CHAPTER6

Details of Prestressing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages

the steel.
ultimate strength of
stress of about 65% of the and is
6.1 TYPESs OF STEEL increases its strength,
Cold working of steel of
wire through a series
must have high tensile strength mainly carried out by drawing
Steel for prestressed concrete reductions in the
diameter of each
These qualities are found in dies, with progressive also be used
and adequate ductility. of the wire. Rolling may
but otherwise die, and consequently
) carbon or alloy steel, hot rolled, whether hot or cold,
same result. Rolling,
to produce the if required.
untreated, indented,
deformed, and enables the steel to
be deformed or
worked steel, which is drawn steels
or
(ii) cold heat treatment to all prestressing
preferably tempered, and It is usual to apply secret or proprietary
and
of natural hardness,
tempered steel. exc>pt those quenching is generally
(ii) hot rolled and are often
used. Ordinary oil
steel has carbon content not greater
a processes termed m a r
Carbon or alloy tensile
Other methods,
to be unsatisfactory.
than 1% and this is maínly
responsible for its high considered
often carried out in lead,
nickel and are used and cooling is
elements such as manganese, tempering
strength. Alloying mechanical salt or oil baths.
added to improve the are
chromium may also be of the foregoing
effects
processes
treatments have
and various heat Although the of any steel
can
properties of the steel, treatments make use of the fact known qualitatively,
the actual properties sufficient
effect. These essential that
a beneficial tests. It is
a temperature higher
than about be determined only by of steel
that if steel is heated to available before any type
data should be
the transformation temperature), satisfactory
850°C (1550° (temedF) its properties are is used for prestressing.
the extent to which
its final structure and If the steel is cooled
on the rate of cooling. Steel
improved depend the treatment Strength of Prestressing
from its transformation temperature, strength for
slowly to cool from
the a minimum
if it is allowed The practice of specifying
is termed annealing: the treatment
has been superseded,
in recent British
at its normal rate, prestressing steel
transfomation temperature
steel is suddenly of Practice, by the concept of a
If, on the other hand, Standards and Codes
is termed normalizing. transfomation temperature to room below which
defined as that value
above the characteristic strength values
cooled from fal. Typical
in oil, its hardness than 5% of test results
immersion or quenching more
temperature by Quenching is
not
(14800-16900 kgf/cm-;
and brittleness are appreciably
increased.
are 210000-240 000 1bf/in 000-260 000 Ibf/in?
which the steel for wire: 240
process in 1450-1660 N/mm>)
usually followed by tempering
a
cool in 1660-1800 N/mm)
for strand:
and allowed to
reheated to about 400°C (750°F) is (16900-18 300 kgf/cm; 1040 N/mm) for
is steel
the steel. If the (10550 kgf/cm-;
the britleness of and 150000 1bf/in*
air. This reduces transformation temperature
above the alloy bar.
rapidly cooled from to cool slowly
to
450° C (850°F) and then allowed
to about and has
termed patenting, Stress-Strain Relationship
room temperature
the process is The
and. tempering. steel is shown
similar to that of quenching diagram
stress-strain
for prestressing
effect
an heat treatment for a An ideal requirements:
is used to describe meets the following
tem stress relieving
or a short period in Fig. 6.1 which tensile stress
which
about 260°C (500°F) to have a high
prolonged period at denotes heat (i) t is imperative small amount of
The tem stabilizing be accompanied by
only a
at about 500°C (950°F). with a tensile
must
(750°F) combined the permanent elongation
treatment at about 400°C is achieved if
creep. This and the type of steel
stress is small,
at the working
acknowledge with
thanks P,W. Ables.
stress-strain diagram
is linear fora
The author wishes to gratefully Prestressed Concrete for which the This
monumental book on
ultimate load is used.
from whose
B. Roy et al.material in this chapter has been taken for compact large proportion of the which
Design the known and exists already measured by the proof stress

material that is
otherwise well property is
presentation,
in standard references on the subject.
 42 etr Rruter PraY Ama'vere evign
and Feomomir

(i) It is also most desirable that an

of ultimate elon
appreciable magnitude should be
ohtain
order to reduce as much as
possible the chance in
sudden fracture, this may occur, for
High imt ef proportionality piano wire, which has a very small example, wi with
failure. Prestressing wire and stránd elongation on
have
minir a
elongation of between and 5%, inimum
sufficient with satisfactory bond; the which is quite
bars is about 10%. value for
alloy
The stress-strain diagrams for various
in Fig. 6.3 indicate that the types of steel
ultimate
decrease as the ultimate strength elongation tends t
ig. 6.1 ldeal stress-strain diagram for prestressing steel therefore, that piano wire is not increases It is clear,
entirely suitable
prestressing, despite its
high proof stress, as its
is defined as the stress which elongation is very limited. On the other hand, mild ultimat
produces a certain deformed bars, which have a large ultimate steel and
pemanent deformation (usually 0.2% but sometimes elongation, a
0.1) on first loading. and a steel which is suitable unsuitable because of their low yield point or
for prestressing should have a Figure 6.3 also shows that a distinct yield point proof stress
high proofstress
low-alloy bars, and this influences the ultimate occurs in
(Fig. 6.2).
structures with bonded steel in which the steel is strength of
the weaker
part and failure is initiated by its excessive
45000 some cases by its fracture. deformation in

17000 -earesiy sen

GO00
eatressing wire (7am)
14000
3000 F200
2r000 1 14O00
2000

so0
2000

8000

7000
Hasoo

Mig sren nrcng se

Gxreneian r cnt.
0.5 in (12.70 mm)
diameter Dyform strand; 0.01% off-set
(17.350 38.250 Ibf
kgf: 0.1% off-set 42,800 Ibf
(19,414 kgf: Load at 1% ext.
toco.
43.100 Ibf (19,550 kgf):
Breaking load 48,000 Ibf (21,772
of
elasticity: 27.88 x 10 Ibfhin^ (19,602 kgf/mm) Areaagí:;
=
Modulus
0.174 in*
(112.25 mm-)
.
Shen-
Fig. 6.2 Load extension
diagram (proof load) Fig. 6.3 Stress-strain diagram for various steels
 43
Prestressing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages

The modulus of elasticity for prestressing steel depends visible pittingof the surface. In the case of wire (BS
not include
anthe type of steel employed, and values should be 2691), the coils supplied to the purchaser must
the buyer and the
obtained from the supplier of the steel. Typical values are welds; except that, by agreement between
25x 10 Ibt/in (1.76 x 0" kgf/cm*; 0. 173 x 10° N/mm) drawn from rods welded
Supplier, special lengths may be
For strands, no
tor low-alloy bars. 28 x 10° lbfAin* (1.97 x 10° kgf/cm>; before the patenting process is applied.
to another by any method,
0.194 x 10° N/mm*) for carbon steel wires, and between length of strand may be joined strand be welded
the may
23.5 x 10° and 29 x 10° Ibffin* (1.65 x 10 kgf/cm though separate wires within after
No welding is allowed
0.163 x 10° 0.2 x 10° N/mm-) for strands. A typical load-
-
together prior to patenting. lengths
after wire drawing. If special
extension curve for strands remains linear for only about
a patenting or during or and provided
required,
of seven-wire strand (BS 3617)
are
and typical 0.2 per cent proof stress is
half of its length, a
a w a r e of the
reduced mechanical
the breaking load. the user is made fully
between 85% and 95% of
40 m
one wire in any
not more than
properties involved. or drawing;
this
welded after patenting
6.2 PRESTRESSING TENDONS (130 ft) may be strand only.
relaxation to seven-wire
applies
nominal diameter of prestressing
the
Prestressing normally take the fom of separate
tendons The tolerance on
+0.025 mm (+0.001
in.) for wires
to form strands, or bars. wire (BS 2691) is
wires, wires spun together helically and t0.050 mm
diameter,
strands, and occasionally bars under 2.5 mm (0.104 in.) in or more in
For pre-tensioned steel, wires, wires of 2.5 mm (0.104 in.)
the concrete to bond directly
to (t0.002 in.) for from the coil,
are used singly, to permit is to pay out straight
is practice diameter. If the wire than
it shall not be less
common
them; when post-tensioning is used,
the diameter of the coil
so as to reduce the internal diameter or
to group theseparate tendons together, wires of 7 mm (0.276
in.)
to accommodate 1.8 m (6 ft) for m m (0.276 in.)
number of anchorages and ducts required wires less than 7
tendons in each. duct or 1.2 m (4 ft) for nominal
the greater, 3617) the
them. When grouped in this way, seven-wire strands (BS
termed cable. in diameter. In least 2% greater
wire is to be at
a
are usually diameter of the centre
heat treatment, it is
wires; after
Tendons than that of the surrounding not less than
British Standards for coils of such a size [and
onto
tendons are set out in the to be wound off reasonably
The requirements for prestressing case] that it pays
600 mm (2 ft) in any nominal diamefer of the
following British Standards: tolerances on the
wire for prestressed
concrete straight. The 0.016 in.) and
-0.2 mm
BS 2691:1969: Steel finished strand are
+ 0.4 mm (+
(BS
relieved seven-wire steel nineteen-wire strand
BS 3617:1971: Stress 0.008 in.) in all c a s e s . For
concrete
(-
are laid down
for treated and
strand for prestressed 4757), different requirements diameter of
4757:1971:Nineteen-wire steel
strand for strands. A treated
strand has a nominal
BS as-spun' diameter of t0.5
mm
prestressed concrete with tolerances on
steel 18 mm (0.725 in.)
high tensile alloy The treatment
worked mm (-0.01 in.)
BS 4486:1969: Cold (+0.02 in.) and -0.25 continuous linear
bars for prestressed
concrete heating as a
comprises low-temperature onto coils with a
be wound
process,
after which it is to which it pays
from
Wires and Strands 900 mm (3 ft),
minimum diameter of with nominal
drawn from plain
carbon strands,
to be cold straight'. 'As-spun'
The wire is required steel (BS 3617 and off 'substantially mm 28.6 mm (1.125 in.)
and
plain carbon diameters of 25.4 (1 in.),
steel (BS 2691) or patented 0.6
of + mm
Table 6.1. diameter
in shown tolerances on
composition is 31.8 mm (1.25 in.) have no
0.01 in.) in all cases;
chemical
4486); the
0.024 in.) and -0.25 mm (-
Alloying
Elements of (+ and the minimum
coil diameter
Composition of heat treatment is required,
Table 6.1 Chemical
and Strands
Prestressing Wires is 1.5 m (5 fi).
Maximum %
Minimum%
Element 0.90
0.60
Carbon
0.10
0.35 Testing manufacturer is required
the
Silico 0.50
0.90
In the case of wire (BS 2691) parcel of
Manganese 0.05 curve for each
load/extension
0.05 to provide one of finished
Sulphur defined as any quantity
Phosphorus wire, a parcel being one time.
Tests are to
wire presented
for testing at any in
or other defects, taken from the
end of one coil
The drawn wire is to be
free from surface be made on samples of these are only
from oil but the results
must be free
or strand five within the parcel,
and the finished wire the purchaser. every the purchaser.
for inspection by
otherwise specified by
available
and grease unless required to be kept
that there is
no

Superficial rustingis allowed. provided

 C Rradee Prm the Ama/vsis, Des1en and Economics

Table 6.2 Mechanical Properties of Wires (BS 2691)

Specified characteristic Reverse bend radius

dhameter strength Condi
whichtiowire
nsan
m
0.276
N/mm
1470
kgt/mm-
I50
bf/in
214000
mm
20
in. (seesupplied
below)
0.8
0.276 1570 160 228000 20 0.8
0. 197 2
I570 160 228000 5 0.6 1,2
0. 197 1720 175 248000 5 0.6
0.177 1620 165 235000 5
123
0.6 1,2,3
0.1575 1720 175 248000 12.5
3
0.5
0.128 1720 175 248000 10
3.25 0.4
0.128 1870 190 270000 10 0.4
0.118
1720 175 248000 10 0.4
265 .104
187 190 270000 7.5 0.3
0.079 2020 205 291000 0.2
Conditions in which wire is supplied:

Number
Description
Cold drawn. pre-straightened,
Cold drawn. pre-straightened,
0.2%
Proof stress. as percentageof normal relaxation
85
low relaxation Cold drawm
Specified characteristic strength 90
Maximum relaxation after 75
1000 hours from:
70% Initial stress
5%
80% Initial stress 2%
8.5%
Preferred specified characteristic 3%
strengths.

Specimens are tested for characteristic strength, proof stress, that

and reverse bend tests; relaxation no
upper limiting value is imposed. The
tests may also be called
for. The specified values are shown elongation at failure is
specified as minimum
spun' nineteen-wire strand; no value is3.5%, except for 'as.
in Table 6.2; the wire
is deemed to
comply with the requirements for specified All three specified for this.
characteristic strength provided that not specifications
included
of failure of a sample provisions
more than two of in the event for
any 40 consecutive results fall below re-testing,
results are less than 95% of
the specified value, no meet the requirements.
the specified value, and none
are more than 230 Bars
N/mm* (24 kgf/mm2; 33 600
above it. lbf/in) No chemical composition is given for the steel, except that
For Strands sulphur and
phosphorus must not exceed 0.05%, but the
manufacturer is required to
provide the chemical analysis
The manufacturer on
is
required to provide dated test request. Threads, if provided, are to be
certificates prepared from the relevant test welds are permitted, and the cold-rolled; no
results. Tests are bars are to be
to be made on
samples cut from each coil; times from the effects of protected
local heat. Tolerances are
at all
tensile test, an they comprise a only on the mass; on the basis that the specified
elongation test, a proof-load
test (for seven-
wire strand
only), and, if required, relaxation test results. 7850 kg/m (0.283 1b/in') the variationsdensity of the steel is
For seven-wire and -2% for a batch permitted are + 4%
strand, proof-load tests and load-extension (defined as a number of lengths of one
curves are called for size from one cast) and
for only for one
test piece in + 6% and -2%
for any one bar.
nineteen-wire strands a every five; From the
for treated strands; for proof-load test is required only purchaser's viewpoint, the
requirements for
these, the test and the testing are less
satisfactory than those
a
load-extension curve, plotting of standards for wires and included in the
every three. For specified for one test piece
are
in strands. The manufacturer is
to be 'as-spun' strand, load-extension curves are
not
required to provide any
plotted for every test piece. the test results
obtained,
documentary evidence ot
are
summarized in Table 6.3; the The values specified must be available though the records of the tests
specified characteristic for
strength is defined representative.' Further, inspection by
in the same the purchaser or mis
way as that for wire, unlike the standards for wires and
except strands, no
option of
independent testing before delivery
 45
Tendons and Anchorages
Prestressing steel,

4757)
Table 6.3 Mechanical Properties of Strands (BS 3617,
Conditions
in which
Nominal area of
Speeified characteristic
strand
BS No.
Nominal load
steel supplied
diametdr o

(1bf)
in (kN) (kgf) 1,2
(in. (mm) 4540 10000
(Tm) 24.5 0.038 44.5 I,2
0.253 69.0 7040
15500 3617 (7-wire
0.312 37.4 0.058 21000 strand)
93.5 9530
0.366 52.3 0.083 28100
9.3 0.110 125.0 12750
0.430 71.0 16820
37100
10.9 0.146 165.0
0.492 94.2 51000
12.5 0.216 227.0 23150 4757 (19-wire
15.2 0.600 138.7 370 37730 83180
210 0.325 148150 strand)
18 0.7 659 67200
423 0.656 185000
25.4 1.0 823 83920
535 0.830 220100
28.6 1/8 1.020 979 99830
660
31.8 1/4
which strand is supplied:
Condition in Number 3
As spun
Low relaxation
Description Normal relaxation
heat treated
heat treated
90
85
0.2% proof stress as percentage of
specific characteristic strength 9%
Maximum relaxation after
2.5% 14%
1000 hours from: 7%
70% Initial stress
3.5%
12%
80%Initial stress
one end of each bar;
are cut from
random, and test
pieces
a of the specified value,
The routine tests comprise should fail less than 95%
at whole
is available to the purchaser. minimum elongatjon
if one
below this value, the
test and a is rejected. If two fall of the
tensile test, a proof-load that bar
with the requirements
taken from each 5 metric to comply
is to be batch is deemed not
(of 6%); one sample be cut from the
batch. The samples may
tonnes within a
off-cuts produced during
standard.
the maker to provide evidence
tendons, or from The purchasermay require standard also
ends of processed the 0.2%
characteristic load and
properties of the tendon. The
processing. The specified
relaxation
given of the tested by the
0.7% total strain)
are
as the load at provisions for re-testing, if samples
proof load (defined load for the thread
is required to includes
meet the requirements.
in Table 6.4; the breaking The modulus of elasticity maker should fail to
of that for the bar.
be at least 95% and recorded.
The
from the test readings Pre-Tensioning
is to be determined
to be not
less than 95% of the Wires Strands and Bars for
bond between
breaking load is required than two out of
at one time that
a satisfactory
characteristic load,
and not more It thought
was
be obtained only by
specified the specified values; tensioned steel and
concrete could
results may be less than wire of
the last 40 test diameter, and piano
value is specified. the use of wires of small This
no upper limiting a purchaser still used occasionally.
Provision is made in the standard whereby 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter is which for large
attains the specified hard surface
wishes, check that
a batch of wire has a smooth
may, if he ten bars are
selected at type,
characteristic load.
After delivery,
4486)
High-Tensile Alloy Steel Bars (BS
Properties of Cold-Worked
load
Minimum 0.2% proof
Table 6.4
Specified characteristic load (lbf)
(ibf)
(kN) (kgt) 61900
Nominal Size
(kg 275 27750
(kN) 73100 73100
(in.) 32850 32850
(mm) 325 325 95800
20 0.78 84400 42900
375 37900 425 I18100
0.87 112500 53000
22 50600 $25 152500
0.985 S00 140600 68050
25 63000 675
28 I.11 625
80900
180200 T06000
236500
800 281500
1050
32 1.26
40 L.57 1250 126200
Preferred sizes.
 Economics
and
4navsis, Desien
rdr Prn
e
and its
developent
of gOod bond.
the been described
wires pevents
u l t i m a t e load
has
hehavHur at
unsatistaRy
wires.
carlier to the u s e
of indented
Thee disadv antages led and 7 mm)
in. (5
w i r e s of 0.2
in. and 0.276
smooth and 1952
Singe Britain in 1939
introduced in
dhameters were
for pretensioning
have proved satisfactory
espatively and such as to e n s u r e good
conditions are
their surface
since
corrosion of the
is due to a very slight
ond. This
such that no peeling of
the surface is
surface of the wire,
but the
wires also provide a good bond,
hkely. Indented reduce
indentations must not be so large
as to appreciably Fig. 6.4 Cross-section of dyform strand
the cross-sectional area of
the wire or cause fatigue failure
at the notches. Seven-wire
strands are also widely used for
in a manner similar to that described ahead for
to the normal surface bond they
pretensioning: in addition tensioned alloy bars, but after the concrete hardens, post
provide a mechanical bond with the concrete,
because of the
anchors are removed and the prestressing force is
the end
configuration of the wires comprising the strand. transmitted
solely by bond, as for any pre-tensioning. When selecting
With pre-tensioned steel, a certain minimum embedded
length. termed the transmission length, is necessary, along suitable size of wire it is desirable to ensure that the
of wires is sufficient to distribute the
number
which the force is gradually developed in the concrete by compressive stres
bond. The transmission length required increases when the uniformly over the concrete but not so
great as to
the impede
diameter of the wire increases and also to some extent placing of the concrete. In general it
appears desirable
when the strength of the concrete is reduced. With small to provide at
least six wires in the tensile
zone, but to avoid
wires the prestress in the concrete is developed over a very the adoption of a multitude of wires. If the
number of wires
shot length, but with larger sizes the required is less than six, the failure of one would
length may greatly reduce thbe
be 2 to 3 ft (0.67 to 0.9 m). It should be noted that the factor of safety of the member. For this
rate of transmission is not uniform. More than half of the
reason, the use of
only three wires in
two or a member should be
prestressing force is transferred to the concrete in the first where possible. avoided
quarter of the transmission length and up to 85% may be Details of
transferred in the first half. In CP 110, it is noted that the prestressing wires, strands and bars are given
ahead.
transmission length for wire may vary between 50 and
160
diameters, and the following general recommendations are Tendons for Post-Tensioning
given:
Plain Many cables with different
lightly crimped strands and different methods ofarrangements
or
wire: 100 diameters; 80% trans- of wires and

post-tensioning. The main types anchorage

fer in first 70 diameters are available for
Heavily-crimped wire 65 diameters; 80% transfer in more data is
are briefly described
here;
first 54 diameters given ahead.
Strand, 9.3 mm (0.366 in.) diameter: 200 Historically, the two basic types are represented first
mm t 25 mm the Freyssinet cable and
later by the Magnel cable. In the
by
(8 in. t 1 in.)
Strand, 12.5 mm (0.492 in.) diameter:
330 mmt25 mm
Freyssinet cable, the wires, which usually number
are
closely spaced around a central twelve,
Strand, 17.8 mm
(13 in. t l in.)
(0.7 in.) diameter: 500 mm thus forming a cable of spring, or core helix,
t 50 mm annular cross-section. The cables
may be very small and
A special (20 in. t 2 in.) special care is then
satisfactory grouting, neat cement and necessary
to
strand, known as ensure
Ropes Lud. The strand is first Dyfom, is made by British used for the water being
and is then formed in the normal purpose. The spacing of cables should also be
compacted
Fig. 6.4. n this case, the
to fom the way
cross-section shown in considered. In the Magnel
cable, multiples of four or eight
objective is primarily to increase wires are provided in
the force which a
strand
horizontal layers and the wires are well
is no
of
gain in transmission given diameter can apply; there
separated by spacers which allow
mortar. With this easy grouting with cement
reduced. properties, but space taken is type of cable a considerable
High-alloy steel bars with special
force may be
concentrated in prestressing
been used for system itself is
a single
cable. The Magnel
indentations have also no
longer commercially very much in use
pretensioning. In this case the
bar is tensioned
now.

Many other types are

available, including CCL Systems
 47
Tendons and Anchorages
Prestressing-steel,

Bars for Post-Tensioning

and Leoba, Holzmann, and
(Great Bntain)
for use in post-
and PSC Bau Gesellschaft (Gemany), which Two types of steel bar
have been developed
(Britain),
Beton-und-Monier to the a r e used in
the Macalloy system
principle with regard tensioning. They (Germany).
or less follow the Magnel and the Dywidag system
more (Belgium), Morandi
Stressteel in the USA bars from 18
Franki-Smet mm
of spacers; Systems high-alloy steel
use (Germany), which Macalloy system, In the
Hochtief, and Grun and Bilfinger
In the diameter are used.
(Italy), 40 m m (1-5/8 in.)

less follow the Freyssinet

principle. Other early (3/4 in.) up to
low-alloy steel
of natural
more or the bars are of
Gifford-Burrow systems are Dywidag system, and are usually
Gifford-Udall and yield point
ypes like with a definite
available. BBRV and Losinger hardness, but of lesser
diameter

no longer
commercially diameter although bars bars
Pl and Prescon (USA),
represent a
25 mm (1 in.) in system
high-alloy
VSL (Switzerland), In some available. In the Dywidag
between and Freyssinet.
Magnel are also introduced.
intemediate have also been within
type be distanced by spacers, with greater strength holes or placed
this type, the wires may inserted into
systems of In the latter case, The bars may
be as
cables;

separated by them. in the s a m e way is

but are not necessarily forming a or sheaths
in the c o n c r e t e , tendon. It
touch each other, tubes four-bar
are bent up they
includes a
wires system also carefully
if the
cannot be
inserted. the Macalloy bond if the
grouting is
into which the grout obtain a good be placed
group be obtained possible to bars may
cable, spacing may w a t e r . The
of and
In s o m e types wires with diagonal done with
neat
cement
way as Freyssinet
or Sigma) another, in the
same

automatically if (Neptun wires. The cross ribs close to one

relatively
used instead of round
c r o s s ribs
are since the
other at points only, cables.
wires touch each
of adjacent in opposite directions
sides of a wire slope wires to allow Anchoring Prestressing Steel
ribs on opposite between the after it
sufficient space
is available
the steel
and methods of anchoring the
of grout. in the There are four basic represented by
the easy admission holes formed Three of these
are
the
inserted into
be The Baur-
tensioned. respectively;
The cables may
or sheaths).
has been methods
in ducts (tubes and Macalloy
c o n c r e t e or placed
around the Freyssinet, Magnel PSC and
BBRV systems.
also be placed
cable (Gemany) may This cable fourth is represented
by CCL, wires or
strands of the
Leonhardt closed loops. all the
concrete, forming system which is
outside of the and is
therefore
In the Freyssinet between a cylinder
stranded wires, (locked) inserted
consists of closely spaced cable are wedged a cone
which "is
c o n c r e t e and anchored
type. can embedded in the
of the Magnel strands, which of wires are
single or multiple
Magnel system pairs which in
Cables comprising been introduced
therein. In the sandwich plates,
or placed
in tubes, have to plates,
termed
c o n c r e t e through
be inserted in holes Rheinhausen
(Gemany),
by flat wedges prestressing force to the
(USA),
this system is
and the no
Andersonand Roebling Stress Block turn transfer mentioned,
by SEEE (France), PSC, as previously
Freyssinet and most suppliers
of post an anchor-plate; system,
the prestressing
(Great Britain), and anchoring available. In
the Macalloy an
anchor
CCL Systems for longer c o n c r e t e through
transferred to the
components
now provide
tensioning systems
strength of force is also a thread,
rolled on to
obtain the greatest possible nut tightened on
outer wires m e a n s of a
strands. In
order to
that the plate, by soft steel cylinders,
it is necessary
bar. With SEEE system,
stranded cable as those forming the threads are
a large direction the end of through a die;
stranded in the
same
lay. strands are pushed
should be described as
parallel containing the nuts are tightened
are cylinders, and
such strands swaging bars with
the inner core; torque may
occur during rolled onto the system,
an untwisting restrained from tendons. In the Dywidag
the
As a consequence, is to anchor available.

systems in
which the jack rotation their length are secured
tensioning in strand jacks
now permit threads throughout
wires or
strands are
most transmitted method, single or
rotating (though this torque may
be In the fourth one or
m o r e wedges,
m e a n s of
At transfer, be large grips by wire (BBRV
during stressing).
it may
occasionally to cylindrical formed on the
unit, and button heads adopted for
to the prestressed
c o n s i d e r a t i o n in
the design! alternatively by has also
been
The wedge system and for
warrant cables already altermative anchorage)
enough to medium and large and Prescon).
to the two, three, and Macalloy Systems, PSC,
In addition
several types
of cables with bars (Stressteel strands (CCL
smaller or multiple
described, there
are
which are
used to provide cables of single
four, six and eight
wires of 0.2 and and Anderson.) whether they
these cables, wires Stress Block, secured by
wedges,
forces. In all used. The wires are o m e sipping
When the
s
prestressing
diameter are
generally steel wedges,
c o n e s or steel is
mm) are the
0.276 in. (5 and 7 PSC system or steel prestressing
ducts of the be c o n c r e t e on the
Two-wire and
four-wire of when the pull substantially
the arrangement unavoidable stress
are used, is tensioning
smallest in size as
no spacers is not affect the
available for grout relaxed. This may
such that the space
the wires being
with spacers.
less than that obtained
 Economics
and
Analysis,
Design
Practice:
Conrete Bridee
48 is applied. This system was used to prestress
When the steel is

if the prestressing
tendon is
is Simple
short.
and no slip
occurs
prestressed concrete pressure vessels for nuclear firu
uclear reactors,
nut the process experienced
at Marcoule (France).
secured by a
no ditficulty
is
Moreover,
Cables may have the ame type of
during
transfer.

the prestressing
force at any
time. Because
anchorage
ends, or the wires may be embedded in the concret, at both
in regulating this method of anchoring, it
advantages of end before they are tensioned; loops or other shanes One
of the many the cable systems previously
in several of satisfactory anchorage may be formed at thewhich
is employed which use strand. In ensure
mentioned, including
some systems end of the cable. dead
of the cable are secured
the separate wires
severàl systems, The wires are The systems dese ibed in the foregoing can
to a threaded
anchor-head before tensioning.
for prestressing circular containe:
also,be used
then tensioned simultaneously
and anchored by means ofa or pipes by arranging
to the anchor-head upsetting by cables inoverlapping arcs; special anchors are available
are connected
nut. The wires

and enlarging the ends of the wires (BBRV, Prescon), by some systems to simplity the work. Circular
of
structureswith
an
wires into the head (Beton-und-Monier Bau, also be prestressed by means wire under tension
concreting the wound
them around a cross-bar around them in the fom of a continuous helix (Preloa
Holzmann A.G.), or by looping
witha threaded hole (Leoba). In some of these systems BBRV and Dywidag systems). The British contracto
and Taylor Woodrow Ltd., have also developed a
it is also possible to employ a temporary anchor-plate wire-windine
dispense with it as soon as cement mortar or concrete, which system for large pressure vessels. ding
is inserted round the anchor-head, hardens and secures the
head to the concrete. The anchor-plate is then removed. The Relaxation of Stress in Steel
anchor-head is usually conical. The advantage of a positive
anchorage which will not sBip is thereby retained without
When a high tensile steelwire is stretched and
maintained
at a constant strain, the initial force in the wire
does not
the cost of a permanent anchor-plate.
remain constant but decreases with time.
In the original Holzmann large-cable system (Germany). The decrease of
the cable comprises layers of four oval-shaped well-spaced stress in steel at constant strain is termed as relaxation. In
a prestressed member, the
wires, and is secured by means of a wedge to a large high tensile steel between the
prefabricated member (comresponding to a female cone anchorages is more or less in a state of constant strain.
or large grip) which also forms the anchor-plate. In the However, the actual relaxation will be rather less than
that
indicated by a test of a tendon at constant
improved Holzmann KA system (Klem Anker, i.e., clamnp length, as there
anchor system), now being used, up to forty oval-shaped or will be a shortening of the member due to other
causes. With
rectangular wires with diagonal ribs are clamped by means the high tensile steels at elevated stresses the
relaxation of
of transverse bolts and nuts which stress has been observed and it increases with the
are tightened against the of initial stress. If the stress is maintained
magnitude
Outer plates. constantly, the
In the
Losinger VSL system (Switzerland), up to 36 wires material exhibits a plastic strain over and above
the initial
are secured to an elastic strain, generally referred to as
anchor head by means of a single conical creep.
wedge with circumferential grooves in which the wires are The cold drawn steels
creep more than heat treated or
housed. tempered steels due to their lower magnitude of proof stres.
A continuous cable is used in the The phenomenon of
Baur-Leonhardt system, creep is influenced by
the chemical
in which the
tensioning is done by jacking apart two composition. Micro-structure, grain size and variables in
parts of the structure around which the the manufacturing
cables are process, which results in changes in the
Altematively, separate cables may be used, one endlooped.
being internal crystal structure. Several
hypotheses for explaining
anchored in the structure and the other in a the mechanism of
movable anchor in steel
creep are presented by severa
block to which the
jacks are applied. investigators
Another post-tensioning The
oldest, is that developed by
system, which is in fact the steel in a prestressed concrete member
strictly does
Coyne, and used mainly for not remain under a constant
condition of either stress or
retaining walls, dams,
and barrages. It strain. The most severe condition
cable of 600 to 800 wires comprises a straight
of 0.2 in. (5 generally occurs at the
stage of initial stressing;
strapped together to fom à bundle. One endmm) is
diameter,
steel reduces as the concretesubsequently,
the strain in the
in a bulkhead of
concrete and held
by bond, and
embedded force.
deforms under the prestressing
end is fixed to a
large steel drum filled with cementthe other The code
thereby foming an anchor head to which mortar, provision for the
is based on the results of
relaxation of stress in steel
the jacking force
*
In 1000 hours
the
relaxation test on
slip!
a short tendon the
extension may not be
very much more than the
SpecimensExperience has shown that the loss recorded over
a
period of about 1000 hours from an initial stress of 70% of
the tensile
strength is about the same as the loss
experienced
 49
Prestressing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages

over a period
of four years from an initial stress of 60% post-tensioned members are quickly grouted, there is
not

strength. According to Stussi the relaxation possibility of stress corrosion leading to a catastrophic
of the tensile the

curves obtained 1000 hours can be extrapolated by. a

over failure of the structure.
The Indian Standard specification I.S. 1785 There other common types of corrosion frequently
logarithmic plot. are
concrete constructions such as
the 100-hour relaxation test with a relaxation encountered in prestressed
prescribes chloride corrosion. A critical
review
of stress not exceed1ng 70 N/mm' for cold drawn stress piting corrosion and tensile steel
corrosion of high
relieved wires. In the absence of this, the 100-hour relaxation of the different types of
elsewhere. Some of the
test is also provided for with a limiting value of relaxation in structural concrete is reported
stress corrOSion
stress of 46.7 N/mm. important protective m e a s u r e s to prevent
contamination, protective
protection from chemical
Experiments have shown that a reduction in relaxation
include
of ducts
tensile steel and grouting
stress is possible by preliminary overstressing! A preli- coatings for high
immediately after prestressing operations.
minary overstress of 5-10% maintained for two or three
minutes results in a considerable reduction in the magnitude Hydrogen Embritlement
of relaxation. Some of the codes permit temporaryY of acids
due to the action
Atomic hydrogen is liberated
overstressing with correspondingly lower magnitudes of the steel surface
on high tensile
steels. This penetrates into
relaxation stress. in fractures on being subjected
making it brittle and resulting amounts of hydrogen are
Even small
Stress Corrosion to tensile stress.
tensile
deterioration in the
sufficient to cause considerable
Thephen menon of stress corrosion in steel is particularly steel wires.
since it results in sudden brittle fractures.
Stress strength of high tensile furnace slag cement
dangerous of Use of high alumina cement, blast
from the combined action
corrosion cracking results to make prestressed
which be either which is rich in sulphides, when used
corosion and static tensile stress, may Use
of attack in alloys concrete is likely to give rise to hydrogen embrittlement.
residual or externally applied. This type zinc for sheaths
structure which is of dissimilar metals such as aluminium and
the intenal metallurgical
is due to
treatment and mechanical to house tensile steel wires also results in hydrogen
high
influenced by composition, heat come in
of high tensile embrittlement. Minute traces of sulphur which
processing. The causes of the susceptibility contact with high tensile steel wires in
the presence of
manifold. Schwier has reportd
steels to stress corrosion are moisture results in reduction in the strength due to hydrogen
to stress corrosion
that heat treated wires are specially prone
to drawn wires. If the ducts of embrittlement.
fractures when compared
Table 6.5 Strand Data
BS3617 Normal-relaxation strand
Maximum relaxation after 1000
hours from
Minimum 0.2% Minimum initial load of initial load of
Nominal Nominal Nominal mass Specified
proof load 70% of the 809% of the
diameter area of per 000 m run characteristic elongation
specified characteristic
of strand steel load
load

kN kN
mm mm
52.3 411 93.5 79.5
9.3
10.9 71.0 564 125.0 106.3 3.5 7 12
12.5 94.2 744 165.0 140.3
15.2 138.7 T101 227.0 193.0
BS3617 Low-relaxation strand Maximum relaxation after 1000
hours fromn
Minimum initial load of initial load of
Nominal Nominal Nominal mass Specified Minimum 0.2%
70% of the 80% of the
diameter area of per 1000 m run characteristic proof load elongation
specified characteristic
of strand steel load
load

mm kN kN
mm
9.3 52.3 411 93.5 84.1
10.9 71.0 S64 125.0 112.5 3.5 2.5 3.5
12.5 94.2 744 165.0 148.5
I5.2 138.7 I101 227.0 204.3 (Contd.)
 Tabte 6. rCord
Dyform -R prestreeeing trand
Nowminal mas e Specified characteritic load Minimum load at 1%
mnm Normal-relaxation relaxatlen

300
N
209.0
300.0
bf
4.6985
strand
kN Low-rstrand
elaxation
kN
6.7443
2230 17S0 380.0 8.5427
Bridon SUPA-7 prestressing strand
260
330

mima dhareter Nominal area of Nominal mass pe Specified characteristic load Minimum load at 1%
steel 1000 m un Normal-relaxation relaxation
mm
S6.0 440
kN
102.5
lbf
strand
kN
Low-strand
relaxation
23.043 87.1 KN
76.0 600 138.0 31.024 I17.3 92.3
2 100.5 300 184.0 365 156.4 124.2
154 143.2 1130
250.0 S6.202 212.5 165.6
In order to prevent hydrogen embrittlement, it is essential 225.0
processes are often employed
reduce the losses
to
tha steel is properly protected from the action of acids. from the relaxation of the steel. These arisin
Protective coverings like bituminous crepe paper covering rising
processes involve
during transport reduces the chances of contamination. The
combination of applied heat and stress, carried
such varying trade names as out unde
steel should be protected from rain and excessive
humidity etc.
thermalising, nomalisine
by storing it in dry conditions.
Compact strand is pulled through a die after
being spurn
Strand Data as a stranded cable, which not only
the cross-sectional shape, but also physically modifies
There several enhances the strength
are grades of prestressing strand available. characteristics of the stranded cable as a result of the furthe
All prestressing strands are stress relieved, but further cold working.
Table 6.6 Forces in Different Types, Numbers and Sizes of Strands
Tendon
Strand siZe mm
Type Number of strands Cross-sectional area Force
Specified characteristic
(mm2) load in kN
12.7
100% 70%
DYF 784
18.0 1463 1024
DYF 892
15.2 1520 1064
STD 970 1589 1112
154 SUPA 1002 1750 1225
12.5 STD 12 1130 1980 1386
15.2 DYF 1155 2100 1470
12.9 SUPA 12 1206 2208 1545
2.7 DYF 12 1344 2508 1755
18.0 DYF 7 I561 2660 1862
15.2 STD 12
154
1664 2724 1906
SUPA 12 1718 3000 2100
12.5 STD 19 1789 3135 2194
15.2 STD 15 2080 3405 2383
12.9 SUPA 19 1909 3496 2447
15.2 DYF 12 1980 360) 2520
15.2 DYF 13 2145 3900 2730
2.5 STD 25 2355 4125 2887
15.2 STD 19 2635 4313 3019
12.9 SUPA 25 2512 4600 3220
15.4 SUPA 19 2720 4750 3325
12.5 STD 31 2920 51i5 3580
15.2 DYF 19 3135 $700 3990
12.9 SUPA 31 3115 $704 3992
8.0 DYF 19 4237 7220 503
 51
Prestressing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages

standard
ot assessing prestressing strand stressed and anchored in the normal way using
For the purposes the second tendon is
extensions, calculations should be based on values of E equipment and the dead-end of
strand to
on specimens of the actual strand used. For assembled around it, using swaged grips on each
taken from tests
of 200 kN/mm* may be used. afford maximum security.
design purposes a figure enclosed with a conical cover
has been designed The coupler assembly is
Couplers An economic range of couplers tendon is which has a grout access point
for second stage grouting.
for simple assembly on site. The first-stage

Multi-Wire 12/7 mm and 12/8

mm
Freyssinet
Tendons Tensioned Together)
Prestressing Anchorages (All
Intermal female cones
Diameter Length
Size mm in. mm

125
12/7 20 4
12/8 150

Extemal female cones

Diameter Length
Size mm I. mn

140 125 Male Cons

12/7 Famale Cone
150 125
12/8
Extermal cones should be specially ordered.
Fig. 6.5

H
Cone size A B 60 220 550 65 140

mm 600 200 2/8 8/4 21/2 2'/2 S/2

12/7
in. 24 7/8 5/2 3/4 2/4
100 75 JU0 550 90 200

650 75 200 15
12 21/2 3/2
12/8 74 4/2
n. 10/4

picaldetois dhe a s s e s for jacking

R y n cables.

Fig. 6.6
 AnalysS, Design and Economics
52 Cmrete Bridye Prantier.

Freyssinet' Multistramd Anchorage

Cable Charaterists
Cuble Diameter Initial Design
Cable Type* Initial Design
Force (80% ult.) Force (70% ult.)
n. mm kN kip force kN
mm
12/0.6 62 2'/2 2 180 490 907 kip force
12/15
12/13 12/0.5 52 2/x 584 355 T386 428
Freyssinet Mutti Strand anchorages have tme folowing aimeneions :
) 12/15 mm (12/0.0") 2) 12/3 mn (12/6.8"

I55 mm ls5a os mm
4 (24
Anchorage Centres and Edge Distances
Anchorage Centre to Centre to
size Centre Edge
mm n. mm N. mm
12/15 12/0.6 325 13 200
12/13 12/0.5 270 10/2 I50

JACK CLEARANCE DIASRAM

SCALE: ONE sQUARE REPRESENTS
mm (4in)
Fig. 6.7 Anchorage detailing
Blind-End Amchoruges The normal
anchorage can be used
in accessible dead-end
positions, but for situations where Swaged Anchorages This
anchorage permits a rapid build
the up of stress behind the
anchorages are to be cast into the concrete, or are guide. Swaged grips are used
inaccessible, a range of blind-end to ensure
maximum security and the whole
anchorages is provided. assembly is
Looped Anchorages This is the completed with a cast-iron
cap containing a grout accEss
bond length is
available, but due allowance has
preferred
solution where a point. This type of anchorage can be used for any size o
in the overall to be
design for the slow build-up of stress made
the length of strand
cable.
cast into the
concrete. This
along
is only suitable
for small cables. anchoráge Swaged Grips The swaged grip consists of a
hardened stee
A saddle is fixed in inner coil over which a
assist in the position to space the strands and ductile steel body is compressed by
distribution of the load to the too
drawing it through a die using a light,
access point must be provided near to concrete. A grout portable and robus
the sheath jack designed for continuous site
termination. are used in
work. These swaged gnps
couplers and blind end anchorages.
 Prestressing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages 53

wwOvZ
=
 Practice Analvsis, Design and Economics
54 Comcrete Bridee

seddle
Guide
Sweged
grs

LOopd
srands
Concal c e Anchor btodk
End cap
Tendon
Tenoon
(6) The looped anchorag (C) The swaged and cepped
) The 'Krenge coupler
anchorag0

Fig. 6.9(a), (b), (c) Freyssinet system

External Prestressing System 1

Removable External Prestressing

Placing of cables on the outside of structural

prestressing
no means a new idea. Many applications of
concrete is
this type over the past fortyfive years, in various countries
of the world, are based on this idea.
The use of extemal prestressing has proved to be of
particular interest for strengthening of structures, whether for
the purpose of adapting them to new loading regulations, or
in order to make them comply with new design regulations System 2
and to completely restore their capability of resisting applied
loads. Fig. 6.10 12 K 15 External prestressing anchorage (Freyssinet)
It was however, in France, in the course of the past
fifteen years and at the instigation of SETRA" that external The duct, which is continuous from one anchorage to the
prestressing given
was pride of place among the modern other, passes freely through the intermediate concrete cross
techniques used in the construction of new
structures.
beams by means of sleeves, generally of metal, cast into the
of
Freyssinet has designed and developed new range
a
concrete of the structure during pouring.
anchorages which takes into account dismantling require- These sleeves may also act as deviators.
and reinforced
ments, safety in placing and under load Stressing and grouting, with cement grout, are then
corosion protection which ensures the durability
of the
carried out in the traditional manner with standard
prestressing. equipment.
This method offers numerous advantages:
A New Range of Anchorages-Two Systems of Cables As the duct is external to the structure, the quality of
prestressing anchorages offered
This new range of extenal sheath placing and its watertightness may be checked at any
by FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL allows a choice
moment.
between two systems of tables. The cable/sheath friction coefficients are low and the
high coefficient of transmission results in
an appreciable
System 1: Ordinary Strand Cables (normal or super
improvement in the efficiency of the prestressing.
grade) The system is easily dismantable and allows replacement
The cable is formed of ordinary strands threaded in the of the cable if necessary.
traditional manner into a thick, high density polyethylene
(HDPE) sheath. Greased Strand Cables
System 2: Plastic Coated,
coated
French Ministerial Service for Technical Design of Roads and The cable is formed of greased strands, individually
and
Motorways. with a layer of high density, heat-extruded polyethylene
 Prestresing-steel, Tendons and Anchorages 55

inside a thick HDPE sheath.

orouped together prestressing
Stressing strand by strand allows the use of
the structure is cast in situ, the duct, which is
When lighter, and therefore, more easily handled stressing
one anchorage to another, passes through
continuous from constitute
cross-beams of which it foms an integral part. equipment. The size of the jack does not
the deviation of large prestressing
an obstacle to the instalment
When the structure is precast special arrangements must
by tendons.
be envisaged and defined case case.
bulky than
which is proposed and The use of a monostrand jack-less
The originality of this method, jack-allows positioning
of the axis
a multistrand
patented by Freyssinet Intemational, resides in the fact the wall of the structure,
with cement grout prior to of the cable closer to
that the sheath is injected when the cables
which is particularly advantageous
interaction between strands
stressing, which prevents all (either cast-in-place
anchored intermal blisters
in
are
their individual
during stressing and avoids damage to or bolted on).
protection system (grease plastic coating).
+
Fourfold protection (HDPE
sheath; cement grout
a very
coefficients of friction and safety against and grease) guarantees
Very low polyethylene coating corrosion.
corosion are thereby guaranteed. against
high level of safety the life
out strand by strand, in stages of the prestress, during
Stressing is then carried traditional manner with a
Ulterior adjustment
possible-provided
that
monostrand jack or in the is always
using a of the structure, gripping by
of strand, allowing
multistrand jack. the jacking lengths the initial stressing
to this method: uncut aftr
are left
There are multiple advantages the jack,
Strand/sheath friction
coefficients are extremely operation.
of the coefficient of
value
low and the high
of the cable results in highly efficient
transmission