Cloud Computing

Prerequisite terms of cloud computing

 Operating system
 Client/server Model
 Internet
 Networks and topologies
 Web generations
Operating system:

 An operating system is
system software that
manages computer hardware,
software resources, and
provides common services for
computer programs.
Network

 It is an engineering discipline, concerns with

communication between computer system or
devices.

 Network provides communication that allows

sharing information and resources.

 Network is a communications, data exchange,

and resource-sharing system created by linking
two or more computers and establishing
standards, or protocols, so that they can work
together.
Network Architecture
Peer to Peer :
 A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when
two or more PCs are connected and share
resources without going through a separate
server computer.
 In a P2P network, no single provider is
responsible for being the server. Each computer
stores files and acts as a server. Each computer
has equal responsibility for providing data.

Client server Model:

 The key point about a client-server model is
that the client is dependent on the server to
provide and manage the information.
 The client side of a web application is often
referred to as the front end. The server side is
referred to as the back end.
Types/Categories of Networking
 The three types of
networks include:

1. Local area network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan area network

(MAN)

3. Wide area network (WAN)

 Commonly connects
separate offices from the
same organization,
whether they are across
town or across the world

Within the confines of a room

or single building

Connecting LANs from

multiple buildings
Differences:
Basic Topologies
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring

Others:
Tree and Hybrid Topologies
 Mesh
 In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated
point-to-point link to every other device.

 The term dedicated means that the link carries

traffic only between the two devices it connects.

 All hosts have a point-to-point connection to

every other host in the network. Thus for every
new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required.

 It provides the most reliable network structure

among all network topologies.
 STAR Topology
 In a star topology, each device has a
dedicated point-to-point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub.

 The devices are not directly linked to one

another. Unlike a mesh topology, a star
topology does not allow direct traffic
between devices.

 The controller acts as an exchange: If

one device wants to send data to another,
it sends the data to the controller, which
then relays the data to the other
connected device.
 Bus Topology
 A bus Topology is multipoint.

 Alternatively referred to as a line topology,

a bus topology is a network setup in which
each computer and network device are
connected to a single cable or backbone.

 A signal from the source is broadcasted and it

travels to all workstations connected to bus
cable. Although the message is broadcasted
but only the intended recipient, whose IP
address matches, accepts it. If the IP address
of machine doesn’t match with the intended
address, machine discards the signal.
 Ring Topology
 In a ring topology, each device has a
dedicated point-to-point connection with
only the two devices on either side of it.

 A signal is passed along the ring in one

direction, from device to device, until it
reaches its destination.

 Each device in the ring incorporates a

repeater. When a device receives a signal
intended for another device, its repeater
regenerates the bits and passes them along.
Tree Topology
 A tree topology combines characteristics
of linear bus and star topologies.
 It consists of groups of star-configured
workstations connected to a linear bus
backbone cable.
 Hybrid topology

 A network structure whose design

contains more than one topology is
said to be hybrid topology.
 Hybrid topology inherits merits
and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies.
 Most WANs are connected by
means of Dual-Ring topology and
networks connected to them are
mostly Star topology networks.
 Internet is the best example of
largest Hybrid topology.
Internet and web
 The Internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems
across the world. It includes several high-bandwidth data lines that comprise
the Internet“ backbone." These lines are connected to major Internet hubs
that distribute data to other locations, such as web servers and ISPs.
 A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
 The Web, or World Wide Web (W3), is basically a system of Internet servers
that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in
a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports
links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files.
 The Web uses HTTP protocol to transmit data and share information.
Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox are used
to access Webdocuments, or Web pages, which are connected via links.
Web generations:
 Web 1.0 (1990-2000) - Read Only Web
Web 1.0 was the first stage of the World Wide Web and it was mainly read-only and
static. It means that users could read the websites and its contents but could not add or
interact with the most of the websites. This generation of web was also known as the
information web.
 Web 2.0 (2000-2010) - Read and Write Web
Web 2.0 was the second stage of the World Wide Web. This stage or generation was also
known as the “The Social web” as now the users were not only able to read the websites
but they could also interact and connect with other users. Most of the social media like
Blogs, Facebook, YouTube etc were emerged in Web 2.0 and now the companies have
started realizing the benefits of community interaction with business websites.
 Web 3.0 (2010-2020) - The Semantic Web
 Web 3.0 is also known as “The Semantic Web” because it tries to represent
knowledge in a way which allows computers to automatically reach to conclusions
and decisions using some reasoning or data. While Web 2.0 mainly focused on people,
Web 3.0 is an extension which focuses on the intelligent connection between people
and machines. For example, computer can understand the Google search history of a
user and then gives a personalized advertisement and suggestions.
Growth of IoT or Internet of Things
In web 2.0, the focus was on connection and interaction between people but Web 3.0
focus is mainly on connecting people with devices using internet, that’s why we call it
“Internet of Things”.
 Web 4.0, Web 5.0 and Artificial Intelligence (2020-2030 and beyond)
Artificial Intelligence is the technology which makes the computer capable
enough to communicate, think, reason, respond and behave just like a human
being. This is what will be seen in Web 4.0 and Web 5.0. Web 4.0 or the
intelligent web will remain between the years 2020 and 2030 and it can reach
upto the level of human intelligence and human brain. Computers will turn into
personal assistants using virtual realities, all house appliances will be connected
to the internet using IoT with chip implants in human brains, it looks like highly
intelligent interactions will take place between machines and humans.
 Web 5.0 (the telepathic web)
Highly intelligent Web 5.0 or “the telepathic web” will come after the year 2030
and in this highly advanced and complex web generation, things such as brain
implants will be highly popular. These Brain implants will give people the power
and ability to communicate with the internet through thoughts. For example the
human will think of a question and the web page will open. All kinds of payments
will be made by using a microchip in the brain or on the hand and all of the
devices will be connected to the internet and will be controlled by the humans
either through mobile apps or through their thoughts.
 What is cloud computing?
 cloud computing means storing and
accessing data and programs over the
Internet instead of your computer's hard
drive.
 The cloud is the Internet, and cloud
computing is techspeak that describes
software and services that run through
the Internet (or an intranet) rather than
on private servers and hard drives.
 Why the Name Cloud?
The term “Cloud” came from a network
design that was used by network engineers to
represent the location of various network
devices and there inter-connection. The
shape of this network design was like a
cloud.
 Definition:
 Cloud Computing is the use of hardware
and software to deliver a service over a
network (typically the Internet).
With cloud computing, users can access
files and use applications from any
device that can access the Internet.
An example of a Cloud
Computing provider is Google's Gmail.
 Cloud Computing provides us means of
accessing the applications as utilities
over the Internet. It allows us to create,
configure, and customize the
applications online.
 Cloud Computing refers
to manipulating,
configuring, and accessing the
hardware and software resources
remotely. It offers online data storage,
infrastructure, and application.
Evolution of cloud computing
 Cloud Computing Architecture
 Cloud Computing architecture basically
comprises of the two parts.
 They are the
 front-end
 back-end
 Both the end connects to each other
with the means of internet.
 Front End
The front end refers to the client part of
cloud computing system. It consists of
interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing
platforms, Example - Web Browser.
 Back End
The back End refers to the cloud itself. It
consists of all the resources required to
provide cloud computing services. It
comprises of huge data storage, virtual
machines, security mechanism, services,
deployment models, servers, etc.
Basic Concepts
 There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the
cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the
working models for cloud computing:
 Deployment Models
 Service Models
Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is
located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid, and
Community.
 Public Cloud
The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general
public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness.
 Private Cloud
The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an
organization. It is more secured because of its private nature.
 Community Cloud
The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations.
 Hybrid Cloud
The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical
activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are
performed using public cloud.
 Service Models
 Cloud computing is based on ❖ Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
service models. These are IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as
categorized into three basic physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage,
etc.
service models which are:
❖ Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure-as–a-Service (IaaS) PaaS provides the runtime environment for
applications, development and deployment tools, etc.
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) ❖ Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a
service to end-users.
Benefits of cloud computing
Key elements/characteristics of cloud computing
Example: Gmail
 Mobile Cloud Computing
 Mobile Computing:
It is a technology that allows transmission of data, audio and video through a smart
phone or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a
fixed physical channel. The mobile computing means to access data through
portable devices like PDA, smart phone, tablet and so on.
 Mobile Cloud Computing:
is the combination of cloud computing and mobile computing to bring rich
computational resources to mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud
computing providers.
Architecture of mobile cloud computing
 Architecture of mobile cloud computing
 Mobile devices are connected to the mobile networks via base stations (e.g.,
base transceiver station, access point, or satellite) that establish and control the
connections (air links) and functional interfaces between the networks and
mobile devices.
 Mobile users’ requests and information (e.g., ID and location) are transmitted to
the central processors that are connected to servers providing mobile network
services.
 the subscribers’ requests are delivered to a cloud through the Internet. In the
cloud, cloud controllers process the requests to provide mobile users with the
corresponding cloud services.
 These services are developed with the concepts of utility computing,
virtualization, and service-oriented architecture (e.g., web, application, and
database servers).
 Examples:
 Here are well-known examples of
cloud-based Android applications,
apple iCloud
 Dropbox: Operated by Dropbox
Inc., this application is a file-
hosting service which offers cloud
storage. It lets the users access
their files in the ‘Dropbox’ from
their Android devices, which can
be synced to other computers or
mobile devices.
 Amazon Cloud Player: One of the
most popular applications on
Android platform, Amazon Cloud
Player is used to store and play
MP3 files.
Class discussion

Discuss benefits and challenges of mobile

cloud computing?