highest (and Nth highest) RSCP level. Represents average values and is therefore calculated
with fades of 0dB.
RSCP Coverage Probability
This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSCP) satisfies the RSCP requirement specified on
the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the
clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three
possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is
satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
RSCP Coverage OK
This is a thresholded version of the RSCP Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the RSCP Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the RSCP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
13
Number of RSCP OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory RSCP. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory RSCP if its RSCP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in
the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Pilot Ec/Io and Nth Best Pilot Ec/Io
These are the highest (and Nth highest) Ec/Io values. They represent average values and are
Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability
This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSCP) satisfies the Ec/Io requirement specified on
Pilot Ec/Io Coverage OK
This is a thresholded version of the Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the Pilot Ec/Io Coverage
Probability array. A value of “Yes” means that the pilot Ec/Io coverage probability meets the
coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog
box.
Number of Pilot Ec/Io OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory pilot Ec/Io. A cell is considered as having a
satisfactory pilot Ec/Io if its pilot Ec/Io coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
Pilot SIR
This is the best Pilot SIR value. It represents an average value and is therefore calculated with
fades of 0dB.
Pilot SIR Coverage Probability
This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSCP) satisfies the pilot SIR requirement specified
on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the
14
Pilot SIR Coverage OK
This is a thresholded version of the Pilot SIR Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the Pilot SIR Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the pilot SIR coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
Number of Pilot SIR OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory pilot SIR. A cell is considered as having a
satisfactory pilot SIR if its pilot SIR coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
Note: The SIR arrays are for UMTS only.
Handover Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

The aim of the following arrays is to provide the planner with an idea of potential handover areas,
and to indicate areas of pilot pollution. All arrays are based on mean Pilot Ec/Io levels calculated
with fades of 0dB.
Available Soft/Softer Cells
This is the number of suitable HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io level of
the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given.
Otherwise all the other cells are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io levels make them suitable HO
candidates.
Available Soft Cells
This is the number of suitable soft HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io level
of the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given.
Otherwise all the other cells (on different sites to the best cell) are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io
levels make them suitable HO candidates.
Available Softer Cells
This is the number of suitable softer HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io
level of the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given.
Otherwise all the other cells (on the same site as the best cell) are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io
levels make them suitable HO candidates.
15
Active Set Size
This is the potential size of the active set. It is related to the Available Soft/Softer Cells array by:
Active Set Size = min (1 + Available Soft/Softer Cells, Max Active Set Size).
Pilot Polluters
If the Pilot Pollution Threshold specified in the Simulation Wizard is x dB then:
For UMTS, the number of pilot polluters at a location is:

The number of cells that are not in the active set, but provide an Ec/Io level within x dB of
the best Ec/Io in the active set. Therefore the pilot pollution threshold in UMTS is a relative
quantity.
A typical value for UMTS is 6 dB.
For CDMA2000 and EV-DO, the number of pilot polluters at a location is:
The number of cells that are not in the active set, but provide an Ec/Io level higher than
x dB. Therefore the pilot pollution threshold in CDMA2000 is an absolute quantity.
A typical value for CDMA2000 is -15 dB.
Uplink Noise Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
UL Load
Dependencies: Carrier
This is the uplink cell load of the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). Note that for OTSR cells, there can be a
different uplink load on each antenna used by the cell (just as in the uplink simulation reports for
OTSR cells).
UL FRE
This is the uplink frequency re-use efficiency of the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). Note that for OTSR
cells, there can be a different uplink FRE on each antenna used by the cell (just as in the uplink
simulation reports for OTSR cells).
Downlink Noise Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
DL Total RX Power
This is the total downlink received power. It represents an average value and is therefore calculated
with fades of 0dB.
16
DL Io
This is the total downlink power spectral density. It represents an average value and is therefore
calculated with fades of 0dB.
DL Iother/Iown
This is the ratio of downlink power received from other cells, to downlink power received from own
cell, where “own cell” is the Best DL Cell (by RSCP).
DL FRE
This is the downlink frequency re-use efficiency at a pixel and it is related to DL Iother/Iown as
follows:
DL FRE = 1 / ( 1 + Iother/Iown )
Uplink Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

Uplink coverage arrays are available for each bearer at different speeds.
Best UL Cell
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, UL Bearer, Speed
This is the cell requiring the minimum uplink transmit power. For UMTS bearers, the only real
dependence is on the carrier used. However, for CDMA2000 bearers, the Best UL Cell must have
an RC type that is supported by the terminal type.
UL Eb/No Margin (or Eb/Nt)
This shows by how much the uplink Eb/No requirement is exceeded on the Best UL Cell, assuming
the terminal transmits at full power.
UL Req TX Power
This is the required UL TX power of the terminal. It is equal to the maximum output power of the
terminal type (dBm) minus the UL Eb/No (or Eb/Nt) margin (dB).
UL Coverage Probability
This is the probability of satisfying the uplink bearer Eb/No (or Eb/Nt) requirement on the Best UL
Cell, assuming the terminal transmits at full power. This probability depends on the standard
deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to
zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not
satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
17
UL Coverage Probability OK
This is a thresholded version of the UL Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the UL Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the uplink coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
Achievable UL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Speed
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite coverage plot for the uplink bearers of a
service. The array shows the highest priority uplink bearer with acceptable uplink coverage, that is,
with UL Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display
Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Downlink Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

Downlink coverage arrays are available for each bearer at different speeds.
Best DL Cell
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, DL Bearer, Speed
This is the cell requiring the minimum downlink transmit power. For UMTS bearers, the only real
dependence is on the carrier used, and so this array is exactly the same as the Best DL cell by
RSCP. However, for CDMA2000 bearers, the Best DL Cell must have an RC type that is supported
by the terminal type.
DL Eb/No Margin (or Eb/Nt)
This is how much the downlink Eb/No (or Eb/Nt) requirement has been exceeded, assuming that
the link powers of cells in the active set are at maximum allowed levels.
DL Coverage Probability
This is the probability of satisfying the downlink bearer Eb/No (or Eb/Nt) requirement, assuming that
the link powers of cells in the active set are at maximum allowed levels. This probability depends on
the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation
has been set to zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the
requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement
is exceeded.
DL Coverage Probability OK
This is a thresholded version of the DL Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the DL Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the downlink coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
18
Achievable DL Bearer
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite coverage plot for the downlink bearers of a
service. The array shows the highest priority downlink bearer with acceptable downlink coverage,
that is, with DL Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim
Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Ior/Ioc (EV-DO only)
This is the Ior/Ioc of the Best DL Cell by RSCP. It represents an average value and is therefore
DL Eb/Nt (EV-DO only)
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service
This array gives the DL Eb/Nt of the DL bearer with the highest supportable Ior/Ioc requirement.
Achievable DL Bearer (EV-DO only)
The purpose of this array is to provide a combined coverage plot for the downlink bearers of a
service. The array shows the bearer with the highest supportable Ior/Ioc requirement.
Achievable DL Bitrate (EV-DO only)
This is the air-interface bitrate of the DL bearer with the highest supportable Ior/Ioc requirement.
Coverage Balance Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
Coverage Balance
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite uplink/downlink coverage plot for a service. The
uplink is deemed to have coverage if any of the uplink bearers on the service have UL Coverage
Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the
Array Settings dialog box. Similarly, the downlink is deemed to have coverage if any of the downlink
bearers on the service have DL Coverage Probability meeting the specified coverage reliability
level.
Note: This array also considers (where appropriate) HSPA bearers.
19
Soft Blocking Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
UL Soft Blocking Probability
This is the probability of uplink soft blocking on the Best UL Cell. Uplink soft blocking occurs if an
additional connection with the uplink bearer would cause the noise rise limit to be exceeded. The
uplink soft blocking probability is determined by examining the proportion of snapshots that would
block a connection with the uplink bearer in this way.
For OTSR cells, the noise rise is measured on a per antenna basis (as in the simulation reports), so
the soft blocking probability depends on the antenna that covers the pixel.
DL Soft Blocking Probability
This is the probability of downlink soft blocking on the Best DL Cell. Downlink soft blocking occurs if
an additional connection with the downlink bearer requires more power than is available on the cell.
The downlink soft blocking probability is determined by examining the proportion of snapshots that
would block a connection with the downlink bearer in this way.
Hard Blocking Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

There a two types of hard blocking arrays for each uplink and downlink resource type. The
exception is the HSDPA resource type used to represent HSDPA codes. This does not have a
“primary” blocking array because there are no “primary” limits for HSDPA codes.
Hard Blocking Probability
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Bearer, Speed
This is the probability of hard blocking on the Best DL Cell because of lack of resources. This type
of blocking occurs if an additional connection with the bearer requires more resources than are
available. The blocking probability is determined by examining the proportion of snapshots that
would block a connection with the bearer in this way.
Hard Blocking Probability – Primary
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Bearer, Speed
This is the probability of hard blocking on the Best DL Cell because of lack of primary resources.
This type of blocking occurs if an additional connection with the bearer requires more primary
resources than are available. The blocking probability is determined by examining the proportion of
snapshots that would block a connection with the bearer in this way.
Throughput Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)
UL Throughput (kbps)
This is the UL throughput on the Best DL Cell by RSCP. It is the value in the Simulator reports,
rendered over the best server area of the cell.
20
DL Throughput (kbps)
This is the DL throughput on the Best DL Cell by RSCP. It is the value in the Simulator reports,
rendered over the best server area of the cell.
HSDPA Arrays
Here are brief definitions of the HSDPA-specific arrays:
HSDPA - Best DL Cell by SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier
This is the cell that provides the highest SINR level for the terminal.
HSDPA - SINR
This is the highest SINR level. It represents an average value and is therefore calculated with fades
of 0dB.
HSDPA - DL Eb/No Margin
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, HSDPA Bearer, Speed
This is the extent to which the Eb/No requirement of the HSDPA bearer is exceeded. The cell of
interest is chosen by examining the SINR levels of cells that support the HSDPA bearer, and
choosing the cell with the largest level.
HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability
This is the probability of satisfying the Eb/No requirement of the HSDPA bearer. The cell of interest
is chosen by examining the SINR levels of cells that support the HSDPA bearer, and choosing the
cell with the largest level. The probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for
the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three
HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability OK
This is a thresholded version of the HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability array and has just two
values (Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the HSDPA - DL
Coverage Probability array. A value of “Yes” means that the coverage probability satisfies the
downlink coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings
dialog box.
21
HSDPA - Achievable DL Bearer
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite coverage plot for the HSDPA bearers of a
service. The array shows the highest priority HSDPA bearer with acceptable coverage, that is, with
'HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability' meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim
Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
HSDPA - Achievable Data Rate
This is the user bitrate of the 'HSDPA - Achievable Downlink Bearer'. It is similar to the 'HSDPA -
Achievable Downlink Bearer' array, but instead of giving the bearer name at each location, it gives
the bearer's user rate. Note that for MIMO bearers, the user rate may be adjusted depending on the
number of TX and RX antennas on the cell and terminal respectively.
HSDPA - Offered Load
This is the offered HSDPA load on the Best DL Cell by SINR. Note that the offered load is
calculated for each HSDPA resource pool in the network. Therefore, if the HSDPA resources have
been pooled on a site, all HSDPA cells on that site will show the same offered load.
HSDPA - Effective Service Rate (Unloaded)
This is the bitrate that the user experiences at a location when there is no queuing delay on the cell.
It is calculated by multiplying the bitrate of the HSDPA - Achievable DL Bearer by its activity factor.
HSDPA - Effective Service Rate (Loaded)
This is the bitrate that the user experiences at a location when there is queuing delay on the cell.
The rate drops to zero as the HSDPA load on the cell approaches 100%.
HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Unloaded)
Dependencies: Carrier, Service
This is the total amount of data in a service session (bits) divided by the mean service time per user
on the cell (seconds), assuming there is no queuing delay.
HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Loaded)
Dependencies: Carrier, Service
This is similar to the HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Unloaded) array, except that the mean
service time per user on the cell is increased because of queuing delay. As the offered HSDPA
load on the cell approaches 100%, the queuing delay approach infinity and the Effective Cell
Service Rate (Loaded) drops to zero.
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HSUPA Arrays
Here are brief definitions of the HSUPA-specific arrays:
HSUPA - Best UL Cell
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, HSUPA Bearer, Speed
The cell which requires the minimum HSUPA transmit power in order to satisfy the Eb/No
requirement.
HSUPA - UL Eb/No Margin
For each pixel, this represents the amount by which the target Eb/No is overachieved on the Best
UL Cell, assuming that the terminal is transmitting at full power.
HSUPA - UL Req TX Power
The maximum output power of the terminal minus the Eb/No margin.
HSUPA - UL Coverage Probability
This array is dependent on the standard deviations of shadow fading specified for the clutter types.
For each pixel, this array shows the probability of coverage depending on the Eb/No calculated on
the Best UL Cell, assuming that the terminal is transmitting at full power. If the specified standard
deviation is zero, then there are only three probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied; 50%
if the requirement is satisfied exactly; and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
HSUPA - UL Coverage Probability OK
This is a thresholded version of the HSUPA-UL Coverage Probability and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the HSDPA - UL Coverage
Probability array. A value of "Yes" means that the uplink coverage probability satisfies the coverage
reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
HSUPA - Achievable UL Bearer
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite coverage plot for the HSUPA bearers of a
Terminal/ Carrier/ Indoor/ Service/ Speed. The array shows the highest priority HSUPA bearer with
acceptable uplink coverage, that is, with UL Coverage Probability satisfying the coverage reliability
HSUPA - Cell for Achievable UL Bearer
This array provides additional information about the 'HSUPA Achievable UL Bearer' array (which
shows the achievable bearer at each location), by showing the cell that provides that connection.
23
HSUPA - Achievable Data Rate
This is the user bitrate of the 'HSUPA - Achievable UL Bearer'. It is similar to the 'HSUPA -
Achievable UL Bearer' array but instead of giving the bearer name at each location, it gives the
bearer's user rate.
All Servers Array (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

This feature is not a true array, since it is sensitive to the location of your mouse cursor. It is a more
basic version of the Pixel Analyser tool (for more information on the Pixel Analyser, see the ASSET
User Reference Guide).
It displays information about which cells are "covering" each pixel. A set of lines is drawn between
all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel where the mouse cursor is located. For pixels with
more than one covering cell, the line thickness increases proportionally.
This array enables you to identify distant servers so that you can optimise your network design by
lowering, moving or reducing the pilot power of problematic sites.
The covering cells are shown in order of either:

 Best Servers by Pilot Strength (according to the threshold set in the Array Settings dialog
box). This will work even if you have not yet run any snapshots because it relates to the
power in the cell and path loss, not to any simulation results.
 Best Servers by Ec/Io. This requires snapshots to have been run because it relates to
attempted connections. Lines are only drawn if a terminal has been served on that pixel.
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor.
This picture shows an example of the All Servers array:
All Servers array
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DVB-H C/I Array

This array is exclusively for DVB-H analysis. The array shows combined C/I value for DVB-H at
each pixel, calculated from the DVB-H parameters set in the Simulator wizard. When you display
the results of a DVB-H simulation on the Map View, you should ensure that you set the array
display properties to display appropriate ranges of values, in accordance with the values for your
network. You should also add appropriate descriptive labels for each range, using the mapping
relationship between C/I and Throughput, as described in the DVB-H section of the ASSET User
Reference Guide.
As with all arrays, you can customise the display properties by double-clicking on the array
heading.
LTE Arrays
This is an overview of some of the LTE arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
idea of the "Mean UL Interference Level (dB)" and "Downlink Load (%)" on each cell.
Here is an example of the LTE arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the Simulator LTE arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
25
The following LTE array descriptions describe the types of array that are available from the
Simulator, and show their dependencies. Most terms (such as 'Indoor') are self-explanatory, but
here are clarifications for some of the terms used:
Term Descriptions
Fading The array depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type.
Reliability The array depends on the coverage reliability threshold specified in the Sim Display
Tip: You can try changing this parameter and then redraw the array without running
any more snapshots.
Snapshots/Load Levels The existence, accuracy, and results of the array are dependent on the number of
snapshots done or the load levels defined in the Site Database.
Pathloss Arrays (LTE)
DL Loss and Nth DL Loss
These are the downlink losses of the Best DL Cell by RSRP and the Nth Best DL Cell by RSRP,
Line of Sight
The Line of Sight array is available for predictions generated by the Enhanced Macrocell model, the
MYRIAD model, or the Volcano model.
This is a two-valued array (LOS, non-LOS) for the Best Server by RSRP. The indoor instance is
non-LOS everywhere. Here is an example:
Example of Line Of Sight array
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Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays (LTE)

These arrays provide information on DLRS levels and coverage probabilities. There are two types
of quantity relating to the DLRS: RSRP and RSRQ.
Best Server & Nth Best Server by RSRP
This array reports the cell that provides the highest (and Nth highest) RSRP for the terminal, based
on the Best RSRP & Nth Best RSRP arrays.
These arrays take into account the cell-specific Cell Range Extension parameter (RSRP Offset), if it
has been set on the Thresholds subtab of the LTE Params tab for a cell in the Site Database. If it
has ben set, then the determination of the server is based on the Nth Best RSRP adjusted by CRE
arrays.
Best RSRP & Nth Best RSRP
These are the highest (and Nth highest) RSRP levels. They represent average values and are
These arrays ignore the cell-specific Cell Range Extension parameter (RSRP Offset).
Nth Best RSRP adjusted by CRE
These are the Nth highest RSRP levels after taking into account the cell-specific Cell Range
Extension parameter (RSRP Offset), which can be set on the Thresholds subtab of the LTE
Params tab for a cell in the Site Database.
They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
CRE Delta
This is the difference in area coverage due to the cell-specific Cell Range Extension parameter
(RSRP Offset).
RSRP Coverage Probability
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading
This is the probability that the Best Server (by RSRP) satisfies the RSRP requirement specified on
possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied; 50% if the requirement is
satisfied exactly; and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
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RSRP Coverage OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability
This is a thresholded version of the RSRP Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the RSRP Coverage Probability
array. A value of "Yes" means that the RSCP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
Number of RSRP OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory RSRP. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory RSRP if its RSRP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in
RSRQ & Nth Best RSRQ
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels
These are the highest (and Nth highest) RSRQ values. They represent average values and are
RSRQ Coverage Probability
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Snapshots/Load levels
This is the probability that the Best Server (by RSRP) satisfies the RSRQ requirement specified on
possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied; 50% if the requirement is
satisfied exactly; and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
RSRQ Coverage OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels
This is a thresholded version of the RSRQ Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the RSRQ Coverage Probability
array. A value of "Yes" means that the RSRQ coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
Number of RSRQ OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory RSRQ. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory RSRQ if its RSRQ coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in
DLRS SNR
This is the highest DLRS SNR level. This does not include the Inter-cell interference (that is, Best
RSRP levels divided by the thermal noise). It represents an average value and is therefore
28
DLRS SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots\Load levels
This is the highest DLRS SINR level. This includes the Inter-cell interference (that is, Best RSRP
levels divided by the thermal noise plus Inter-cell Interference). it represents an average value and
is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Downlink Noise Arrays (LTE)
RSSI (Downlink Received Power)
This is the total received noise contributed by all sources, including co-channel serving and non-
serving cells, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise). It represents average values and
is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Uplink Coverage Arrays (LTE)
Cell for Achievable UL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability,
This is required for the Achievable UL Bearer array. It is similar to the Best Server (by RSRP) array
but includes all bearers' dependencies and shows the server which provides the connection for an
UL bearer at a given location/pixel.
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load

levels
The purpose of this array is to provide a combined coverage plot for the UL bearers of the service.
The array shows the highest priority bearer with acceptable UL coverage, that is, with UL coverage
probability meeting the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array
Settings dialog box.
UL TTI Bundling Gain

levels
This shows the UL TTI Bundling gain for the serving Cell for Achievable UL Bearer.
UL Traffic/Ctrl SINR Margin (Power Controlled)

levels
This is the best UL SINR level assuming that the terminal transmits at the power controlled power
level, that is, the power required to satisfy the UL Bearer SINR requirement. This is in essence a
combined required SINR level (defined on the bearers and modified accordingly if AAS architecture
is employed) plot of UL Bearers.
29
UL Req TX power

levels
This is the required UL TX power of the terminal to serve the achievable UL bearer at a given
pixel/location.
UL Transmission Mode

levels
This shows the achievable UL AAS mode at a given pixel location. The supported UL transmission
modes are Single Antenna, SU-MIMO Diversity, SU-MIMO Multiplexing and MU-MIMO. This array
should be used in conjunction with the Achievable UL Bearer array to determine the achievable UL
bearer and transmission mode at a given pixel/location.
UL MIMO Order

levels
This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the UL Transmission Mode with the category
“M×N” indicating that there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most
common values of M and N are reported (1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the
category “Other”.
UL RBs Required for Coverage

levels
This shows the maximum required number of UL Resource Blocks, for the highest achievable UL
bearer, over which the terminal can transmit (spread its power) without losing coverage of the
bearer. The required number of RBs is restricted by the employed carrier bandwidth and the ICIC
settings.
Downlink Coverage Arrays (LTE)
Cell for Achievable DL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability,
This is required for the Achievable DL Bearer array. It is similar to the Best Server (by RSRP) array,
and shows the server which provides the connection for a given UL bearer at a given location/pixel.

levels
The array shows the highest priority bearer with acceptable UL coverage, that is, with UL coverage
probability meeting the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array
Settings dialog box.
30
DL TTI Bundling Gain

levels
This shows the DL TTI Bundling gain for the serving Cell for Achievable DL Bearer.
DL Traffic/Ctrl SINR
This is the highest PDSCH and PDCCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is
DL Traffic SINR
This is the highest PDSCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is therefore
DL Ctrl SINR
This is the highest PDCCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is therefore
DL BCH/SCH SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor,
This is the highest P-SCH+S-SCH/PBCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is
DL MCH SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor,
This is the highest PMCCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is therefore
DL Transmission Mode

levels
This shows the achievable DL AAS mode at a given pixel location. The supported DL transmission
modes are Single Antenna, SU-MIMO Diversity, SU-MIMO Multiplexing and MU-MIMO. This array
should be used in conjunction with the Achievable UL Bearer array to determine the achievable UL
bearer and transmission mode at a given pixel/location.
31
DL MIMO Order

levels
This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the DL Transmission Mode with the category
“M×N” indicating that there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most
common values of M and N are reported (1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the
category “Other”.
Beamforming Gain Arrays (LTE)
Beamformer DL SINR Gain
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Snapshots/Load levels
This shows the DL Beamforming SINR gain (which is the same as DL Beamforming Signal Gain)
for a terminal that is served by DL beamforming. Assuming that no angular spread values are set
in the clutter categories, then a terminal served by adaptive-beamforming will show a single gain
value across the cell. A terminal served by switched-beamforming will show stronger beamforming
gain in the directions corresponding to the main lobes of the switched-beam patterns.
Beamformer UL SINR Gain
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Snapshots/Load levels
This shows the UL Beamforming SINR gain for a connection that is served by UL beamforming. A
terminal served by UL adaptive-beamforming will usually have a higher UL SINR gain due to
beamforming when using the Maximise SINR method instead of the Maximise Signal method. If
switched-beamforming is used instead, then the beamforming method has much less of an effect
and plots for the two methods will be almost identical, although the Maximise Signal method will be
faster to evaluate.
Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (LTE)
DL Data Rate (Application) (kbps)

levels
This is the application layer data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest
achievable DL bearer and the employed SU\MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to Error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers as well the reduction in data rate due to
service overheads (accounting for higher layer headers, and so on).
DL Data Rate (Effective) (kbps)

levels
This is the effective data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest
achievable DL bearer and the employed SU\MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers but not the service overheads.
32
DL Data Rate (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest achievable
DL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings without taking into account the SINR to error
rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service overheads.
DL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

levels
This is the application throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable
DL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service overheads. The reported value
is not limited by the service MBR. The DL Achievable Throughput (Application) is achievable over
the available RBs in the present ICIC bandwidth partition (cell centre or cell edge).
DL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

levels
This is the effective throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported
value is not limited by the service MBR. The DL Achievable Throughput (Effective) is achievable
over the available RBs in the present ICIC bandwidth partition (cell centre or cell edge).
DL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable DL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. The peak throughput is reported without
taking into account the SINR to error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service
overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR. The DL Achievable Throughput
(Peak) is achievable over the available RBs in the present ICIC bandwidth partition (cell centre or
cell edge).
DL Cell Throughput (Application) (kbps)
Dependencies: Carrier, Snapshots
This is the application layer DL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The
presence of this array requires the Simulator to run in the snapshot mode as it requires the cell
throughput results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings as
well as SINR to Error rate mapping and service overheads are taken into consideration.
33
DL Cell Throughput (Effective) (kbps)
This is the effective DL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The
throughput results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings and
SINR to Error rate mapping (but not service overheads) are taken into consideration.
DL Cell Throughput (Peak) (kbps)
This is the peak DL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The presence
of this array requires the Simulator to run in the snapshot mode as it requires the cell throughput
results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings and SINR to
Error rate mapping (but not service overheads) are taken into consideration.
DL Multi-User Rate Gain
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots
This is DL Multi User Gain for cells assigned with the Proportional Fair scheduler.
Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (LTE)
UL Data Rate (Application) (kbps)

levels
This is the application layer data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest
achievable UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to Error rate mapping defined on the DL bearers as well the reduction in data rate due to
service overheads (accounting for higher layer headers, and so on).
UL Data Rate (Effective) (kbps)

levels
This is the effective data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest
achievable UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the UL bearers but not the service overheads.
UL Data Rate (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak data rate that a user can achieve at a location/pixel using the highest achievable
UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings without taking into account the SINR to error
rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service overheads.
34
UL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

levels
UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service overheads. The reported value
is not limited by the service MBR. The UL Achievable Throughput (Application) is achievable over
the RBs that have been calculated by the UL RBs Required for Coverage array.
UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

levels
UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. This also takes into account the
SINR to error rate mapping defined on the UL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported
value is not limited by the service MBR. The UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) is achievable
over the RBs that have been calculated by the UL RBs Required for Coverage array.
UL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable UL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. The peak throughput is reported without
taking into account the SINR to error rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service
overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR. The UL Achievable Throughput
(Peak) is achievable over the RBs that have been calculated by the UL RBs Required for Coverage
array.
UL Cell Throughput (Application) (kbps)
This is the application layer UL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The
throughput results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings as
well as SINR to Error rate mapping and service overheads are taken into consideration.
UL Cell Throughput (Effective) (kbps)
This is the effective UL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The
throughput results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings and
SINR to Error rate mapping (but not service overheads) are taken into consideration.
35
UL Cell Throughput (Peak) (kbps)
This is the peak UL cell throughput displayed over the Best Server (by RSRP) area. The presence
of this array requires the Simulator to run in the snapshot mode as it requires the cell throughput
results gathered at the end of the snapshots. The effects of SU/MU-MIMO settings and SINR to
Error rate mapping (but not service overheads) are taken into consideration.
UL Multi-User Rate Gain
This is UL Multi User Gain for cells assigned with the Proportional Fair scheduler.
UL RBs Used (Time-Average)

levels
This shows the time-average number of UL Resource Blocks required by the highest achievable UL
bearer in order to achieve the service GBR. In case of SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing the value is
reduced by the UL SM Rate Gain. The UL RBs Used (Time-Average) at a location is always less
than or equal to the UL RBs Required for Coverage.
General Arrays (LTE)
Coverage Balance

levels
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite uplink/downlink coverage plot for a service. The
uplink is deemed to have coverage if any of the uplink bearers on the service have UL Coverage
Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the
Array Settings dialog box. Similarly, the downlink is deemed to have coverage if any of the downlink
bearers on the service have DL Coverage Probability meeting the specified coverage reliability
level.
All Servers
This is not a true array, since it is sensitive to the location of mouse cursor. It displays information
about which cells are "covering" each pixel based on the "All Servers" display properties (either
RSRP or RSRQ). A set of lines is drawn between all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel
where the mouse cursor is located. For pixels with more than one covering cell, the line thickness
increases proportionally.
36
Cell Centre/Cell Edge
This arrays shows the division of the Best Server (by RSRP) area into 'Cell Centre' and 'Cell Edge'
based on the selected Cell Centre - Cell Edge threshold on the Thresholds subtab of the LTE
Params tab. The array as only two values, Cell Centre and Cell Edge, depicting the classification of
service area.
The available Cell Centre - Cell Edge threshold settings are RSRP (dBm) and Relative RSRP (dB).
The latter represents the difference between the RSRP levels of the best and 2nd best server (by
RSRP) at a given location/pixel.
Cell Interferers
If the Interference Threshold specified in the Simulation Wizard is x dB then:
For LTE, the number of cell interferers at a location is:

The number of servers with an RSRP value within x dB of the RSRP value of the Best
Server.
The threshold is relative. The default value is 6 dB.
DL ABS percentage
This is the DL percentage of Almost Blank Subframes as specified for each cell for Cell Centre and
Cell Edge in LTE Params in the Site Database, for the Best Server by RSRP.
UL ABS percentage
This is the UL percentage of Almost Blank Subframes as specified for each cell for Cell Centre and
Cell Edge in LTE Params in the Site Database, for the Best Server by RSRP.
37
5G Arrays
This is an overview of some of the 5G arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
Almost all these arrays are produced on a per carrier basis.
Here is an example of the 5G arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the Simulator:
Example of the Simulator 5G arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
38
The following array descriptions describe the types of array that are available from the Simulator,
and show their dependencies. Most terms (such as 'Indoor') are self-explanatory, but here are
clarifications for some of the terms used:
Term Descriptions
Reliability The array depends on the coverage reliability threshold specified in the Sim Display
Tip: You can try changing this parameter and then redraw the array without running
any more snapshots.
Pathloss Arrays (5G)
DL Loss (Ctrl) & Nth DL Loss (Ctrl)
These are the downlink losses for the best control beam of the Best Server and the Nth Best Server
by SS-RSRP They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
DL Loss (Traffic) & Nth DL Loss (Traffic)
These are the downlink losses for the best traffic beam of the Best Server and the Nth Best Server
by SS-RSRP. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
Line of Sight
This is a two-valued array (LOS, non-LOS) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. The indoor instance is
non-LOS everywhere. The array is available with Enhanced Macrocell, MYRIAD and Volcano
propagation model predictions.
Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays (5G)

These arrays provide information on SSS levels and coverage probabilities. There are two types of
quantity relating to the SSS: one is SS-RSRP and the other is SS-RSRQ.
Best Server & Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP
This array reports the cell that provides the highest (and Nth highest) SS-RSRP for the terminal,
based on the Best SS-RSRP & Nth Best SS-RSRP arrays. If Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-
RSRP offsets have been set in the Site DB, then the determination of the server is based on the
Nth Best SS-RSRP adjusted by CRE arrays.
39
Best SS-RSRP & Nth Best SS-RSRP
These are the highest (and Nth highest) SS-RSRP levels. They represent average values and are
therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
Nth Best SS-RSRP adjusted by CRE
These are Nth highest SS-RSRP levels after accounting for the Cell Range Extension cell-specific
SS-RSRP offset. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
CRE Delta
This is the difference in area coverage due to the Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP
offset. This difference is the result of the comparison of the Best Server by SS-RSRP with and
without the effect of the Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP offset.
SS-RSRP Coverage Probability
This is the probability that the Best Server by SS-RSRP satisfies the SS-RSRP requirement
specified on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading
for the clutter type at the location. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are
only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied; 50% if the
requirement is satisfied exactly; and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
SS-RSRP Coverage OK
This is a thresholded version of the SS-RSRP Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the SS-RSRP Coverage
Probability array. A value of ‘Yes’ means that the SS-RSRP coverage probability meets the
box.
Number of SS-RSRP OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory SS-RSRP. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory SS-RSRP if its SS-RSRP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
Cell Interferers
This is the number of Cell Interferers. That is the number of cells, excluding the serving cell,
providing an SS-RSRP value within x dB of the SS-RSRP value of the serving cell or higher than
the SS-RSRP value of the serving cell. The x dB threshold is relative and specified at the Simulator
Wizard.
40
SS-RSRQ
This is the SS-RSRQ value for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an average value and is
Nth Best SS-RSRQ
This is the SS-RSRQ value for the Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an average value
and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Snapshots/Load levels
This is the probability that the Best Server by SS-RSRP satisfies the SS-RSRQ requirement
specified on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading
for the clutter type at the location. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are
only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied; 50% if the
requirement is satisfied exactly; and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.
SS-RSRQ Coverage OK
This is a thresholded version of the SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the SS-RSRQ Coverage
Probability array. A value of ‘Yes’ means that the SS-RSRQ coverage probability meets the
box.
Number of SS-RSRQ OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory SS-RSRQ. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory SS-RSRQ if its SS-RSRQ coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
SS-SNR
This is the SS-SNR level as calculated by (94) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. This does not
include the interference (i.e. Best SS-RSRP levels divided by the thermal noise). It represents an
average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
SS-SINR
This is the SS-SINR level as calculated by (96) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. This includes the
Inter-cell interference (i.e. Best SS-RSRP levels divided by the thermal noise plus Inter-cell
Interference). It represents an average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
41
CSI-RSRP
This is the CSI-RSRP level for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an average value and is
Nth PDSCH Received PPRE
This is the received signal strength of the PDSCH for the Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP.
DL Beam Index (Ctrl)
This is the beam index of the best SSB beam of the Best Server by SS-RSRP.
DL Beam Index (Traffic)
This is the beam index of the best traffic beam of the Best Server by SS-RSRP.
Downlink Noise Arrays (5G)
RSSI (Downlink Received Power)
This represents average values and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
UL Coverage Arrays (5G)
Cell for Achievable UL Bearer

levels
This is required for the Achievable UL Bearer array. It is similar to Best Server by SS-RSRP array
but includes all bearers’ dependencies and shows the server which provides the connection for the
UL bearer at a given location.

levels
The array shows the best bearer with acceptable UL coverage, i.e. with UL coverage probability
meeting the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog
box.
42
PUSCH SINR (Power Controlled)

levels
This is the achieved UL SINR level assuming that the terminal transmits at the power controlled
power level, i.e. when the terminal is using the Achievable UL Bearer. Uplink is powered controlled
and the terminal transmits just at the level required to meet the SINR of the bearer. The achieved
SINR is equal to the bearer SINR requirement after all MIMO adjustments.
PUSCH SINR Margin

levels
This shows how much the maximum UL TX power of the terminal exceeds the UL Req TX power at
a given location.
UL Req TX Power

levels
This is the required UL TX power of the terminal to serve the achievable UL bearer at a given
location.
UL Transmission Mode

levels
This shows the achievable UL Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) mode at a given location. The
supported UL transmission modes are ‘Single Antenna’, ‘SU-MIMO Diversity’, ‘SU-MIMO
Multiplexing’ and ‘MU-MIMO’. This array can be used in conjunction with the Achievable UL Bearer
array to determine the achievable UL bearer and transmission mode at a given location.
UL MIMO Order

levels
This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the UL Transmission Mode with the category
“MxN” indicating there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most common
values of M and N are reported (i.e. 1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the category
“Other”.
UL RBs Required for Coverage

levels
This shows the maximum required number of UL Resource Blocks, for the highest achievable UL
bearer, over which the terminal can transmit (spread its power) without losing coverage of the
bearer. The required number of RBs is restricted by the carrier bandwidth and the ICIC settings.
43
DL Coverage Arrays (5G)
Cell for Achievable DL Bearer

levels
This is required for the Achievable DL Bearer array. It is similar to Best Server by SS-RSRP array
and shows the server which provides the connection for the DL bearer at a given location.

levels
The purpose of this array is to provide a combined coverage plot for the DL bearers of the service.
The array shows the best bearer with acceptable DL coverage, i.e. with DL coverage probability
meeting the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog
box.
PDSCH SINR
This is the highest PDSCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is therefore
calculated with fades of 0 dB.
PDCCH SINR
This is the highest PDCCH SINR level. This represents an average value and is therefore
calculated with fades of 0 dB.
DL Transmission Mode

levels
This shows the achievable DL Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) mode at a given location. The
supported DL transmission modes are ‘Single Antenna’, ‘SU-MIMO Diversity’, ‘SU-MIMO
Multiplexing’ and ‘MU-MIMO’. This array can be used in conjunction with the Achievable DL Bearer
array to determine the achievable DL bearer and transmission mode at a given location.
DL MIMO Order

levels
This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the DL Transmission Mode with the category
“MxN” indicating there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most common
values of M and N are reported (i.e. 1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the category
“Other”.
44
Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (5G)

This category of arrays is tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic relation
between the levels is given by:
DL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

levels
SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service overheads. The reported value
is not limited by the service MBR.
DL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

levels
SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported
value is not limited by the service MBR.
DL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the
highest achievable DL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. The peak
throughput is reported without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the
DL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR.
DL Multi-User Rate Gain
This is DL Multi User Gain for cells with Proportional Fair scheduler.
45
Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays (5G)

This category of arrays is tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic relation
between the levels is given by:
UL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

levels
UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error
Rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited
by the service MBR. The UL Achievable Throughput (Application) is achievable over the RBs that
have been calculated by the UL RBs Required for Coverage array.
UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

levels
UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error
Rate mapping defined on the UL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported value is not
limited by the service MBR. The UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) is achievable over the RBs
that have been calculated by the UL RBs Required for Coverage array.
UL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

levels
This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the
highest achievable UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. The peak throughput is
reported without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and
service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR. The UL Achievable
Throughput (Peak) is achievable over the RBs that have been calculated by the UL RBs Required
for Coverage array.
UL Multi-User Rate Gain
This is UL Multi User Gain for cells with Proportional Fair scheduler.
UL RBs Used (Time-Average)

levels
This shows the time-average number of UL Resource Blocks required by the highest achievable UL
bearer in order to achieve the service GBR. In case of SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing the value is
reduced by the UL SM Rate Gain. The UL RBs Used (Time-Average) at a location is always less
than or equal to the UL RBs Required for Coverage.
46
General Arrays (5G)
Coverage Balance

levels
The purpose of this array is to provide a composite uplink/downlink coverage plot for a service.
The uplink is deemed to have coverage if any of the uplink bearers on the service have UL
Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds
tab of the Array Settings dialog box. Similarly, the downlink is deemed to have coverage if any of
the downlink bearers on the service have DL Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability
All Servers
about which cells are ‘covering’ each pixel based on the ‘All Servers’ display properties (either
RSRP or RSRQ). A set of lines is drawn between all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel
where the mouse cursor is located. For pixels with more than one covering cell, the line thickness
increases proportionally.
Wi-Fi Arrays
This is an overview of some of the Wi-Fi arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
47
Here is an example of the Wi-Fi arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the Simulator Wi-Fi arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
The following array descriptions describe the types of array that are available from the Simulator,
and show their dependencies. Most terms (such as Indoor) are self-explanatory. Here are some
clarifications for some of the terms:
Term Descriptions
Reliability The array depends on the coverage reliability threshold specified in the Sim
Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Important: You can try changing this parameter and then redraw the array
without running any more snapshots.
Pathloss Arrays (Wi-Fi)
Wi-Fi: DL Loss & Wi-Fi: Nth DL Loss
These are the downlink losses of the Best Server and the Nth Best Server. They represent average
values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
Wi-Fi: Line of Sight
This is a two-valued array (LOS, non-LOS). The indoor instance is non-LOS everywhere. The array
is available for predictions from the Enhanced Macrocell, MYRIAD and Volcano propagation
models.
48
Downlink Coverage Arrays (Wi-Fi)

These arrays provide information on DL RSS levels and coverage probabilities.
Wi-Fi: Best Server & Wi-Fi: Nth Best Server
This is the cell that provides the (highest and Nth highest) DL RSS for the terminal.
Wi-Fi: DL RSS & Wi-Fi: Nth Best DL RSS
These are the highest (and Nth highest) DL RSS levels. They represent average values and are
Wi-Fi: DL RSS Coverage Probability
This is the probability that the Best Server (by DL RSS) satisfies the RSS requirement specified on
clutter type at the location. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three
Wi-Fi: DL RSS OK
This is a thresholded version of the DL RSS Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the DL RSS Coverage Probability
array. A value of “Yes” means that the DL RSS coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
Wi-Fi: Number of DL RSS OK
This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory DL RSS. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory RSS if its DL RSS coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in
Throughput Arrays (Wi-Fi)
Wi-Fi: DL Cell Throughput (kbps)
This is the application layer DL cell throughput, displayed over the Best Server (by DL RSS) area.
The presence of this array requires the Simulator to run in the snapshot mode, as it requires the
cell throughput results gathered at the end of snapshots.
49
Wi-Fi: UL Cell Throughput (kbps)
This is the application layer UL cell throughput, displayed over the Best Server (by DL RSS) area.
The presence of this array requires the Simulator to run in the snapshot mode, as it requires the
cell throughput results gathered at the end of snapshots.
General Arrays (Wi-Fi)
All Servers
about which cells are "covering" each pixel based on the "All Servers" display properties). A set of
lines is drawn between all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel where the mouse cursor is
located. For pixels with more than one covering cell, the line thickness increases proportionally.
Composite Tech Arrays (GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi)

Composite Tech Arrays can account for GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G and Wi-Fi cells collectively.
Composite: Best Server
Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability, Other Tech
This is the serving cell identity. Primarily, cell ranking is based on the carrier/cell layer priorities
which are specified on the Service. Secondarily, cells of a specific technology type are ordered by
Signal Strength (GSM: RSS; UMTS: RSCP; LTE: RSRP; 5G: SS-RSRP; Wi-Fi: DL RSS). The
terminal’s requirements must be met for the respective technology (GSM: Receiver RSS Sensitivity;
UMTS: Required RSCP, Ec/Io and Pilot SIR; LTE: Required RSRP, RSRQ and BCH/SCH SINR;
5G: Required SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and SS-SINR; Wi-Fi: Required Signal Strength). The array has
a dependency on Cell Load Levels, due to the interference-related terminal requirements.
The display thresholds can be specified for each technology type individually in the Sim Display
Composite: Tech Type
This is the technology type of the serving cell as determined in the Composite: Tech Type array.
The display thresholds can be specified for each technology type individually in the Sim Display
Composite: All Tech Types
This is the combination (not ordered list) of achieved technology types. It is a superset of the
Composite: Tech Type array.
Composite: Best Carrier / Cell-Layer
Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability
This is the carrier (UMTS, LTE, 5G or Wi-Fi), or the cell layer (GSM) of the serving cell, as
determined in the Composite: Best Server array.
50
Fixed WiMAX Arrays

This is an overview of some of the Fixed WiMAX arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
All arrays are produced on a per carrier basis.
Most arrays have a dependency on the terminal type because terminal antenna gain is always
included in the linkloss.
Many arrays depend on whether the terminal is taken to be indoor or outdoor. Indoor arrays use in-
building parameters for the clutter type at the given pixel.
Coverage arrays can be drawn even if no snapshots have been run.
Here is an example of the Fixed WiMAX arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the Fixed WiMAX arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
General Arrays (Fixed WiMAX)
This array shows the highest priority UL bearer with acceptable UL coverage. The array is based
on the UL CINR value.
This array shows the highest priority DL bearer with acceptable DL coverage (based on the CINR).
DL RSS
This array represents the DL RSS at a given point. Calculated with fades of 0dB as it represents an
average value.
51
Best Server by DL RSS
This array represents the service area of each WiMAX sector based on DL RSS.
CPE Azimuth
This array displays the CPE azimuth required in order to connect to the best server (server with the
highest signal strength).
DL Loss
This array represents the lowest DL losses. Calculated with fades of 0dB as it represents an
average value.
DL CINR
This is the best C/(I+N) in the DL. The C/(I+N) is calculated by taking into account the signal
strength from the reference base station and signal strength from all interfering base stations.
UL Required TX Power
This array displays the UL required TX power for a given receiver sensitivity (specified in the Site
Database).
UL CINR
This array displays the CINR in the UL.
Thresholded Arrays (Fixed WiMAX)
DL CINR OK, DL RSS OK, UL CINR OK, UL RSS OK
These are thresholded versions of their corresponding arrays. They have just two values (Yes/No),
and have the advantage of being quicker to calculate than their corresponding arrays.
A value of “Yes” means that the probability meets the reliability level specified in the Sim Display
Mobile WiMAX Arrays

This is an overview of some of the Mobile WiMAX arrays generated by the Simulator in ASSET.
All arrays are produced on a per carrier basis.
Most arrays have a dependency on terminal-type because body loss and terminal antenna gain are
always included in the linkloss.
Many arrays depend on whether the terminal is considered to be indoor or outdoor. Indoor arrays
shadow-fading standard deviation). Indoor terminals are always assumed to be slow moving.
Coverage arrays can be drawn even if no snapshots have been run, but the user should note that
the arrays then refer to coverage in an unloaded system. To obtain coverage arrays for a loaded
system the user must run some snapshots. Remember that the key purpose of running snapshots
is to provide measures of system load.
52
idea of the average noise rise and average DL traffic power on each cell.
Here is an example of the Mobile WiMAX arrays you can generate on the Map View when using the
Simulator:
Example of the Mobile WiMAX arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
Pathloss Arrays (Mobile WiMAX)
DL Loss
The downlink losses of the Best Server by Preamble RSS. They represent average values and are
Preamble Arrays (Mobile WiMAX)
Best Server by Preamble RSS
This is the cell that provides the highest Preamble RSS for the terminal.
Preamble CINR
This is the best preamble CINR. It represents an average value and hence is calculated using
fades of 0dB.
Sectors on the same site are not considered as interferers because such sectors will be allocated
different segments.
53
Preamble RSS and Nth Best Preamble RSS
These arrays display the highest (and Nth highest) Preamble RSS levels. They represent average
values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Note: The preamble power is the TX power for the cell boosted by the preamble boosting factor.
Both these parameters are specified in the Site Database.
Preamble RSS OK
This array has two values (Yes/No). A value of “Yes” means that the RSCP coverage probability
(the probability that the Preamble RSS satisfies the RSS requirement in the Terminal type dialog
box) meets the coverage reliability criteria specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array
Settings dialog box. The coverage probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading
for the clutter type at the pixel.
Uplink Coverage Arrays (Mobile WiMAX)
Best Server by UL AMC CINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Bearer
This array displays the cell with the highest UL AMC CINR.
Best Server by UL OPUSC CINR
This array displays the cell with the highest UL OPUSC CINR.
Best Server by UL PUSC CINR
This is the cell that provides the highest CINR at a given pixel.
UL Achievable Bearer
This array shows the combined coverage plot for the UL bearers of the service. The array shows
the highest priority bearer with acceptable UL coverage, that is, where the UL coverage probability
meets the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog
box.
54
UL AMC CINR
This array displays the UL CINR in the AMC zone. For the uplink CINR analysis, the signal from the
connected terminal is the server signal and the signal from all other terminals are the interferers.
The power transmitted by the terminal can be assumed to be the power specified in the terminal
type dialog. The UL CINR represents an average value (with fades set to 0dB).
UL OPUSC CINR
This array displays the UL CINR in the OPUSC zone. For the uplink CINR analysis, the signal from
the connected terminal is the server signal and the signal from all other terminals are the
interferers. The power transmitted by the terminal can be assumed to be the power specified in the
terminal type dialog. The UL CINR represents an average value (with fades set to 0dB).
UL PUSC CINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, speed
The calculation of the UL PUSC CINR assumes that the terminal is transmitting over all available
data subcarriers.
Downlink Coverage Arrays (Mobile WiMAX)
Best Server by DL AMC CINR
This is the cell that provides the highest CINR at a given pixel, for the AMC zone.
Best Server by DL FUSC CINR
This is the cell that provides the highest CINR at a given pixel, for the FUSC zone.
Best Server by DL OPUSC CINR
This is the cell that provides the highest CINR at a given pixel, for the OPUSC zone.
Best Server by DL PUSC CINR
This is the cell that provides the highest CINR at a given pixel, for the PUSC zone.
55
DL Achievable Bearer
This array shows the combined coverage plot for the DL bearers of the service. The array shows
the highest priority bearer with acceptable DL coverage, that is, where the DL coverage probability
meets the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Thresholds tab of the Array Settings dialog
box.
DL AMC CINR
This array displays the DL CINR in the AMC zone. For the downlink CINR analysis, the CINR is
calculated by taking into account the level from the connected BS (reference base station) as
server and the level from all other sites as interferers. The CINR represents an average value (with
fades set to 0dB).
DL FUSC CINR
This is the DL CINR value for the FUSC zone.
DL OPUSC CINR
This array displays the DL CINR in the OPUSC zone. For the downlink CINR analysis, the CINR is
calculated by taking into account the level from the connected BS (reference base station) as
server and the level from all other sites as interferers. The CINR represents an average value (with
fades set to 0dB).
DL PUSC CINR
This is the DL CINR value for the PUSC zone.
DL AMC Worst Interferer Array
This array displays the worst interferer at each pixel. The pixel ownership is determined by the Best
Server by DL AMC CINR array.
DL FUSC Worst Interferer Array
Server by DL FUSC CINR array.
56
DL OPUSC Worst Interferer Array
Server by DL OPUSC CINR array.
DL PUSC Worst Interferer Array
Server by DL PUSC CINR array.
General Arrays (Mobile WiMAX)
CPE Azimuth Array
This array displays the azimuth that the directional CPE should point to in order to connect to the
best server.
UL Required TX Power
This array displays the minimum UL required TX power for a given receiver sensitivity (specified in
the Site Database).
DL Throughput Array and UL Throughput Array
The throughput arrays display the information displayed in the Simulator throughput report in a
graphical format. The throughput for a given sector is presented within the region specified by the
Best Server by Preamble RSS array. The throughput is summed for all services.
57
Terminal Information Arrays

When the Simulator has been run in snapshot mode, the 'Terminal Info' arrays (if selected in the
wizard) can show the locations of terminals generated by the snapshots. They also show whether
the terminals succeeded or failed to make a connection.
The arrays are as follows:
Terminal Info: Failure Rate
Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots
In each pixel, the failure rate is the proportion of attempted terminals that failed to make a
connection. It is calculated as a percentage as follows:
Failure Rate (%) = 100 * (Failed Terminals) / (Attempted Terminals)
The accuracy of the result at a pixel is limited by the number of overall attempts made at the pixel.
For example, if only one attempt has been made, the result will either be 0% or 100%. The Failure
Rate array therefore provides a rough visualisation of the problem areas of the network.
Terminal Info: Failure Reason
This array shows connection successes and failures in a single plot. The value shown at a pixel is
determined by the last terminal that was attempted there, regardless of which snapshot it related to.
So if the last terminal that was attempted at a pixel succeeded, then the pixel will be shown as a
success, regardless of how many terminals may have failed there in previous snapshots. Likewise,
if the last terminal at a pixel failed, then the pixel will be shown as a failure, regardless of how many
terminals succeeded there in previous snapshots. So in theory, locations that are more likely to
serve terminals in a snapshot rather than fail them are more likely to appear as successes than
failures, and vice versa.
A terminal can fail for multiple reasons. When this occurs, only a single reason is reported when
writing a value at the pixel. This will be the most dominant reason based on a hard-coded ranked
list of the failure reasons for the terminal. For example, coverage failures rank more highly than
capacity failures, since there is no purpose in indicating a capacity failure for a terminal if it does not
have coverage. For more detailed information, see the specialist document mentioned in Array and
Report Descriptions on page 9.
Terminal Info: Speed (km/h)
This array shows the speed of the terminal in the corresponding Failure Reason array. This array
can be useful because some failure reasons are affected by the speed of the mobile (for example,
bearers have speed-dependent signal to noise requirements). It is available for all technologies
except GSM and Fixed WiMAX and Wi-Fi (these do not have speed-dependent bearer
requirements).
The value shown at a pixel is determined by the last terminal that was attempted there, regardless
of the snapshot in which it was attempted.
58
Simulation Reports
This section provides descriptions of some of the network performance reports that can be
generated from the Simulator (when it is run in the snapshot mode).
Note: In addition to this section, there are specialist documents containing more detailed
descriptions of the outputs and algorithms used in the Simulator. For information on how you can
obtain these documents, please see Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs on page 109.
UMTS Composite Reports

The UMTS Composite Report contains the following information:
This Result Describes
Mean Attempted Attempted service connections

Mean Served Successful service connections.
Mean Failed Failed service connections.
Mean in Soft or Softer Successful service connections that were in either soft handover or softer
Handover handover.
Mean in Softer Handover Successful service connections that were in softer handover.
No UL Resource Primary The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Channel
No DL Resource Primary The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Channel
UL Resource Channel Limit The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Reached
DL Resource Channel Limit The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Reached
Low Pilot The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/No (Range) The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/No (Capacity) The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Uplink Eb/No The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Noise Rise Limit The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
No Valid Connection The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Scenarios
This indicates compatibility issues in terms of the network and configuration
parameters. There may be a problem with the carriers, bearers, services,
terminal types or filters used, so you should check your configuration and
simulation set-up.
No Covering Cells The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason. This indicates
that there was no pathloss information in the pixel at the location of the
terminal.
Note: Probability percentages can add up to more than 100%. This is because a connection can
fail for multiple reasons simultaneously.
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UMTS Cell Failure Report

The UMTS Cell Failure report shows the failures that are measured in the simulation and contains
the following information:
Cell Identity Unique cell identifier.

Mean Number of Failures The mean number of failed service connections.
Mean Number of Attempts The mean number of attempted service connections.
Failure Rate The amount of failures as a percentage of the attempts.
Failures due to No UL Resource The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Primary Channel
Failures due to No DL Resource The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Primary Channel
Failures due to UL Resource The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Channel Limit Reached
Failures due to DL Resource The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Failures due to Low Pilot The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Failures due to Downlink Eb/No The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
(Range)
Failures due to Downlink Eb/No The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
(Capacity)
Failures due to Uplink Eb/No The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Failures due to Noise Rise The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
For UMTS networks there are potentially 36 different resource types but only those that have been
defined will be displayed.
UMTS Downlink Performance Reports

The UMTS Downlink Performance report contains the following information:

Downlink Traffic Power (dBm) This value shows the mean transmitted downlink traffic power per cell
(calculated).
DL Traffic Power 95% Confidence The confidence interval on the mean downlink traffic power.
Interval (+/- dB)
Total TX Power (dBm) This is the sum of the traffic channel power and all of the downlink
channel powers.
Max TX Power (dBm) This value shows the Max TX Power limit that you have set per cell.
Common Channel Power (dBm) This is the total time-averaged common channel power. The primary
and secondary common channel powers that the user specifies in the
site dialog are peak powers.
The total time-averaged common channel power is given by:
Mean_Common_Power = 0.9 x Peak_Primary_Common_Power +
1.0 x Peak_Secondary_Common_Power
Note: All powers in this formula are in Watts.
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Pilot Power (dBm) This value shows the downlink pilot power that you have set per cell.
Sync Channel Power (dBm) This is the total time-averaged synchronisation channel power. The
primary and secondary synchronisation channel powers that the user
specifies in the site dialog are peak powers.
The total time-averaged sync channel power is given by:
Total_Sync_Power = 0.1 x Peak_Primary_Sync_Power + 0.1 x
Peak_Secondary_Sync_Power
Note: All powers in this formula are in Watts.
UMTS Cell Handover Reports

The UMTS Cell Handover Report contains the following information:

UL Resource Primary The mean number of uplink resource primary channels used per cell.
Channels Used
UL Resource Handover The mean number of uplink resource channels used for soft handover per
Channel Used – Soft cell.
UL Resource Handover The mean number of uplink resource channels used for softer handover per
Channel Used - Softer cell.
DL Resource Primary The mean number of downlink resource primary channels used per cell.
Channels Used
DL Resource Handover The mean number of downlink resource channels used for soft handover
Channel Used – Soft per cell.
DL Resource Handover The mean number of downlink resource channels used for softer handover
Channel Used – Softer per cell.
For UMTS networks there are 36 different resource types but only those that have been defined will
be displayed.
UMTS Cell Blocking Reports

The Cell Blocking Report contains the following information:
Cell ID Unique cell identifier.

Total Samples This is the total number of terminals used to calculate the blocking
probability. This figure will increase as more snapshots are performed.
Blocking Probability The blocking probability for the service on the cell.
Blocking Probability 95% The confidence interval on the blocking probability. The interval will
Confidence Interval (+/-) tend to decrease as the total number of samples increases.
Percentage of Blocks Due to No The percentage of blocks that were due, in part, to No Uplink Resource
UL Resource Primary Channel Primary Channel.
Percentage of Blocks Due to No The percentage of blocks that were due, in part, to No Downlink
DL Resource Primary Channel Resource Primary Channel.
Percentage of Blocks Due to UL The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Uplink
Resource Channel Limit Reached. Resource Channel Limit Reached.
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Percentage of Blocks Due to DL The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Downlink
Resource Channel Limit Reached. Resource Channel Limit Reached.
Percentage of Blocks Due to The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Downlink Eb/No
Downlink Eb/No (Capacity) Capacity.
Percentage of Blocks Due to Noise The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Noise Rise.
Rise
Notes:
 The blocking reports are only available if the corresponding checkbox is selected in the
Simulator Wizard.
 The statistics given are the reasons for failure to the ’best’ server.
 For UMTS networks there are potentially 36 different resource types but only those that
have been defined will be displayed.
CDMA2000 Composite Reports

The CDMA2000 Composite Report contains the following information:
Mean Attempted Attempted service connections.

Mean Served Successful service connections.
Mean Failed Failed service connections.
Mean in Soft or Softer Successful service connections that are in either soft handoff or softer
Handoff handoff.
Mean in Softer Handoff Successful service connections that are in softer handoff.
No DL Primary Channel The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
DL Channel Limit Reached The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Low Ec/Io The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/Io (Range) The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/Io Capacity The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Uplink Eb/Nt The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Scenarios
This indicates compatibility issues in terms of the network and
configuration parameters. There may be a problem with the carriers,
bearers, services, terminal types or filters used, so you should check your
configuration and simulation set-up.
No Covering Cells The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason. This
indicates that there was no pathloss information in the pixel at the location
of the terminal.
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CDMA2000 Failure Report

The CDMA2000 Failure report shows the failures that are measured in the simulation and contains
the following information:
Sector Identity Unique sector identifier.

Mean Number of Failures The mean number of failed service connections.
Mean Number of Attempts The mean number of attempted service connections.
Failure Rate The amount of failures as a percentage of the attempts.
Percentage of Failures due to No The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
DL Primary Channel
Percentage of Failures due to DL The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Percentage of Failures due to Low The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Ec/Io
Percentage of Failures due to The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason, that is,
Downlink Eb/Io (Range) where the maximum available traffic channel power is exceeded.
Percentage of Failures due to The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason, that is,
Downlink Eb/Io (Capacity) where the cell’s maximum transmission power is exceeded.
Percentage of Failures due to The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Uplink Eb/Nt
Percentage of Failures due to The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Noise Rise
EV-DO Composite Reports

The EV-DO Composite report contains the following information:
Mean Attempted The mean number of attempted service connections.

Mean Served The mean number of successful service connections.
Mean Failed The mean number of failed service connections.
Low Ior/Ioc The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/Io (Range) The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Downlink Eb/Io Capacity The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Uplink Eb/Nt The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason.
Scenarios
This indicates compatibility issues in terms of the network and
configuration parameters. There may be a problem with the carriers,
bearers, services, terminal types or filters used, so you should check your
configuration and simulation set-up.
MAC Indexes The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason, that is, an
insufficient number of MAC Indexes being available.
No Covering Cells The percentage of failures attributable, in part, to this reason. This
indicates that there was no pathloss information in the pixel at the location
of the terminal.
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CDMA2000 Downlink Performance Reports

The CDMA2000 Downlink Performance report contains the following information:

Downlink Traffic Power (dBm) This value shows the mean transmitted downlink traffic power per sector
carrier (calculated).
DL Traffic Power 95% The confidence interval on the mean downlink traffic power.
Confidence Interval (+/- dB)
Total TX Power (dBm) This is the sum of the traffic channel power and all of the downlink channel
powers.
Max PA Power (dBm) This value shows the Max PA Power limit that you have set per sector
carrier.
Rated PA Power This shows the rated PA power that you have set per sector carrier.
Total Paging Channel Power This value shows the sum of paging powers that you have set per sector
(dBm) carrier.
Pilot Power (dBm) This value shows the downlink pilot power that you have set per sector
carrier.
Sync Channel Power (dBm) Sync channel power that you have set per sector carrier.
Broadcast Control Channel This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the broadcast
Power (dBm) control channel.
Quick Paging Channel Power This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the quick paging
(dBm) channel.
Common Power Control This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the common power
Channel Power (dBm) control channel.
Common Assignment This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the common
Channel Power (dBm) assignment channel.
Common Control Channel This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the common control
Power (dBm) channel.
Dedicated Control Channel This shows the mean (time-averaged) transmit power of the dedicated
Power (dBm) control channel.
CDMA2000 Sector Handoff Reports

The CDMA2000 Cell Handoff Report contains the following information:

DL Primary Channels Used The mean number of downlink channels used for primary connections per
sector.
DL Handoff Channel Used - The mean number of downlink channels used for soft handoff per sector.
Soft
DL Handoff Channel Used - The mean number of downlink channels used for softer handoff per sector.
Softer
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CDMA2000 Sector Blocking Reports

The CDMA2000 Sector Blocking Report contains the following information:
SectorID Unique sector identifier.

Total Samples This is the total number of terminals used to calculate the blocking
probability. This figure will increase as more snapshots are performed.
Blocking Probability The blocking probability for the service on the cell.
Blocking Probability 95% The confidence interval on the blocking probability. The interval will
Confidence Interval (+/-) tend to decrease as the total number of samples increases.
Percentage of Blocks Due to No The percentage of blocks that were due, in part, to No Uplink Primary
DL Primary Channel Channel.
Percentage of Blocks Due to DL The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Downlink
Channel Limit Reached. Channel Limit Reached.
Percentage of Blocks Due to The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Downlink Eb/Io
Downlink Eb/Io (Capacity) capacity.
Percentage of Blocks Due to Noise The percentage of the blocks that were due, in part, to Noise Rise.
Rise
Notes:
 The blocking reports are only available if the corresponding checkbox is selected in the
Simulator Wizard
 The statistics given are the reasons for failure to the ’best’ server.
EV-DO Downlink Performance Reports

The EV-DO Downlink Performance report contains the following information:

Total TX Power (dBm) This is the sum of the traffic channel power and all of the downlink
channel powers.
EV-DO Packet Quality of Service Reports

Use the EV-DO Quality of Service reports to analyse multiple circuit switched services, combined
with a single packet switched service, on a sector by sector basis. The EV-DO Packet Quality of
Service report contains the following information:

Mean IP Packet Arrival Rate The mean Internet Protocol packets per second and is calculated as:
(IP Packets/s)
Mean number of users per snapshot / Average packet inter-arrival rate
Mean IP Packet The average time it takes to transmit an IP packet per second.
Transmission Time (s)
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Mean IP Packet Queuing Average time a packet waits (in seconds) in a queue before being transmitted.
Delay (s)
Mean Total IP Packet The total IP packet transmission delay in seconds is:
Transmission Delay (s)
Mean IP packet transmit time + Mean IP packet queuing delay
Mean Gross User This is defined by the following equation:
Throughput (kbit/s)
Mean gross user throughput =
Physical layer packet available bits X No. physical layer packets / IP packet
transmit time
Mean Gross Sector This is defined by the following equation:
Throughput (kbit/s)
Mean gross sector throughput =
Physical layer packet available bits X No. physical layer packets / (no. slots
used X slot time)
Mean Net Sector This is defined by the following equation:
Throughput (kbits/s)
Mean net sector throughput =
(IP packet arrival rate X (1 - %timed out packets/100) X mean packet size
(bits)
Mean Packets Timed Out This is the percentage of packets that are not transmitted due to queuing
delays that exceeded the maximum allowed value.
Throughput Reports
The Throughput Report contains the following information:
Cell/Sector Identity Unique cell/sector identifier.

Downlink Throughput (kbit/s) Mean amount of data served on a carrier on that cell/sector.
Uplink Throughput (kbit/s) Mean amount of data served on a carrier on that cell/sector.
Uplink Performance Reports

The Uplink Performance Report contains the following information:
Cell/Sector Identity Unique cell/sector identifier.

Noise Rise Limit (dB) This value shows the noise rise over thermal noise per cell/sector.
Noise Rise 95% Confidence The confidence interval on the noise rise. The interval will tend to
Interval (+/- dB) decrease as more snapshots are performed.
Load (%) This value shows the fractional cell load per cell/sector.
Frequency Re-use Efficiency This value shows the frequency re-use efficiency per cell/sector.
(%)
Out-cell Noise:In-cell Noise This value shows the ratio of noise from terminals that have this cell in
the active set to noise from terminals that do not have this cell in the
active set, it is expressed as a percentage.
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LTE Reports
Here is the list of LTE reports you can generate when using the Simulator:
Example of the LTE report outputs available from the Simulator
Composite Report
Dependencies: Service
This report provides a summary of each service in terms of 'Mean Attempted', 'Mean Served' and
'Mean Failed' terminals. The 'Contributions to Failure' section lists the possible reasons with their
percentages that contribute to terminals not being served.
Terminals can fail to connect for multiple reasons so the failure reason percentages can sum to
more than 100%.
Cell Failure Report
This provides a breakdown of the 'Composite Report' and lists the per cell failure reasons for 'Mean
Failed' terminals. Failure reasons and their respective percentages that contribute to terminals not
been served are logged against each cell and per service. For more detailed descriptions, see LTE
Cell Failure Report on page 70.
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Cell Downlink Performance Report
This report provides the per carrier DL power/resource consumption information for each cell.
The breakdown of each cell 'Max Power' is given in terms of 'Fixed Channels Power' and 'Traffic &
Control Power'. 'Fixed Channels Power' includes the power consumed by DL Signals and Control
channels (DLRS, SCH, BCH, and PMCCH). 'Traffic & Control Power' includes the power consumed
by the PDSCH and PDCCH. In addition, the resource consumption is logged individually for Cell
Centre (CC) and Cell Edge (CE) bandwidth partitions (that is, 'CC Load (%)' and 'CE Load (%)').
Two extra columns show how much of the load is using beamforming: CC Load (Beamforming) (%)
and CE Load (Beamforming) (%). These beamforming load values are a subset of the existing load
values. For example, is a cell is serving all CC users using beamforming, then "CC Load" will equal
the "CC Load (Beamforming)". The beamforming load is summed over all the beamforming
antennas on the cell.
These loads represent the respective resource consumption from the total/available CC and CE
resources and can be applied to the Site Database to be used further in creating arrays by running
the Simulator in the 'Use levels specified in Site Database' mode. It is important to remember that
CE loads are only applicable for the Soft Frequency Reuse and Reuse Partitioning ICIC schemes.
When '***' appears in the report columns, this indicates cells not employing the ICIC schemes or
configured in a way that results in either a zero CC or CE bandwidth.
Cell Uplink Performance Report
This report provides the per carrier UL interference level and resource consumption information for
each cell. UL Interference levels and resource consumptions are logged individually for CC and CE
bandwidth partitions, that is, 'CC Interference Level (dB)', 'CE Interference Level (dB)', 'CC Load
(%)' and 'CE Load (%)', respectively. The interference levels can be applied to the Site Database
and further used in creating arrays by running the Simulator in the 'Use levels specified in Site
Database' mode. It is important to remember that CE loads and interference levels are only
applicable for the Soft Frequency Reuse and Reuse Partitioning ICIC schemes.
When '***' appears in the report columns, this indicates cells not employing the ICIC schemes or
configured in a way that results in either a zero CC or CE bandwidth.
Composite DL/UL Throughput Report (kbps)
These two reports provide the summary of per cell offered and served throughput for a given
service. Offered throughput of a cell is independent of service type (RT/NRT) and always calculated
as the 'Maximum-MBR' rate of the service multiplied by 'Mean number of Attempts' whereas the
served throughput depends on service type (RT/NRT) as well as the employed scheduling
schemes. First the 'Minimum-GBR' demands of terminals are fulfilled, and if resources are still
available to allocate, RT terminals are upgraded to serve their 'Maximum-MBR' demand. Hence,
the served throughput for terminal configured with an RT service can be anything between the
'Minimum-GBR' and the 'Maximum-MBR' demand.
A summary of offered and served throughputs are presented for 'Peak' 'Application' and 'Effective'
throughputs. In addition, these three offered and served throughputs are reported for the CC and
CE areas of the cells which are governed by the 'Cell Centre - Cell Edge threshold' settings in the
Site Database.
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Peak DL/UL Throughput Report (kbps)
Dependencies: Service, Bearer
These two reports provide the breakdown of per cell served peak throughputs for each service. The
breakdown is given in terms of service area (CC/CE) as well as the served peak throughput by
each bearer in the respective CC and CE regions.
Effective UL/DL Throughput Report (kbps)
These two reports provide the breakdown of per cell served effective throughputs for each service.
The breakdown is given in terms of service area (CC/CE) as well as the served effective throughput
by each bearer in the respective CC and CE regions.
Application UL/DL Throughput Report (kbps)
These two reports provide the breakdown of per cell served application throughputs for each
service. The breakdown is given in terms of service area (CC/CE) as well as the served application
throughput by each bearer in the respective CC and CE regions.
UL Beamformer Report
This report gives the angular distribution of UL SINR beamforming gain for all the beamformers in
the simulation. Note that if a cell has multiple antennas, or is using an ICIC scheme where the
carrier bandwidth has been split into cell-centre and cell-edge partitions, then this simulator will
have a beamformer for each combination of antenna and carrier partition. Values for the UL SINR
beamforming gain are reported at a predetermined set of azimuthal angles with respect to the
serving antenna, with the angles measured clockwise from North and incremented in 5 degree
steps. By selecting a row of these values, Excel can be used to produce a radar plot (i.e. polar plot)
of the UL SINR beamforming gain.
DL Beamformer Report
This report gives the angular distribution of DL interfering traffic power gain for all the beamformers
in the simulation. Note that if a cell has multiple antennas, or is using an ICIC scheme where the
carrier bandwidth has been split into cell-centre and cell-edge partitions, then this simulator will
have a beamformer for each combination of antenna and partition. The values in the report take
into account the proportion of DL load due to users served by DL beamforming. As the proportion
of beamformed load decreases to zero, the overall power gain approaches unity. The values are
reported at a predetermined set of azimuthal angles with respect to the serving antenna, with the
angles measured clockwise from North and incremented in 5 degree steps. By selecting a row of
these values, Excel can be used to produce a radar plot (i.e. polar plot) of the overall DL interfering
traffic power gain.
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LTE Cell Failure Report

The LTE Cell Failure report shows the failures that are measured in the simulation and contains the
following information:
Column Heading Describes

Mean Number of Failures The mean number of failed connections.
Mean Number of Attempts The mean number of attempted connections.
Failure Rate The percentage of failures.
This table describes the failure criteria:
Column Heading Describes the Percentage of the Failures partly due to
DL RSRP The RSRP requirement specified on the terminal type is not satisfied.
DL RSRQ The RSRQ requirement specified on the terminal type is not satisfied.
DL BCH/SCH SINR The BCH/SCH SINR requirement specified on the terminal type is not
satisfied.
UL SINR The terminal cannot meet the SINR requirement of the UL bearer,
even if the terminal transmits at maximum power.
DL SINR The terminal cannot meet the SINR requirement of the DL bearer.
DL Capacity The cells have insufficient DL available resources (power/RBs) to
meet the SINR requirement of the DL bearer.
UL Capacity The cells have insufficient UL available resources (power/RBs) to
meet the SINR requirement of the UL bearer.
User Limit The cell has reached the limit specified by its '# of Scheduled Users'
parameter.
No Valid Connection Scenarios An incorrect or conflicting network set-up has resulted in terminals not
being served. For example, this may happen if a modulation scheme
on the cell is not supported by the terminal, or carriers and antennas
are not assigned to the cells.
No Pathloss Data No pathloss data is available for the pixels/region.
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5G Reports
Here is the list of 5G reports you can generate when using the Simulator:
Example of the 5G report outputs available from the Simulator
5G - Composite Report
This report provides the summary of each service in terms of ‘Mean Attempted’, ‘Mean Served’ and
‘Mean Failed’, terminals. The ‘Contributions to Failure’ section lists the possible reasons, as
explained in section 4.2, and their percentages that contribute to terminals not being served.
Terminals can fail to connect for multiple reasons so the failure reason percentages can sum to
more than 100%.
5G - Cell Failure Report
This provides a breakdown of the ‘Composite Report’ and lists the per cell failure reasons for ‘Mean
Failed’ terminals. Failure reasons and their respective percentages that contribute to terminals not
being served are logged against each cell and per service.
5G - Cell Uplink Performance Report
This report provides the UL noise rise level and UL load information for each traffic beam on each
cell. The UL load summed over all beams on a cell will not exceed 100%. For each cell, the highest
per-beam noise rise can be applied to the Site Database (since there is only a single noise rise
value stored for each cell in the database).
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5G - Cell Downlink Performance Report
This report provides the DL load level and DL traffic (PDCCH and PDSCH) power for each traffic
beam on each cell. The DL load summed over all beams on a cell will not exceed 100%. For each
cell, the total DL load (summed over all traffic beams) can be applied to the Site Database.
Throughput Reports
The available throughput reports are tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic
relation between the levels is given by:
5G - UL / DL User Throughput Report (kbps)
These reports provide the per cell average user throughputs for each service. The peak, effective
and application user throughputs are reported.
5G - UL / DL Composite Throughput Report (kbps)
These composite reports provide the summary of per cell offered and served throughput for a given
service. Offered throughput of a cell is calculated as the MBR rate of the service increased by the
service overhead and multiplied by ‘Mean number of Attempts’. First the GBR demands of
terminals are attempted and if resources are still available to allocate, terminals are upgraded to
serve potentially up to their MBR demands. Summary of throughputs are presented for ‘Peak’ (at
physical layer), ‘Effective’ and ‘Application’ levels.
5G - UL / DL CA (Intra) Throughput Report (kbps)
These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput for a given service processed at the
logical Intra-gNodeB CA-group level, for carrier-aggregated cells belonging to the same gNodeB.
These throughputs are reported separately for SC (Single Carrier) connections and CA (Carrier
Aggregation) connections.
5G - UL / DL CA (Inter) Throughput Report (kbps)
These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput for a given service processed at the
logical Inter-gNodeB CA-group level, for carrier-aggregated cells belonging to multiple gNodeBs.
5G - UL / DL Cell Throughput Type Report (kbps)
These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput per cell for a given service. The Total
cell throughputs are separated for SC (Single Carrier) connections, CA Intra (Intra-gNodeB Carrier
Aggregation) connections and CA Inter (Inter-gNodeB Carrier Aggregation) connections. Summary
of throughputs are presented for ‘Peak’ (at physical layer), ‘Effective’ and ‘Application’ levels.
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5G - UL/DL Peak Throughput Report (kbps)
These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served peak, at physical layer, throughputs for
each service. The breakdown is given in terms of served peak throughput by each bearer.
5G - UL/DL Effective Throughput Report (kbps)
These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served effective throughputs for each service. The
breakdown is given in terms of served effective throughput by each bearer.
5G - UL/DL Application Throughput Report (kbps)
These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served application throughputs for each service.
The breakdown is given in terms of served application throughput by each bearer.
Wi-Fi Reports
Here is a summary of the reports specific to Wi-Fi that you can generate when using the Simulator:
Wi-Fi - Composite Report
This report provides the summary of each service in terms of Offered, Attempted, Served and
Failed, terminals. The Contribution to Failure section lists the possible reasons, and their
percentages that contribute to terminals not being served. Terminals can fail to connect for multiple
reasons so the failure reason percentages can sum to more than 100%.
Wi-Fi - Cell Failure Report
This provides a breakdown of the Wi-Fi - Composite Report and lists the per cell failure reasons for
Failed terminals. Failure reasons and their respective percentages that contribute to terminals not
being served are logged against each cell and per service.
DL/UL Wi-Fi Throughput Report (kbps)
These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served throughputs for each service.
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74
Prediction and Array File Management System
2 Prediction and Array File Management System
Files relating to created predictions and arrays contain data that can be freshly regenerated at any
time, but, as this process takes time, it is more efficient to store the files on the disk every time they
are created, and manage them as a cache of precalculated data.
Therefore, in ENTERPRISE, the concept behind the storage of these files is that they are stored on
disk and remain stored, even if they become 'invalid' due to changes to the cell parameters or
locations. The major benefit of this is that they can be reused whenever they become 'valid' again.
It is evident from the above approach that, on some occasions, the disk might become full and
consist of many unwanted files.
For this reason, these files are automatically managed within ENTERPRISE by a caching
algorithm, which can dispose of unwanted files on the basis of specific criteria, such as the elapsed
time since the file was last loaded.
As a vital input to this algorithm, you must set the maximum disk space for the storage of these
files, for the prediction folder and output array folder, which are specified on the Shared Data
Directories tab of the Project Settings dialog box.
Overview of Algorithm
The 'maximum disk space' settings, as described above, are stored in configuration files in the root
of the Prediction folder and the Output Array folder.
The file management algorithm is designed to manage the files as a cache, using a ‘weighting’
function to determine which files are to be removed whenever the cache exceeds its maximum
space. In order to monitor this, a statistics file is updated at the end of every prediction/array file
creation session.
The weighting function takes the following factors into consideration for each file (most important
first) :
 The elapsed time since the file was last used
 The amount of time that was needed to perform the calculation
 The number of times the file has been loaded
If a "disk full" error occurs during file creation, then the file management system may be
automatically invoked early to try to provide some space for the file that has just been calculated. If
this fails to provide enough space then a "disk full" error is written to the message log.
Note: The file management algorithm only monitors files generated by ENTERPRISE, and ignores
any other files.
Prediction System Interface API
There is some separate information regarding third party integration/interaction with ENTERPRISE.
For information on this, see ENTERPRISE Interfaces on page 111.
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Prediction and Array File Management Algorithm

Whenever necessary, the file management system gathers information about the prediction/array
files from the statistics file. It uses the information to generate an ordered list of the files, prioritised
for deletion. From the top of this list, the system deletes the files until the required disk space
requirements have been satisfied.
To determine a file’s position in this prioritised list, the following formula is used:
Position = ( Now – Last Loaded Time ) × modifier
A file with a large 'position' has more chance of being deleted than one with a small 'position'.
The basic concept is as follows:

 The most important factor used in determining the position of a file in the list is the elapsed
time since the file was last loaded.
 The position can also be influenced by a modifier weighting:
o Files that were 'quick to create' are more likely to be deleted
o Files that have been 'loaded many times' are less likely to be deleted
Modifier Calculation
1. The time taken to create the file is recorded and will result in an initial modifier as follows:
Creation Time Modifier
0-10s 1.2
10s-20s 1.15
20s-40s 1.1
40s-1.5m 1.05
1.5m-2.5m 1
2.5m-5m 0.95
5m-10m 0.9
10m-20m 0.85
20m-40m 0.8
40m+ 0.75
2. The number of times a file has been loaded is recorded and then used to adjust the
modifier, as follows:
Number of loads Add to modifier
0 +0.05
1-5 0
5-10 -0.03
10-20 -0.06
20-40 -0.09
40-80 -0.12
80-160 -0.15
160-320 -0.18
76
Prediction and Array File Management System
Number of loads Add to modifier
320-640 -0.21
640+ -0.24
Note: All the above values are stored in the configuration file in the root of the Prediction folder and
the Output Array folder, and can be modified by your administrator if necessary.
77
78
2g and 2.5g Algorithms
3 2g and 2.5g Algorithms
This section contains information about the algorithms and calculations that ASSET uses in relation
to 2g and 2.5g network planning.
For information on the GSM Simulator algorithms and outputs, please see Static Simulation
Algorithms and Outputs on page 109.
Interference Table Algorithm

An interference table (sometimes known as an interference matrix) contains values that represent
the severity of interference for any cell-pair combination for which there are overlapping predictions,
if that pair of cells were to be allocated the same or adjacent carriers.
The table can store the following four values for any pair of cells A and B (relating to regions where
A is the best server):
Field Name Description
Co-channel Area The area* served by cell A that would be affected by interference if A
and B were assigned the same carrier.
Adjacent Channel Area The area* served by cell A that would be affected by interference if A
and B were assigned adjacent carriers.
Co-channel Traffic The amount of traffic* served by cell A that would be affected by
interference if A and B were assigned the same carrier.
Adjacent Channel Traffic The amount of traffic* served by cell A that would be affected by
interference if A and B were assigned adjacent carriers.
* These values are weighted according to the severity of interference.
The values for area (in km 2) are obtained by averaging the probability of interference over the
region where A is the best server. The average is taken over all pixels in the appropriate coverage
array.
For traffic, the value to be averaged is the probability of interference × the traffic (in mE) at that
pixel. Thus it is necessary to have a traffic array available to make this calculation.
The probability of interference at a given pixel is calculated using a standard statistical technique
based on a C/I signal threshold value and a standard deviation. The assumption is that a difference
in signal level between server and interferer exactly equal to the threshold value would give rise to
a 50% chance of co-channel interference.
By default, a -18dB offset is used for the adjacent channel interference, relative to the co-channel
interference. This means that if, for example, the co-channel C/I threshold value is set at 9dB, a
signal difference of -9dB between server and adjacent channel interferer would give rise to a 50%
chance of adjacent channel interference. The C/A offset can be modified in the Array Settings
dialog box.
79
All signal differences are converted into probabilities of interference. The following graph displays
the spread of probabilities for both C/I and C/A based on the default Interference Weights. Here,
the C/I signal threshold value is 9dB, using a standard deviation of 7.78dB.
Default Interference Weights
C/I C/A
100%
Interference (%)
Proportion of
75%
50%
25%
0%
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Signal Difference (dB)
C/I and C/A weights curve
Examples of Interference Table files can be found, along with a description of the file format, in the
ENTERPRISE Technical Reference Guide.
Interference and Connection Array Calculations

This table shows the different interference analyses that are possible:
Worst Connection C/Ic Determines the co-channel C/I levels for all of the possible interfering
frequencies that may be used by the MS-BTS connection.
Each pixel presents the worst C/Ic level and frequency.
Worst Connection C/Ia Determines the adjacent channel C/I levels for all of the possible
interfering frequencies that may be used by the MS-BTS connection.
Each pixel presents the worst C/Ia level and frequency.
Worst Connection C/(Ic+Ia) Determines the combined co-channel/adjacent channel C/I levels for
all of the possible interfering frequencies that may be used by the MS-
BTS connection.
Each pixel presents the worst C/I level and frequency.
Average Interference C/Ic Sums the co-channel C/I levels for all possible interfering frequencies
and presents the average C/Ic level.
Average Interference C/Ia Sums the adjacent channel C/I levels for all possible interfering
frequencies and presents the average C/Ia level.
Average Interference C/(Ic_Ia) Sums the combined co-channel and adjacent C/I levels for all possible
interfering frequencies and presents the average C/(Ic_Ia) level.
Worst Interference C/Ic For non-frequency hopping networks sums all of the co-channel C/I
levels for an interfering frequency.
Each pixel presents the total C/I level, server and interfering sub-cells
and interfering frequency.
80
Worst Interference C/Ia For non-frequency hopping networks sums all of the adjacent channel
C/I levels for an interfering frequency.
Each pixel presents the total C/I level, server and interfering sub-cells
and interfering frequency.
Note: The worst connection and the worst interferer calculations are the same in the case of a non-
frequency hopping network.
Worst Connection Array Calculation Method

In the Worst Connection Array calculation, the connection refers to the carrier(s) corresponding to a
single call:
 In the case of hopping frequencies, it corresponds to the entire group of hopping
frequencies
 In the case of non-hopping frequencies, it corresponds to a single frequency
The Worst Connection Array calculates the C/I per connection, summing over all interferers, and
then selects the connection with the lowest C/I.
The algorithm for this is as follows:
For: f  0
 
 
C / IW  minC / I ( FH )  GFDIV ( n ), minC / I ( f i )
 fi 
 
For: f  0
C / IW  minC / I ( fi )
fi
Where:
For each non-hopping carrier fi in the serving sub-cell, C/I(fi) is calculated.
For the hopping frequency group in the serving sub-cell, a single C/I(FH) is calculated.
Average Connection Array Calculation Method

The Average Connection Array calculates the C/I per connection, summing over all interferers, and
then calculates the average of those.
The algorithm for this is as follows:
 n

 m * f * BER (C / I ( FH )  GFDIV (m))   BER (C / I ( fri )) 
C / I AV  BER 1  i 1 
 m* f  n 
 
 
81
Where:
C / I ( FH ) is the averaged C/I for the hopping carriers.
m is the number of hopping frequencies.

n is the number of non-hopping frequencies.
GFDIV is frequency diversity gain.
f is the fractional loading, calculated as follows:
TRX FH
f 
m , where TRX FH is the number of hopping TRX.
fri are the non-hopping frequencies.
For each non-hopping carrier

fri in the serving sub-cell, C/I( fri ) is calculated.
For the hopping frequency group in the serving sub-cell, a single C/I(FH) is calculated.
f
Note: The denominator in the equation above can never be zero ( and n cannot both be zero at
the same time). This is because ASSET does not allow you to set the total number of TRX
allocated to a sub-cell to zero, if at least one carrier layer is allocated.
Worst Interferer Array Calculation Method

The Worst Interferer Array calculates the C/I per frequency, summing over all interferers, and
selects the frequency with the lowest C/I. It also finds the interferer that causes the most
interference on that frequency.
The worst interfering frequency and its corresponding C/I are calculated as follows:
maxS IC ( K , f sw ).U ( K , f sw )
K
Where:
f
For each (non-hopping) carrier f1 in the serving sub-cell, C/I( i ) is calculated.
Total Interference Array Calculation Method

The Total Interference Array calculates the C/I per frequency, summing over all interferers, and
then sums the C/I for each frequency at the serving cell.
The total interference is calculated as follows:

n
C / I TOT   C / I ( f i )
i 1
Where:
f
For each (non-hopping) carrier fi in the serving sub-cell, C/I( i ) is calculated.
82
Table of Default C/I BER Conversion Values

This table shows the Default C/I BER Conversion Values in ASSET:
C/I (dB) Bit Error Rate
-10 0.5000000000
-9 0.4880000000
-8 0.4650000000
-7 0.4300000000
-6 0.3880000000
-5 0.3500000000
-4 0.3200000000
-3 0.3000000000
-2 0.2700000000
-1 0.2500000000
0 0.2200000000
1 0.2000000000
2 0.1700000000
3 0.1500000000
4 0.1200000000
5 0.1000000000
6 0.0900000000
7 0.0780000000
8 0.0660000000
9 0.0550000000
10 0.0450000000
11 0.0370000000
12 0.0300000000
13 0.0260000000
14 0.0200000000
15 0.0150000000
16 0.0120000000
17 0.0080000000
18 0.0060000000
19 0.0040000000
20 0.0020000000
21 0.0007000000
22 0.0001000000
23 0.0000070000
24 0.0000004000
25 0.0000000100
26 0.0000000001
83
C/I (dB) Bit Error Rate
27-45 0.0000000000
Frequency Hopping Algorithms

The algorithms used for frequency hopping cells are as follows:
S SC
C / I (i )  N
S
K 1
IC ( K , i ).U ( K , i )
m
U ( K , i )   u (i, j ).L( K , j ).V ( K , j ). f (i )
j 1
1

u (i, j )  
0

fi  f j  0 fi  f j  0
1 is used if , α is used if , and 0 is used otherwise.
Where:
C/I(i) = C/I ratio for frequency i
SSC(i) = Signal strength from frequency i for serving cell
i,j = A particular frequency
N = Number of interfering cells
n = Number of frequencies in serving cell
m = Number of frequencies in interfering cell K
SIC(K,i) = Signal strength from frequency i for interfering cell K
K = Interfering cell
L(K,j) = Load in interfering cell K on frequency j
V(K,j) = DTX factor in interfering cell K on frequency j
f (i) = Fractional loading for frequency i for interfering cell
α = Adjacent interference factor
Each C/I(i) is converted to a Bit Error Rate, BER(i)
84
The following graph shows the relationship between the Probability of Bit Error and the C/I:
C/I to Probability of Bit Error in ASSET
1.0000000000
0 -2 6 14 22 30 38
-1
0.1000000000
0.0100000000
0.0010000000
Probability of Bit Error
0.0001000000
0.0000100000
0.0000010000
0.0000001000
0.0000000100
0.0000000010
0.0000000001
C/I (dB)
Bit Error Probability
BERAV(serving cell) is calculated as the average BER(i) for all frequencies in the cell:
m FH
 BER(i)
BER AV (serving cell)  i 1
m.x
m FH
x
nTRX
Where:
x is the Number of FH frequencies per TRX
mFH is the Number of FH frequencies/serving cell
nTRX is the Number of TRX/serving cell
BERAV(serving cell) is then converted back to dB to give C/I (FH)(serving cell).
Note: If frequency diversity gain GFDIV(m) is enabled, you also need to add a given gain figure to the
hopping C/I. For more information on this, see the ASSET User Reference Guide.
85
Synthesised Hopping Algorithm

For synthesised hopping carrier layers, fractional loading is calculated as follows:
TRX FH
f 
m
Where:
TRX FH is the number of TRX allocated to the hopping carrier layers
m is the number of hopping carriers
Non-Frequency Hopping Algorithms

The calculations for non-frequency hopping are as follows:
S SC
C / I (i )  N
S
K 1
IC ( K , i ).U ( K , i )
m
U ( K , i)   u (i, j ).L( K , j ).V ( K , j )
j 1
1

u (i, j )  
0

fi  f j  0 fi  f j  0
1 is used if , α is used if , and 0 is used otherwise.
P(i) = f(C/I(i))
P(i) is the Probability of interference, and is calculated from the cumulative normal distribution of
combined standard deviation of serving and interfering cell models.
 C / I   C2   I2
and
PTOT = Average of all P(i) in the cell
86
The following picture shows an example conversion curve:
Interference Weights
100.00
Probabilit y %(C/ I)
90.00
Probabilit y %(C/ A)
80.00
70.00
Probabilty (%)
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C/I (dB)
Example C/I/Probability Curve
Automatic Frequency Planning (ILSA)

ILSA (Intelligent Local Search Algorithm) is ASSET's frequency planning and analysis tool for 2g
networks. Using an advanced heuristic algorithm, incorporating the latest techniques in
combinatorial mathematics, ILSA searches for improvements based on user-specified criteria, and
greatly speeds up the frequency planning process.
Search algorithms specialise in looking for solutions to problems that have too many possible
solutions to allow a simple solution. Advanced heuristic search algorithms use the algorithmic
equivalent of taking the path that “looks like the best one”. These algorithms use a 'cost' function to
determine the most desirable next state, which typically will be the state with the lowest cost.
ILSA initialises with a random frequency plan (unless the option is chosen to load the current plan
from the database). This means that for any two runs of ILSA, the results may not be the same.
Moreover, certain starting frequency plans can allow ILSA to make either more rapid initial
improvement or allow a much better plan to be found within a reasonable period of time.
ILSA (as its 'Local Search' name implies) reduces the number of options it has for new states
derived from a current state. ILSA can give special attention to areas of high cost within the network
(analogous to areas of high interference), temporarily ignoring lower cost areas. This allows ILSA to
make very rapid initial progress. For example, if ILSA is attempting to plan for a network requiring
60 carrier allocations, with 20 available carriers, and identifies a subset of 10 high cost carrier
allocations, then the maximum number of new states that ILSA needs to consider has been
reduced from 3.8*1025 to 6.1*1012.
Random changes can be made by ILSA if only low improvement rates are being achieved, or if a
dead end is reached. The algorithm monitors its own progress and will behave differently
depending on how quickly the cost is decreasing at a given time. This intelligent behaviour enables
it to continue finding improvements over long periods of time.
The principle behind ILSA's algorithm is that a single number (the cost) measures the effectiveness
of any particular frequency plan. The algorithm then tries to minimise the cost over the set of all
possible plans. The cost function measures how much interference exists in the network, and what
separations have been broken, while taking account of any user-specified 'importance' weightings
for different sub-cells.
87
Cost Function of the ILSA Algorithm

The principle behind the algorithm used in the frequency planning tool is that the effectiveness of
any particular frequency plan is measured by a single number (the cost). The algorithm then tries to
minimise the cost over the set of all possible frequency plans. The cost function measures how
much interference there is in the network, and also allows for the different weights that you may
have imposed.
For a given frequency plan the value of the cost function is given by the formula:
   
 
  

Cost   wi   cij   aij   sij   r i  d i  hi 
i      
  f f j  f  f 1
j
 j  
j
   i  i j   
Where:
a ij = The adjacent channel interference caused on allocation i by allocation j (Units: 200*mE or

20,000*km²)
c ij = The co-channel interference caused on allocation i by allocation j (Units: 200*mE or

20,000*km²)
fi = The frequency allocated at allocation i
i, j = Members of the set of all frequency allocations
ri = The retune cost associated with allocation i
di = The fixed or forbidden carrier cost associated with allocation i
s ij = The separation costs (from equipment, neighbours, exceptions or close separations)

between allocations i and j
hi = The handover count and intermodulation interference costs associated with allocation i
wi = The weighting factor applicable to carrier allocation i
MAIO Planning Cost Function

The cost function for MAIO planning is an aggregate of C/I and C/A separation counts generated by
per cell pair frequency combinations, based on MAIO step and offset values, and weighted by the
interference matrix. It has the following form:
 w(c )  w(c , c
1 1 2 )# TRX(c1 , c 2 )
Where:
c1 , c2
are sub-cells
w(c)   TRAFFIC  T (c)  T 1   AREA  A(c)  A 1

1
 

w(c1 , c 2 )    # TRX(c1 , c 2 )    TRAFFIC  wTRAFFIC (c1 , c 2 )   AREA  wAREA (c1 , c 2 ) 
 
 TRAFFIC and
 AREA are traffic and area percentages
88
T (c) and A(c) are traffic and area associated with sub-cell c
wTRAFFIC (c1, c2 ) and wTRAFFIC (c1, c2 ) are interference matrix coefficients
# TRX(c1 , c2 ) is the C/I or C/A separation count for all TRX combinations on sub-cells c1 , c2
GPRS Capacity Calculations

This section describes GPRS capacity calculations, as follows:
 TRX Requirement -Circuit Switched and GPRS Traffic
 Grade of Service and Data Rate
 Channel Occupation Table
TRX Requirement - Circuit Switched and GPRS Traffic

For cells where GPRS is enabled, the number of TS required from the shared traffic channels for
NGPRS _ REQ L GPRS ) can be determined using the average GPRS data rate
the GPRS ( ) traffic load (
per TS ( DR AV ):
NGPRS_ REQ  (LGPRS / DR AV )  NGPRS
NREQ
The total number of TS required for CS and GPRS traffic ( ) can then be determined using the
NCS( AV )
average Circuit Switched TS requirement and the channel occupation efficiency (e) as
follows:
e NREQ  ( NCS(AV)  NGPRS_ REQ ) / e

Where:
NREQ is total shared traffic channels required
NCS( AV ) is average (long term) number of TS required for Circuit Switched traffic (=
L CS )
NCS(AV)  NGPRS_ REQ

The channel occupation efficiency ( e ) is determined by first calculating ( )
without dividing by e and then using the result to look up e in the Channel Occupation table.
N
The number of TRX required and GPRS are determined using the channel to transceiver map by
increasing the number of TRX from the result of the previous section until the number of available
N REQ
TS for traffic (NCS allocation) is equal to or greater than .
Grade of Service and Data Rate
Circuit Switched Traffic
This section presents the calculation for the blocking for the current allocation of TRX for CS. It has
been assumed throughout that CS traffic will take precedence over GPRS traffic and therefore the
Grade of Service for CS will not be affected by the GPRS load.
89
L
Calculate the blocking for the CS traffic given the traffic load ( CS ) for the current allocation of
TRX, using the selected Erlang table.
GPRS Data Rate
The GPRS data rate DR AV for the current allocation of TRX is determined by first calculating the
number of TS required for CS. The remaining TS are available for GPRS. That is:
N  NCS  NGPRS  ( NCS(AV) )
DR AV  L GPRS /(N.e)
Where:
e is the efficiency from the Channel Occupation table determined from N
Ncs ,NGPRS is the number of TS from the Channel Carrier Map for the current allocation of TRX
Channel Occupation Table

A table (similar to the one shown below) is used to relate the number of timeslots available to the
channel occupancy for GPRS capacity calculations.
The table is stored in the database and you can edit the occupancy values.
Timeslot (TSL) Occupancy versus the Number of Available Timeslots
100%
90%
80%
70%
TSL Occupancy (%)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
TSL
Example of Channel Occupation Table, for Illustrative Purposes Only
90
FCC Calculations
This section describes the algorithms used to calculate the data provided in the FCC report.
Antenna Height AAT
The Antenna Height AAT is calculated in metres.
The calculation is:
Antenna height + Site ground height + Radial average terrain elevation
The Radial average terrain elevation is the average ground height mapped along a radial of
between 3 km and 16 km from the site. If the mapping data prevent this then it will not be calculated
and this will be flagged in the FCC report.
Note: Feature height data and clutter heights are ignored in the calculation.
The best available resolution of the map data is used for this calculation. If the best map data is
1000 m resolution then you will receive a warning noting that the map data is of insufficient
resolution for the FCC form.
Used Antenna Height
The Used Antenna Height AAT (metre) is subject to some minimum values according to the FCC
category and, the ERP:
Category ERP (if necessary) Minimum
32dBu Served N/A Minimum of 30 metres

32dBu Unserved ERP>=10 W Minimum of 30 metres
ERP<=10 W Minimum of 3 metres
Gulf of Mexico N/A Minimum of 8 metres
You will receive a warning if the Average Radial distance exceeds 40.2 km (79.1 km for Gulf of
Mexico cells).
Transmitting ERP Watts
The transmitting ERP for a cardinal radial is the radiated power in Watts taking into account the
antenna gain for the azimuth, the downtilt and the base station powers/losses.
You will receive a warning if the ERP exceeds 500 W.
Used ERPS
This is the value of the transmitting ERP which is used in the calculations, it is the Transmitting
ERP subject to certain minima.
Used ERP is the maximum of:

 0.1 W
 Maximum ERP/500
 Transmitting ERP for the radial
91
Area within the Service Area Boundary
This will be calculated by finding the distance to the SAB for each degree by linear interpolation of
distance as a function of angle, hence dividing the area into triangular sectors, joining at the site.
The total area is then calculated by adding up the areas of each of the triangles.
Heron's Formula for calculation of area of scalene triangle:
A = SQR(S (S-a) (S-b) (S-c))
SQR - Square Root
a, b, c – sides of the triangle
S – half the perimeter of triangle, that is (a+b+c)/2
Distance to Service Area Boundary
The distance to the SAB is calculated as shown here:
For: The distance to the SAB is:
32dBu Served D = 2.531 x Used Antenna Height(m) ^ 0.34 x Used ERP for Radial in Watts ^ 0.17
and
Subject to a minimum distance of 5.4 km
32dBu Unserved
Gulf of Mexico D = 6.895 x Used Antenna Height(m) ^ 0.30 x Used ERP for Radial (W) ^ 0.15
There is no minimum distance for this SAB
Frequency Calculations
Two frequency calculations are used when you create a Frequency Plan report.
Effective Frequency Re-use
The effective frequency re-use is an approximate indication of the quality of the hopping network.
It can be calculated for each sub-cell and also the average of these calculated to give a figure for
the network as a whole.
NF
REFF 
N TRXH
Where:
REFF is the Effective Frequency Re-use for a sub-cell
NF is the total number of carriers available to hopping TRX on the sub-cell (note: this is not the MA
list length)
NTRX is the number of hopping TRX on the sub-cell
92
Frequency Load
The average frequency load is another approximate indication of the quality of the hopping network.
It can be calculated for each sub-cell and also the average of these calculated to give a figure for
the network as a whole.
LFREQ  LFRACTION .LHW
N TRX
LFRACTION 
N MA
E
LHW 
N CSTS
Where:
LFREQ is the Frequency Load of a sub-cell
LFRACTION is the Fractional Load of a sub-cell
LHW is the Hardware Load of a sub-cell
NTRX is the number of hopping TRX on the sub-cell
NMA is the MA list length (that is, all carriers assigned to hopping carrier layers on the sub-cell)
E is the traffic that could be carried by the timeslots of hopping TRX on the sub-cell, at a user
E  ErlangB (GoS, N CSTS )
specified Grade of Service (GoS), that is:
NCSTS is the total number of timeslots installed – this value is derived from the Carrier to Timeslot
map using NTRX.
93
94
Packet Quality of Service Algorithms
4 Packet Quality of Service Algorithms
This section details the Packet Quality of Service algorithms used in ASSET, and therefore explains
the associated reports generated by the QoS analysis.
The packet QoS analysis feature is a downlink cell level simulation, with 10 ms (single radio frame)
resolution. It is a trace-driven queuing simulation, the packet transmission delays through a cell are
modelled by a queuing system, which has a time-series of packet traffic offered to it. It is based on
the 'WWW Traffic Model' (see WWW Traffic Model on page 98) and multiple, prioritised services
can be specified.
The simulation is run for a calculated period of time, then the results are presented on the summary
page of the QoS Analysis wizard as a spread sheet and graphs. The results can be saved as an
Excel workbook containing graphs and spreadsheets, or the raw the raw data saved in text or
comma separated variable (csv) format. The graphs include the cumulative delay distributions of
the packet services on each cell, enabling you to view percentile delays.
The Excel workbook contains the following data per service, per carrier and, per cell:
 Mean and standard deviations of the queuing delays
 95th percentile delay
 Confidence interval half width
 Mean transmission time
 Mean retransmission delay
 Total transmission delay ( mean queuing delay+mean transmission time+mean
retransmission delay
 Graphs for each cell and carrier giving the cumulative queuing delay probability
distributions
95
Simulation Inputs for QoS Analysis

Most of the packet QoS analysis parameters are input when you configure the network design,
ready for the simulation. The site/cell, carrier, terminal type and service type parameters are
configured at this stage, and the QoS analysis uses these parameters later to deduce:
 The number of queues to model
 The parameters of the traffic streams to generate
 Priorities of the service types, before the time simulation
You then need to run at least two snapshots of the simulation, although at least 100 snapshots are
recommended to produce statistically valid inputs to the QoS analysis. The simulation calculates
the mean blocking probability for each packet service type, on each carrier, on each cell in the
simulation in the simulation and the mean number of terminals connected to each cell, per carrier,
per service, and per bitrate. The mean blocking probability and mean number of terminals are then
used as inputs to the QoS analysis.
Preliminary Tests
Some conclusions can be deduced from the input data without running the simulation at all. These
are:
 100% blocking on any service will result in delays building up to infinity
 Zero traffic on all services will result in zero delays
 Zero blocking on all services will result in zero delays
These results are immediately updated on the summary page of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
Traffic Generator for QoS Analysis

This section describes the traffic generation processes:
 Matching Generated Traffic to the Simulator's Mean Number of Served Users
 WWW Traffic Model
 Packet Model
 About the Code Schemes for GPRS
 QoS Profiles for GPRS
96
Matching Generated Traffic to the Simulator's Mean Number of Served

Users
The Simulator calculates the number of users which can be served for each service, by each cell
and carrier in every snapshot. The mean is then calculated over the total number of snapshots run
in the simulation. This figure is the starting point for the QoS analysis; it provides the mean number
of users for each packet service in each cell and carrier in the simulation. The traffic generator
generates a time series of packet sessions for each service in a cell and carrier, which matches the
mean number of users over time, as shown in the following diagram:
The red line represents the mean number of users input from the simulation. The orange blocks
represent the number of users varying over time. The blue blocks represent the holding times of the
packet sessions produced by the traffic generator.
Little’s theorem gives us the relation between the arrival rate of packet sessions, the mean number
of users in the cell and their mean session holding time. Let:
= mean session arrival rate
= mean session holding time
= mean number of users in the cell
Little’s result says that:
The traffic generator therefore generates sessions with mean arrival rate calculated from the mean
number of users in the cell, and the mean session holding time, which is determined using the
WWW traffic model.
97
WWW Traffic Model

The WWW traffic model is used to generate the activity of each packet session. The following
diagram shows a typical WWW browsing (packet service) session, which consists of a sequence of
packet calls. The user initiates a packet call when downloading a WWW document and during a
packet call, several packets may be generated. After the document has completely arrived, the user
requires reading time to study the information.
This diagram shows packets from a source, which may be at either end of the link, but not both
ends simultaneously.
The model requires the generation of six random variables:

 Session arrival process - The arrival of session set-ups to the network is modelled as a
Poisson process. For each service there is a separate process.
 Number of packet calls per session, Npc - A geometrically distributed random variable*
is used, with a mean number of packet calls of 5.
 Reading time between packet calls, Dpc - A geometrically distributed random variable* is
used, with a mean reading time of 4 to 12 s.
 Number of packets per packet call, Nd - A geometrically distributed random variable* is
used, with a mean number of packets of 25.
 Size of packet, Sd - A Poisson distributed random variable is used, with a mean size of
480 Bytes.
 Inter arrival time between packets, Dd - A geometrically distributed random variable* is
used.
* (In other words, a discrete representation of the exponential distribution.)
The session holding time is modelled implicitly by the number of events during the session.
Using the WWW traffic model, the mean holding time of a packet session is given by:
98
Packet Model
The traffic generator uses the session arrival and WWW models to produce a list of packets for
each service type, for each cell, for each carrier, lasting the duration of the simulation. Each packet
is stamped with its arrival time at the cell, and also keeps a record of when it gets transmitted (its
departure time), and its randomly generated size. The packet service type lists are then merged
and sorted in arrival time order, to produce a single list of packets offered to the cell carrier:
In the diagram, the data contained in the packet boxes is the arrival time, the departure time and
the packet size. Initially, the packet’s departure time is set to be the same as its arrival time. The
departure time is updated each time step the packet is queued, until it is successfully transmitted.
A histogram of the generated traffic is displayed for each service on each cell and carrier in the
graphs tab of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
About the Code Schemes for GPRS

The peak throughput and block size in GPRS is determined by the coding scheme and, in EGPRS,
by the coding and modulation scheme, as shown in the following table:
System Scheme Link Modulation Peak Rate Blocks RLC Block

Adaption per Slot Per 20 ms Size (bits)
Family (kb/s)
GPRS CS - 1 GMSK 9.05 1 181

CS - 2 13.4 268
CS - 3 15.6 312
CS - 4 21.4 428
EGPRS MCS - 1 C GMSK 8.8 176
MCS - 2 B 11.2 224
MCS - 3 A 14.8 296
MCS - 4 C 17.6 352
MCS - 5 B 8 - PSK 22.4 1 448
MCS - 6 A 29.6 592
MCS - 7 B 44.8 2 896
MCS - 8 A 54.5 1090
99
System Scheme Link Modulation Peak Rate Blocks RLC Block

Adaption per Slot Per 20 ms Size (bits)
Family (kb/s)
MCS - 9 A 59.2 1184
To calculate the block size, the coding scheme allocated to each connection needs to be input from
the simulation (a mean number of MS connections per coding scheme, per bearer, per service
type, per sub-cell array will be required as input).
The block size can be inferred directly from the GPRS coding schemes, however, the following
mapping is used to calculate the block size for the first transmission attempt for the link adaptation
families:
 A – 592 bits
 B – 448 bits
 C – 352 bits
There are no default BLER versus C/I curves for MCS – 7, 8 and 9. In the retransmission model,
the lower bitrates of the link adaptation families are used.
QoS Profiles for GPRS

GPRS defines several different QoS Profiles which consist of four components:
 Precedence class
 Delay class
 Reliability class
 Throughput class
Precedence Class
Traffic is given a precedence of 1 (premium), 2 (standard) or 3 (best effort), with a precedence of 1
being highest. This precedence is similar to the service type priorities set in the QoS Analysis
wizard in ASSET, however the number of priorities needs to be restricted to three and different
service types can have equal priorities. The precedence class is used to prioritise the queues. For
more information, see Simulation Model for QoS Analysis on page 102.
Delay Class
GPRS has four different traffic classes. The following table shows the parameters that specify the
related QoS requirements:
Traffic Class Medium Application Data Rate (kbit/s) One-way Delay
Conversational Audio Telephony 4-25 <150ms

Data Telnet <8 <250ms
Streaming Audio Streaming (HQ) 32-128 <10s
Video On-way 32-384 <10
Data FTP - <10s
Interactive Audio Voice messaging 4-13 <1s
Data Web browsing - <4s/page
For background traffic, only bit integrity is required.
100
3g service types have traffic classes and are used in the packet service types dialog box in 3g to
set default www parameters and delay targets. In the ASSET QoS Analysis, the achieved 95th
percentile delay per service type, per carrier, per cell is compared with the target 95th percentile
delay.
Traffic class is used to prioritise the queues. For more information, see Simulation Model for QoS
Analysis on page 102.
Reliability Class
Applications can request different reliability classes, depending on their ability to handle corrupt and
duplicated blocks. The following table shows the reliability classes that can be selected:
Reliability Class Lost Block Probability
1 10
2 10
3 10
Reliability is only considered in terms of the retransmission delay formula used in ASSET. This
uses the block error rate (BLER) to analytically calculate the retransmission delay for packet
services. A different approach is proposed for GPRS. The BLER can be calculated using the
Average Data Throughput per Timeslot vs Average Connection C/I curves. The formula is:
Throughput(C / I )
BLER(C / I )  1 
PeakDataRatePerSlot
Where:
BLER(C/I) = block error rate for the C/I achieved by the link.
Throughput(C/I) = throughput in kb/s read off the throughput per timeslot graph for the C/I
achieved by the link.
PeakDataRatePerSlot = peak rate per slot for the given coding scheme (the asymptote of
the throughput per timeslot graph).
The mean BLER over all the connections made per service type, per sub-cell is required as an
input from the simulation, and is reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet. Block errors also have
implications for the retransmission model. For more information, see Mean Retransmission Delay
on page 107.
Throughput Class
Applications can request different mean and peak throughputs, in order to request the desired
throughput for bursty IP traffic. Peak throughput applies to short intervals where the transfer rate is
at a maximum. Mean throughput describes the data transfer rate over an extended period of time,
which could involve many idle periods.
Peak throughput Peak throughput Mean throughput Mean throughput

class (kb/s) class (bytes per hour)
1 8 1 100
2 16 2 200
3 32 3 500
4 64 4 1 000
5 128 5 2 000
6 256 6 5 000
101
Peak throughput Peak throughput Mean throughput Mean throughput

class (kb/s) class (bytes per hour)
7 512* - -
8 1024* 17 20 000 000
9 2048* 18 50 000 000
*Data rate only reachable 31 Best Effort
with UMTS or EDGE
In GPRS, the peak throughput is determined by the peak data rate per slot achievable by the
coding scheme, and the number of timeslots for which the MS is enabled. The peak throughput is
calculated as follows:
The coding scheme is identified by the bearer allocated to the connection during the simulation and
the maximum number of timeslots enabled on the MS will be a parameter set on the terminal type.
It is therefore possible to do a preliminary check prior to running the GPRS QoS analysis to
determine the peak throughput achievable for each service type on each sub-cell. The peak
throughput is reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet.
The mean throughput is logged as successful transmissions are made from the queue in the QoS
analysis, and are reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet.
Time Simulator for QoS Analysis

This section describes the time simulation processes and assumptions:
 System Model
 Simulation Model
System Model for QoS Analysis

The call admission manager monitors the system's available capacity and accommodates new
packet transmission requests, at the same time ensuring the QoS of existing connections. This may
be situated at the BSC in a 2g network or the RNC in a 3g network.
The steps of a connection admission procedure are:

 A new packet transmission request is received by the call admission manager
 The capacity of the destination cell is monitored
 The system either accepts or blocks the new connection
 If the QoS of an existing connection is degraded, it is dropped
Simulation Model for QoS Analysis

The simulation models the connection admission procedure by making the following assumptions:
 The call admission manager monitors the cell capacity in every radio frame, that is every
10ms
 The cell capacity for each service type is generated using the blocking probability input
from the simulation
 The blocking decision is prioritised to accept new connections in the priority order of their
services
 The dropping of existing connections is not modelled
102
The cell capacity for each service is determined in each frame by generating a uniformly distributed
random number for each packet held in a queue. If the random number is greater than the blocking
probability, the packet starts transmission in that frame. If the random number is less than of equal
to the blocking probability, the packet is delayed in the queue until the next frame.
If the packet call mode is selected instead of the packet mode, connection admission decisions are
taken on a packet call, instead of an individual packet basis.
The service prioritisation is modelled in the simulator. All the packets awaiting transmission through
a cell are stored in a set of queues, one for each service type. A diagram of the queuing model
which would be used for three packet services being transmitted through a cell is shown here:
Queuing Model - example
The rule is then applied that if admissions for each service are considered in priority order, and that
if any higher priority packets remain queued, no lower priority packets are admitted.
By the end of the simulation, the simulator will have produced a list of transmitted packets, each
stamped with its arrival and departure times from the cell.
A histogram of the queue length throughout the simulation is displayed for each service on each
cell and carrier in the graphs tab of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
Packet QoS Session Timeout Calculation for CDMA2000

The main limitation on capacity on CDMA systems is the forward link PA power available. The
Simulator provides information on the total available transmit power on the sector carrier (minus
noise contributions) and the average transmit power required per sector, service, carrier or bearer
for each user.
When a terminal is connected and active, and there is no data to transmit, it uses a fundamental
and supplemental channel. For example, in between packets it uses a 1/8th rate fundamental
channel. This means that a terminal is still consuming transmit power between packet calls. The
session timeout parameter was added to prevent all the available power being consumed by
terminals transmitting at 1/8th rate, which would mean that no packet data could be transmitted.
The session timeout parameter is employed to kill any sessions which have been active for longer
than the session timeout, thus freeing up transmit power and allowing packets or packet calls to be
transmitted.
103
Results of QoS Analysis

This section describes the analysis results:
 Confidence Interval Half Width
 Simulation Duration
 Delay and Cumulative Delay Probability Distributions
 Mean and Standard Deviations of the Queuing Delays
 95th Percentile Delay
 Mean Transmission Time
 Mean Retransmission Delay
Confidence Interval Half Width

The performance measure of the simulation is the mean delay of the first service on the cell. An
estimate of the length of time for which a queue simulation should be run has been obtained by
setting up a simulation for an M/M/1 queue, for which analytical results for the mean delay can be
obtained, and experimentally determining how long the simulation should be run to obtain results of
a given accuracy. To get an accuracy of 10% at a 95% confidence level, the following procedure
has been recommended:
1. Set the basic run length to ensure at least 1000 or 2000 packet admission requests are
made to the cell for each service.
2. Repeat the run (replicate) 5 times and calculate the confidence interval half width H5.
3. If the confidence interval is less than 10% of the mean delay, the desired accuracy has
been obtained.
The confidence interval half width H5 is calculated by repeating runs, using a different random
number stream for each run. Suppose we make k runs (replications), each generating m sample
values of the packet delay, Y.
Let Y1, Y2, Y3,…, Yk be the mean values of the k runs. The mean values are independent, since a
different random number stream was used for each run and, for a sufficiently large m, it will be
approximately normally distributed. The confidence interval half width Hi is then calculated from the
sample mean Y , and variance .
104
Simulation Duration
This is calculated for each cell and carrier. The value depends on the parameters that you have set
for the services supported by that cell, and carrier, and the mean number of users of those services
input from the simulation. Using the same notation as the www traffic model section, plus the
following definitions:
= required number of packets
= number of sessions required to generate packets
= time until the session arrives
= recommended simulation duration
Each session contains packets, so
(1)
The session arrivals are modelled as a Poisson process, and so the expected time until the
session arrives is:
(2)
Substituting Little's law and equation (1) and (2),
Adding the duration of the session itself, the simulation duration is:
Delay and Cumulative Delay Probability Distributions

Graphs of the delay probabilities and the cumulative delay probabilities are produced for each
service, on each cell and carrier. The delay probability graphs are the most easily understood. It will
be apparent that the highest priority service should have a delay distribution, which peaks before
the next highest priority service, and so on. However, the cumulative delay probability graphs are
more useful, because you can read any percentile delay from them.
The data for these graphs will be collected by maintaining counts during the simulation. For
example, when a packet which has been queued for 4 frames is finally transmitted, the count in the
4 frame bin will be incremented. If there are N bins, each bin represents a delay of F frames, and c
is the count in a bin at the end of the simulation.
105
Their state can be represented by this table:
Bin Delay Count
0 0.F C0
1 1.F C1
2 2.F C2
... ... ...
N n.F Cn
... ... ...
N N.F CN
Total number of packets transmitted during the simulation:
Delay probability of n.F frames:
Cumulative delay probability of n.F frames:
Mean and Standard Deviations of the Queuing Delays

The following are the mean and standard deviations of the queuing delays:
Mean delay
Standard
deviation
95th Percentile Delay

The 95th percentile is calculated from the cumulative delay graph, and compared with the target
95th percentile delay, that you originally set in the Packet Service dialog box. If the delay calculated
from the graph is greater than the target, a ‘QoS target failed’ message is generated, listing the
services which have failed on a particular cell and carrier. If the delay is less than the target, a ‘QoS
target achieved’ message is displayed in the QoS Analysis summary page.
106
Mean Transmission Time

This is calculated using a running mean of the transmission time of each packet transmitted by the
simulation. The packet transmission time is calculated from the mean packet size Sd (Bytes), (a
Poisson distributed random variable, with the mean size set in the Packet Service dialog box), and
1
the service bitrate b (kbs-1) kbs ).
Transmission time:
Mean Retransmission Delay

Error detection and correction across the air interface is handled by the Radio Link Control (RLC)
sublayer, and is described in UMTS Standard TS 25.301. Packets are segmented by the RLC into
equal sized blocks for transmission across the air interface. The block size and bearer rate
determine the number of blocks which are transmitted per radio frame. The RLC then transmits the
blocks, detects dropped or corrupted blocks and guarantees their delivery by retransmission. The
retransmission protocol can be configured to provide different levels of QoS. The retransmission
protocol which is modelled in the calculation of the retransmission delay is Stop-and-Wait ARQ
(Automatic Repeat reQuest).
This has the following features:

 One block is received and handled at a time
 The receiver acknowledges each correctly received block
 If a block is corrupted, the receiver discards it and sends no acknowledgement
 The sender uses a timer to determine whether or not to retransmit
 The sender keeps a copy of each transmitted block until its acknowledgement has been
received
 Finally, the blocks are put back into order and reassembled into packets by the RLC at the
receiver
In order to calculate the average retransmission delay, the block error rate (BLER) at which the
system will operate is required as an input. A typical value of 10% is set as the default. You also

need to set the re-transmission timeout rt in units of radio frames. The BLER can then be used to
calculate the increase in traffic through the link caused by retransmission, and the mean or median
retransmission delay:
BLER
Percentage increase in traffic caused by retransmissions  .100
1  BLER
107
References
The following are documents that have been referred to throughout this chapter:
 “Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS” TR
101 112 v3.2.0, p.34
 “Quality of Service for Multimedia CDMA”, N. Dimitriou, R. Tafazolli, G. Sfikas, IEEE
Communications Magazine, July 2000
 “Simulating Computer Systems”, M.H. MacDougall, MIT Press, p.114
 “Introduction to Mathematical Statistics”, R.V. Hogg and A.T. Craig, Collier-Macmillan Ltd,
p.193
108
Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs
5 Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs
The Simulator in ASSET enables you to perform static simulations for your network (depending on
your licence). The following technologies are supported:
 GSM
 UMTS (FDD)
 CDMA2000
 EV-DO
 Fixed WiMAX
 Mobile WiMAX
 LTE
 5G (NR)
 Wi-Fi
Note: Technology-specific documents are available, containing comprehensive details of all the
algorithms and outputs related to the Simulator. If your company is registered to use the TEOCO
Resource Center (part of the Support area), and you know the login password, you can download
these specialist documents. After logging in, click the Reference Guides link (under Product
Documentation), select the relevant Version from the drop-down box, then select 'Static Simulation
Guide' from the Document Type drop-down box, and then click the Download link for the
appropriate technology.
109
110
ENTERPRISE Interfaces
6 ENTERPRISE Interfaces
Along with the main ENTERPRISE tools, a number of COM interfaces have been developed to
provide a level of third-party integration with the ENTERPRISE suite. These interfaces cover a
number of key areas of functionality, including:
 Propagation models (to enable third parties to create new models using the model SDK)
 Prediction Access Module (to provide third parties an opportunity to extract existing
prediction data and install prediction pathloss correction data (PLC files)
 Loaders (for the Interference Matrix, Measurements and Revenue Maps components)
ENTERPRISE now also includes a number of web services, which form part of the ENTERPRISE
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and provide public access to selected areas of the
ENTERPRISE logic. These include:
 Prediction service (to enable third parties to create pathloss predictions outside of the
ENTERPRISE environment)
 ARRAYWIZARD service (to allow third parties to create predictions, coverage arrays,
interference matrices, LACs and RACs, cell-polygon assignments and Location Based
Services outside of the ENTERPRISE environment)
Documents explaining these APIs and interfaces are available on request from Product Support.
111
112
Index
PMR
algorithms • 79
Index Prediction file management (caching system) • 75
Predictions
file caching system • 75
file management algorithm • 75
A Q
Algorithms
QoS
FCC calculations • 91
algorithms • 95
Frequency hopping • 84
Frequency Re-use and Load • 92
GPRS capacity • 89 R
ILSA cost function • 88
Interference arrays • 80 Reports
Interference Tables • 79 descriptions • 9, 59
MAIO planning cost function • 88 types available • 9, 59
Non-Frequency hopping • 86
Packet QoS • 95
Prediction file caching algorithm • 75
All Servers array • 11, 24
Arrays
2g (GSM Sim) • 9
3g (UMTS and CDMA2000) • 12
All Servers array • 11, 24
CDMA2000 • 12
descriptions • 9
GSM (Sim) • 9
HSPA • 21, 23
LTE • 25
pilot coverage • 13
types available • 9
UMTS • 12
WiMAX (Fixed) • 51
WiMAX (Mobile) • 52
C
Caching algorithm for predictions • 75
Coverage
probability arrays • 10, 13, 18, 27, 52, 53
Coverage Probability arrays • 10, 13, 18, 27, 52, 53
F
Frequency Planning
automatically using ILSA • 87
G
GPRS
algorithms • 79
GSM
algorithms • 79
I
iDEN
algorithms • 79
ILSA
about • 87
cost function • 88
P
Packet Quality of Service algorithms • 95
Planning
frequency • 87
113
114

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Due to a policy of continuous product development and refinement, TEOCO Corporation or a

TEOCO and Helix are trademarks of TEOCO.

COPYRIGHT © 2019 TEOCO Corporation or a TEOCO affiliate company.

All rights reserved.

The TEOCO Documentation team

Edition Date Reason

1 27 March 2019 First edition.

Preamble Arrays (Mobile WiMAX) ............................................................................. 53

2 Prediction and Array File Management System ......................................... 75

3 2g and 2.5g Algorithms ................................................................................ 79

4 Packet Quality of Service Algorithms ......................................................... 95

5 Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs ............................................... 109

6 ENTERPRISE Interfaces ............................................................................. 111

Index ...................................................................................................................... 113

1 Array and Report Descriptions

GSM (Sim) Arrays

Pathloss Arrays (GSM Sim)

DL Loss & Nth DL Loss

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell layer, Indoor

Coverage and Data Rate Arrays (GSM Sim)

Best Server by RSS & Nth Best Server by RSS

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor

Best RSS & Nth Best RSS

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor, Fading

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor, Fading

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor

CINR (Traffic + Control) & Nth CINR (Traffic + Control)

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Service, Indoor

All Servers Array (GSM Sim)

The covering cells are shown in order of either:

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor.

This picture shows an example of the All Servers array:

All Servers array

UMTS, CDMA2000 and EV-DO Arrays

All these arrays are produced on a per carrier basis.

Pathloss Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

DL Loss and Nth DL Loss

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot Coverage Arrays (UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO)

Best DL Cell by RSCP and Nth Best DL Cell by RSCP

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Best RSCP and Nth Best RSCP

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

RSCP Coverage Probability

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot Ec/Io and Nth Best Pilot Ec/Io

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot Ec/Io Coverage OK

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Number of Pilot Ec/Io OK

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot SIR Coverage Probability

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

Pilot SIR Coverage OK

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor