6. Lexicography as a branch of lexicology.

Lexicography is the study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language
for the purpose of compilation in book form-in short, the process of dictionary making. Lexicography is
connected with all the levels of language (semantics, lexicology, grammar, phonetics, stylistics). The
dictionary is really the meeting of all the systems - linguistic and non-linguistic.

An encyclopedic dictionary typically includes a large number of short listings, arranged alphabetically,
and discussing a wide range of topics. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be general, containing articles on
topics in many different fields; or they can specialize in a particular field (such as art, law, medicine, or
philosophy). They may also be organized around a particular academic, cultural, ethnic, or national
perspective.

Linguistic dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries focus on linguistic and factual matters relating to specific
subject fields. A specialized dictionary may have a relatively broad coverage, in that it covers several
subject fields such as science and technology (a multi-field dictionary), learner’s dictionaries.

Among the diachronic dictionaries two types are distinguished: historical (dictionaries that register the
changes that occur in the form and meaning of a word) and etymological (that concentrate their
attention on the origin of a word).

Synchronic dictionaries (descriptive) are concerned with the present day form, meaning and use of
words. According to the nature of their word-list the dictionaries may be grouped into general and
restricted. General dictionary represents the vocabulary as a whole with a degree of completeness
depending on the scope of the book. The Oxford Dictionary is one of the largest dictionaries of this type.

7. Neology as a branch of lexicology.

Neology is a branch of linguistics which studies new words – neologisms.

Neologisms are words and expressions used for new concepts that appear in the course of the language
development, new meanings of the already existing words and new names of old concepts. Neologisms
appear all the time. The words table, sky once were neologisms. But soon they became vital and
widespread to be felt neologisms. Names of different fruit, species were new names of new concepts
(pea, cherry, pepper). The development of industry, the development of technology, new inventions
caused the appearance of new words (film, television, self-starter). A great number of neologisms
appeared during the periods of great social upheavals (machine, bank, investment). After the Bourgeois
Revolution in France there appeared such words as bureaucracy, revolution, regime, terrorism. In the
80-s – 90-s of the 20th century neologisms were connected with lifestyles (belonger, ladies who lunch,
theme pub); computerisation (laptop, to back up, to toggle); economics (sunrise industry, sunset
industry, dawn raid); music (acid house, MTV, New Age music); mass media (video nasty, video piracy,
tabloid television); art (crossfader, body-popping); medicine (to burn out, PWA, ME); education (baker
day, City technology college ; fashion (body conscious, leisure wear); cookery (jacket crisp, tapas, yarg).

Neologisms can be divided into three groups: neologisms proper in which the novelty of the form is
combined with the novelty of the contents (audiotyping, bio-computer, thought-processor);
transnominations which combine the novelty of the form with the meaning which was already rendered
by another form (sudser, big C, bail-out); semantic innovations in which a new meaning is rendered by a
form which already exists in the language (bread, drag, gas).
8. Phraseology as a branch of lexicology.

Phraseology is a branch of lexicology that studies sequence of words that are semantically and often
syntactically restricted and they function as single units similar to individual words. Phraseology received
increasing attention in the English-speaking world. Linguistic competence also includes a familiarity with
restricted collocations (like break the rules), idioms (like spill the beans in a non-literal sense) and
proverbs (like Revenge is sweet),as well as the ability to produce or understand metaphorical
interpretations.

Phraseological units are classified in accordance with several criteria.

In the classification proposed by acad. Vinogradov phraseological units are classified according to the
semantic principle, and namely to the degree of motivation of meaning, i.e. the relationship between the
meaning of the whole unit and the meaning of its components. Three groups are distinguished: phraseological
fusions phraseological unities, phraseological combinations .

1. Phraseological fusions are non-motivated. The meaning of the whole is not deduced from the meanings of
the components: to kiss the hare’s foot (опаздывать), to kick the bucket (сыграть в ящик), the king’s picture
(фальшивая монета)

2. Phraseological unities are motivated through the image expressed in the whole construction, the
metaphores on which they are based are transparent: to turn over a new leaf, to dance on a tight rope.

3. Phraseological combinations are motivated; one of their components is used in its direct meaning while
the other can be used figuratively: bosom friend, to get in touch with.

Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units according to the functional principle. Two groups are distinguished:
phraseological units and idioms.

Phraseological units are neutral, non-metaphorical when compared to idioms: get up, fall asleep, to take to
drinking. Idioms are metaphoric, stylistically coloured: to take the bull by the horns, to beat about the bush, to
bark up the wrong tree.

9. Phonosemantics as a lexicology-related science.

Phonosemantics, also known as phonaesthesia or sound-symbolism, is the study of the meaning that
certain sounds or combination of sounds carry in a particular language. It started in the 18th century,
with Mikhail Lomonosov, a Russian polymath who proposed a highly idiosyncratic hypothesis that
stated that words containing vowel sounds made in the front of the palate (in Russian, E, I, YU) should
be used when depicting tender subjects, and that those made with the back of the palate (the vowel
sounds O, U, Y) to describe things that may cause fear (“like anger, envy, pain, and sorrow”).

10. Types of lexicology according to the methods of investigation.

Lexicology (from Gr lexis “word” and logos “learning”) is a part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary
of a language and the properties of words as the main units of the language. It also studies all kinds of
semantic grouping and semantic relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, semantic fields, etc.

types of lexicology:

General Lexicology is concerned with the general study of words and vocabulary irrespective of the
specific features of any particular language.
Special Lexicology is concerned the study and description of vocabulary and vocabulary units of a given
language.

Special descriptive lexicology (synchronic lexicology) – deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units
of a particular language at a certain time.

special historical lexicology (diachronic lexicology) – deals with the changes and the development of
vocabulary in the course of time.

Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a givep periodof its
development