AIAA-90-5269

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF 2-D DUAL !ODE SCRAMJET

WITH HYDROGEN FUEL AT MACH 4, ,6 I

V, VINOGRADOV, V , GRACHEV, 1, PETROV 8 J, SHEECHMAN

OF AVIATION
CENTRAL INSTITUTE MOTORS,
USSR

AlAA SECOND INTERNATIONAL

AEROSPACE PLANES CONFERENCE
29-31 October 1990/0rlando, FL
For permissionto copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024
 E X P E R I I E S T A L I N V E S T I G A T I O S OF 2 - 5 D U A L M O U E
S C R A M J E T WITH H Y D R O G E K F U E L A T MACH 4 . . . 6

. A .V i n o g r a ' o Y * , V . A . (.rachev+,
V
+
M . 5 Petrov', J u . M .S h e e c h m a n
Central Institute of A v i a t i o n Motors
Moscow. CSSR

Abstract
-combusrion e f f i c i e n c y COrnbUS
T h e paper presents the r e s u l t s of tian c o m p l e t e n e s s rati I ,
experimental investigation of working -time. s e c ,
process in a model non-cooled d u a l mode - s p e c i f i c h e a t transfer W / m
scramjet w i t h 2 - 5 inlet and combined - s u m m a r y h e a t transfer n the
c o m b u s t o r w i t h hydrogen burning in s u b -
s o n i c and s u p e r s o n i c a i r f l o w . lnvesti- duct w a l l s . W .
g a t i o n mas c o n d u c t e d in C I A M ' s f a c i l i t i e s
a t free stream M m = 5 and 6 and ,also. Subscripts
under c o n d i t i o n s o f connected d u c t witn
simulating t h e p a r a m e t e r s a t t h e c o m b u s - -
freestream parameters.
t o r entry c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Mm = 4 . - throat.
- wall.
Distriaution of gasthermodynamic - total p a r a m e t e r s ,
parameters a l o n g t h e d u c t . efficiency of - summary v a l u e .
hydrogen-air mixture and combustion, - flameholder.
special f e a t u r e s of c o m b u s t i o n s t a b i l i z a - 1.11.1tl.i~ -fuel i n i e c t o r s r o w n u m o e r r .
rion.data o n h e a t t r a n s f e r and c o n d i t i o n s J - fuel.
of inlet and combustor interaction a r e 1.2.3 - c ~ m b u s t o rs e c t i o n n u m b e r s
discussed in t h i s paper.
Introduction
Somenclature
W i t h the i n c r e a s e of f l i g h t speed
A,
- a r e a of c a p t u r e d a i r stream b e g i n n i n g with a c e r t a i n Ma. hypersonic
e a t the inlet e n t r y , s c r a m j e t ( HSKJ e x c e e d s r a m j e t ( RJ )
- i n l e t f r o n t a l area, in thrust-economic parameters. what
- i n l e t throat a r e a . necessitares the transition from che
-A T m o d e s w i t h s u b s o n i c f l o w in combustor to
A = A ,A -relative throat area. t h e m o d e s with s u p e r s o n i c flaw.
T T c
q = Am/ A inlet C a p t u r e r a t i o , O n e of the most r e a s o n a b l e types of
r a m j e t s intented f o r o p e r a t i o n a t M m = 3
q = ptTipt,-total pressure r e c o v e r y ,
- 10 is a dual m o d e r a m j e r operating a s
-stabilization criteria. HJ or H S H J , d e p e n d i n g o n tQe3flight speed
K*t
?( -Mach number. and e n g i n e o p e r a t i o n mode .
- i n l e t e n t r y height ( h =0.2ml T h e a n a l y s i s of e x i s t i n g designs of
-ncI = x/hc -relative distance along t h e x
n o n - c o n t r o l l e d r a m j e t s s h o w e d their corn-
s o n f e a t u r e that w i t h s u b s o n i c f l o w in
anis, t h e c o m b u s t o r i mode R J - subsonic c o m -
-pressure. p a , bustion 1 the f u e l is injected in t h e
-temperacure. K . s e c t i o n with a larger c r o s s a r e a than
-velocity. m i sec. t h a t in the inlet t h r o a t . A t s u p e r s o n i c
-equivalence fuel-air ratio. f l a w speed in c o m b u s t o r ( mode HSRJ -
- n i c h e f l a m e h o l d e r 1ength.cha- s u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n ) t h e fuel is i n -
r a c t e r i s t i c s i z e of c i r c u l a t i o n jecred at the b e g i n n i n g of the d u c t i n
zone. m . t h e inlet throat a r e a and burns UP in t h e
H - h e i g h t of n i c h e f l a m e h o l d e r . m , e x r e n d i n g section of c o m b u s t o r . K a a j e t
b -flow. kg/ sec. c a m b u s r o r with a step slightly differs
g=G,/GZ - r e l a t i v e fuel c o n s u m p t i o n From c h e above m e n t i o n e d . and t h e s t e p s
in the combustor serve a s flameholders.
T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s shoved chat in
~ o p y r i g h t0 1990 by t h e A m e r i c a n Institu- t h e HJ modes t h e s e e n g i n e s will ensure
r e o f A e r o n a u t i c s a n d A s t r o n a u t i c s . Inc. s a t i s f a c t o r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . and rhe
A l l rights r e s e r v e d . e n g i n e thrust level will be dependeni on
* Chief of U e p a r t m e n t . U r . . M e m b e r AIAA. t h e n o z z l e c r i r i c a l s e c t i o n aced. S i n u l
+ Senior R e s e a r c h S c i e n r i s t . t a n e o u s l y in t h e HSRJ m o d e s h e a t a d d i t i o n
f Senior H e s e a r c h S c i e n t i s t , U r . in the combustor will be performed into
Copwght 6 1 Mby h e AmEzicaO lnstitule of t h e high-speed f l o w w i t h large losses of
Acmnautics and A ~ ~ M u U CInc.
S.
*1l tl@tSa rerrVcd
total pressure that c a u s e s lower level of
engine efficiency. T h u s these dual m o d e
HJ designs do n o t u s e the potenrial
a b i l i t i e s to r e a l i z e e n g i n e e f f i c i e n t
o p e r a t i o n in H S R J modes.
I t is evident that a n optimum c o m -
bustor f o r operation in H S R J modes w o u l d
be t h e one in which p a r t of fuel b u r n s
up at M > 1 i n the f i r s t s e c t i o n , w h o s e
area is equal to t h a t o f the inlet chi-o-
a t , with flow stagnation down to M = 1 at
t h e e n d of this s e c t i o n . T h e rest part
of t h e fuel burns u p i n t h e c o m b u s t o r
e x t e n d i n g s e c t i o n a t M c l o s e to 1 . In R J
modes s u c h a n e n g i n e w i l l u s e an e x t e n -
ding s e c t i o n a n d . p o s s i b l y , the f o l l o w i n g
o n e , section A = const , with thermal
choking at the end of c o m b u s t o r . Some
potential d e s i g n s s i m i l a r to t h e o p t i m u m
o n e s a s for w o r k i n g p r o c e s s r e a l i z a t i o n
are g i v e n in f i g . 1 . A S s u c h e n g i n e s d e -
signs use .unlike d u a l m o d e K J . t h e
principle of i n c r e a s i n g t h e c y c l e e f f i -
ciency i n s u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n modes . w e
may d e s i g n a t e t h e s e e n g i n e s a s dual m o d e
H S R J ( O M H S R J ).Of all t h e k n o w n e n g i n e s
an e x p e r i m e n t a l a xIi s y m m e t r i c D M H S R J e n -
g i n e { H R E P r o j e c t 1 , i n v e s t i g a t e d in t h e
CSA IS the ~ O S T s i m i l a r to s u c h e n g i n e
d e s i g n . Theoretical a n a l y s i s has s h o w n
that by specific i m p u l s e t h e s e e n g i n e s
may e v e n s u r p a s s d u a l m o d e RJ by 30 - 4 0
% a t Mm = 8 - 10.
T h e r e f o r e t h e p r e s e n t paper c o n s i -
ders t h e D M H S K J d e s i g n w i t h c o m b i n e d
combustor.
Test f a c i l i t y a n d model
T h e test f a s i l i r y i s B w i n d t u n n e l
with f l a m e hearer u s i n g k e r o s e n e . T o
c o a p e n s a t e for burning u p o x y g e n , h i g h
pressure sir is mixed with oxygen i n
front of a hearer to ensure t h e r e q u i r e d
percentage of O 2 i 2 1 % ).To Obtain s u p e r -
sonic f l o w at Mm = 5 (conical nozzle) and
Mm = 6.2 (contoured n o z z l e ) both n o z z l e s
have t h e same e x i t d i a m e t e r 4 0 0 m u .
D e s i g n e d a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d by C I A M
H S R J model had the f o l l o w i n g main d i m e n -
2
s i o n s : i n l e t entry a r e a A = 0 . 2 x 0 . 2 m , d u c t
width-b =0.2m ( c o n s t a n t by l e n g t h ) . l e n g t h
- 1 . 7 n ifig.2). T h e model inlet w a s o f a
three-shock-wave.fixed geometry with
design Mach n u m b e r Mm = 6 . Initial a n g l e
of c o m p r e % s i o n s u r f a c e w a s 10 .finite
one w a s 2 5 . r e l a t i v e t h r o a t a r e a A =o.a
T
and t h e internal cowl a n g l e was 6 " . T h e
c o m h u s r o r consisted of t h r e e sections:
the f i r s t with a r e a A = 0 . 0 O M m 2 and l e n g t h
i = O.3aa.the second w a s an e x t e n d i n g o n e
1 system operation
with the exit area A2 = 2A,
i e n g t h i = 0 . 3 m and the third o n e with A
22 3
=iJ.Oltim and length l 3 =0.2m. As experi-
m e n t s showed t h e s h o r t e n e d e n g i n e n o z - U
z l e provided the f l o w e j e c t i o n r e g i m e
into the v a c u u m c h a m b e r w i t h o u t i n v e r s e
i n f l u e n c e . In t h e f i r s t c o m b u s t o r secrion
h y d r o g e n w a s injected through t w o rows
o f i n j e c t o r s . F i r s t r o w - f o u r S ~ T U ~each S
h a v i n g f o u r s l o t - t y p e a p e r t u r e s and s e -
c o n d r o w - t w o r o w s o f h o l e s on t h e upper
a n d bottom d u c t w a l l s . l n the s e c o n d and
t h e rhird s e c t i o n s h y d r o g e n w a s injected
o n l y through the h o l e s on the u p p e r and
b o t t o m r a l l s ( s e c t i o n s 11 a n d 1 1 1 ) . T o
o r g a n i z e the c o m b u s t i o n p r o c e s s nicne
f l a m e h o l d e r s w e r e used with elecrric
I g n i t o r s on t h e side ~ a l l s .
T h e model and t e s t f a c i l i t y parame-
t e r s ( p and T I were measured by a u t o m a t e a
d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n and r e g i s t r a t i o n system
u s i n g conputer. T h e t o r a l n u m b e r of pres-
s u r e g a u g e s on the model w a s 1 1 5 and
t h a t of t h e r m o c o u p l e s - 2 5 .
Experiments were conducted rirn
h y d r o g e n s u p p l y in r o w s 1 . 1 1 a n d I 1 1 i n
t h e s u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n r e g i m e at lm i
5 and 6 . 2 and additionally in r o w I V in
t h e s u b s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n r e g i m e at Hm = 5
a n d 4 . a n d in r o w s I , I 1 and I l l i n the
m i x e d c o m b u s t i o n r e g i m e at Mm = 5 . H e r e
a n d furrher o n by t h e s u p e r s o n i c ( s u b s o -
n i c ) c o m b u s t i o n i t is assumed a f l o w o f
a v e r a g e by s e c t i o n s u p e p s o n i c (subsonic:
s p e e d in t h e d u c t w h e r e c o m b u s t i o n takes \/
place.
Test c o n d i t i o n s
E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e conducted a t Hm = 5
and 6 . 2 with total p a r a m e t e r s in the
receiver p = (2 - 2 . 5 ) M P a and T t m = 9 0 G
tm
- 1 2 0 0 K f o r Mm = 5 and p,, = (5 - 5.51MPz
a n d Ttm = 1450 - 1 5 5 0 K for Mm = 6 . 2 . S i n u -
l a t i n g Mm = 4 w a s performed u s i n g the
c o n n e c t e d d u c t with n o z z l e providing
t h e f l o w a t the c o m b u s t i o n e n t r y with
the parameters M = 2 . T t = 750 - Y5UK
a n d p, = (0.2 - 0.3)MPa.
Test a i m
Investigation w a s held t o obtain
d a t a a s for t h e w o r k i n g process in s u b s o -
nic.supersonic and mixed c o m b u s t i o n r e g i ~
m e s : t o determine possibilities of i n t e n -
s i f y i n g the working process in t h e e x t e n -
d i n g s e c t i o n of c o m b u s t o r a n d p e r f o r -
m a n c e of f l a m e h o l d e r s and H 2 ignition
and
2
 Results and discussion
t
T e s t without f u e l injection
Engine tests without fuel injection
showed that t h e inlet w a s started and
experimentally obtained pressure values
on the c o m p r e s s i o n s u r f a c e and in t h e
inlet d u c t agreed with the predicted
v a l u e s . But the d i f f e r e n c e was observed
srarting with the throat section.which
was d u e to the formation of the boundary
layers separation zones o n the w a l 1 s . V -
sualization of the flaw a t the entry by
Schlieren technique proved i t ( f i g . 4 ) .
Inlet characteristics and f l o w impulse i n
the initial section were evaluated using
one-dimensional equations against measu-
red values of the Scatic pressure i n the
throat and known values of air capture
ratio g obtained during t h e test of a n
isolated inlet and direct engine t e s t s .
Tests with fuel injection
F i g . 3 shows characteristic d i s t r i b u -
tion of static pressure a l o n g the duct at
subsonic and supersonic combustion regi-
m e s . 1 " c a s e of supersonic combustion (
Mm = 5 and 6 . 2 ) rhe f l o w is characteri-
zed by s i g n i f i c a n t stagnation in the
f i r s t section ( up to M < 1 1 , f l o w a c c e l e -
ration in the second s e c t i o n and some
pressure increase zone ( d u e to K 2 bur-
ning)at the end of the combustor.
F u e l redistribution among the rows I and
I1 changes the f l o w f i e l d along the duct
slightly.but with the H, f l o w increase
through r o w I 1 ( at B,+,,=const ) pres-
sure disturbances on the bottom wall
transfer quicker upstream through the
interstrut channels. In t h e cross section
o f the c o m b u s t o r ' s f i r s t section exit
there was a considerable non-uniformity
of pressure p = 5U - 7 0 % which
decreases d o w n to 3 - 5 Z with rhe incre-
a s e of 8, u p to BI.x.For t h e most of the
regimes the duct f l o w was steady and only
in case of appearing o f the detached
shack wave in f r o n t of t h e cowl there w a s
the pulsation regime w i t h a frequency
less than 1 Kz.
A t t h e subsonic combustion regime
and the w h o l e fuel injection through row
IV ( M m = 4 o r partial f u e l injection (
up to 50 - I U % ) in the f i r s t row and the
,'(.SC fucl injection through the fourth
row ( Ma i 4 and 5 ) the maximum pressure
is shifted to the end o f the second s e c -
tion - beginning with the third s e c t i o n .
3
Joint inlet - combustor opera ti:^
At the supersonic c o m b u s t i o n reaimes
ultimate fuel consumption - Was
8m.X
established w h e n the flow i n the :nlet
was disturbed and t h e e n g i n e air f l o w
decrease o c c u r r e d . F i r s t of all i: w a s
caused by thermal c h o k i n g o f t h e duct
during c o m b u s t i o n in r h e first S B C T ~ : ~of
the combustor and p r o p a g a t i o n of t h e
disturbances upstream along t h e boundary
layer. T h u s the value o f t h e heat addi-
tion that is proportional to ( C E x p 1
E 1
and d u c t c o n f i g u r a t i o n d e t e r m i n e the
steady work Z o n e , that is the liaii of
heat addition when t h e design flow c h a -
racteristics of the inlet integrated w i t h
engine a r e preserved [ Fig. 6 I . 6es:des.
individual f e a t u r e s of the i n l e t . n a m e l y
Organization of f l o w stagnarion.fixed
dimensions.designed throat a r e a , p r e s e n c e
of flaw separations in the flawfiei: a n d
e t c . , d e t e r m i n e this area. F i g . 7 s h o w s
ultimate values ( C E x Bz),for investiaated
Mach numbers.
At the s u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n reaimes
the value omaxis determined by transfe-
rence of pseudoshock from t h e extending
section to the first section of t h e c o m -
bustor.
combustion e f f i c i e n c y
Averaged parameters of t h e f l o w a n d
process efficiency in t h e d u c t w e r e d e -
termined using o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l equations
of preservation and s r a t e u s i n g relation-
ships t o determine f r i c t i o n f o r c e . i n i t i a 1
i m p u l s e , measured pressure and heat t r a n -
sfer distribution a n d . also. air f l o w
thz-ough the e n g i n e .
T h e analysis o f the o b t a i n e d design
data f o r M m = 6 . 2 showed rhat active
combustion with the thermal choking at
@,+,,>0.45 w a s realized in the first
section of the c o m b u ~ t ~ r T.h e fuei bur-
ning up in the Second s e c t i o n was p e r -
formed in a stream of considerably n e g a -
tive pressure g r a d i e n t s and H , injection
at the beginning of rhe s e c t i o n ttrough
the third row did not practically affect
the process a t the f i r s t s e c i i o n o f t h e
combustor.Combustion process w a s going on
in the third S e c t i o n of c o m b u S t c ? . T h e
dependence of C E on 8, for differenr c o m -
bustor sections at M a -6.2 is shorn in
f i g . 8 . Analogous d e p e n d a n c e s were abta-
ined f o r other Sm a s w e l l .
Together with the reduction ;i Mm
, t h e share o f f u e l injected i n t h e first
section is a l s o reduced [ f i g . 6 ; T h u s
the process of c o m b u s t i o n i s m a i n l y r e a -
lized i n t h e second a n d the tnird s e c t i -
O ~ S o f the c h a m b e r . T h e a r e a o f C E v a l u e s
f o r all M a c h number is s h o w n i n f i g . 9 .
T h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of t h e
combustion a n t h e d i v e r g i n g s e c t i o n
of the c o m b u s t o r
An important t a s k of the study w a s
to verify the w a y s t o i n c r e a s e the e f f i -
c i e n c y of b u r n i n g u p of the f u e l on t h e
d i v e r g i n g s e c t i o n of t h e c h a m b e r by i n s -
t a l l i n g inserts r e d u c i n g the level o f
d i v e r g e n c e . TWO i n s e p t s w e r e u s e d : t h e
f i r s t o n e reduced t h e a n g l e of d i v e r g e n c e
f r o m 8 10' to 5 10' l o n g w i s e t h e s e c o n d
s e c t i o n o f the c o m b u s t o r and t h e second
o n e - u p to the m i d d l e of t h e s e c o n d
section with the a n g l e of d i v e r g e n c e
1 3 u . T e s t s at M m = 5 showed t h a t w h e n
the f i r s t insert w a s i n s t u l l e d . t h e n o r -
k i n g p r o c e s s i n t h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n didn'r
c h a n g e a s compared t o t h e t e s t w i t h o u t
inserts i n c l u d i n g t h e v a l u e o f C E l . T h e
i n s t a l l m e n t of t h e s e c o n d i n s e r t . h o w e v e r .
led to n marked i n c r e a s e in C E , and d e -
termined in the s t u d i e d modes ( 8E-- .16-
. 2 3 ) a l m o s t c o m p l e t e b u r n i n g u p of h y d -
r o g e n in t h e first s e c t i o n . T h u s i n c r e a s e
in C E 1 may be partly a c c o u n t e d for by
e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h e n i n g of t h e f i r s t s e c -
tion d u e to the f a c t a s l i g h t d i v e r g e n c e
of t h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n w a s compensated by
t h i c k e n i n g boundary l a y e r longwise. T h e
increase in pressure i n the diverging
zone w h e n installing t h e i n s e r t s a t e q u a l
d i d n ' t exceed 1 0 - 1 2 % as compared t o
t h e d u c t without i n s e r t s . A s o n e of t h e
d e m a n d s f a r the p e r f e c t i o n of t h e w o r k i n g
process on the d i v e r g i n g s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s
in p r e s e r v i n g all t h e p a r a m e t e r s in f r o n t
of i t . i t f o l l o w s t h a t c o n t o u r i n g t h e
diverging section with a small Opening
a n g l e of 1 30 . l i m i t i n g the range o f
j o i n t w o r k of the i n l e t and t h e C o n b u s -
t o r , is n o t e x p e d i e n t .
Fig.10 shows the comparisons of
b u r n i n g u p c u r v e s a t 8, = . 3 3 at t h e
s u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n m o d e a l o n g the d u c t
with a n insert a t M m = 5 ( t h e angle o f
d i v e r g e n c e of 5 - 1 0 ' 1 a n d w i t h o u t i t a t
Mm= 6 . 2 . F o r the s a K e of c o m p a r i s o n t h e
picture a l s o s h o w s the v a l u e s of C E ( xi
with P z = . 2 3 in the t e s t w i t h o u t a n i n s e r r
a t Mo, = 5 .
When noting a- c e r t a i n increase o f
the g r a d i e n t dCE;ds in the test with e,
= . 2 3 at ?Im = 5 as c o m p a r e d c o the test
with 0, = . 3 3 a t ?lm = 6 . 2 , w e snould.how-
4
ever.emphasize a considerable increase i n
t h e hydrogen burning u p i n the d i v e r g i n g
section with an insert. U
I t s h o u l d be n o t e d . h a w e v e r , t h a t when
t h e angle of d i v e r g e n c e of the second
s e c t i o n of the c h a m b e r w a s reduced w i t h -
o u t c h a n g i n g the third s e c t i o n . i t lead t o
the i o r m a t i o n of a d u c t w i t h a s t e p and
b r o u g h t a b o u t e x t r a l o s s e s in i m p u l s e f o r
s u d d e n e x p a n s i o n . A c o n c i d e r a b l e increase
of t h e "on-uniformity of t h e static p r e s -
s u r e a c r o s s the f l o w behind the second
s e c t i o n w i t h the insert.rneasured in cour-
s e of tests.canfirms the f a c t t h a t such
losses do exist.
Lengthening of the t h i r d s e c t i o n of
c o m b u s t o r f o r 90 m m a t Mm = 4 m a d e i t
possible to increase the e f f i c i e n c y of
t h e c o m b u s t o r CE by 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 1 .
The analysis o f hydrogen ignition
conditions and combustion process
stabilization
S i c h e f l a m e h o l d e r s h a d the f o l i o w i n g
d i m e n s i o n s : L = 0 . 0 7 m . H = 0.015 m - i n
1 1
the first combustor section and L =
3
0.088.. H3= 0.02m - in t h e third s e c t i o n
of t h e combustor. T h e s e f l a m e h o l d e r s with
t h e ratio L/H* 4 . 5 a s a r u l e ensure an
" o p e n " t y p e o f f l o w and h a v e a s m a l l d r a g
c o e f f i c i e n t C D . H y d r o g e n w a s i g n i t e d in 'J
t h e niche f l a m e h o l d e r s u s i n g the electric
ignition s y s t e m c o m p r i s i n g a c a p a c i o u s
i g n i t i o n s e t with t h e e n e r g y of E = 2 J a n
t h e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y and p l u g i g n i r o r s .
Preliminary research showed that
t h e r e w e r e two w o r k i n g m o d e s f o r niche
f l a m e h o l d e r s : a m o d e of residual f l a m e s
w h e n c o m b u s t i o n is in p r o g r e s s o n l y i n
t h e c i r c u l a t i o n zone of t h e f l a m e h o l d e r
a n d the m o d e of c o m b u s t i o n p r o p a g a t i o n
f r o m the f l a m e h o l d e r to t h e external flow
w h e n s t a b i l i z a t i o n takes p l a c e .
Q u a n t i t a t i v e l y the p r o c e s s is c h a -
r a c t e r i z e d by t h e r i t e r i o n of s t a b i -
z a t i o n K s t = u/ ( p f ' 4 : T : . L 1 and f u e l -
a i r ratio in the f l a m e h o l d e r r e c i r c u l a -
t i o n zone - P s t . T h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n c r i t e -
rion is.in f a c t . p r o p o r t i o n a 1 to t h e ratio
of time c h a r a c t e ~ i s t i c s : the t i m e of
time T
GD
( rGD -
c h e m i c a l reaction t o t h e hydrodynamic
L/u ) . Parameter Bstis
c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e method based
on t h e emplric d e p e n d e n c e of B a t o n the
m o d e and d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s . When c a l c u -
lating and @*,,parameters of the
K*,
external f l o w in f r o n t of t h e f l a m e h o l d e r
a n d measured i n the f l a m e h o l d e r z o n e
value of D are used.
Areas of s t a b i l i z a t i o n and ignition
for rhe model tests a r e s h o w n i n f i g . 1 1 .
 6 e l o w c u r v e 1 there is a n a r e a of the
flame propagation.between curve 1 and
curve 2 t h e r e i s a n a r e a of t h e residual
flame regimes. C u r v e 3 r e s t r i c t s the
ignition a r e a f o r t h e ignition s y s t e m
with the e n e r g y o f 2 J t h a t uses t h e
plug i g n i t o r . Curve 4 r e s t r i c t s the l i m i -
ting possible ignition area f o r the s p a r k
ignition s y s t e m . H a t c h i n g an f i g . 1 1 s h o w s
the a r e a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c for t h e initial
( b e f o r e i g n i t i o n ) c o n d i t i o n s in t h e
niche f l a m e h o l d e r a n d for t h e f i n i t e
conditions a t Mm = 5 . In the f i r s t
combustion s e c t i o n a t all t h e realised
values o f f ? , + , , . O . l - 0 . 3 the ignition o f
h y d r o g e n b y m e a n s o f plug ignitors and
a f t e r i g n i t i o n a t r a n s f e r to t h e r e g i m e
of f l a m e propagation were p r o v i d e d . I n
the third s e c t i o n of t h e combustor d u e to
rhe u n e v e n e s s o f the a i r f l o w the c o n d i -
tions f o r t h e i g n i t i o n were e s s e n t i a l l y
d i f f e r e n t on t h e b o t t o m and o n the u p p e r
walls ( a r e a s 6 and T accordingly ) . I n
the niche f l a m e h o l d e r s iocated o n t h e
bottom wall hydrogen v a s ignited by m e a n s
o f a plug i g n i t o r s a t ail t h e realized
values of B,,iO.S w h i l e in t h e n i c h e
flameholder on the u p p e r w a l l only a t
f?,"< 0 . 1 5 . A f t e r i g n i t i o n o n the bottom
wall there w a s a f l a m e propagation m o d e
of c o m b u s t i o n a t all t h e realized v a l u e s
of fJIv.while a n the c o w l after a c e r t a i n
value of f?,, had been accessed.
I h e a t s o u r c e s in t h e b o u n d a r y layer
In t h e e x p e r i m e n t s modelling t h e
conditions c o r r e s p o n d i n g to ,M = 6.2
higher total r e m p r t a t u r e s a n d static
pressure i n t h e c o m b u s t o r provided f o r
m o r e f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o f hydrogen
ignition a n d s t a b i l i z a t i o n i n the f i r s t
section of t h e c o m b u s t o r .
In t h o e x p e r i m e n t modelling M m = 4
f o r the i g n i t i o n of h y d r o g e n in the n i c h e
f l a m e h o l d e r s o f the t h i r d s e c r i o n of t h e
combustor s p a r k i g n i t o r s nere u s e d . w h i c h
made i t p o s s i b l e to expand t h e area o f
ignition to maximum possible i curve 4 .
f i g . 1 1 ) . A t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e mode o f
f l a m e p r o p a g a r i o n i n t o tne f l o w a f t e r
ignition is a result o f the t h r o t t l i n g o f
the f l o w .
The a n a l y s i s of heat t r a n s f e r
parameters
T h e v a l u e of t h e heat t r a n s f e r i n t o
the wall w a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e relatian-
s h i p q. = p . c . 8 . P T w / b T . i n the bottom
wall of t h e modei b o t h ~n t h e subsonic
3 s t r u t s a n d the w a l l s of t h e c h a m b e r .
iNm=4 a n a 5 j and s u p e r s o n i c combustion
mode (M,=5 & 6) the distributions of
q a r e q u a i i t a t i v e l y e q u a l in t h e second
I
5
a n d t h e third s e c t i o n s o f the c o m ~ u s t o ~
at the c o r r e l a t e d modes. i n t h e f i r s t
s ~ c t i o nt h e m a x i m u m heat t r a n s f e r a t M a =
5 in t h e s u p e r s o n i c n o d e is observed in
the n i c h e s while a t N m = 6 . 2 in t h e v i c i -
n i t y of t k e S t r u t s . T y p i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s
of q w ( I 1 f o r s o m e t e s t regimes a r e
s h o w n in f i g . 1 2 .
A f t e r a l t e r i n g the s h a p e o i the
s e c o n d s e c t i o n b y m e a n s of i n s e r t s . r e d u -
c i n g the angle o f d i v e r g e n c e . the c h a r a c -
t e r of d i s r r i b u t i o n and t h e v a l u e o f the
paramerer qw have not changed considerab-
l y . O n t h e cowl in the s u b s o n i c m o d e at
M m = 5 t h e values of q w in che n i c h e and
i n f r o n t of the fourth P O X o f i n j e c t o r s
d o n ' t differ s o m u c h . If w e c o m p a r e e x p e -
r i m e n t a l values o f q w i n t h e c h n r o c t e r i s -
tic cross-Sections of the d u c t with x =
5.4 and 7 . 7 to t h e design o n e s (average
i n t h e section ) . c a l c u l a t e d by means of
t h e criterial, e q u a l i t y of h e a t transfer
on t h e plate f o r n iD= 5 a n d t h e subsonic
c o m b u s t i o n mode we g e t a s e v e r a l t i m e s
d i f f e r e n c e . The d i f f e r e n c e remains e v e n
if w e t a k e into a c c o u n t t h e h e a t s o u r c e s
i n the boundary l a y e r . I n the s_upersonic
c o m b u s t i o n mode a t Mm = 5 a n d x i l . 7 d e -
s i g n and e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a -correspond
well b u t in the c r o s s s e c t i o n x = 5 . 4 t h e
c o r r e l a t i o n is s a t i s f a c t o r y o n l y w h e n
are
taken into account.
The s u m m a r y heat f l o w P a r a a e t e r Q w
i n t h e w a l l of t h e e n g i n e w a s obtained by
m e a n s of s u m m i n g u p locai p a r a m e t e r s q w
a l o n g t h e duct a n d w a s m a d e d i m e n s i o n l e s s
by c o r r e l a t i o n t o the q u a n t i t y o f h e a t
addition while H2 was b u r n i n g . The
-
d e p e n d e n c e o f t h i s parameter O w on f?,
f o r d i f f e r e n t m o d e s is s h o w n in f i g . 1 3 .
T h u s a t t h e o b t a i n e d e f f i c i e n c y o f corn-
b u s t i o n the wall heat lasses at BE =
0 . 5 ~ 0 . 9a m o u n t to 5 - 1 2 ' 6 . A c o m p a r i s o n of
Q w ( x ) . t h a t w a s o b t a i n e d in c o u r s e of
e x p e r i m e n t and c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g to
R e y n o l d s a n a l o g y . w a s m a d e far %Im = 6 . 2
(f is.1 4 ) .
Conclusion
The c o n d u c t e d study of the d u a l mode
s c r a m j e t with 2 - U inlet confirmed the
p r i n c i p a l possibiliry of o r g a n i z i n g i n
o n e and t h e s a m e d u c t s u b - and s u p e r s o n i c
c o m b u s t i o n o f h y d r o g e n injected f r o m t h e
The data prove t h e e f f i c i e n c y of
t h e n i x i n g and c o m b u s t i o n process in the
c o m b i n e d c h a m b e r o f the d u a l m a d e s c r a m -
jet.
 A c K" 0 L. 1 e d q m P I, :
W
The a u t h o r s wish t o express their
g r a t i t u d e to Ruvim 1 . K o u r z i n e r f o r h i s
i e a d e r s h i p during t h i s r e s e a r c h and par-
ticipation i n d i s c u s s i o n o f the results
o f this i n v e s t i g u c i o n .

References

:. C u r r a n E . T . e t Stull F.U."Ka.jet en-

g i n e s : h i g h l i g h t s o f past a c h i e v e m e n t s and
f u t u r e p r o m i s e " . P a p e r p r e s e n r e d a t the
2-nd international S y m p . a n Air B r e a t h i n g
Engines.III.lY74.Sneffild.
2 . Yaltrup P.J..Anderson 6 . Y . , S r u l l F . U .
.. s. u p e r s o n i c c o m b u s t i o n r a m l e t I s c r a m j e t ]
.
engine d e v e l o p m e n t in the United S t a r e s " .
3 - r d S y m p . o n Air b r e a t h i n g E n g i n e s . l Y B 7 ,
iti-042.
3.Albegov R.Y..Kourzener K.l..Petrov F i g . 1 Uual m o d e s c r a m j e t s c n e m e s
I . U . . S h e e c h m a n J u . X . " u p e r a t i a n process (pointers show fuel injecrioz
f e a t u r e s in a combined c o m b u s t o r a t h e a t
t r a n s f e r t o s u b s o n i c and s u p e r s o n i c f i o w '
P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e s e v e n t n Tsander F . A .
r e a d i n g s ,"Flying v e h i c l e s engine t h e o r y " ,
I O S C ~ Y . I Y ~ ~ . P P . Y ~ ~ I O ~ .
1 . Avduevskiy V . S . . " T u r b u l e n t Boundary
L a y e r " . N e w s of t h e USSR A c a d e m y of s c i e n -
ces.Xechanics and Machine-Milding, N 4 ,
1968. p p . 3 - 1 2 .

F 4 6 5 7 8 6 5

F i g . 2 S c h e m e of rhe i n v e s t i g a t e d 2 - D d u a l
mode scramjet
1-inlet. 2-chamber. 3-nozzie.
+struts, +niche flameholders.
& i g n i t o r s , 7 - c o w l ( u p p e r wall).
a - c e n t r a l body ( b o r r o n wall)

6
 CE I *\

scramjet
I
Fig.6 Engine air capture ratio vs heat
a d d i t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t Mm

Fig.9 Coaburtian efficiency vs (.%Lair

ratio
0 - M m= 6.2.1-11 rows.fl-Ym= i :-I1
rows, q - M m = 5. I V r o w . 0 -E.= <.I\’
row

O L I

3 + 5 6 M5.
~ i g . 7M a x i m u m heat a d d i t i o n as a result
of c o m b u s t i o n a t t h e f i r s t c h a m b e r
section vs Mach number
0 - B,..- ( BXCE ),

Fig.10 Combustion efficiency aiong r h e

chamber
a-M m = 5 . ~ i t h o u t w e d g e i n s e t . E ; = 0 . 2 3 ’ .
Fig.8 Conoustion efficiency for the b - M m = 6 . 2 . w i t h o u t w e d g e ~nse:.p-= . 3 3
different chamber sections r ,

O - l - s t section,@-’-nd section. c-Mm-5.with w e d g e i n s e t ( 5 1: l.Bz =

d - 3 - r d section 0.3
 9 2 43 45 1,o 1,s 2 3 4 5 !!
F i g . i Z Local heat [ran: e r distribution
F i g . l i Data bn ignition a n d stabilization along the duct at ifferent Mach x,
of C o n b u s K i o n process i-x,= I,, K
-
4.p,, =0.74 = 870
1-boundary o f spreading combustion
regiae.z-boundary of residual 2-9, =~,p," = O . ~ Y Ttm =1120 K
flames r e g i o n . 3 - b o u n d a r y of i g n i - 3-M, = 5 , 0 , " i0.23 Ttmi 950 K
t i o n r e g i o n in niche f l a m e h o l d e r s
with 7 0 - 9 0 nm long ( energy d i s - 4-~, = e . 2 .e, " = o .6 , Ttm=1150 K
charge-2J.plug ignitorsI.I-bounda-'
ry o f maximum possible ignition
region f o r spark i g n i r o r s . 5 - i n i c i -
a1 s t a t e s region f o r n i c h e f l a m e -
holders of the first chamber
section section ( M m = 5 ) . B . 7 - i n i r i a l
states regions for the third
chamber section niche flameholders
( u p p e r and bottom w a l l s r e s p e c t i -
vely.X,= SI. 8 . Y - finite s t a t e s
regions f a r r h e f i r s t and the
rhird(Bly 2 U . 2 2 chamber s e c r i o n
niche flameholders respectively
-
( M m = 5 )
- A

F i g . 1 3 Wall heat l o s s e s for scramjec d u c t

v-Sm=4. I,,= 8 7 0 K . I V fuel row
0 -Mm=5, T ~ m = 1 0 5 U ~ ~ l 1K 5. I0 V row
o-Mm=5, Ttm=Y50-1200 K.1-I1 rows
A - ~ ~ = t it m. =z I.B~O O - > ~ U O R . I + I Ir o w s
 1

42 0,li 0,6 0,8 j3,

Fig.14 S u m m a r y wall h e a r r r a n s f e r ( f u e l
is injected a t the fjrsr section
o f c o m b u s c a r ) v s f u e l - a i r r a r i o pz
- experimenral dara
0 , ..A,a . Heynoids analogy

c
'