Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contacts
Executive editor: Katherina Lewis t: 020 7323 7030 e: brick@brick.org.uk
Brick Development Association, The Building Centre, 26 Store Street, London, WC1E 7BT
Frontispiece The BDA represents manufacturers of clay brick and pavers in the UK and Ireland and
Hanneke-Dick house, promotes excellence in the architectural, structural and landscape applications of brick
Eelde, Holland, by Jager and pavers. The BDA provides practical, technical and aesthetic advice and information
Janssen (ph: Rob ‘t Hart).
through its website www.brick.org.uk, in its numerous publications and over the phone.
Cover ISSN 0307-9325 Published by the BDA ©2010 Editorial/design: Architecture Today plc
City Library, Helmond,
by Bolles & Wilson
(ph: Christian Richters).
Back cover
Sint Benedictusberg
Abbey (1956-87), Vaals, ARCHITECTURE
Netherlands, designed by
Dom Hans van der Laan
TODAY
(ph: David Grandorge).
BB WINTER 10 • 3
NEWS FIRST PERSON
Due to start on site in the summer, Emsworth We are interested in buildings that are ‘of’
Baptist Church is a 550 square metre multi- their condition, that communicate something
purpose church hall in Hampshire by about the forces that brought them into
Haverstock Associates. The envelope compris- being, the nature of their physical environ-
es a series of masonry gable walls that appear ment and the culture in which they are
to have been carved from one solid element. constructed. We want to attempt to approach
A brick tower on the north-west corner of the the elusive beauty and aptness of vernacular
site establishes a dialogue with the historic buildings that embody a culture. Although we
high street context. Carefully controlled understand that the complexity of the con-
details combined with a restrained pallette of temporary situation has made the traditional
materials are intended to give the building a notion of the vernacular redundant, we
homogenous identity. Window and door pen- believe that it is still critical that buildings
etrations are set by strictly adhered-to datum connect with the culture and place in which
levels. The internal wall finish is painted they are constructed.
masonry with surface washing luminaires Dublin is largely a city of brick, and
used to emphasise the texture of the brick. certainly houses and brickwork go hand-in-
hand here – from the grand brickwork
facades of the Georgian townhouses to the
suburban semi’s that use a skin of brick on
their frontage to communicate domesticity.
If you ask a Dubliner what a house is made
of, the reply would most probably be brick.
When it came to designing our first project –
the refurbishment of a Dublin Victorian
house with a new mews in the rear garden for
Maccreanor Lavington in Rainham two generations of the same family – I cannot
remember discussing alternatives to brick. It
Maccreanor Lavington has obtained planning was as though the material selection had been
consent for Rainham Library in East London. pre-confirmed in our minds by our under-
A red speckled brick has been chosen for the standing of the city.
exterior, with glazed green bricks used to frame We saw the new mews house as a younger
the entrances and flush-fitted display windows. relative of the Victorian house (in whose
garden it was sited) and wanted to place it in
both the material and constructional context
BDA modernism in brick lecture
of the older building. We decided to concep-
tually separate the solid one-brick-thick
The DOCOMOMO Spring series of lectures
Flemish bond wall of the Victorian structure
‘Modern Masters of Brick’ sponsored by the
into two layers of half-brick-thick masonry and
BDA starts on 11 January at 6.30pm in The
locate the rooms of the mews between these
Gallery, 70 Cowcross St, London EC1 6EJ
layers. The thinner leaves had a hereditary
(www.docomomo-uk.co.uk). Iain Boyd Whyte
link to the solid wall techniques used in the
will speak on German expressionist architec-
older building, but also spoke of the
ture. Reservations: katherinalewis@brick.org.uk.
4 • BB WINTER 10
contemporary condition of layered wall
construction. The deconstructed bond also
highlighted the individual brick within the
wall, acknowledging the assembled nature of
a brickwork wall.
As a theme of the family’s social rituals ran
through both houses, certain rooms or objects
took on particular significance. Foremost was
the new dining room in the Victorian house
where the wider family come together for
Sunday dinner. As a signifier of the special
character of this space, custom-made glazed
bricks were built into the wall behind the
dining table. The bricklayer was given 100
identical bricks to lay in any combination he
saw fit. The aim was to express the mark and
process of the maker, elevating the construc-
tion itself to a position of appreciation.
Generally, we are influenced by what we
see when we travel; the extraordinary and
everyday things of another part of the world.
It is a source of continuous inspiration to
see how a particular environment, culture
and technique can intertwine to produce
buildings that communicate the essence of
that place. The rural landscape around
Ahmedabad in north-west India is dotted with
chimney stacks where the adjacent earth is
dug up and fired into bricks. Within the city
itself, Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn both (to western eyes) is the ‘Indian-ness’ of the gives it the potential for a deep connection to Above The Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad,
north-west India, by Louis Kahn (ph: Kevin Walsh).
built brick buildings, Sarabhai House and the materiality. That this same material can feel at place. Add to this an exceptional versatility,
Below TAKA’s first project combines the refurbishment of
Indian Institute of Management respectively. home both under the grey skies of Dublin economy and durability, and it becomes clear Victorian house in Dublin with the construction of a new
Open to the air and open-ended, the spatial and in the verdant humidity of India why brick is able to accomplish the seemingly dwelling in the rear garden (phs: Alice Clancy).
experience of both these structures is unmis- is both remarkable and logical. The beautiful paradoxical states of being timeless and cur- Cian Deegan and Alice Casey founded
takably Indian. But perhaps more striking notion that brick is simply the earth fired, rent, universal yet specific. Dublin-based practice TAKA in 2006.
BB WINTER 10 • 5
AWARDS
1 2
2010 Brick Awards winners Tim Ronalds Architects won the best Wienerberger: Nutcombe Multi Stock/Smeed diversity and richness of brick construction.
education building category for Sevenoaks Dean London Stock). Described by the Designed by Knox Bhavan Architects,
NORD Architecture’s Olympic substation School Performing Arts Centre in Kent judges as an outstanding building, four College Road in Dulwich Village, south
at the Olympic Village in Stratford, London, (2, Skillbray, Coleford Brick & Tile: different brick colours are used to produce London, won the best craftsmanship award
was named the supreme winner at the 2010 Gloucester Grey; Hanson Building Products: diverse yet harmonious elevations. Deep (7, R Durtnell & Sons, Coleford Brick &
Brick Awards, held at the Marriott Grosvenor Capital Multi Facing). Exploiting the topog- reveals push the window ‘layer’ back, Tile: Cotswold Buff). The six-bedroom, L-
Square Hotel in London on 3 November raphy of its site, this skillfully composed and accentuating the masonry skin. shaped dwelling incorporates sinuous, multi-
(1, Winchmore Brickwork, Ibstock Brick: technically accomplished building uses brick Proctor & Matthews won the best curved facades, as well as saw-tooth panels
Aldridge Himley Ebony Black). The project, to create a sense of warmth and solidity. housing development award (6-25 units) made from a special saddleback brick.
which also won the best public building The best housing development award for Station Grove in Wembley, north-west Irvine Whitlock was the recipient of the
category, forms a key part of the Olympic’s (1-5 units) went to Frobisher House in London (5, Westfields Construction, specialist brickwork contractor award for
utilities infrastructure and was designed with Bushey, Hertfordshire, by Duggan Morris Wienerberger: Staffordshire Smooth Blue three schemes: Cabot Circus in Bristol
permanency, weight and dignity in mind. Architects (3, Freshfield Lane: Selected Dark Facing Perf). Horizontal bands of blue and (8, Freshfield Lane: Light and Dark Facing;
Chaired by Bob Allies (Allies & Morrison), Facings). The building is wrapped in a red brick modulate the facades and act as a Ibstock Brick: Mercia Orange), St Pancras
the jury comprised Joanna van Heyningen homogenous brick skin, which extends to counterpoint to the steel and glass balconies. Chambers, London (Charnwood Forest:
(van Heyningen & Haward), John Roberts the footpath and encompasses a garage and The best commercial building category Heritage Reds; Bulmer Brick & Tile: Red
(engineer), Peter Bonfield (BRE), Neil the front wall. was won by TP Bennett’s office building in Rubbers), and the Stewartby office building
Beningfield (Neil Beningfield & Associates), Winner of the best housing development Stewartby, Bedfordshire (6, Irvine Whitlock, in Bedfordshire (Hanson Building Products:
Michael Hammett (brickwork consultant), category (26 units or more) was St Andrews Hanson Building Products: Wilnecote Wilnecote Bespoke Blend Amersham Red/
and Andrew Stroud (The Worshipful Block A (phase one) in Bromley-by-Bow, East Bespoke Blend Amersham Red/Amersham Amersham Red Multi). The judges praised
Company of Tylers and Bricklayers). It London, by Allies & Morrison (4, Rapid Red Multi). Rated BREEAM ‘Excellent’, the contractor’s skill and consistency across a
praised the elegant simplicity of the scheme Brickwork, Ibstock Brick: Staffordshire Slate the project showcases not only the latest wide range of projects.
and the many ways in which brick was used. Blue Smooth/Hardwick Minster Cream Blend; environmental technologies, but also the The award for best outdoor space went to
7 8 9 10
6 • BB WINTER 10
3 4
van Heyningen & Haward Architects and Multi Yellow Stock), Broad Lane in Bracknell
Edward Hutchison Landscape Architects (Ibstock Brick: Welbeck Village Blend/
for Corfield Court at St John’s College, Minster Cream/Melton Antique/Leicester
Cambridge (9, Elmswell Contractors, Autumn Multi), and Ascot Priory in Leicester
Coleford Brick & Tile: Gloucester Grey (Ibstock Brick: Leicester Autumn Multi).
Handmade Pavers). Imaginative spatial Meticulously restored by The Whitworth
moves combined with careful material choic- Co-Partnership, Queen Anne’s Summer-
es have transformed an impenetrable city house in Bedfordshire was the recipient of
block into a beautiful and accessible place. the refurbishment and renovation award
The International category was won by (13, Simpson Brickwork Conservation,
Donnelly Turpin Architects for Rathmines Bulmer Brick & Tile: Mild Clay Rubbers/Blue
Square in Dublin, Ireland (10, John Paul Clay Rubbers). Bespoke bricks blend seam-
5 Construction, Ibstock Brick: West Hoathly lessly with the original masonry, while old
Medium Multi Stock). The judges described bricks were reused or repaired where possible.
this project as a handsome civic building Last but not least, Stoke Mandeville
with elegant, well proportioned facades. Hospital in Buckinghamshire by MAAP
CF Møller Architects’ AP Møller School Architects won the innovative use of brick and
in Schleswig, Germany, won the worldwide clay category (14, MPG Facades, Hanson
brick award (11, Otto Wulff Bauunterneh- Building Products: Glazed Lockclad
mung, Petersen Tegl: D70). Terracotta Rain-screen Cladding). The
The volume house building award went cladding, which has an opalescent pewter
to Taylor Wimpey for Campbell Square in glaze, is demountable to allow for future
6 Milton Keynes (12, Ibstock Brick: Leicester development of the building.
11 12 13 14
BB WINTER 10 • 7
PROJECTS
8 • BB WINTER 10
Shock of the new
OG 9
EG
8
10
UG
11
dered finish.
3
3
4 4 3
3 4
4
13
5 7
6
5 6 7
7 7
2
2
1
1
BB WINTER 10 • 9
Urban oasis
82.200
Construction; client: Sager House Hampstead;
50 15 photos: Morley von Sternberg.
Boxing clever
BB WINTER 10 • 11
Classical tradition
12 • BB WINTER 10
Making a splash and a link corridor to the existing house. dissolving the boundary between inside and
Constructed from red brick with a pitched out and opening up the pool to the garden.
roof of handmade clay tiles, the project is Strategically placed glazed openings relate to
conceived as a contemporary annex, which the house and the adjacent greenhouses, and
is nevertheless sympathetic to the late- are positioned to maximise winter sun and
A brick pool house by Paul+O Victorian red-brick dwelling. The brick heat retention, as well as prevent the pool
Architects is inspired by its used is slimmer than a traditional English from overheating in the summer.
Victorian country house setting. red brick, and a concealed gutter between The glazed link corridor provides access
the masonry walls and clay tile roof gives the to the carport, store and changing facilities.
Located in the grounds of a Victorian country illusion of a continuous skin. A full-length skylight washes the rear brick
house in Buckinghamshire, Paul+O Architects’ At the corners of the building, the brick wall with natural light.
525 square metre brick pool house comprises walls give way to 3.8 metre high glass windows
a 15-metre swimming pool, gym, playroom, that slide back into the cavity wall, thereby Credits Photos: Fernando Guerra.
BB WINTER 10 • 13
PROFILEo
In half a century of practice, Mario Botta
has produced a body of work characterised
by the manipulation of small elements
– bricks and blocks – in the service of a
greater whole, finds Jonathan Sergison.
A retrospective of Mario Botta’s work, currently
showing at the Museum of Modern Art in Rovereto,
Italy, celebrates half a century in the practice of this
restless and inquisitive architectural personality. But
Botta is younger than five decades of designing and
building might suggest. He started early, at a time
when Ticino, the Swiss canton in which he grew up,
was breaking new ground both in the theory of
14 • BB WINTER 10
Left Piazzale alla Valle, Mendrisio, Switzerland (1998, ph: Enrico Cano).
Below left Mario Botta (ph: Beat Pfandler).
Right From top: Single-family house at Riva San Vitale, Switzerland (1973, ph:
Alo Zanetta); Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Centre, Tel Aviv,
Israel (1998, ph: Pino Musi); Church of Santo Volto, Turin, Italy (2006, ph:
Enrico Cano); Façade for the parish church in Genestrerio, Ticino, Switzerland,
with reinforced concrete bearing structure clad in blocks of split Verona stone
(2003, ph: Enrico Cano).
Great War cemeteries Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944) designed 140 cemeteries in the these buildings Lutyens’ first concepts show his distinct pref-
countryside of Flanders and northern France for soldiers erence for brick, widely different materials are found in the
by Sir Edwin Lutyens killed in the First World War. Commissioned, together with realised cemeteries. The basic material used throughout for
others by Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker, by the the headstones is white Portland stone. The Cross of
Imperial Wargraves Commission, Lutyens’ cemeteries can be Sacrifice, the War Stone and the other white elements are
regarded as an imprint of the former battlefront on the map made of different kinds of white limestone. Consequently, a
of Europe. All of them were designed according to principles clear uniformity in terms of colour and texture is apparent
established beforehand, based on the idea of a cathedral, in the main elements of each cemetery. Apart from the local
church or chapel standing in the open, and include uniform red brick, which Lutyens used most frequently, he applied
gravestones, a War Stone and a Cross of Sacrifice. Yet the indigenous grey-brown cobblestones in combination with
difference in size, alignment and provenance make them all white stone. Local sandstone was used where it was available,
unique variations on the themes in question. in areas such as the Champagne district. Roofing materials
The most memorable aspects are their meticulously were usually red tiles, dark-grey slate or white natural stone.
chosen position in the landscape, the varied selection of The extent of white stone used in the different buildings
Jeroen Geurst examines the role of trees and other greenery, and the architecture of the varies; in some, it is used to emphasise the basic form in the
brick in the celebrated memorials. entrance and shelter buildings. Although for the design of mouldings around openings and along the edges of the
18 • BB WINTER 10
Above/below Heilly Station Cemetery, Méricourt-l’Abbé. Designed by Lutyens with
George Goldsmith, the gatehouse is located in the corner of the site and configured
as an open cloister. Five arches are flanked by rectangular openings with details in
white stone. From the opposite side, the unusual monopitch roof lends a barn-like
appearance between the flanking pavilions. Brick patterns enhance the floorscape.
Far left Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery and Memorial. The most celebrated of
Lutyens’ cemeteries, Thiepval commemorates the 73,000 soldiers missing after the
Battle of the Somme, whose names are inscribed around the sixteen bases. In con-
trast to the human scale of other cemeteries, Thiepval assumes colossal form, with
successive rotated vaults, reminscent of Alberti’s San Andrea in Mantua, supporting
the central aisle which matches the dimensions of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
20 • BB WINTER 10
Above Chauny Communal Cemetery. Designed with Arthur Hutton and regarded as
one of Lutyens’ finest cemeteries, Chauny incorporates a double shelter, in yellow
rather than the usual red brick, that seems to emerge from the perimeter wall. The
sobre architecture is accentuated by a deep stone cornice and paired Doric columns.
Left/below Quéant Road Cemetery, Buissy. The three-bay shelter, a variation of the
triumphal arch, aligns with lateral benches and features a domed stucco ceiling.
Below left Brown’s Copse Cemetery, Roeux. A fine triumphal arch rendered entirely
in white stone.
Jeroen Geurst is a partner in The Hague-based architects Geurst & Schulze, and the
author of the newly published guide Cemeteries of the Great War by Sir Edwin Lutyens
(010 Publishers, 472pp, £30).
BB WINTER 10 • 21
DETAILo
Full masonry jacket Built on the footprint of a dilapidated farm- lattice panels, the gutters are concealed Detail gable elevation and external wall sections
Roof construction (from outside to inside): 25mm brick
house in the centre of Eelde, the four-bed- within the envelope. The junction between
slips (factory made from sawn vertical facade bricks)
room Hanendick House by Rotterdam-based the vertical and sloping masonry at verge level bonded to 9mm fibre cement board, two layers of
practice Jager Janssen Architecten is designed is resolved using a traditional ‘braiding’ tech- 19x45mm timber boards bonded with staggered joints,
double waterproof membrane, 18mm plywood,
to preserve the character of its village setting. nique, typical of the local area. The service 225x75mm timber joists, 85mm void, 140mm mineral
The purity of the original concept – a brick spaces, including the bathrooms, bicycle store wool insulation, timber subframe, 12.5mm plasterboard.
The walls and roof of a house in volume penetrated by a rectangular box – is and piano teaching room, are located in the Wall construction (from outside to inside): 115mm brick,
Eelde, Holland, by Jager Janssen reinforced by extending the brick walls onto brick volumes, while the rainscreen-clad box
30mm cavity, 140mm mineral wool insulation, 100mm
engineered clay block, plaster finish.
are wrapped in a brick skin. the sloping roof planes. Covered by metal contains the living spaces. Credits Photos: Rob 't Hart.
22 • BB WINTER 10
TECHNICALo
Eurocodes The aim of the Eurocodes and the New concepts in BS EN 1996-1-1 the shape factor provides a correlation
Harmonised Product Standards is to and product standards between various unit sizes and the
The BDA’s Dr Ali Arasteh
remove potential barriers to trade with- reference cross-sectional size of
on the new standards for the in the European member states by Principles and application rules 100x100mm. Strengths of standard UK
design of masonry structures. providing a common approach to struc- Clauses in the Eurocode parts are bricks are normalised by a multiplier
tural design. In the UK, the suite of BS either principles or application rules. of 0.85.
5628 design standards is superseded by Principles are statements, definitions
BS EN 1996 – Design of masonry struc- and analytical models for which there is Groups
tures, commonly referred to as EC6, no alternative available or permitted. Grouping of masonry units deals with
On 1 April 2010 all national standards which is in four parts: They are identified by (P) after the the geometry and form, for example,
in the UK, that is all the British • BS EN 1996-1-1: General rules for clause number. Application rules are percentage of perforations and thick-
Standards, were replaced by their equiv- reinforced and unreinforced masonry generally recognised methods of ness of web (solid material between
alent European standards. The replacing BS 5628-1 and BS 5628-2. achieving the principles but alternatives holes) and shell (material between a
European standards include ten struc- • BS EN 1996-1-2: General rules – are allowed. hole and face of masonry). The majori-
tural design codes (Eurocodes) made Structural fire design replacing BS ty of the UK clay masonry units are
up of 58 parts, product standards and 5628-3 fire tables. Declared values and categories either Group 1 or 2; the percentage of
test methods which became available as • BS EN 1996-2: Design considerations, Manufacturers of masonry units are holes in Group 1 is not more than 25
ENs in 2004. Each standard and design selection of materials and execution required to declare certain characteris- and in Group 2 greater than 25 but not
code has a National Foreword, where of masonry, replacing parts of BS tics/properties of their products. As far more than 55.
information about the replaced 5628-3. as the compressive strength is con-
National Standard is given, and a • BS EN 1996-3: Simplified calculation cerned masonry units are divided into Workmanship
National Annex where information methods for unreinforced masonry two categories. Categories address Class of execution determines the mate-
about alternative values, country specif- structures. production control measures; a rial safety factor to be used in design.
ic data, alternative procedures (when It is generally considered that the Category I unit has a declared compres- There are five classes in EN 1996-1-1 but
permitted), and decisions on the appli- depth to which BS EN 1996-2 addresses sive strength with a probability of failure the UK National Annex adopts two
cation of informative annexes are given. aspects of workmanship is not nearly as to reach it not exceeding five per cent. classes which are similar to UK ‘normal’
According to the European detailed as the coverage given in BS Category II units are not intended to and ‘special’ categories of construction.
Committee for Standardisation (CEN) a 5628-3. For this reason a new docu- comply with this, similar to UK ‘normal’ Compressive strength of mortar is
periodic review of the standards will ment, PD 6697, has been prepared by and ‘special’ categories of production. quoted as a 28-day strength value follow-
occur at intervals not exceeding five the masonry code drafting committee ing the letter M, for example M6 means
years. The five year review of all the at the BSI, which is published as a Normalised compressive strength a mortar with an expected 28-day com-
masonry product standards and test Non-Contradictory Complementary In the UK compressive strengths of pressive strength of 6N/mm2. The
methods has now been completed and Information or NCCI. This document clay units are declared as mean values. National Annex to BS EN 1996-1-1
the revised documents should become includes other design-related topics This declaration imposes a require- includes a table of recipes for mix
available during the first quarter of 2011. that are not covered in any of the ment that any one unit taken from a constituents which are expected to
All projects under the Public masonry Eurocode parts. sample must have strength of at least achieve the stated mortar compressive
Procurement Directive should be As far as the simplified calculation 80 per cent of the declared value. The strength at 28 days.
designed in accordance with the methods of BS EN 1996-3 are con- declared mean compressive strength
Eurocodes. However, it is foreseen that cerned it is intended to keep BS 8103-2: will have to be converted to a nor-
other methods than the Eurocodes may 2004 Code of practice for masonry walls malised strength before they can be
be used if their relevance can be for housing and the Approved used in design. Normalisation is car-
demonstrated by the contractor. There Document A. Communities and Local ried out by multiplying the declared
is nothing to stop designers using the Government has stated that Building mean compressive strength by (i) a
Errata: Our apologies for the omission of three sym-
British Standards cited in the UK Control Bodies will need to be aware of conditioning factor and (ii) a shape bols from the calculation examples in the last issue
Building Regulations, but they should the risk of designs inappropriately factor. The conditioning factor repre- of Brick Bulletin (Autumn 2010 p23), caused by
a printing error. A corrected version is available at
be aware that continued use of the with- mixing new design standards based on sents the curing regime that the
www.brick.org.uk/_resources/Autumn 2010.pdf.
drawn British Standards could put them the BS ENs and withdrawn BS design masonry units are subjected to before Apologies also to Gerard Lynch for misspelling
and their insurers at increased risk. standards. the test, for example oven drying, and his name (p18).
BB WINTER 10 • 23