INTEGRATION

1. Let E be a subset of R such that E contains a right or left neighbourhood of each of its points and let f:
E→R be a function. If there is a function F on E such that F ꞌ(x) =f(x) for all x∈ E , then we call F an
antiderivative of f or a primitive of f.
2. Let f: I →R . Suppose that f has an antiderivative F on I, we can say that f has an intergral on I and for
any real constant c, we call F+c an indefinite integral of f over I, denote it by ∫ f ( x)dx read as integral
f(x)dx. Also denoted as ∫ f
∴ ∫ f = ∫ f (x) dx = F+c
Here c is called as constant of integration, in indefinite integration f is called as integrand and x is called
as variable of integration.
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

DERIVATIVES INTEGRATION
d x (n+1)
x n+1=(n+1) x n n
∫ x dx= +c
dx n+1
d ∫ (1)dx=x +c
( x )=1
dx
d 2 x2
x =2 x ∫ (x)dx= 2 +c
dx
d 3 x3
x =3 x 2 2
∫ x dx= 3 + c
dx
d 1 −1 1 −1
=
dx x x 2 ∫ x2 dx= x
+c

d 1 −2 1 −1
( 2 )= 3
dx x x
∫ x3 dx= 2 x 2 + c
d 1 ∫ 1 dx=2 √ x +c
√ x=
dx 2 √x √x
d x x ∫ e x dx=e x + c
e =e
dx
d 1 ∫ 1 dx=log |x|+c
log e x =
dx x x e

d x x ax
a =a log e a x
∫ a dx= +c
dx log e a
d ∫ cos x dx=sin x +c
sin x=cos x
dx
d ∫ sin x dx=−cos x +c
cos x=−sin x
dx
d ∫ sec2 x dx=tan x +c
tan x=sec 2 x
dx
d ∫ cosec 2 x dx=−cot x+ c
cot x=−cosec 2 x+ c
dx
d ∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x +c
sec x=sec x tan x
dx
d ∫ cosec x cot x dx=−cosec x +c
cosec x=−cosec x cot x
dx
d 1 1
sin−1 x= ∫ dx=sin −1+ c
dx √1−x 2 √1−x 2

d −1 1
cos−1 x= ∫ dx=−cos−1 x + c
dx √1−x 2 √1−x 2

d 1 1
tan −1 x= ∫ 1+ x2 dx=tan−1 x +c
dx 1+ x2
d −1 1
cot−1 x= ∫ 1+ x2 dx=−cot−1+ c
dx 1+ x 2
d 1 1
sec −1 x= ∫ | | 2 dx=sec−1 x +c
dx |x|√ x2 +1 x √ x −1
d −1 1
cosec−1 x= ∫ | | 2 =−cosec−1 +c
dx |x|√ x 2−1 x √ x −1
d ∫ cosh x dx=sinh x + c
sinh x=cosh x
dx
d ∫ sinh x dx=cosh x + c
cosh x=sinh x
dx
d ∫ sech2 x dx=tanh x+ c
tanh x=sech2 x
dx
d ∫ cosech 2 x dx=−coth x +c
coth x =−cosech 2 x
dx
d ∫ sech x tanh x dx=−sech x +c
sech x=−sech x tanh x
dx
d ∫ cosech x coth x dx=−cosech x +c
cosech x=−cosech x coth x
dx
d 1 1
sinh−1 x= 2 ∫ dx =sinh−1 x+ c=log ( x + √ x 2+1)+c
dx √x +1 √1+ x 2

d 1 1
cosh−1 x= 2 ∫ dx=cosh−1 x+ c=log |( x+ √ x 2 +1)|+c
dx √ x −1 2
√ x −1
d 1 1
tanh −1 x= ∫ 1−x 2 dx=tanh−1 x+ c
dx 1−x 2
d −1 1
coth x= 2
1
dx 1−x
∫ 1−x 2 dx=coth−1 x +c
If the functions f and g have integrals on I, k is a real number then

• ∫ (f + g) x dx=∫ f (x )dx +∫ g( x )dx

• ∫ (f −g) x dx=∫ f ( x)dx−∫ g(x )dx
• ∫ (kf ) x dx=k ∫ f (x) dx
FORMULAE

1
• ∫ e ax dx = a e ax + c
1 1
• ∫ ax +b dx= a log|ax+ b|+ c
−1
• ∫ sin(ax+ b) dx= a
cos(ax+ b)+ c
1
• ∫ cos (ax +b)dx= a sin(ax +b)+c
1
• ∫ sec 2 (ax +b) dx= a tan (ax +b)+c
−1
• ∫ cosec 2(ax+ b)dx = a cot (ax +b)+c
−1
• ∫ cosec (ax +b)cot (ax +b)dx= a cosec(ax+ b)+ c
1
• ∫ sec (ax +b) tan( ax+ b)dx = a sec (ax +b)+c
f ' ( x)
• ∫ f ( x) dx=log|f ( x)|+ c
f ' (x )
• ∫ f (x ) dx=2 √ f (x )+c
√
[f (x)] α +1
• ∫ [f (x )]α f ' (x)dx= α +1 +c
• ∫ tanx dx=log|sec x|+c
1
• |
∫ cot x dx=log|sin x|+ c=log cosec x + c |
x
• | |
∫ sec x dx=log|sec x+ tan x|+c=log tan ( π4 + 2 ) + c
x
• | |
∫ cosec x dx=log|cosec x−cot x|+ c=log tan 2 +c
1 1 x−a
• | |
∫ x2 −a2 dx= 2 a log x+ a + c
1 1 a+ x
• | |
∫ a2−x 2 dx= 2 a log a−x + c
1 1 x
• ∫ x2 + a2 dx= a tan−1( a )+c
 1 −1 x x+ √ x 2 +a 2
• ∫ dx=sinh +c=log +c
√ x 2 +a 2 a a
1 −1 x x+ √ x 2−a 2
• ∫ 2 2
√ x −a
dx=−cosh
a
+c =log
a
+c | |
1 x
• ∫ 2 2 dx=sin−1 ( a )+ c
√ a −x
2 2 x 2 2 a2 −1 x
• ∫ √ a −x dx= 2
√ a −x + 2 sin ( a )+c
2
• ∫ √ a2 + x 2 dx= x2 √a 2+ x 2 + a2 sin−1 ( xa )+c
x 2 2 a2
• ∫√ x
2
−a
2
dx=
2
√ x −a − 2 cosh−1 ( xa )+c
• ∫ [f (x )+ f ' (x )]=e x f ( x)+C
d
• ∫ (uv)dx=u ∫ v dx−∫ [ dx u ∫ v dx ]dx +c
• ∫ (uv ' ) x dx=(uv )x−∫ (u ' v ) x dx

TYPE 1:
To evaluate integrals of the form

1
∫ ax 2+ bx+ c dx where a≠0

WORKING RULE: Reduce ax 2 +bx+ c to the form a [(x+ α )2+ β] and then integrate.

TYPE 2:
To evaluate integrals of the form

1
1. ∫ 2
dx
√ ax + bx+C
WORKING RULE: If a> o and b2−4 ac <0 , then reduce ax 2 +bx+ c to the form of
a [(x+ α )2+ β] and then integrate.
2
2. ∫ √ ax +bx+ c dx
WORKING RULE: If −a [β−(x−α )2 ]
a> 0 ,b 2−4 ac< 0 , then reduce
ax 2 +bx+ C to the form o −a [β−(x−α )2 ] and then integrate.

TYPE 3:
To evaluate integrals of the form

px +q px +q
1. ∫ ax 2+ bx+ c dx 2. ∫ 2
dx 3. ∫ (px +q) √ ax 2+ bx+ c dx where a≠0 , p≠0
√ ax + bx+ c
d
WORKING RULE: px+ q= A ( ax 2+ bx+ c)
dx
TYPE 4:
1 1 1 1
1. ∫ a+b cos x dx 2. ∫ a+b sin x dx 3. ∫ a+b cos x+ c sin x dx 4 ∫ a cos x +b sin x dx
b≠0 , c≠0
WORKING RULE:
x
put tan ( )=t , differentiate on both sides with respect to “t”
2
x 1 dx
→sec 2 ⋅ =1
2 2 dt
dt 2 x 2 x
→dx=2 ∵ sec =1+ tan
x 2 2
sec 2
2
dt
→dx=2
x
1+ tan 2
2
2
→dx= dt
1+ t 2
x x
1−tan 2 2 2 tan
2 1−t 2 2t
cos x= = , sin x= =
x 1+t 2
x 1+t 2
1+ tan 2 1+ tan 2
2 2
TYPE 5:
a cos x +b cos x
1. ∫ dx c≠0 , d ≠o
c cos x+ d sin x
d
WORKING RULE: Numerator= A (denominator )+ B( denominator )
dx
a cos x +b sin x+ c
2. ∫ dx , d≠0 , e≠0
d cos x+ e sin x +f
d
WORKING RULE: Numerator= A (denominator )+ B(denominator )+ C
dx
TYPE 6:
1 1
1. ∫ dx 2. ∫ dx
a+b cos 2 x a−b cos 2 x
WORKING RULE: put tan x=t , differentiate with respect to “t”
dx
→sec 2 x =1
dt
dt
→dx=
1+ tan 2 x
1
→dx= dt
1+ t 2
1−tan 2 x 1−t 2
cos 2 x= =
1+ tan 2 x 1+t 2
TYPE 7: TYPE 8:
1 1
∫ 2
dx ∫ ( ax+b) √ px +q dx
( px +q) √ ax +bx +c
1
WORKING RULE: px+ q= WORKING RULE: √ px +q=t
t