Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Secondary Mathematics Teachers

in the New Normal's Implementation of Distance Learning

De Jesus, Carlo R.
Esco, Arvin L.
Manuel, Marie Tony C.
Gajo, Mary Pearl
Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter contains the following parts: Introduction; Review of Literature;

Statement of the Problem; Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework; Hypothesis/
Assumptions; Scope and Limitations of the Study; Significance of the Study; and
Definition of Terms.

INTRODUCTION

The Introduction encapsulates what the study is all about. It contains the
surrounding situations that prompted the researcher to undertake the study. The
researcher starts with a macro to micro approach to bridge the gap between the
phenomenon of the study and the purpose of the study. The following may be used as
effective starters: (a) A quotation that is related to the study; (b) Information/Concepts
taken from books; journals, magazines, on-line sources and the like; and (c) Statistical
data significantly related to the present undertaking. Active voice is used, rather than the
passive voice. There should be a smooth transition between the sentences and paragraphs.

It should be noted that authorities/sources may be cited at the beginning or at the

end of the statements. In using quotations, please note that for more than 40 operational
words, the block style in single space is followed and for less than 40 operational words,
quotation marks are used and the quotation is written as part of the paragraph.

It also contains a brief narration of the origin of the problem, and/or justification of
the selection and choice of the phenomenon/problem. The last paragraph of the
introduction ends with the general objective of the research study .

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main problem is presented in statement or declarative form. For quantitative

research, the main problem is followed by the specific problems of the study generally
stated in question form. The number of specific problems depends on what the study or
the systematic investigation would like to find out or elicit as output.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK /
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researcher explains the theory (if using theoretical framework) or the concept (if
using conceptual framework) that guided the study. Concepts from authorities and
theories of notable educators/philosophers are used in the discussion.

The following are guidelines in evaluating the theoretical/conceptual framework. (a)

Does it show relationship of theories with the problem?; (b) Is the theory/concept spelled
out clearly and adequately in simple terms?; and (c) Are the concepts/terms defined in
functional or operational terms?
 Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Secondary Mathematics Teachers
in the New Normal's Implementation of Distance Learning

De Jesus, Carlo R.
Esco, Arvin L.
Manuel, Marie Tony C.
Gajo, Mary Pearl
This part also includes the figure that represents the paradigm or model of the study.
Prior to the presentation of the paradigm, there is a need for the researcher to
discuss/explain the figure clearly and completely. He/she clarifies the relationship
existing between or among the independent and dependent variables in the study.

HYPOTHESIS/ASSUMPTION

The non-directional or null hypothesis should be used. This usually pertains to the
question of relationship or significant difference between the variables (independent and
dependent) tested in the study.

Assumption should be used for a qualitative research. Similar to a hypothesis, an

assumption also indicates a prediction, a statement of what specific results or outcomes
are expected to occur in the study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This section contains the setting of the study, the time frame, the number of
respondents to be used, and the main focus of the research. Moreover, this part of the
study identifies the variable of the study which the researcher wishes to control or limit
in order to delimit the broad coverage of the study, thereby permitting a thorough and a
more in-depth investigation or discussion of the problem. Thus, this delimitation could
be used as a springboard for recommendations.
One paragraph is normally allotted for the scope and another paragraph for the
delimitation/s.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher presents the person/s or sector/s that will benefit from the result of
the study, followed by a brief account that each one will derive from the results of the
study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Clear definitions as frames of reference composed of selected terminologies that are

operationally defined are needed and must be provided in the study. These terms are
defined within the context of the study, examples of which are the variables of the study
which are to be measured by appropriate statistical instruments. Clear definitions will
help the readers/panel of examiners understand what the researcher is driving at.

Operational definition means how the terms are used in the study. Although content
definition may also be included, operational definitions are preferred. The terms are
arranged in alphabetical order and should be written in complete sentences.
 Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Secondary Mathematics Teachers
in the New Normal's Implementation of Distance Learning

De Jesus, Carlo R.
Esco, Arvin L.
Manuel, Marie Tony C.
Gajo, Mary Pearl

FROM SIR JESTER:

CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its Background

A. INTRODUCTION part should contain a discussion of any or all of the following:
a. Presentation of the problem (macro-micro-mini level)
b. The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt need/problem that
requires a solution
c. Rationale for conducting the study
d. Historical background of the problem
B. THEORETICAL and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK should both be present in the
study. In the theoretical framework, a specific theory and theorist must be identified
and discussed. The conceptual framework clarifies the relationship between and
among the major variables of the study and may be presented through a paradigm
such as INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO) model or other illustrative presentation.
C. If IPO is utilized, the following must be observed:
a. The columns must be of equal size.
b. The feedback loop must be properly indicated.
D. The STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM is right next after the conceptual framework.
The first paragraph includes a statement of the purpose of the study and expressed
in declarative sentence. The next paragraph contains the sub problems expressed
in interrogative sentences. Future tense is used for proposals, past tense for final
defense while present tense is used in the final copy of the research.
E. The HYPOTHESIS is stated in the null form (H0) with an introductory sentence. Use
Hypotheses for more than one hypothesis.
F. The SCOPE and LIMITATION OF THE STUDY contains two paragraphs. The first
paragraph contains the scope which delineates how the study will be narrowed or
the boundaries in terms of (1) people involved in the study;
G. (2) instrumentation; (3) time; (4) location or the “who”, “where”, “when” and “how”
of the study. The second paragraph identifies the limitation or potential weakness
in the design or constraints of the study.
H. The SIGNIFICANCE of the STUDY begins with an introductory statement and must
identify who will benefit from the study.
I. The DEFINITION OF TERMS defines important terms or variables used in the study.
Terms should be defined conceptually or operationally. Provide an introductory
sentence. Terms should be alphabetically arranged. Acronyms and abbreviations
should be spelled out. For two or more worded terms, only the first letter of the first
word should be capitalized, unless otherwise indicated. Sources of constitutive and
technical definitions should be properly acknowledged.
 Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Secondary Mathematics Teachers
in the New Normal's Implementation of Distance Learning

De Jesus, Carlo R.
Esco, Arvin L.
Manuel, Marie Tony C.
Gajo, Mary Pearl

WORKSHEET 1: CHAPTER 1

NAME:

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
Background – What is the context of this problem? In what situation or environment can it be observed?
(Provide sufficient information for the readers to understand the topic you are researching about.)

Statement of the Problem – What is it that we do not know? What is the gap in our knowledge this
research will fill? What needs to be improved?

List down several specific research question [give at least 6]. NOTE: Each research question should
address to a relationship [between variables]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Rationale or Justification of the Study – Why is this research important? Who will benefit? Why do we
need to know this? List down who are the possible beneficiaries of this study? [please include the definition
or the reason why they are chosen to be beneficiaries]

Research Questions – What is it that you want to find out? (a question that’s broad enough to stimulate
your interest and narrow enough that you can provide a convincing answer)

*Hypotheses – What ideas are suggested as possible explanation for the problem, situation or condition
and will be proved to be correct or incorrect by the research?
 Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Secondary Mathematics Teachers
in the New Normal's Implementation of Distance Learning

De Jesus, Carlo R.
Esco, Arvin L.
Manuel, Marie Tony C.
Gajo, Mary Pearl

Objectives – What steps will the researcher take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation? (Relate
them to the research problem.)
Break down a general objective into minor, connected parts (specific objectives). Specific objectives should
systematically address the different research questions, and specify what you will do in your study, where
and for what purpose.

*Scope of the Study – Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or people, or to only certain
aspects of the situation? Is there any aspect of the problem the researcher will not discuss?

*Limitation of the Study – Is there any factor, condition or circumstances that will prevent the researcher
from achieving all his/her objectives?

Assumptions – In considering the methods, model, formulation or approach, are there important
conditions or states that the researcher takes to be true?

Conceptual Framework – sometimes referred to as “theoretical framework”; presents your ideas in a

model or illustration of what you intend to investigate and some theories related to it. The research
problem is a part of the conceptual framework that you will build based on the existing theories and
research.

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