Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nemcok 1972
Nemcok 1972
solid rocks (soft rocks) and in solid rocks, despite the fact that in certain
regional conditions the movements of snow and ice and of frozen rocks are
also of importance.
According to the geomechanical character and velocity of the move-
ment we distinguish the following 4 types of processes:
From the kinetical point of view of the kinetics of the motion, these
phenomena can be defined as follows:
C r e e p - - geologically long-term movements of non-increasing velocity
without well-defined sliding surfaces. In most cases we can speak of deep-
seated (or viscous) flow. The movements are designated as creeping move-
ments, the resulting phenomenon is rock creep, talus creep or soil creep.
If it achieves a critical acceleration, the creep becomes sliding, flow or fall.
In this case, creep is a preparatory stage to sliding, flow or fall.
S l i d i n g - - slope movements of coherent masses along one or more well-
defined shear surfaces. We define this movement as a landslide.
F l o w - - slope movement in rocks and soils, analogous to the movements
in liquids. We refer to mudflows or earthflows and rock streams.
F a l l - - sudden slope movement; the moving masses lose their coherence
and for a short time also their contact with the underlying rock. We refer
to rock falls.
In each group, the elementary phenomena can be further subdivided
according to different types determined by regional, morphological, geolog-
ical or climatic conditions. For this reason, we abstain from more detailed
classification, as we realize that we are not able to consider all possible
variations.
A number of examples are presented only in order to make clear the
principles of the elementary division of these phenomena. They do not
represent anything but a set of examples of elementary types, known es-
pecially from Europe.
Each picture contains also a graphical representation of dimensions and
velocity of the phenomenon. The explanation in the text is very brief; it
explains nothing but that which cannot be expressed graphically. The terms
used are proposed for the professional use; they represent only a verbal
translation of the Czech text.
Examples Nos. 1--9 demonstrate creep (Fig. 1). Nos. 1--8 are examples
of deep-seated creep ( N e m ~ o k and Rybfi~, 1968), No. 9 is example of
superficial creep.
6*
74 A. Nem~ok, J. Pa~ek, and J. Ryb~i~:
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ever, this zone can be built of relatively elastic rock, concentrating the hori-
zontal stresses. Being unloaded by a cutting, this stress changes into an ex-
pansible energy influencing unfavourably the stability of the slope.
14
15 16
Pictures Nos. 15--17 illustrate flow (Fig. 3). This process includes also
solifluction and slope movements in quick-clays. The graphical illustration
of these cases would be very difficult.
No. 15 - - flowing of slope deposits as an earthflow.
No. 16 - - a debris flow; a mixture of water and fragments of rocks,
bouldery, stony sandy or loamy weathering products runs downslope.
Classification of Landslides and Other Mass Movements 77
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References
A I m a g i a, R.: Studi geografici sulle frane in Italia. II, 2 9 5 - - 3 1 5 , Roma (1910).
Eckel, E. B.: Landslides and Engineering Practice. Highway Research Board,
Special Report 29, Washington D. C. (1958).
78 A. N e m ~ o k et al.: Classification of Landslides