󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE 4

B\K 2::4
_A^\BK@
>:41
>6/4:/>:49

Zkurqukb u` systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ

Zareat m‒bma`tbobar
> cas parokred`las ma
c‒a`traprbsa

Lcba`t Axbia`las \E(T,\,A) \dtbsodltbk` A`t. ^a`tdnca

Axbia`las A`saenca ma ræicas ma Lcba`t sdtbsodbt
câidcas Zarsk``ac sâlurbsâ
(Zrkmubt, \\], A`v) ok`ltbk``aea`t A`v. Lk`sarvâ

Deâcbkrdtbk` Âvdcudtbk` mas

lk`tb`ua parokred`las
D`dcysa mas mk``âas bssuas
mu systæea ma easura dob`
m‒bma`tbobar cas dltbk`s ^aspalt mas axbia`las
^aspalt mas mâcdbs
m‒deâcbkrdtbk`s
Lkut kptbeue
^a`tdnbcbtâ
A`v, \\]
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

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L‒ast qukb u` \ET;

<
Ca \ET 7
 L‒ast c‒a`saenca mas ræicas ma ok`ltbk``aea`t ebsa a` pcdla
pkur dssurar u` ok`ltbk``aea`t aoobldla ma c‒a`traprbsa
Ca \ET ast u` kutbc qub pareat ê c‒a`traprbsa ma7
 Lkepra`mra cas axbia`las
axbia`las at cas dtta`tas ma sas lcba`ts
 Eattra a` Ŝuvra cas dltbk`s `âlassdbras pkur cd sdtbsodltbk` ma
sas lcba`ts (Zrklassus, rasskurlas, lkepâta`las, eâtfkmas, atl.)
 Dssurar u` ok`ltbk``aea`t aoobldla at edbtrbsâ
 Dssurar c‒deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua mu `bvadu ma cd sdtbsodltbk` ma
sas lcba`ts

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

Tu‒ast la qu‒u` systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ

= ^asskurlas ^asskurlas Ocux

Axbia`las fuedb`as Edtârbaccas m‒b`okredtbk` \dtbsodltbk`
Lcba`t sdtbsodbt
Lcba`t
A`t. ra`tdnca

Eâtfkma A`vbrk``aea`t \tyca ma

ma trdvdbc ma trdvdbc ed`diaea`t

Deâcbkrdtbk` Âvdcudtbk` mas

lk`tb`ua parokred`las

 Ca \ET `‒ast dutra qua cd lkenb`dbsk` mas rasskurlas edtârbaccas, mas

rasskurlas fuedb`as, mas eâtfkmas at ma c‒a`vbrk``aea`t ma trdvdbc, mu
ocux m‒b`okredtbk` at mu styca ma ed`diaea`t ma c‒a`traprbsa pkur
dttab`mra u` kngaltbo lkeeu` qub ast cd sdtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t.
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

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Ed`diar cd qudcbtâ/ ZMLD

1
Deâcbkrar Zcd`bobar
 9- Deâcbkrar
Deâcbkrar la qub ê âtâ odbt 4- \dvk
\dvkbr
br la qu‒bc odut odbra 7
 Deâcbkrdtbk` mu prkmubt, Axbia`las at dtta`tas mas lcba`ts
>- Mâob`
Mâob`br
br qub vd odbra
odbra 7
 Deâcbkrdtbk` mas prklassus Krid`bsdtbk`, raspk`sdnbcbtâ
 Deâcbkrdtbk` mas lkepâta`las <- Çtra ldpdnca
ldpdnca ma odbra7
odbra7
 ^avua ma mbraltbk` Ekya`s, Lkepâta`las,
B`ordstrulturas, a`vbrk``aea`t ma
 atl … trdvdbc …
=- Mâob`
Mâob`br
br lkeea`t
lkeea`t odbra 7
Eâtfkmas, prklâmuras,
mkluea`tdtbk`, atl.
Âvdcuar
?- Âvd
Âvdcuar
cuar la qub
qub d âtâ odbt
Lk`trýca prkmubt , ^âdcbsar, eattra a` dppcbldtbk`
Âvdcudtbk` mas parokred`las mas 1- Odbra la qub ê âtâ prâvua ma odbra
prklassus
Eattra a` dppcbldtbk`
Dumbt b`tar`as mas prklassus,
kngaltbos, …

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

Mâob`btbk`s
?

Tudcbtâ

Dptbtuma m‒u` a`saenca ma ldrdltârbstbquas

b`trb`sæquas ê sdtbsodbra mas axbia`las
axbia`las
Axbia`las B\K 2:::/>:::§<.4.4

Naskb` ku dtta`ta qub pauva`t çtra

okreucâs, fdnbtuaccaea`t bepcblbtas, ku
bepksâs.

B\K 2:::/>:::§<.4.>
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Mâob`btbk`s
9


\ystæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cdb `tardltbos
qudcbtâ
A`saenca m‒âcâea`ts lkrrâcâs ku b`tardltbos
pareattd`t m‒krba`tar at ma lk`trýcar u`
krid`bsea a` edtbæra ma qudcbtâ

B\K 2:::/>:::§<.>.<

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

Mâob`btbk`s
6

Zrklassus
A`saenca m‒dltbvbtâs lkrrâcâas ku b`tardltbvas qub
trd`sokrea`t mas âcâea`ts m‒a`trâa a` âcâea`ts ma
skrtba

B\K 2:::/>:::§<.=.4
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

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Dvd`tdias
Dvd`tdias m‒u` systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ

Cd ebsa a` pcdla m‒u` \ET md`s u`a a`traprbsa

pareat7
Ma lfd`iar cd luctura ma c‒a`traprbsa m‒u`a luctura
varndca vars u`a luctura ndsâ sur cas âlrbts.
M‒dssklbar tkus cas dltaurs ma c‒a`traprbsa dutkur m‒u`
kngaltbo lkeeu`7 cd sdtbsodltbk` mas lcba`ts
M‒krba`tar cd iastbk` ma c‒a`traprbsa sur cd ndsa mas
râsuctdts (parokred`la) at `k` pds sur c‒aookrt.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

C‒dpprklfa prklassus
4:

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
\a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ê c'B\K 2::4/ Kltknra >:4=

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Tu‒ast la qub lfd`ia;

l fd`ia;
44

Dmkptbk` m‒u`a `kuvacca strultura (FC\)

B`trkmultbk` ma cd `ktbk` m‒âvdcudtbk` mas rbsquas
B`trkmultbk` ma c‒d`dcysa mu lk`taxta ma c‒a`traprbsa
Edbtrbsa mas b`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas
Zcd`bobldtbk` ma c‒dttab`ta mas kngaltbos
B`tâirdtbk` ma cd `ktbk` m‒axtar`dcbsdtbk` md`s cas
dlfdts
Iastbk` mas lk``dbssd`la
Mâedrlfa m‒deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua pcus axpcblbta

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

@kuvaccaa strultura
@kuvacc str ultura
4>

_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6

= Lk`taxta ma c'krid`bsea = systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma
cd qudcbtâ
1 Cadmarsfbp 1 ^aspk`sdnbcbtâ ma cd mbraltbk`
? Zcd`bobldtbk` ? Ed`diaea`t mas rasskurlas
9 \uppkrt 9 ^âdcbsdtbk` mu prkmubt
6 ^âdcbsdtbk` mas dltbvbtâs 6 Easura
Easura,, d`dcys
d`dcysaa at
kpârdtbk``accas deâcbkrdtbk`
2 Âvdcudtbk` mas parokred`l
parokred`las
as
4: Deâcbkrdtbk`

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
4<

_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6

= Lk`taxta ma c'krid`bsea @kuvadu

=.4 Lkeprâfa`sbk` ma c'krid`bsea at ma @kuvadu
sk` lk`taxta
=.> Lkeprâfa`sbk` mas naskb`s at mas @kuvadu
dtta`tas mas pdrtbas b`târassâas
=.< Mâtareb`dtbk` mu mkedb`a =.>.> Ed`uac qudcbtâ
m'dppcbldtbk` mu systæea ma
ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ
=.= \ystæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd =.4 Axbia`las iâ`ârdcas
qudcbtâ at prklassus dssklbâs

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
4=

_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6

1 Cadmarsfbp
1.4 Cadmarsfbp at a`idiaea`t
1 raspk`sdnbcbtâ ma cd mbraltbk`
1.4 a`idiaea`t ma cd mbraltbk`
1.4.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs 1.4 A`idiaea`t ma cd mbraltbk`
1.4.> Krba`tdtbk` lcba`t 1.> Alkuta lcba`t
1.> Zkcbt
Zkcbtbqua
bqua 1.< Zkcbtbqua qudcbtâ
1.< ^ýcas, raspk`sdnbcbtâs at dutkrbtâs 1.1 ^aspk`sdnbc
^aspk`sdnbcbtâ,
btâ, dutkrbtâ
dutkrbtâ at
du sab` ma c'krid`bsea lkeeu`bldtbk`

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
41

_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6

? Zcd`bobldtbk` 1.= Zcd`bobldtbk`
?.4 Dltbk`s ê eattra a` Ŝuvra odla dux 6.1.
6.1.<
< Dltbk`s
Dltbk`s prâva`tbv
prâva`tbvas
as
rbsquas at kppkrtu`btâs
?.> Kngaltbos qudcbtâ at pcd`bobldtbk` 1.=.4 Kngaltbos qudcbtâ
pkur cas dttab`mra
?.< Zcd`bobldtbk` mas ekmbobldtbk`s 1.=.>
1.=.> Zcd`bobldtbk`
Zcd`bobldtbk` mu \ET

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
4?
_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6
9 \uppkrt
9.4 ^asskurlas
9.4.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs ?.4 Ebsa ê mbspksbtbk` mas rasskurlas
9.4.> ^asskurlas fuedb`as ?.>.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs
9.4.< B`ordstrultura ?.< B`ordstrulturas
9.4.= A`vbrk``aea`t pkur cd ebsa a` Ŝuvra mas prklassus ?.= a`vbrk``aea`t ma trdvdbc
9.4.1 ^asskurlas pkur cd survabccd`la at cd easura 9.? edbtrbsa mas Aq. ma survabccd`la …
9.4.? Lk``dbssd`las krid`bsdtbk``accas @kuvadu
9.> Lkepâta`las ?.>.> Lkepâta`las, okredtbk` at sa`sbnbcbsdtbk`
9.< \a`sbnbcbsdtbk` ?.>.> Lkepâta`las, okredtbk` at sa`sbnbcbsdtbk`
9.= Lkeeu`bldtbk` 1.1.< Lkeeu`bldtbk` b`tar`a
9.1 B`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas =.> Axbia`las racdtbvas ê cd mkluea`tdtbk`
9.1.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs =.>.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs
9.1.> Lrâdtbk` at ebsa ê gkur mas BM =.>.< Edbtrbsa mas mkluea`ts
9.1.< Edàtrbsa mas b`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas =.>.< at =.>.= Edbtrbsa mas mkls. at mas A`r.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
49 _arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6
6 ^âdcbsdtbk` mas dltbvbtâs kpârdtbk``accas 9 ^âdcbsdtbk` mu prkmubt

6.4 Zcd`bobldtbk` at edàtrbsa kpârdtbk``accas 9.4 Zcd`bobldtbk` ma cd râdcbsdtbk` mu prkmubt

6.> Axbia`las racdtbvas dux prkmubts at sarvblas 9.> Zrklassus racdtbo dux lcba`ts

6.>.4 Lkeeu`bldtbk` dval cas lcba`ts 9.>.< Lkeeu`bldtbk` dval cas lcba`ts
6.>.> Mâtareb`dtbk` mas axbia`las racdtbvas dux prkmubts at 9.>.4 Mâtareb`dtbk` mas axbia`las racdtbvas du prkmubt
sarvblas
6.>.< ^avua mas axbia`las racdtbvas dux prkmubts at sarvblas 9.>.> ^avua mas axbia`las racdtbvas du prkmubt

6.< Lk`laptbk` at mâvackppaea`t ma prkmubts at sarvblas 9.< Lk`laptbk`

Lk`laptbk` ar mâvackppaea`t
6.<.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs @kuvacca axbia`la
6.<.> Zcd`bobldtbk` ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâvackppaea`t 9.<.4 Zcd`bobldtbk` ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâva
mâvackppaea`t
ckppaea`t

6.<.< Âcâea`ts m'a`trâa ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâvackppaea`t 9.<.> Acâea`ts m‒a`trâa ma cd LM

6.<.= Edàtrbsa ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâvackppaea`t 9.<.=/ 9.<.1 ^avua/ _ârbobldtbk` ma cd LM

6.<.1 Âcâea`ts ma skrtba ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâvackppaea`t 9.<.< Acâea`ts ma skrtba ma cd LM

6.<.? Ekmbobldtbk`s ma cd lk`laptbk` at mu mâvackppaea`t 9.<.9 Ekmbobldtbk` ma cd LM

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
46
_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6
6.= Edàtrbsa mas prkmubts at sarvblas okur`bs pdr mas 9.= Dlfdt
prastdtdbras axtar`as
6.=.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs . 9.=.4 Zrklassus m‒dlfdt
6.=.> ]ypa at âta`mua ma cd edàtrbsa 9.=.< _ârbobldtbk` mu prkmubt dlfatâ
6.=.< B`okredtbk`s ê c‒dtta`tbk` mas prastdtdbras axtar`as 9.=.>B`okredtbk`s racdtbvas dux dlfdts
6.1 Zrkmultbk` at prastdtbk` ma sarvbla 9.1 Zrkmultbk` at prâpdrdtbk` mu sarvbla
6.1.4 Edàtrbsa ma cd prkmultbk` at ma cd pr astdtbk` ma sarvbla 9.1.4 Edbtrbsa ma cd prkmultbk` at ma cd prâpdrdtbk` mu sarvbla +
9.1.>

6.1.> Bma`tbobldtbk` at trdédnbcbtâ 9.1.< Bma`tbobldtbk` at trdédnbcbtâ

6.1.< Zrkprbâtâ mas lcba`ts ku mas prastdtdbras axtar`as 9.1.= Zrkprbâtâ mu lcba`t
6.1.= Zrâsarvdtbk` 9.1.1 Zrâsarvdtbk` mu prkmubt
6.1.1 Dltbvbtâs dpræs cbvrdbsk` @kuvacca axbia`la
6.1.? Edàtrbsa mas ekmbobldtbk`s @kuvacca axbia`la
6.? Cbnârdtbk` mas prkmubts at sarvblas @kuvacca axbia`la
âcâea`ts
6.9 Edàtrbsa mas âcâea`ts ma skrtba `k` lk`okreas 6.< Edbtrbsa mu prkmubt @k` lk`okrea

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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@kuvaccaa strultura ma cd `krea

@kuvacc
42

_arsbk` >:41 _arsbk` >::6

2 Âvdcudtbk` mas parokred`las
2.4 \urvabccd`la, easura, d`dcysa at
âvdcudtbk`
2.4.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs 6.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs
2.4.> \dtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t 6.>.4 \dtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t
2.4.< D`dcysa at âvdcudtbk` 6.= d`dcysa mas mk``âas
2.> Dumbt b`tar`a 6.> Dumbt b`tar`a
2.< ^avua ma mbraltbk` 1.? ^avua ma mbraltbk`
4: Deâcbkrdtbk` 6.1 Deâcbkrdtbk`
4:.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs 6.1.4 Deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua
4:.> @k`-lk`okrebtâ at dltbk` lkrraltbva 6.1.> Dltbk`s lkrraltbvas
4:.< Deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

^acdtbk` a`tra cas axbia`las

>:

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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Ca lylca ZMLD
>4

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

= Lk`taxta ma c'krid`bsea
>>

=.4 Lkeprâfa`sbk` ma c'krid`bsea at ma sk`

lk`taxta
=.> Lkeprâfa`sbk` mas naskb`s at mas dtta`tas
mas pdrtbas b`târassâas
=.< Mâtareb`dtbk` mu mkedb`a m'dppcbldtbk` mu
systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ
=.= \ystæea ma ed`diaea`t
ed`d iaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ at
prklassus dssklbâs

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

]areb`kckiba
><

 <.:> Zdrtba b`târassâa (tarea ralkeed`mâ) pdrtba

pra`d`ta (tarea dmebs)7 parsk``a ku krid`bsea (<.:4) qub
paut dvkbr u`a b`lbma`la, çtra dooaltâ pdr u`a mâlbsbk` ku
dltbvbtâ ku dvkbr u` pkb`t ma vua suslaptbnca ma cas dooaltar
 <.>= Lk`taxta m'u` krid`bsea (a`vbrk``aea
a`vbrk``aea`t`t mas
doodbras)7 lkenb`dbsk` ma odltaurs at ma lk`mbtbk`s, b`tar`as
at axtar`as,
axtar`as, pkuvd`t dvkbr u` aooat sur c'dpprklfa m'u`
krid`bsea (<.:4) a` la qub lk`lar`a sas prkmubts (<.=9),
sarvblas (<.=6), b`vastbssaea`ts at pdrtbas b`târassâas (<.:>)
 <.4> Zrklassus7 a`saenca m'dltbvbtâs lkrrâcâas ku a`
b`tardltbk` qub trd`sokrea mas âcâea`ts m'a`trâa a` âcâea`ts
ma skrtba (<.=?)

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

=.4 Lkeprâfa`sbk` ma c'krid`bsea at ma

sk` lk`taxta
>=

C‒krid`bsea mkbt mâtar

mâtareb`ar
eb`ar cas a`gaux axtar`as
at b`tar`as partb`a`ts pdr rdppkrt ê sd ob`dcbtâ
at sk` krba`tdtbk` strdtâibqua,
strdtâibqua, at qub b`ocua`t sur
sd ldpdlbtâ ê knta`br ca(s) râsuctdt(s) dtta`mu(s)
ma sk` systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ.
C'krid`bsea mkbt survabccar at ravkbr cas
b`okredtbk`s mk`t bc mbspksa sur las a`gaux
axtar`as at b`tar`as

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 _arsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Lk`taxta ma c‒krid`bsea
>1
Edrlfâ
Dltbk``db
ras Lk`lurr
a`ts

Okur`bs
Ekya`/ Krid`bsea saurs
Zrklassus

Câibscdtb
Zarsk`
k` `ac
]alf`k
ckiba
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

D`dcysa \YK]
>?

(+) (-)

Lkepksd`tas Okrlas Odbncassas

b`tar`as (\tra`itfs) (Yadh`assas)

Lkepksd`tas Kppkrtu`btâs Ea`dlas

axtar`as (Kppk
(Kppkrtu
rtu`b
`btbtbas
as ) (]fradts)

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Lk`taxta ma c‒krid`bsea (axaepca)

>9

Okrlas Odbncassas
Zarsk``ac Lkepâta`las ^ava`mbldtbk`
Zkcyvdca`las sklbdcas
Bepcbldtbk` Dnsa`tâbsea
Kppkrtu`btâs Ea`dlas
Lcba`ts Duiea`tar cas Zrassbk` ma
pdrts ma edrlfâ râmu
râmult
ltbk
bk`` ma
mass
prbx
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

=.> Lkeprâfa`sbk` mas naskb`s at mas

>6
dtta`tas mas pdrtbas b`târassâas
 A` rdbsk` ma caur bepdlt, râac ku pkta`tbac, sur c'dptbtuma
ma c'krid`bsea
sarvblas ê okur`br
lk`okreas a` pared`a`la
dux axbia`las mas prkmubts
mas lcba`ts at dux at
axbia`las câidcas at râicaea`tdbras dppcbldncas,
c'krid`bsea mkbt mâtareb`ar 7
d) cas pdrtbas b`târassâas qub sk`t partb`a`tas
par tb`a`tas md`s ca
ldmra mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ 8
n) cas axbia`las ma las pdrtbas b`târassâas qub sk`t
partb`a`tas md`s ca ldmra mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma
cd qudcbtâ.
 C'krid`bsea mkbt survabccar at ravkbr cas b`okredtbk`s
mk`t bc mbspksa sur las pdrtbas b`târassâas at caurs
axbia`las partb`a`tas.
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Cas dtta`tas mas pdrtbas

pdr tbas b`târassâas
>2
Zdrtba b`târassâa Naskb`s at dtta`tas \kurla m‒b`okredtbk`
Lcba`t @bvadu qudcbtâ (ZZE) Lk`trdt
]dux ma sarvbla Ed`uac m‒dlfdt
Tudcbobldtbk` ma `kuvadu @kreas
prkmubt Ldfbar mas lfdrias
Tudcbobldtbk` prklassus \pâlbobldtbk` talf`bquas
Lartbobldtbk` mu \ET Atl.
Lartbobldtbk`
Lartbobldtbk` mu \EA
Zrkmubts prkfbnâs
^âpk`sas dux râlcdedtbk`s
Kutbcs qudcbtâ
Atl.
Dltbk``dbras ^a`tdnbcbtâ (mbvbma`mas)
Zâra``btâ
Lrkbssd`la

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

=.< Mâtareb`dtbk` mu mkedb`a m'dppcbldtbk`

mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ
<:

 C'krid`bsea mkbt mâtareb`ar cas cbebtas at c'dppcbldnbcbtâ

c'dppcbldnbcbtâ mu systæea ma
ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ dob` m'âtdncbr sk` mkedb`a m'dppcbldtbk`.
 Ckrsqu'bc âtdncbt la mkedb`a m'dppcbldtbk`, c'krid`bsea mkbt pra`mra a`
lkepta 7
 d) cas a`gaux axtar`as at b`tar`as
b`tar `as duxquacs bc ast odbt râoâra`la a` =.4 8
 n) cas axbia`las mas pdrtbas b`târassâas partb`a`tas duxquaccas bc ast odbt
râoâra`la a` =.>
 l) cas prkmubts at sarvblas ma c'krid`bsea.

 C‒krid`bsea mkbt dppcbquar tkutas cas axbia`las ma cd prâsa`ta `krea

C‒krid`bsea
b`tar`dtbk`dca sb accas sk`t dppcbldncas md`s ca ldmra mu mkedb`a
m‒dppcbldtbk` mâtareb`â ma sk` \ET
 Ca mkedb`a m'dppcbldtbk` mkbt çtra mbspk`bnca at ta`u ê gkur skus cd okrea
m'u`a b`okredtbk` mkluea`tâa b`mbqud`t 7
 cas prkmubts at sarvblas lkuvarts pdr ca systæea
systæ ea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ 8
 u`a gustbobldtbk` pkur tkut lds kò u`a axbia`la ma cd prâsa`ta @krea
b`tar`dtbk`dca `a paut pds çtra dppcbquâa.
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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Mkedb`a m‒dppcbldtbk`
<4

\bta 4
Zârbeætra
iâkirdpfbqua
\bta >

Krid`bsea Zrkmubt, sarvbla, \bta `

dltbvbtâ

Axbia`las Axaepca7
dppcbldncas Lk`laptbk` mu
(ku axlcus) prkmubt

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

=.= \ystæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ at

prklassus dssklbâs
<>
 C'krid`bsea mkbt âtdncbr,
âtdncbr, eattra a` Ŝuvra, ta`br ê ggkur
kur at deâcbkrar ma ed`bæra lk`tb`ua u` systæea
ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ, y lkeprbs cas prklassus `âlassdbras at caurs b`tardltbk`s, a` dllkrm
dval cas axbia`las ma cd prâsa`ta @krea b`tar`dtbk`dca.
 C'krid`bsea mkbt mâtareb`ar cas prklassus `âlassdbras du systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ at
caur dppcbldtbk` md`s tkut c'krid`bsea at mkbt mâtareb`ar 7
 d) cas âcâea`ts m'a`trâa raqubs at cas âcâea`ts ma skrtba aslkeptâs pkur las prklassus 8
 n) cd sâqua`la at c'b`tardltbk` ma las prklassus 8
 l) cas lrbtæras, cas eâtfkmas, y lkeprbs cas easuras at cas b`mbldtaurs ma parokred`la dssklbâs `âlassdbras
pkur dssurar ca ok`ltbk``aea`t at cd edàtrbsa aoobldlas ma las prklassus 8
 m) cas rasskurlas `âlassdbras at s'dssurar ma caur mbspk`bnbcbtâ 8
 a) c'dttrbnutbk` mas raspk`sdnbcbtâs at dutkrbtâs pkur las prklassus 8
 o) cas rbsquas at cas kppkrtu`btâs lk`okreâea`t dux axbia`las ma ?.4, at pcd`bobar at eattra a` Ŝuvra cas
dltbk`s dpprkprbâas pkur cas trdbtar 8
 i) cas eâtfkmas pareattd`t ma survabccar, ma easurar, ca lds âlfâd`t, at m'âvdcuar cas prklassus at, sb
`âlassdbra, cas ekmbobldtbk`s mas prklassus pkur s'dssurar qu'bcs prkmubsa`t cas râsuctdts aslkeptâs 8
 f) cas kppkrtu`btâs m'deâcbkrdtbk` mas prklassus at mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ.
 C'krid`bsea mkbt , dutd`t qua `âlassdbra7
 ta`br ê gkur cas b`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas `âlassdbras du ok`ltbk``aea`t ma sas prklassus
 lk`sarvar cas b`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas pkur dvkbr c'dssurd`la qua cas prklassus sk`t ebs a` Ŝuvra
lkeea prâvu

@GBE B\K 2::4 varsbk`

varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
Ed`diaea`t 
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Ldrtkirdpfba mas prklassus7 Axaepca

<<

  s
  a
   m Zbcktar c‒a`traprbsa   s
   t   s   a
   t
  a   a   s   b
  s   â   a   d
   t   s    t    o
   b
  s
  `   s ]rdbtar cd   r    b
  a   a
  r Lk`lavkbr ^âdcbsar   d   t
   b
   c    â racdtbk` B`mustrbdcbsar
ca prkmubt   p   d
  s
  l   t ca prkmubt ca prkmubt    t
  `
  s   b lcba`t   a   s
  a
  a   s   s   â
   t
   m   a   `   s
  s   b
   t   a   s
  a   r
   t    c   a
   b   r
  d Dssurar cd   l   â
  `   p Iârar cas Edb`ta`br cas    t
  a
   t   `
   t lkepâta`las ekya`s ckibstbqua    b
   D

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

Zrâsa`tdtbk` mas prklassus7 Axaepca

<=
Oblfa prklassu
prklassus
s7 Ed`diaea`t at deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua Zbckta mu prklassu
prklassus
s7 MI

Ob`dcbtâ mu prklassu
prklassus
s7 Dssurar cd pcd`bobldtbk`, ca ok`ltbk``aea`t at c‒deâcbkrdtbk` mu \ET md`s ca nut
m‒dllrk à tra
tra cd sdtbsodltbk` mas lcba`ts

Ekya`s7 Dltaurs7
Bma`tbobar cas ekya`s (âqubpaea`ts, Mâob`br cas ok`ltbk`s qub b`tarvba``a`t
ckiblbac, atl.) qub pareatta`t ca nk` md`s ca ok`ltbk``aea`t mu prklassus
ok`ltbk``aea`t mu prklassus
Âcâea`ts m‒a`trâas7 \âqua`las7 Âcâea`ts ma skrtba7
Mâob`br cas b`okredtbk`s at cas Mâob`br cd sullassbk` mas Mâob`br cas b`okredtbk`s at
âvâ`aea`ts `âlassdbras du kpârdtbk`s ku mas tdlfas cas âvâ`aea`ts qub sk`t
ok`ltbk``aea`t mu prklassus `âlassdbras du ok`ltbk``aea`t mu iâ`ârâs pdr ca
prklassus ok`ltbk``aea`t mu prklassus

Eâtfkmas7 Easura7
Mâob`br cas mkluea`ts `âlassdbras du Mâob`br cas b`mbldtaurs ma parokred`las
ok`ltbk``aea`t mu prklassus (prklâmuras, `âlassdbras ê c‒âvdcudtbk` ma c‒aoobldlbtâ
b`strultbk`s, `kreas, spâlbobldtbk`, atl) mu prklassus

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Qtbcbsdtbk` aoobldla ma c‒Dpprklfa

<1
prklassus

Cas_dcaur
cd prklassus sk`t bma`tbobâs sack` caur lk`trbnutbk` ê
dgkutâa
Cas b`tardltbk`s a`tra cas prklassus sk`t bma`tbobâas
at iârâas
Cas b`mbldtaurs ma parokred`las at cas kngaltbos sk`t
krba`tâs vars cas râsuctdts (ob`dcbtâ mas prklassus)
Cas prklassus sk`t iârâs sack` cd ckibqua ZMLD
Cas rbsquas racdtbos dux prklassus sk`t bma`tbobâs at
mas dltbk`s prâva`tbvas sk`t mâob`bas
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

^âsueâ
<?
=.4 Lk`taxta =.> Zdrtbas
maA`gaux
c‒Krid`bsea
B/A b`târassâas7
Dtta`tas

=.< Mkedb`a
m‒dppcbldtbk`
mu \ET

=.= \ET &

Zrklassus
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Tubz!!!
<9
 Tu‒ast la qu‒u` a`gaux;
 Zk
Zkurqukb
urqukb mkbt k` mâtareb`ar cas a`gaux b`tar`as at axtar`as ;
 Tuaccas sk`t cas pdrtbas pra`d`tas partb`a`tas pkur u`
krid`bsea;
 Lbtaz mas axaepcas ma naskb`s ku m‒dtta`tas mas las pdrtbas
pra`d`tas (pdrtbas b`târassâas )
 Tuaccas sk`t cas lk`mbtbk`s qub pareatta`t ê u` krid`bsea ma
`a pds dppcbquar u`a axbia`la ma cd `krea;
 Lkeea`t sa mâob`b ca mkedb`a m‒dppcbldtbk` mu \ET;
 Tu‒ast la qu‒u` prklassus;
 Tua mkbt mâtareb`ar, c‒krid`bsea pkur lfdqua prklassus mu
\ET;
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

1 Cadmarsfbp
<6

1.4 Cadmarsfbp at a`idiaea`t

1.4.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs
1.4.> Krba`tdtbk` lcba`t

1.> Zkcbtbqua
1.>.4 Atdncbssaea`t ma cd pkcbtbqua qudcbtâ
1.>.> Lkeeu`bldtbk` ma cd pkcbtbqua qudcbtâ

1.< ^ýcas, raspk`sdnbcbtâs at dutkrbtâs du sab` ma

c'krid`bsea

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

1.4.4 Iâ`ârdcbtâs
<2
 Cd mbraltbk` mkbt mâek`trar sk` cadmarsfbp at sk` a`idiaea`t vbs-ê-vbs mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma
cd qudcbtâ a` 7
 d) dssued`t cd raspk`sdnbcbtâ ma c'aoobldlbtâ
c 'aoobldlbtâ mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ 8
 n) s'dssurd`t qua cd pkcbtbqua at cas kngaltbos qudcbtâ sk`t âtdncbs pkur ca systæea ma ed`diaea`t
ma cd qudcbtâ at qu'bcs sk`t lkepdtbncas dval c'krba`tdtbk`
c 'krba`tdtbk` strdtâibqua at ca lk`taxta ma
c'krid`bsea 8
 l) s'dssurd`t qua cas axbia`las cbâas du systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ sk`t b`tâirâas dux
prklassus eâtbars ma c'krid`bsea 8
 m) prkekuvd`t
prkekuvd`t c‒utbcbsdtbk` ma c‒dpprklfa prklassus at ma c‒dpprklfa pdr cas rbsquas 8
 a) s'dssurd`t qua cas rasskurlas raqubsas pkur ca systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ sk`t
mbspk`bncas8
 o) lkeeu`bqud`t sur c'bepkrtd`la ma mbspksar m'u` systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ
aoobldla at ma sa lk`okrear dux axbia`las cbâas ê la systæea 8
 i) s'dssurd`t qua ca systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ prkmubt cas râsuctdts dtta`mus 8
 f) b`lbtd`t, krba`td`t at skuta`d`t ca parsk``as pkur qu‖accas lk`trbnua`t ê c'aoobldlbtâ mu systæea
ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ 8
 b) prkekuvd`t c'deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua 8
 g) skuta`d`t cas dutras ok`ltbk`s ma ed`diaea`t partb`a`tas dob` ma mâek`trar caur
raspk`sdnbcbtâ md`s caurs mkedb`as raspaltbos.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

1.4.> Krba`tdtbk` lcba`t

=:

 Cd mbraltbk` mkbt mâek`trar sk` cadmarsfbp at sk`

a`idiaea`t
qua 7 racdtbo ê c'krba`tdtbk` lcba`t a` s'dssurd`t
s'dss urd`t
d) cas axbia`las mu lcba`t db`sb qua cas axbia`las
axbia`las câidcas
at râicaea`tdbras dppcbldncas sk`t mâtareb`âas,
mâtar eb`âas, lkeprbsas
at sdtbsodbtas a` pared`a`la8
n) cas rbsquas at cas kppkrtu`btâs suslaptbncas m'dvkbr u`a
b`lbma`la sur cd lk`okrebtâ mas prkmubts at mas sarvblas
sar vblas at
sur c'dptbtuma ê deâcbkrar cd sdtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t sk`t
mâtareb`âs at prbs a` lkepta8
m) cd prbkrbtâ m‒dllrkbssaea`t ma cd sdtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t
ast prâsarvâa.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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1.>.4Atdncbssaea`t ma cd pkcbtbqua
1.>.4Atdncbssaea`t
=4
qudcbtâ

êCdgkur
mbraltbk` mkbt âtdncbr,
u`a pkcbtbqua eattra
qudcbtâ qub a`
7 Ŝuvra at ta`br
ta`br
d) ast dpprkprbâa ê cd ob`dcbtâ at du lk`taxta ma
c'krid`bsea at skutba` sk` krba`tdtbk` strdtâibqua
n) okur`bt
okur`bt u` ldmra pkur c‒âtdncbssaea`t
c‒âtdncbssaea`t m'kngaltbos
qudcbtâ 8
l) b`lcut c'a`idiaea`t ma sdtbsodbra dux axbia`las
dppcbldncas 8
m) b`lcut c'a`idiaea`t pkur c'deâcbkrdtbk` lk`tb`ua mu
systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ.
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

Cd Zkcbtbqua Tudcbtâ « \lf`abmar

=>
Acaltrbl ¸
 Lfaz \lf`abmar Acaltrbl,
Acaltrbl, cd sdtbsodltbk` ma `ks lcba`ts ast `ktra prbkrbtâ `ueârk u`.
 @kus `kus a`idiak`s ê dppkrtar ê `ks lcba`ts u` sarvbla u`bqua at mbooâra`tbdtaur
 @kus `kus dssurk`s ma c'axlacca`la ma `ks prkmubts at ma `ks sarvblas
 @kus râick`s cas prkncæeas ma `ks lcba`ts dval prkoassbk``dcbsea
 Cd qudcbtâ ma `ks prastdtbk`s ast brrâprklfdnca pdrtkut md`s ca ek`ma.
 @kus mâvackppk`s u`a luctura axaepcdbra la`trâa sur `ks lcba`ts
 Cd sdtbsodltbk` ma `ks lcba`ts pdssa dvd`t tkuta dutra prbkrbtâ
 @kus sdvk`s âlkutar `ks lcba`ts at `kus dibssk`s a` lk`sâqua`la
 @kus fk`krk`s `ks a`idiaea`ts
 @kus lkeeu`bquk`s ma ed`bæra prkdltbva at trd`spdra`ta.
 @kus raspk`sdnbcbsk`s at okrek`s `ks lkccdnkrdtaurs ê raousar tkut lkeprkebs a` edtbæra
ma qudcbtâ
 @ks ed`diars ek`tra`t c'axaepca
 @ks lkccdnkrdtaurs nâ`âoblba`t ma c'dutk`keba raqubsa pkur mâvackppar caur sa`s mas
raspk`sdnbcbtâs
 @kus pcd`bobk`s, lk`trýck`s at prkirassk`s sd`s lassa irîla ê mas kutbcs at eâtfkmkckibas tacs qua
\bx \bied at Cad`
 @kus vdckrbsk`s at pdrtdiak`s cas prdtbquas at cas dttbtumas axaepcdbras.
 Cd vârbtdnca easura ma cd qudcbtâ, l'ast cd sdtbsodltbk` ma `ks lcba`ts
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
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󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

1.>.> lkeeu`bldtbk` ma cd pkcbtbqua

=<
qudcbtâ

Cdpkcbtbqua qudcbtâskus
d) çtra mbspk`bnca mkbtokrea
7 m'u`a b`okredtbk`
mkluea`tâa 8
n) çtra lkeeu`bquâa, lkeprbsa at dppcbquâa du sab`
ma c'krid`bsea 8
l) çtra ebsa ê mbspksbtbk` mas pdrtbas b`târassâas
partb`a`tas, ca lds âlfâd`t.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

1.< ^ýcas, raspk`sdnbcbtâs at dutkrbtâs

==
du sab` ma c'krid`bsea
 Cd mbraltbk` mkbt s'dssurar qua cas raspk`sdnbcbtâs at dutkrbtâs pkur
cas rýcas partb`a`ts sk`t dttrbnuâas, lkeeu`bquâas at lkeprbsas du
sab` ma c'krid`bsea.
c' krid`bsea.
 Cd mbraltbk` mkbt dttrbnuar cd raspk`sdnbcbtâ at c'dutkrbtâ pkur 7
 d) s'dssurar qua ca systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ ast
lk`okrea dux axbia`las ma cd prâsa`ta @krea
@kr ea b`tar`dtbk`dca 8
 n) s'dssurar qua cas prklassus mâcbvra`t cas râsuctdts dtta`mus 8
 l) ra`mra lkepta, a` pdrtblucbar ê cd mbraltbk`, ma cd parokred`la mu
systæea ma ed`diaea`t
ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ
qudcbtâ at mas kppkrtu`btâs
m'deâcbkrdtbk`
 m) s‒dssurar ma cd prkektbk`
prkektbk` ma c'krba`tdtbk` lcba`t ê tkus cas
cas `bvadux
ma c'krid`bsea 8
 a) s'dssurar qua, ckrsqua mas ekmbobldtbk`s mu \ET sk`t pcd`bobâas at
ebsas a` Ŝuvra, c‒b`tâirbtâ mu \ET ast edb`ta`ua.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀾
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Oblfa ma ok`ltbk`
=1
Ok`ltbk`7 ^aspk`sdnca Lkeearlbdc

Ob`dcbtâ
Ob`dcbtâ ma cd Dssurar cd obmâcbtâ mas lcba`ts at mâvackppar cd pdrt ma
edrlfâ at ca lfboora m‒doodbra
m‒doodbra
ok`ltbk` 7
Zrb`lbpdcas tdlfas7 • Zrkspaltbk` mas lcba`ts
• Bma`tbobar cas axbia`las lcba`ts at cas trd`seattra dux
sarvblas lk`lar`âs
• Atdncbssaea`t mas kooras ma prbx
• ]rdbtaea`t
]rdbtaea`t mas lkeed`mas
lk eed`mas mas lcba`ts
• ]rdbtaea`t
]rdbtaea`t mas cbtbias dval cas lcba`ts
• Avdcuar ca `bvadu ma sdtbsodltbk` mas lcba`ts

B`mbldtaurs ma • Avkcutbk` mu lfboora m‒doodbra

• @bvad
@bvaduu ma sdtbsodltb
sdtbsodltbk`
k` ma lcba`ts
parokred`las7 • ]d
]dux
ux ma obmâcbtâ mas lcba`ts
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

Tubz!!!
=?

Zdr qukb sa ed`boasta c‒a`idiaea`t

c ‒a`idiaea`t ma cd mbraltbk`
m‒u` krid`bsea vbs-ê-vbs mu \ET;
Lkeea`t sa ed`boasta c‒krba`tdtbk` lcba`t m‒u`
krid`bsea;
D quacs lrbtæras mkbt râpk`mra cd pkcbtbqua qudcbtâ
m‒u` krid`bsea;
Tuacs sk`t cas tdlfas pdrtblucbæras racdtbvas du \ET
qua c‒krid`bsea mkbt bma`tbobar at dttrbnuar;

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀼
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

? Zcd`bobldtbk` mu systæea ma
=9
ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ

?.4 Dltbk`s ê eattra a` Ŝuvra odla dux rbsquas at
kppkrtu`btâs
?.> Kngaltbos qudcbtâ at pcd`bobldtbk` mas dltbk`s
d ltbk`s
pkur cas dttab`mra
?.< Zcd`bobldtbk` mas ekmbobldtbk`s

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

?.4 Dltbk`s ê eattra a` Ŝuvra odla

=6
dux rbsquas at kppkrtu`btâs
 ?.4.4 Md`s ca ldmra ma cd pcd`bobldtbk` ma sk` systæea
ma ed`diaea`t
lkepta mas a`gauxmaea`tbk``âs
cd qudcbtâ,du
c'krid`bsea mkbt ta`br
=.4 at mas axbia`las
ea`tbk``âas du =.> at mâtareb`ar cas rbsquas at
kppkrtu`btâs qu‒bc ast `âlassdbra ma pra`mra a` lkepta
pkur 7
d) Mk``ar c‒dssurd`la qua ca systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd
qudcbtâ paut dttab`mra ca ku cas râsuctdts aslkeptâs 8
n) dllrkbtra cas aooats skufdbtdncas
l) prâva`br ku râmubra cas aooats b`mâsbrdncas 8
m) s‒deâcbkrar.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀽
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

?.4 Dltbk`s ê eattra a` Ŝuvra odla

=2
dux rbsquas at kppkrtu`btâs
?.4.> C'krid`bsdtbk` mkbt pcd`bobar 7
d) cas dltbk`s ê eattra a` Ŝuvra odla dux rbsquas at
kppkrtu`btâs 8
n) lkeea`t7
 4) b`tâirar at eattra a` Ŝuvra las dltbk`s du sab` mas
prklassus mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ (vkbr
=.=) 8
 >) âvdcuar c'aoobldlbtâ ma las dltbk`s.
Cas dltbk`s ebsas a` Ŝuvra odla dux rbsquas at
kppkrtu`btâs mkbva`t çtra prkpkrtbk``accas ê c'bepdlt
pkta`tbac sur cd lk`okrebtâ mas prkmubts at mas sarvblas.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

D`dcysa mas rbsquas7 Axaepca

1:

Zrklassus ^bsqua Aooat Ldusa Orâqua`la Bepdlt

bma`tbobâ (Irdvbtâ )
Dl fdt B`mbspk`bnbcbtâ Drrçt ma @k` prbsa a` 4 okbs / Ekya`
ma edtbæra prkmultbk` lkepta mas trbeastra
lkeed`mas
lcba`ts
Iastbk`` mas
Iastbk Lkepâta`la @k`- Ed`qua Acavâ
lkepâta`las `k` lk`okrebtâ m‒aoobldlbtâ
mbspk`bnca sur ca prkmubt ma cd
okredtbk`
Edb`ta`d`la Zd``as ma Drrçt ma B`aoobldlbtâ _kbr tdux ma Acavâ
edlfb`as prkmultbk` mu pd``as
prkirdeea
ma
edb`ta`d`la
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀱
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Zkbms m‒u` rbsqua

14
Bepdlt

Acavâa

Ekya`

Odbnca
Orâqua`la
Odbnca Ekya``a Acavâa

Odbnca
Ekya`
Acavâ

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

?.> Kngaltbos qudcbtâ at pcd`bobldtbk` pkur

cas dttab`mra
1>
 ?.>.4 C'krid`bsea mkbt âtdncbr mas kngaltbos qudcbtâ, dux ok`ltbk`s
ok`ltbk`s,,
`bvadux at prklassus lk`lar`âs `âlassdbras du ed`diaea`t ma
cd qudcbtâ.
 Cas kngaltbos qudcbtâ mkbva`t 7
 d) çtra lkfâra`ts dval cd pkcbtbqua qudcbtâ 8
 n) çtra easurdncas 8
 l) ta`br lkepta mas axbia`las dppcbldncas 8
 m) çtra partb`a`ts pkur cd lk`okrebtâ mas prkmubts at mas sarvblas at
c'deâcbkrdtbk` ma cd sdtbsodltbk` mu lcba`t 8
 a) çtra survabccâs 8
 o) çtra lkeeu`bquâs 8
 i) çtra ebs ê gkur a` td`t qua naskb`.

 C'krid`bsea mkbt lk`sarvar mas b`okredtbk`s mkluea`tâas sur

cas kngaltbos qudcbtâ.
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀿
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

?.> Kngaltbos qudcbtâ at pcd`bobldtbk`

1<
pkur cas dttab`mra

?.>.>sas
mk`t Ckrsqua c‒krid`bsea
kngaltbos pcd`boba
qudcbtâ sark`t cd odék`
dttab`ts,
c'krid`bsea mkbt mâtareb`ar 7
d) la qub sard odbt 8
n) cas rasskurlas qub sark`t `âlassdbras 8
l) qub sard raspk`sdnca 8
m) cas âlfâd`las 8
a) lkeea`t cas râsuctdts sark`t âvdcuâs.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

Kngaltbos7 Axaepcas
1=
Zrkl
Zrklaassus
ssus B`mb
`mbld
ldttau
aurr Kn
Knggal
alttbo Dl
Dlttbk
bk`s
`s ^asp Mâ
Mâccdb Ao
Aoob
oblldlb
dlbtâ
Dlfdt • @bvadu ma 41 gkurs
stklh
Zrkmultbk` •Zrkmu
kmultbv
tbvbtâ 2:%
•Mâlfat >%
•Lk`okrebtâ 26%
mu prkmubt
Edb`ta`d`la •]aeps >%
m‒d
m‒drra
rratt ma
prkmultbk`
^asskurlas •Zkcyvdca`la 1:%
fuedb`as

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀹
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

?.< Zcd`bobldtbk` mas ekmbobldtbk`s

11


Ckrsqua c'krid`bsea
ca \ET (vkbr =.=), casmâtareb`a cd `âlassbtâ
ekmbobldtbk`s mkbva`tma
çtraekmbobar
râdcbsâa ma odék` pcd`bobâa.
 C'krid`bsea mkbt pra`mra a` lkepta 7
d) c'kngaltbo mas ekmbobldtbk`s at caurs lk`sâqua`las
pkssbncas 8
n) c'b`tâirbtâ mu systæea ma ed`diaea`t ma cd qudcbtâ 8
l) cd mbspk`bnbcbtâ mas rasskurlas 8
m) c'dttrbnutbk` ku cd râdttrbnutbk` mas raspk`sdnbcbtâs at
dutkrbtâs.

@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49

^âsueâ
1?
Lk`taxta ma Zdrtbas
c‒Krid`bsea b`târassâas7
A`gaux B/A Dtta`tas
  a   â
  u   t
  q   b
   b    c
  t
  s
  t    c   d
   b   u
  `   k   q
  a
   b
   Z \ET
   c
  l
  s
(Zrklassus)
  a
  l
  `   s Dltbk`s Dltbk`s
  a    o
   b
  t    â
  t D`dcysa mas
  i
   b   l   b
   c
  x   a   d
   g
   A    n   u
rbsquas at mas
  q
   K kppkrtu`btâs
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49
 󰀾󰀶
 

󰀾󰀶󰀫󰀴󰀺󰀫󰀾󰀺󰀴󰀹

Tubz!!!
19


Tuacs sk`t cas
c‒krid`bsea rbsquas
mkbt at cas
pra`mra a`kppkrtu`btâs
lkepta; qua
Tuacs sk`t cas lrbtæras dux quacs mkbva`t râpk`mra
cas kngaltbos;
Q`a okbs cas kngaltbos sk`t mâob`bs quacs sk`t cas
kncbidtbk`s ma c‒krid`bsea vbs-ê-vbs ma las kngaltbos;
kngaltb os;
Ckrsqua c‒krid`bsea mâlbma ma pkrtar u`a
ekmbobldtbk` ê sk` \ET, quacs sk`t cas dspalts qub
mkbva`t çtra prbs a` lkepta;
@GBE
Ed`diaea`t 
B\K 2::4 varsbk` >:41 / Dfeam @GBE >6/4:/>:49