Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation

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National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17

February 2004
by Richard Stallman
Transcript of the speech on “Free Software” by Dr. Richard Stallman on Feb 17, 2004 at the
National Institute of Technology, Trichy, TN, India.
[MOC] We will be starting off with the video conferencing session in a short while, audience
please note, the questions should be written on a piece of paper, and handed over to MOC desk. We
have volunteers all around waiting with papers, so please use them to ask your questions. Dr.
Richard Stallman has a hearing problem and therefore he will not be able to understand your
language.
Ladies and gentlemen, I feel privileged to be given the opportunity to to take you through this
morning session, which is a trend setter in many ways. This is the first time in the history of NIT,
Trichy that a video conference is going to take place. And the ECE association, prides itself in
taking this initiative. This wouldn't have been possible without the vision and hard work of the staff
and the final years. We hope this initiative will be the first of many in the future and the good work
is carried on in the coming years.
Software, a product of digital revolution is a more like magic. Hundreds of copies of a software can
be made at touch of a button. Portions of code can copied and used in another program without
much effort. These and lot of other properties make it an entirely different beast. A beast that does
not bow to the conventional copyright laws. But some people for their own selfishness have tamed
this beast and deprived the society the benefits of software.
Amidst this rose a man, who vowed to give back computer users their lost freedom. He proved to
the world not by words, but by action that it is possible to produce software without computer
users having to give up their freedom. A man who needs no introduction, but nevertheless must be
introduced for sake formality. Dr. Richard Stallman is the founder of the GNU project, 1984 to
develop the free operating system, GNU. And thereby give computer users the freedom, that most
of them had lost. GNU is a free software. Everyone is free to copy it, and redistribute it, as well as
make changes, either large or small.
Dr. Richard Stallman graduated from Harvard in 1974, with a B.A in physics. During his college
years he also worked as a staff hacker, at the MIT AI lab, learning operating system development
on the fly. In 1984, he resigned from MIT to start the GNU project. He has received numerous
prizes and awards for his work, which need no mention.
Today Linux based systems, variants of the GNU system based on the kernel Linux, developed by
Linus Torvalds are in wide spread use. There are estimated to be some 20 million users of Linux
based systems today. And the number is growing at an unprecedented rate.
Ladies and gentlemen, meet the man, the driving force of the free software movement, Dr. Richard
Stallman. [applause] [silence]
[RMS] Should I start? [silence]
Can you hear me? [silence]
Please raise your hands if you cannot hear me. [silence] So, if people could possibly be a bit quieter,
I guess that I can start.
www.gnu.org/philosophy/nit-india.html 1/20
[MOC] Audience please maintain silence. Thank you.
[RMS] Or may be it is just the system that is generating noise. I can't tell, I can't hear, if its people
talking or it's some artifact of the communication system. It's just coming across as lot of noise to
me. Just turn the volume down some how, I will see how to do that. I don't seem to have a control
for that. Don't worry about it. Don't turn it all the way off though. Just a little bit lower.
I want to have some indication of what's going on in the room, so that I can hear you, but the
volume may be just a bit too high, so that the room noise is getting tremendous.
Okay. Lets see. [silence] Well I guess, I will just start, if that's the thing to do. My speech today
well… Is it the time I should start. Or people are still coming into the room, should I wait a couple
of more minutes.
[MOC] Sir, we can start.
[RMS] I see people coming in. I will wait till the people come in and get seated.
[MOC] Sir, it is getting late, I think we can start.
[RMS] Okay. What is free software? Free Software is software that respects the freedom of the
users. This doesn't have anything to do with price, at least not directly. I am not talking about
gratis software. I don't mean software that you get without paying. That is actually a side issue
that is not particularly relevant. I mean software that you can use in freedom. Software that
respects the freedoms of the user. Or I should be more specific. Which are the freedoms, that I
mean.
For programs to be free software, you the user must have four specific freedoms. There is freedom
zero, the freedom to run the program, for whatever purpose in whatever manner. There is freedom
one, the freedom to study the source code, to see what the program really does. And then change it
to do, what you want. There is freedom two, which is the freedom to distribute copies to others, in
other words the freedom to help your neighbor. And there is freedom three, the freedom to help
build your community which is the freedom to publish a modified version, so that others can
benefit from your contribution.
All these freedoms, are essential. It's a mistake to think of them as levels of freedom, because all
four must be present, in order for the software to be ethically legitimate.
Why these particular freedoms? Freedom zero is essential so that you can have control over your
own computer. If you are not free to use the program for whatever purpose in whatever manner
then your use of your own computer, is being restricted. But freedom zero is not enough to have
control over your own computer, because without more than that you can't control what the
program does.
Freedom one is essential, freedom one enables to see personally what the program really does, and
then it change to do whatever you really want it to do. If you don't have freedom one, then you do
not control what your computer is doing, the developer of the program controls, what it's going to
do on your computer, and you have no recourse.
In fact, its not unusual for developers put in malicious features. This is primarily developers non-
free software, that put in malicious features and they figure that you cannot take them out. They
figure, they will get away with it. Because you are helpless. It is very common for non-free
programs to spy on the user. And they figure you might not be able to tell that its are spying on
you, because you can't get the source code and so how would you know what it is reporting about
you. We found out some cases, where programs spy on you. For example, Windows spies on you. 3
years ago there was a scandal, because Microsoft setup Windows to report what is installed on your
disk. It would send this information back to Microsoft. Then there was a scandal there was an
uproar so Microsoft took it out, and put it back in disguise.
About a year ago, some developers… some researchers found out that, they figured out that,
Windows XP when it asked for an upgrade, also reports to Microsoft, what's installed on your disk.
And it does this secretly, it sends the list of files encrypted, so that it was impossible for people to tell
easily that this was going on. They had to work hard [FIXME: 12:10] ??? to determine what
information Windows was sending back to Microsoft. But, Windows is not the only software
package, non-free software package that [FIXME: 12:30 spies] on you. Windows media player also
spies on you. Every time you access something, it sends a report to Microsoft, saying what you are
looking at. And Real Player also spies on you. So Microsoft is not the only non-free software
developer guilty of this kind of special mistreatment of the users. The Tivo spies on you. Some
people enthusiastic on Tivo, because it is based on GNU and Linux to some extent.
But it also contains non-free software. And it is designed to spy on you, and report what you
watch. I am told there are many other programs that are spy-ware. Then there are programs that
do other nasty things to you. For instance there are programs that reconfigure your computer, so
for instance that it will display ads for you all the time, and they don't tell you install this program
and it will display these ads. They figure that most of the users won't notice, they won't will be able
to figure out. They figure you will install several programs and you won't know which one
changed your computer's configuration. Or that you won't know how to undo it. Of course, if it
were free software this could be fixed. I will get to that in a minute. But sometimes they get even
worse. Sometimes programs have features designed to stop you from doing things. Software
developers like to talk about how their programs could do things for you. But sometimes they
design programs that will refuse to do things for you. This is often called DRM — Digital
Restrictions Management. Where programs are designed to refuse to access files for you, to refuse
to let you save files, or copy files or convert files.
Even more bizarre, there is a malicious feature in the music sharing program, Kazaa, where the
company… the developers sell time on your computer. So, other people will pay Kazaa, so that they
can run their programs on your computer. They don't pay you. In fact, this was being kept secret.
The developers of Kazaa didn't say to the users, “By the way, we are going to be selling time on
your computer.” People had to figure this out.
So, I am telling you examples, that I have heard of. But you never know, if there is some other
non free program, how do you it has some malicious secret feature. The point is you can't get the
source. Without freedom one, the freedom to help yourself, the freedom to study the source code
and change it to do what you want, you can't tell what the program is really doing. All you can do
is put blind faith in the developer. The developer says, “The program does this” Now you either
believe it or you don't.
Of course, not all developers of non-free software are putting malicious features. Some really are
sincerely doing their best to put in features to please the user. But, they are all human, and they all
mistakes. These mistakes are called bugs. Well, we free software developers are also human, and
we also make mistakes. Our programs have bugs too. The difference is, when you have freedom
you can study the source code and you can find whatever is bad in the program, whether it is a
deliberate malicious feature or an accident. Either way you can find it, and then you can fix the
program to get rid of it. Y ou can make the program better. With non-free software you are just
helpless. But with free software you have power over your computer. Y ou are in control. But
freedom one is not enough. Freedom one is the freedom, to personally study the source code and
then change it to do what you want. That is the freedom to help yourself. But freedom one is not
enough, because first of all there are millions of people who use computers but do not know how to
program. Freedom one is not enough for them. They don't how to personally study the source code
and change it to do what they want. But even for us programmers freedom one is not enough.
Because there are so many programs. Nobody has time to study them all, and master them all, to
be able to make changes in each one of them.
So, we need to be able to work together. And that's what freedom three is for. Freedom three is the
freedom to help build your community, by publishing a modified version. So other people can use
your version. This is what makes it possible for us all to work together taking control of our
computers and our software.
…That there are a million users and all of them want a certain change in a certain program. They
want it to work like this way instead. Well, in those million people, just by luck, there will be a
thousand who know how to program. Sooner or later there will be a ten of them, who read the
source of the program, and made the change and publish a modified version that does what they
want. And there are million other people who want the same thing. So, they will use the modified
version. They all get a change to have what they want. Because a few of them made the change.
With freedom three, a few people can make change and it then becomes available to many people.
And this way, any collectivity of users can take control over their software. What happens if there
is a group of people who want a change but none of them knows how to program. Suppose if only
500 people and none of them is a programmer. Now, suppose it is 10000 but they are all people
who have stores, so that they don't know how to program. Well, with free software they can still
make use of freedom one and three. They can all put together some money and when they have
collected the money they can go to a programmer or to a programming company and say, “How
much would you charge, to make this particular change and when can you have it done?”
And if they don't like what that particular company says, they can go to a different company and
say, “What would you charge to make this change and when can you have it done?” They can
choose who they are going to deal with. And this illustrates the fact that free software means that
there is a free market, for all kinds of services such as, to make the program do what you want.
With non-free software, support is a monopoly, because only the developer has the source code and
only the developer can make any change.
So if you don't like what the program does, you have to go to the developer and beg, “Oh, please
developer, please do my change for me.” And probably the developer says, “Y ou are not important
enough, why should I care about you. There are just a hundred thousand of you why should I
care.” But with free software, there is a free market for support and if the developer isn't interested
in what you want some body else will be, especially if you have some money to pay.
There are users of software who consider good support crucial and they are willing to pay money
so that they could have good support. In general, because free software support is a free market,
these users can expect better support for their money, if they are using free software.
Paradoxically speaking, when you have a choice between several non-free programs to do the
same job, which ever one you choose the support for it is going to be a monopoly afterwards, so at
the beginning you get a choice, but afterwards you are stuck in a monopoly. That's the paradox
you have a choice between monopolies. In other words you get to choose who is going to be your
master. But a choice of masters is not freedom, with free software you don't have to choose a
master. Y ou get to choose freedom, you don't have to choose between monopolies instead, you
continue to have freedom for as long as you keep using that program you are using it in freedom.
So I have explained freedom zero, one and three. These freedoms are all necessary so that you can
have control over your computer. Freedom two is a different matter, Freedom two is to help your
neighbor by distributing copies of the programs to others. Freedom two is essential for a basic
ethical reason, so that you can live an upright life where you help other people.
Now, the spirit… the most important resource of any society is the spirit of good will, the spirit of
readiness to help your neighbors. Of course, nobody spends a 100% of time helping his neighbors,
nobody does a 100% of whatever other people ask. And that is appropriate because you have to
take care of yourself also. But only extremely bad people do zero to help their neighbors and in fact
normally in society you have levels of helping the neighbors in between, not 0 and not a 100% and
these levels can get bigger or smaller depending on social change, by how we organize society we
can encourage people to help their neighbor and help each other some what more or some what
less and these changes in the levels make the difference between a livable society and a dog eat dog
jungle. And it is not by accident that the world's major religions for 1000 of years have been
encouraging people to help their neighbors, encouraging a spirit of benevolence of good will
towards your fellow human beings.
So what does it mean when powerful social institutions start saying sharing with your neighbor is
wrong, they are discouraging people from helping each other reducing the level of cooperation.
They are poisoning this essential resource. What does it mean when they say if you help your
neighbor you are a pirate. They are saying that to share with your neighbor is the moral equivalent
of attacking a ship. That morality is upside down, because attacking ships are really really bad but
helping your neighbor is good and must be encouraged and what does it mean when the start
making harsh punishments for people who share with their neighbors. How much fear is it going
to take before people are too scared to help their neighbors. Do you want to be living in a society
filled with this level of terror. The only … for what they are doing is terror campaign. In 2 countries
so far in Argentina and then in Germany, these companies, the developers of non-free software
have sent public threats, threatening people would be raped in prison for using unauthorized copies
of software. The only thing you can call it when people are threatening others will rape is a terror
campaign and we should put and end to this terrorism, right away.
Now, why did I say that freedom two, the freedom to help your neighbor is necessary to live an
upright life. Because if you agree to license for a non-free program, you have partly participated in
the evil. Y ou have put yourself in a bad moral situation. By using a program that does not give you
freedom two, the freedom to help your neighbor, you have put yourself in a moral dilemma,
potentially. It may never happen, but as soon as somebody comes to you and says, could I have a
copy of this program. Y ou are now in a moral dilemma, where you have to choose between two
evils. One evil is make a copy help your neighbor, but you violate the license, the other evil is you
follow the license but you are a bad neighbor. They are both wrong, so you have to choose the
lesser evil, the lesser evil in my opinion is to share with your neighbor and violate the license.
Because your neigh deserves… presuming this person had done nothing wrong, hasn't mistreated
you, then he deserves your cooperation. Where as, who ever tried to divide you from your
neighbors is doing something very very wrong and doesn't deserve your cooperation, so if you got
to do something wrong, you got to do it to somebody who deserves it.
However, once you recognize this, once you realize, that using this non free program means you
are liable to end up with a choice between two evils, what you should really do is to refuse to get
into that situation, by refusing to use the non free program, refusing to have the non-free program.
If you insist on using and having only free software then you cant ever get into this moral
dilemma. Because when ever your friend asks you for a copy of the program, you will be able to
say “sure,” and it wont be any evil because free software means you are free to distribute copies. It
means you have not promised that you refuse to share with other people. Y ou can share and there
is nothing bad about the situation. So once you recognize that, using and having the non free
program means putting yourself in a potential moral dilemma, you say no to it. And that way you
avoid the moral dilemma. Y ou stay in a position where you can live in a upright life and you are
not going to find yourself forced to do something wrong.
Once I was in the audience when John Perry Barlow was giving his speech, and he asked raise
your hand if you don't have any unauthorized copies of software and only one person in the
audience raised his hand, it was me. And he saw that and he said, “Oh, of course you.” He knew
that all my copies were legal authorized copies because the programs were all free software. There
are people who made copies from me were all authorized to copy the program and give me a copy.
And all my copies were authorized.
The information police, who are trying to put people in prison for having unauthorized copies, are
doing something wrong. What they are doing is something illegitimate, what ah… what is it
called… NASCOM, what they are doing is wrong, but at the same time I don't want to have to be
sneaking when I give you copies of the software, so I would rather use the free software and then I
can stand up even with the police watching. And I can give you a copy and I don't have to be
scared we don't have to live in fear, by choosing free software. So these are the reasons that the
four freedoms that define free software. Freedom zero is the freedom to run the program as you
seek it. Freedom one is the freedom to help yourself by studying the source code and changing it to
do what you want. Freedom two is to distribute copies to others, and freedom three is the freedom
to build your community by publishing an improved version, so as to help the other users of
software.
Now, none of these is a question of price. Free software does not mean you can get it at zero price.
In fact it is perfectly legitimate for people to sell copies. That's an example of freedom two, freedom
two is the freedom to make copies and distribute it to others. That includes selling them if you
wish. Y ou are free to make copies and sell them. It is true that typically people won't pay a large
amount of money for their copies, because they know that can find someone else can give him a
copy, so most people won't pay very much for a copy. They might pay a certain amount you know
if the price is small enough, if it is easier them for them to pay it, than to go hunt around and go to
the trouble of getting a copy gratis. There are people sell copies, and they make some money with
it. But people generally can't do is hold the users to ransom, squeezing a lots of painful money out
of them, because at that point the users will redistribute copies to each other, they will make the
effort. So free software can't be used to squeeze money out of people in a way that hurts society.
But it doesn't mean that no money ever changes hands it does not mean gratis. Sometimes people
in India refer it to as Mukth software or Swatantra software, to emphasis that we are not talking
about gratis. But it is true that the savings that users can have because they are not forced to pay
for permission, can be important for encouraging computer use, in a country with lots of poor
people, because authorized copies of the software can cost more than the computer. Now the
computer can cost this much and the authorized copies of software can cost this much. Well, there
are lots of people in India who might be able to afford the computer, but couldn't possibly afford
the software, because they can just barely afford a computer. So free software can make a big
difference in terms of who in India can get a computer and run it. We don't see this yet, because a
lot of people in India are using unauthorized copies. I don't think it is wrong to use unauthorized
copies, but we can see the developers of non-free software are trying to make this impossible. They
have two different ways, one is the terror campaign you know threatening to rape people in prison,
and the other one is technical changes that can prevent the unauthorized copies from running,
making people register in order for the software to run, you can see this in Windows XP, and there
are more such measures coming. So what we can expect is, that it would be harder and harder in
India to get by using unauthorized copies. And that means computer use in India and computer
users in India are heading for a train wreck. They are on a course that leads to disaster and the
thing that India needs to build is, start making effort to get on to the other track, to get on to the
free software track, the track that escapes from this problem. So every social institutions in India,
every government agency, every school, every organization, should be working as quickly as
feasible, to switch people from the non-free track to the free track.
But this is not what they are doing. And you can see easily if you look around easily, government
organization in India are mostly using non-free software. And schools in India are using non-free
software. This is a terrible mistake, it is a foolish and disastrous policy, governments of course
deserves to use free software. Every computer user deserves to have the four freedoms, and that
includes government agencies that use software. But when it is a government agency it has a
responsibility, a duty to choose free software. Because government agency does data processing for
the public, and they have a responsibility to maintain control over their computers, to make sure
that the data processing that they are doing is right. They do not, they cannot legitimately allow
the processing of data to fall into private hands, so our private parties to have control over what
their computers are doing.
I see a lot of people moving around, what's happening… what's happening… I can't hear you, the
sound is turned off apparently…
[MOC] Sir, we are collecting questions.
[RMS] Any way I hope it is over now. I will continue. So government agencies have a duty to
make sure that they continue to control, what's going on in their own computers.
So I see, you are collecting the questions already. But I am not even finished yet! Anyway… I am
probably about a half finished. OK, now I understand. So okay, I will continue.
Because remember, if you are using a non-free program, you don't really know what it does and
you have no control over what it really does. Y ou can't tell if there is a back door. There are people
who suspect that Microsoft has put a back door into Windows or other software. We don't know,
because we can't see the source code, there is no way to find out, if there is a back door. And it is
possible also, that some of Microsoft employees put in a back door without being asked to. I heard
some of the people working on Windows XP, were arrested, accused of working a terrorist
organization and accused of trying to put in a back door. Now, this means, if you are using non-
free software, you have be scared that the company, that is the developer put in a back door, and
you also have to be scared that some developers secretly put in a back door, that even the company
doesn't know about. The point is, that because you can't get the source code, study it and change it,
you are helpless either way.
And Microsoft did something really stupid. Well, really absurd. Supposedly, they offered various
governments access to the source code. But they did it in a way that is fraudulent. For instance,
they offered the Indian government access to the source code of Windows. But, that doesn't mean
that they offered a copy of the source code to Indian government. Oh No! They offered access to a
special server site, where a few chosen people from the government will be able to login and then
single step through programs. And supposedly, see what's going on in the source code. But there
would be no way they could guarantee that the source code they are looking at in the server, is the
same thing that is running on their own machines. So the whole this is a fraud. A joke. Except, the
joke would be on the Indian government, if it said yes to this project.
And, meanwhile, even if one organization got access to the source code, if your organization
doesn't have access to the source code, that doesn't help you.
Every school in India should be using free software. So as, to teach the children of India to grow
up to be free software users. Y ou see, teaching these children to become users of non-free software
is guiding them on to the track that leads to the train wreck. So schools have to be teaching these
children to grow up to be free software users.
It should be no surprise, that Microsoft is offering gratis copies of Windows to schools in India.
They are doing this for the same reason that tobacco companies used to offer gratis packs of
cigarettes to children. They are trying to get children hooked. They are not doing this, to be helpful
to anybody. They are doing this so as to have more of their grip around these children. So, they are
asking the schools to become accessories, in maintaining their grip. And this should not be
surprising. If you compare Microsoft with other forms of colonialism, you will see a lot of
similarities. Because you see, non-free software is a system of colonialism. The developers…
Instead of one country colonizing another, it is various companies trying to colonize the whole
world. And they do this, using divide conquer tactics. Keeping the user divided and helpless. And if
you think about it, that is what a non-free program does, it keeps the users divided and helpless.
Divided, because you are forbidden to distribute copies to other people, forbidden to help your
neighbor. And helpless, because you can't get the source code and change it. So, with this divide
and conquer policy, you also see the policy of using the local [45:20] ???? to keep everyone else
inline. So Microsoft offers special deals, to whoever seems to have special influence, to get them to
use Windows, and thus keep everyone else inline. Governments are being used in this way. And
schools are being used in this way. The schools of India should reject non-free software, and thus
refuse to be used to keep the population of India inline and under the domination of the developers
of non-free software.
But there are two even deeper reasons, why schools in India should insist on free software. One
reason is for the sake of education. As people reach their teenage years, some of them are going to
be fascinated by computers. They are going want to learn everything about what is going on inside
that computer. They are going to want to learn how does this program work. If they are using
non-free software, the teacher has to tell them, “Sorry, you can't learn that, I can't learn that. It's a
secret. Nobody is allowed to learn that.” Non-free software prohibits education. But with free
software, the teacher can say, “Go ahead. Here's the source code for this program. Read it. Y ou
can learn. And then, now that you have read the source code, try making a change, try making a
small change in this program. And then try making another. Try changing that program. Try
changing that program.” And this way the students who are fascinated by computers will learn to
write good software.
As far as I can tell, some people are born with the skill program, are born with their brains growing
so that they will have the skill to program. They will be natural programmers. But writing clear
understandable software is something you have to learn. That's judgment. The way you learn is by
reading lots of source and by changing lots of programs. That way you learn what makes a
program easy to understand and easy to change. Every time you try to read a program and it is
hard to figure out a certain part, you learn this is not the way to write clear code. Non-free
software doesn't help you do this. Non-free software just keeps you in the dark. But if the schools of
India switched to free software, then they can offer the students the opportunity to learn to be good
programmers. To learn the same way I learnt. In the 1970s, I had a special opportunity. I worked
at the AI lab at MIT. And there, we had our own time sharing system, which was free software.
We would share with anybody. In fact, we were delighted anytime when somebody was interested
in any part of it. We were delighted anytime somebody wanted to join us in using it and then help
develop it. And so I had the opportunity to read all these different programs that were part of the
system, and make changes in them. And by doing this over and over again, for years, I learnt to be
a good programmer. I had to go to one particular place on earth, to have this opportunity, which
was very unusual, very rare. Today any PC running the GNU plus Linux operating system, will
offer you this opportunity. Every school in India that has a computer can offer its students the
same opportunity, that I could only get at MIT.
So schools should use free software for the sake of education, but there is an even deeper reason,
because schools are not supposed to teach just facts, just skills, but even more deep, they are
supposed to teach the spirit of goodwill, the habit of cooperating with other people. So schools shall
have a rule: If you bring software to class, you are not allowed to keep it for yourself, you must let
the other kids copy it. A rule of good citizenship. Of course, the school has to practice its on own.
So, the school also should only bring free software to class. The software running on computers in
class should all be free software and this way the schools can teach good citizenship.
Three weeks ago… No it was two weeks ago, when i met with Dr. Kalam and explained to him
about why schools should use free software and about how non-free software is colonial system, I
was really delighted, because he understood it instantly. He recognized the analogy, how the
colonial powers tried to recruit the [FIXME: 51:40 weaks] ??? to become their assistants for
keeping the rest of the population inline. And then, the most delightful part was that some people
from Microsoft were waiting to see him next. I am sure when he spoke with them… that this
comparison will go through his mind, as they try to convince him to do something or other, as
they offered some kind of inducement to help keep India inline. What happened in that meeting, of
course I don't know; because I wasn't there in his subsequent meeting with Microsoft. But I'm
sure with this analogy running through his minds, he would have had some effect and I hope it
will have some effect on you. When you, as part of the Indian [FIXME: 52:30] ??? are invited to
help keep India inline. That you recognize that it's your duty to say no. When somebody invites
you to join in a free software movement, where we weave our own code together, that you'll
recognize that this is the way to put an end to colonialism.
Well, when somebody says, “What?! we have an office in India; we were spending a million dollars
a year paying a few people in India. Doesn't this make it okay for us the colonizer of the rest of
India.” Well, you will recognize how stupid is this. The British employed people in India too, but
that didn't make colonialism a good thing; didn't make it legitimate; didn't make it ethical. Because
every computer user deserves freedom.
So I've been explaining why software should be free. So what do we do about it? I was thinking
about these issues in 1983 and I reached the conclusion that software should be free; that the only
way to live in freedom is to insist on free software. But what can i do about it? If you want to get a
computer and run it, the first thing you need is an operating system and in 1983 all the operating
systems for modern computers were non free, were proprietary. So what can I do? The only way
you can get a modern computer and run it was to sign a contract promising to betray your
neighbors. How could there be an alternative? The only way to have an alternative, the only way
to use a computer and within freedom, was to write a free operating system. So I decided I would
do that. I was an operating system developer, I've the skills to undertake this project. So I decided I
would write free operating system, or die trying, presumably of old age. Because at that time, the
free software movement which was just beginning, had no enemies. We just had a lot of work to
do. So I decided that I would develop a free operating system and I decided to make it a Unix like
operating system. So that it would be portable and so that Unix users would be having easy times
switching over to this operating system that would give them freedom.
I figured, by making it compatible with some existing popular systems, we'll have more users and
thus the community of freedom, the free world would grow bigger. And I gave the system the
name GNU, which stands for GNU's Not Unix. It's a humorous way of giving credit to the ideas of
Unix. It's a recursive acronym and that was a traditional programmers of having fun and giving
credit at the same time. At the same time the word GNU, is used for lots of word plays, it's a word
that has a lot of humor associated with it which makes it the best possible name for anything. I
should explain that the word GNU is the name of an animal that was in Africa. We use the animal
as our symbol. So if you see a smiling animal with some horns that is associated with our software,
that's a gnu. So 20 years and 1 month ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT and began
developing the GNU system. I didn't do it all myself, of course, I was also trying to recruit other
people to help and gradually over the years more and more people joined in. During the 1980s, well
we had only a few parts of the GNU system; some of these parts were superior and so people
would take them and install them on their non-free systems. For instance, the GNU Emacs text
editor and the GNU C compiler. These were programs that people would learn even on top of their
non-free Unix system. But our real goal was not just to have a few popular programs, the goal was
to make a complete system. So that we should reject the non-free systems; reject non-free
software, escape from the bondage of non-free software. So we kept filling in these gaps in the
system and by the early 90s we had just one important gap remaining and that was the kernel.
In 1991, a college student in Finland, wrote a free kernel and released it under the name Linux.
Actually in 1991, it was not free. Initially it was released under a license which was little too
restrictive and did not qualify as free. But in 1992, he changed the license and he made it free
software. At that point it was possible to take this kernel and fit it into the gap in the GNU system
and make a complete system. The system which is a combination of GNU and Linux. This GNU
plus Linux operating system now has tens of millions of users.
Unfortunately, most of them don't know that it's basically the GNU system. They think the whole
system is Linux. That's the result of a confusion. The people who combined the Linux and the
GNU system, they didn't realize that they were using Linux to fill this gap. They thought that they
were starting with Linux, and adding all the other components that were needed to make a
complete system. Well, all the other components were pretty much the GNU system. But they did
not recognize that. They thought they were starting with Linux and turning it into a complete
system. So, they started speaking of this entire system as Linux. Even though it was actually more
GNU. The result is the confusion that you will see today. Many people when they talk about the
GNU system call it Linux. In fact, if you see someone talking about Linux, then unless he is talking
about an embedded system, he almost certainly means the GNU system with Linux added. But
sometimes he is talking about embedded systems, and there maybe he really means Linux.
Because in embedded systems, sometimes people use Linux by itself, without the rest of the
operating system. Y ou don't need a whole operating system in an embedded computer.
So there is a lot of confusion. People say Linux, and sometimes they mean an entire operating
system that you could run on a desktop or a server, and sometimes they mean just this kernel,
which is enough for a embedded machine and that's all. So, if you want to avoid confusing people,
you need to distinguish them, use different names for different things. When you are talking about
the kernel, please call it ‘Linux’. That was written by a person, who chose the name Linux. And we
ought to use the name he chose. When you are talking of the operating system, that's mostly
GNU. And when I started developing it, I chose the name GNU. So please call this combination
GNU plus Linux. All I am asking for, is a equal mention, for the principle developers of the system,
the GNU project. We wrote the largest part of the system, and we had the vision for doing this
whole job. Please give us equal mention. We need it. We need it, so that we can spread the
philosophy. Teach people the ethical reasons. The social and political issues that are stake here.
Why software should be free.
Now, it was suggested I should talk about, some issues having to do with hardware. Sometimes,
people ask whether hardware also should be free. Well, the issue only partly is meaningful. Because
you see, what does it mean for software to be free. It means that, you are free to use it if you wish,
study what it does, and change it. And copy it, and distribute copies, including modified copies. But
you see, ordinary users of hardware, can't copy the hardware. There are no copiers. If I am
ordinary user of software, I can copy it. Because every computer is a copier for software. And I
don't need any special facilities to be able to study the plans and change them. I just need to
understand programming. Then I can read the source code, as long as the developer will let me
have a copy of the source code. But hardware isn't made by copying. Y ou don't make computers,
by putting them into a universal copier. Y ou know, if somebody gives you one CPU chip, you can't
copy that CPU chip to make another identical chip. Nobody can do that. There are no copiers. Now
what about modifying it. Nobody can modify a chip. Once it's made, it's made. There are chips that
are customizable. But to actually go in and modify the hardware of the chip, is impossible. For
those chips that are customizable, suppose it is a microcodable chip, or a programmable gate array,
the microcode, that's software, that's not hardware. The pattern of gates circuitry that goes in a
programmable gate array chip, that pattern is software. That pattern can easily be changed and
can easily be copied, because it is software.
So that will help you understand, how these issues relate to various situations. The pattern that you
load into something, that's software. And the physical object, that's the hardware. The physical
object that can't just be copied, but has to be made in a factory.
But sometimes, there is a different issue that does make sense for hardware. And that is the design
spec, visible. Y ou know, can the public get copies of design, to find out what the hardware does.
Well, this is necessary in certain cases, so that you can check for malicious features. This is a fairly
new issue. In the past, you know, if you go to disk controller, you know, it's a card, you are going
to put it in your computer, you didn't have to worry very much. Is there a danger that there will be
malicious feature on this disk controller. Because there wasn't really much danger. There wasn't
much scope for putting in malicious feature into people's disk controllers. Because, how would they
send a command to your disk controller. It just wasn't really feasible, to do those things. But, as
these controllers get to be more… as the hardware gets more and more powerful hardware can be
put in a smaller place, it becomes feasible, that somebody could put back doors, into your disk
controller, into your CPU, into your network card. Now, how do you know that your network card
isn't setup to receive some secret message, which is going to tell it to start spying on you somehow.
So these issues start mattering, once the hardware becomes powerful enough, we need to insist
that we can control what's really inside it. But you noticed, that the lot of stuff inside this so called
hardware, is really software. A lot of device controllers nowadays, have computers in them. And
there is software to get downloaded into this computer, and that software should be free. That's the
only way we can trust it. That's the only way we can tell that it doesn't have some secret back door
feature, to spy on us. It has got to be free software.
So, the general rule is, if people ask me the question, “Does this apply to computers that are
embedded?” I thought about this and I reached the conclusion, that if new software can be loaded
into this computer, then it's visibly a computer, it really is a computer, for you the user. And that
means you must have the freedom to control the software. But more recently, another issue is
arising, that if the device can talk to the network, whether that's the Internet, or the cell phone
network, or whatever. If it can talk to other people, then you don't know whether it is spying on
you. So, it has to be free software. Consider for instance, portable phones. Y ou shouldn't use a
portable, unless the software is free. There really have been dangerous malicious features, in
portable phones. There are portable phones in Europe which have this feature, that somebody can
remotely tell the phone to listen to you. It really is a spy device, in the most classical sense. And if
you have a portable phone, do you know who could be spying on you at any time? Y ou don't
unless you are… unless the software in your portable phone is a free software. So, we must insist on
free software for this portable phones. That's just one of the reasons I won't use a portable phone.
Because the portable phone network is a surveillance device. It can keep records of where you go.
It can keep a permanent record of where you have been at all the time. And I think this is so
dangerous such as threat to our freedom, that we must refuse to have these phones. They're
dangerous, they're poison.
Any way for more information I would like to refer you the gnu projects web site, which is
www.gnu.org and also to the web site of the free software foundation of India, which is FSFIndia
no sorry… I … no it's… It's gnu.org.in that's gnu.org.in. If you would like to help free software in
India, please get in touch with FSF-India so that you can combine your efforts with other people
and together you can fight for freedom.
From now I'll accept questions.
Oh boy, am I sleepy!
[MOC] Sir, we will be reading out the questions one by one collected from the audience, and…
then you can answer the questions.
[RMS] Okay, if one person asks multiple questions, please give them to me one at a time.
[MOC] Y es, sir.
The first question comes from H. Sundar Raman. His question is, “What is the difference between
Open Source Software and Free Software?”
[RMS yawns]
[RMS] I should first explain that Free Software and Open Source each has two related meanings.
I am looking at a mirror image of myself. So it's hard to me to see where to put my hands.
Each one refers to a categorical software and each one refers to a philosophical movement. So
there is the free software… the free software is a category of licenses. And there is the free software
movement and it's philosophy. Likewise open source is a category of licenses and a philosophy. For
we can compare the free software movement and the open source movement… sorry, we can
compare free software as a category of software with open source as a category of software. And
we can compare the free software movement philosophy with the open source philosophy. And
what you find is as categories of software they are very close together. Open source is a category of
licenses just as free software is a category of licenses. And these two categories are defined with
very different language. But so far practically speaking they are pretty similar. There are some
licenses that qualify as open source but do not qualify as free software. How ever they are not used
very much. So, if you know that of certain program is open source and that's all you know, you
can't be sure it's free software but it probably is free software.
Meanwhile, there are also the two movements and their philosophies. And these are very far apart.
In the free software movement we have a philosophy based on freedom and ethics. We say that
you must insist on free software so that you can live an up-right life and have freedom to help
other people. The open source movement was formed specifically to avoid saying that, to reject our
ethical principles. The open source movement doesn't say you should insist on open source
software. They say that it may be convenient or advantageous. They sight practical values only.
They say that they have a superior design… sorry a superior development model — superior in its
shallow technical sense, that it usually produces technically better software. But that's the most
they will say. They won't say that this is an ethical imperative, they won't say that software should
be open source, they won't say that closed source software is an attempt to colonize you and you
should escape. They won't say anything like that and in-fact the reason for their movement is
specifically not to say that; to cover that up. And so when it comes to the philosophical foundation
what they say and what we say are as different as night and day. And that's why I am always very
unhappy when anybody associates me or my work with open source.
The people who developed, who are motivated by the open source movement, they are usually
contributing to our community because usually their software is free. And that can be a good
contribution. But I disagree with their philosophy completely. I think it is shallow. And I am very
unhappy when people label me by their slogan and give people the impression I agree with that
philosophy.
So next question please.
[MOC] The next question comes from Advait Thumbde. His question is freedom to copy may not
generate enough money; which is essential to fund resources for technological development.
Where as many rival firms…
[RMS interrupts] No. That's false. That's false. Money is not essential for technological
development, not in the software field. May be in an other field it is because other fields are much
more difficult. It cause a lot of money to setup a factory to build hardware. Well, that requires an
investment. But we have proved, in the free software movement we have proved that we can
develop a wide range of software with out any investment. We proved this by doing it. There are
about a million people contributing to the free software and most of them are volunteers. Large
programs has been developed by volunteers, which proves that its not necessary to raise a lot of
money. It's not necessary to have any money. Now I suppose that these volunteers are not
starving, they are not living on the streets. They must have jobs. I don't know what their jobs are,
but remember that if you look at all computer related employment, only a small fraction of that is
programming. And most of that is custom software design, only a small fraction of that is
developing software for publication. To be made available to the public. So there are lots of jobs
these people might have to support themselves. So that they can spend some of their free time
developing our free software. And this is not a problem as long as we develop lots of free software.
And we do. The fact is we know this is not a problem.
So, the people who say that free software won't work because we can't raise enough money, that's
like people saying air planes won't work because of we don't have anti-gravity. Well, air planes do
work which proves we don't need anti-gravity. I should also point out there are also people who
are getting payed to develop free software. The money comes from in-various ways. Sometimes
these people are extending existing free programs to meet the demands of clients. Sometimes, they
are getting funding from universities or governments.
Governments fund the large fraction of all the software developments in the world and except in
the rare cases where the software has to be kept secret. It could just as well be free software. So we
should be spreading the word in academia. When you have a project to develop some software, it
must be free software. It's an ethical requirement to make it free software.
Finally, I should say that you might want to get money to do something; you might want to make
money out of an activity. And this is not wrong, not in itself. But if the activity itself is wrong then
you can't justify it by saying I'm going to get money. Y ou know, the [FIXME 81:00] get money;
but that's no excuse for robing people. Non-free software is ethically poison. It's a scheme to keep
people divided and helpless. It's a form of colonization. And that's wrong. So when a person says to
me “I'm going to make my program proprietary so that I can get money, so that I can work full
time developing the program” I say to him “That's like saying you're going to rob people so that
you can get money, so that you can spend full time robing people.” It's all wrong. And you
shouldn't do it.
I believe that people who contribute to society made it… Well… People contribute to society it's a
good idea if we reward them for it. And when people are doing things that harm society, it's a good
idea if we find ways to punish them for it. That will encourage people to do things that contribute
to society and not to do things that hurt society. And therefore people who develop free software
should be rewarded and people who develop non-free software should be punished. Because, free
software is a contribution to society but non-free software is a scheme to colonize society and that
deserves punishment not reward. Another way to look at it is to realize that to use a non-free
program is either to be foolish or unethical or both. Which means that, for me, these non-free
program …is… might as well be nothing because I am not going to use it. Ethical people, people
who insists on living an up-right life are going to reject it any way. So his program is only avail…
only going to be of used to suckers. Who don't have well trained consciousness. And what good is
that? So the person says to me “I can only develop this program if I make it proprietary; that's the
only way I can bring in enough money so that I can spend the time developing this program.” I'm
not going to tell him that can't be true because I don't know his circumstances. If he says that
there is no way he can develop this program unless he has paid full time and if he says that he
doesn't know any way to get payed full time except to make the program proprietary; I'm not
going to tell him this is false because he knows his situation. What I will tell him is, “Please don't
develop the program.” Developing the program in that way would be evil or would be harmful. So
it's better if you don't do it at all. Do something else. Because a few years from now sooner or later
some one else will be in a different situation. Some one will be able to write this program with out
subjugating the users. And we could afford to wait a few years so that we keep our freedom.
Freedom is worth a small sacrifice. We can wait a few years.
So next question.
[MOC] His next question is “All intellectual work like books are proprietary”. Is it not justified in
case of software?
[RMS] Well, he is mistaken. There are plenty of free books as well. In fact more and more the
movement is catching on to makes books free, free as in freedom I mean. Now, we started doing
this in the 1980's. The manuals for GNU software that are developed by the GNU project are all
free in the sense that you are free to copy them. They are not gratis at-least not always. We print
copies and we sell them and we sell them for more than the production cost because we're trying to
raise money. So, you know, of course this was to produce re-charge this much because we're trying
to raise substantial money with these books. But you are free to copy and change them. And you
could even get the source code through the Internet, the source code for the books. And now we
are not the only ones. There is now a movement for free text books. In-fact there are projects in
India and elsewhere to develop free educational materials to make available to schools. A complete
curriculum of free educational materials. Because educational materials should be free. And so I
suggest that you look at the site gnowledge.org. That's like knowledge but spells with a ‘g’ instead of
a ‘k’. And you will see one of these initiatives being carried out by Prof. Nagarjuna in Mumbai.
Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia — Wikipedia. It's the largest encyclopedia in history. I
believe, it now has more than a hundred and sixty thousand entries. Which is far more than any
other encyclopedia has ever had. Like around twice. And this has been done in just a few years; by
the public.
So, if we were to believe these threats, ???? people say the only way to develop these things, the
only way to write and update an encyclopedia is proprietary, they are making a threat. They're
saying if you don't agree to give up your freedom, you won't get the encyclopedia, you won't get
the software. They're asking us to feel helpless and feel desperate. And that's really foolish.
[RMS yawns]
Next question.
[MOC] The next question is from Ganapathy. He says “I believe the greatest challenge to free
software lies in getting quality software which means quality software developers. But enough
drive has to be there for them to spend time and brain. So what do you suggest for getting
enthusiastic developers.”
[RMS interrupts] That's not true.
Well, you know I keep getting questions from people who believe things that are demonstrably
false. People who are making guesses about our community and they're guessing wrong.
The fact is free software has a reputation for high quality. The GNU plus Linux operating system
initially began catching on back in the 90's because of its high quality. People discovered that it
would stay up for months. That they would find… the only time the system went down is when the
power failed. And this contrasts with non-free software that's often quite unreliable. So you see this
often, you will see people foolishly making the assumptions that free software can't work. They
don't know any thing but they're making it all up. Now, why is this? I guess because non-free
software is so common, they make the assumption it must work well.
Do you think that people use Windows because it is good? What a ridiculous idea. People use
Windows because other people use Windows and that's the only reason. Well, no that's not the only
reason… they use Windows because it comes on their computers. These are the two reasons. The
only reason that… let any one… one thing in the usual thing why does some alternative survive;
only because it's better. Free software has to be twice as good. In order to get practically minded
people to choose it. Of course you can hear my scorn in the term practically minded. These are
people who don't value their freedom. They're fools. A fool and this freedom are soon parted. But
there are plenty of fools; especially in a lot of organizations are people who believe that they are not
supposed to pay attention to ethics or freedom. They are only supposed to pay attention to short-
term practicalities. Which is a recipe for making bad decisions. For hurting society. But that's the
way they are. So why is it that even those people some times choose free software? Because it has
practical advantages. For instances it's powerful and it's reliable.
Next question
[MOC] The next question is from Subramani. Distributing the software as a free copy is user
friendly but is it business friendly. Don't you think it will disturb the economic balance in the
friendly but
06/09/2010 is it business friendly.Stallman's
Don't you think
Speech it will disturb
at National Institute the
… economic balance in the
software.
[RMS] This is utterly foolish. First of all, remember that I explain that free software is a matter of
freedom not price. Free software does not mean that it is gratis. But sometimes it's gratis. On the
other hand some time you can get non-free software gratis. That doesn't make it ethically
legitimate, because it's still tramples your freedom. It still keeps you divided and helpless, even if
you didn't have to pay. Schools in India can get Windows gratis. But it's still harmful. So the issue
is not about price. The issue is about whether the software respects your freedom. And this… this…
idea there is some kind of balance. I don't know what in the world he is talking about? But
remember if a business is making money by subjugating people, that's bad, that's some thing we
should bring to an end. There are many businesses that operate by mistreating people. And those
businesses are bad. They don't have a right to continue. They deserved to be brought to an end. I
won't say that non-free software is the biggest such problem. Because, you know child labor is very
common but I don't think that's mostly free software development. I think it's mostly other things.
There are many ways that a business can be… can operate that is harmful to society. And we have
to put in an end to that.
Or in looking at Coca Cola, poisoning people, while draining away the water supply from the
people. And not only that; they murder union organizers in Colombia. So, there is a world wide
boycott of Coca Cola company. Coca Cola company is, by the way, being sued in the U.S. for
arranging with paramilitary [FIXME: subs..94:07] to murder union organizers in Colombia. So
join the boycott. Don't buy Coke.
So I hope… I said this basically to illustrate that there are many ways a business can conduct itself
unethically. And businesses that conduct itself unethically don't have a right to continue. They're
not legitimate and they shouldn't be treated as legitimate. Non-free software development is an
example because what ever the program itself does, the license subjugate the users. And that's
wrong.
Next question.
[MOC] Windows is supporting regional languages and it's helping the people of India but GNU
doesn't have this feature. What is your suggestion in this regard?
[RMS] He is mistaken. Y ou know, I have never given a speech where so many questions that
make false statements, criticizing the free software movement in a ways that are not true. Why is
it… you know I can understand not knowing. Every one of us is born completely ignorant. And
every one of us, in any particular subject starts out knowing nothing. But why are peoples here are
so ready to make assumptions when they don't know. Why do not admit you don't know? Why
these people believes things which are false. Which clearly they don't have good evidence for.
Actually, Windows… doesn't it support all the Indian languages? And are the other hand free
software does. And it is not just Windows by the way, there are many other non-free software
packages and non-free means you can't change it. With free software you can change it. So if you
want a program to support your favorite language and it's non-free, you have to beg and plead
with that developer to cater to you. But if the program is free software, you don't have to beg
anybody. Y ou can just do it. And this is what happening. People in India are adapting GNU/Linux
to various different Indian languages. And if they haven't yet done your favorite language, you can
start the project. Y ou are not helpless. Launch the project to support your favorite language. Y ou
know, even tribal people can localize the system to their language. Y ou don't have to have the one
of the major recognized languages. In order to get support in free software, you just have to be
willing to do the work.
Next question please.
[MOC] Sir, we would like to know how long can we continue this question and answer session?
[RMS] Well, certainly I'll do another fifteen minutes.
[MOC] Y es sir.
[RMS] Oh, Please don't call me sir. I believe in equality. And it's really a sort of bad for me if you
call me sir. It might make me get in over inflated estimate of how important I am. And that will be
bad for me, as well as bad for you.
The important thing here is freedom. I am just its representative.
[MOC] The next question is from Vijay Anand. The question is, “There are lots of incompatible
GNU/Linux distributions. Is this a drawback to the free software movement?”
Well, we shouldn't over estimate the extent to which they're incompatible. At the source level they
are almost all… they are mostly compatible, unless you are doing very obscure things. Y ou don't
need to worry about the variations when you are writing source code. They will have different
binary and different packaging but that's not a very big difficulty. So, I say, no It's not a major
drawback. Of course you know, having different versions of the system can be good if users…
different users want them. Now let's contrast this with the kind of incompatibility that we have,
that we find in the non-free world. Y ou'll find that Microsoft makes gross incompatibilities in each
version of its systems. They makes… they deliberately make formats incompatible with everything
else and protocols incompatible with everything else. They try many different ways to prevent
other people from inter operating with them. And each version of a Microsoft package is likely to
be incompatible with the previous version.
They impose incompatibility because they have power and they think they can get away with it.
Whereas in free software world we developers don't have power. If I make a decision that you
don't like, you are not stuck with it. Because you have the source code, you can change it, you can
change any of my decisions. Whether I make this decision… you know, if hypothetically I choose
to impose incompatibility on you, you could change it, you could take my program and modify it
to compatible with whatever. Where is… you know, …even if I made a decision that you just don't
like for some other reason, you can still change it. Y ou can change any of my decisions regardless
of why I made the decision, regardless of why you don't like it; you can change it. So I don't have
any power over you when I develop free software. Y ou, the users are in control of your software.
So it will you generally do what you want more or less. But the developers of non-free software,
they do have power over you. And so you are stuck with their decisions.
[MOC] The next question is from Rakesh. “Since the source code of free software is available, it is
possible for a cracker to introduce malicious code into the program and distribute binaries, so that
it looks like the original. Is this a drawback to the free software movement?”
[RMS] Well, we have ways of protecting against this. For instance you can get your copies from a
reputable distributor and we use digital signatures to sign our co… and we use … you know,
cryptographic [FIXME: catches 1:42:48] the checksums. So that you can see the checksum that
the developer publish and thus get an assurance that the version you have is the correct version.
[silence]
[MOC] The next question is from Krishnan. The question is, “When do you expect the GNU
HURD to be available to the public for normal use?”
[RMS] I have learned I should not try to predict that. A few months ago, the HURD developers
concluded that they really should switch to a different micro kernel. And it's going to take a
substantial amount of work to do that. So I'm… I'm disappointed by this delay. But it looks like
that will mean some delay.
[MOC] The next question is from Manu Meta… Metallurgy. The question is, “Is developing free
software on non-free operating systems wrong?”
[RMS] Well, it's not exactly wrong. But it's foolish to use the non-free operating system because
you can't live in freedom as long as you do that. And your software, although it be free, is not a
contribution to the free world when it doesn't… if it doesn't run on a free operating system.
And in particular you should be careful about Sun's Java platform. Never use Sun's Java platform
to develop software. And at least not develop free software because Sun's Java program is not free.
There are free Java platforms, but they don't have all the capabilities of the Sun's Java platform. So
the danger is if you are using the Sun's Java platform you might use some features we don't have
yet. And you wouldn't even know it. Y ou won't notice because you won't notice a problem because
it will work. It will work on Sun's platform. So then several months later you'll try the program on
our platform and find that you did months work based on a feature we don't have and you will say
“Oh! it would be so much work to redo that; that I can't do it.” So then your program won't run on
a free platform at all. At least not until years go by and we have implemented a replacement for
that feature. So you should use our free Java platform to develop that. Use the GNU Java
platform… the GNU Java compiler and use the GNU Classpath as the libraries. Don't use Sun's
Java Libraries, they are not free. So this way if you ever start to use a standard Java feature that
we don't have, you'll find out immediately. And you'll be able to choose some other way of solving
the problem with out wasting a lot of time.
[MOC] What do you think is the greatest obstacle for free software in India? How do we break
them up?
[RMS I'd say the biggest obstacle for free software in India right now is the tendency of
government agencies and schools to use non-free software. It's vital to convince the schools to
teach the children in India to grow up living in freedom. When Windows… Microsoft offers the
schools gratis copies of Windows, the schools have to say “We are not going to accept them; we are
not going to participate in teaching our kids to be addicts.”
[MOC] The next question is from Pankaj. The question is “Does the availability of source code
make them more vulnerable to attacks?”
[RMS] Well, [FIXME 108:00] speaking the answer is just opposite. Our software is much more
secure. People have various speculations about why that is the case. I don't know why, but that's
what people observe.
Next question.
[MOC] This is the last question of this conference.
[RMS] Okay.
[MOC] The question is, “There was a recent controversy over the GFDL. What was the
controversy?”
[RMS] Sorry, controversy over what?
[MOC] The GFDL; License.

[RMS] Oh, There are some people who don't like some of the provisions of the GFDL. The GFDL
arose non-technical sections, sections that give your opinions about the… the field and so on, which
are in-variant. They can't be changed or removed. The GFDL says that the actual subject matter of
the work, it's designed for manuals. And the GFDL says that the actual documentation has to be
free, but you could also have opinion sections which don't have any documentation but they give
your opinion about the ethics of the field and so on. And those have to be preserved and can't be
changed. There are people who think that this is wrong. I think that they are being too rigid in
their understanding of the freedoms. People need the freedom to change the technical substance of
the work. And the GFDL provides that freedom. But having the authors opinion in there
somewhere doesn't interfere with your user of the work to do with technical job and doesn't
interfere with your changing in the work to do a different technical job.
So if that was the last question then I guess we're done.
[MOC] We thank you sir, for this inspiring and interesting session.
[RMS interrupts] Please don't call me sir.
[MOC] We thank you Richard, for this inspiring and interesting session. Y ou have provided us
with immense knowledge over free software. And cleared many doubts pertaining to the
movement. We now fully understand the importance of using free software. We assure this would
have earned you many followers among the students community of our college. We find ourself…
[RMS interrupts] Happy Hacking and Good Night.
[MOC] A very Good Night to you sir.
[applause]
Copyright © 2004 Vijay Kumar

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notice is preserved.
Contributors (in alphabetical order): Krishnan, Saravana Manickam, Vijay Kumar, Vimal Joseph.
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Stallman&#39;s Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation

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National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17

[RMS] Should I start? [silence]

Can you hear me? [silence]

[MOC] Sir, we can start.

[MOC] Sir, it is getting late, I think we can start.

[MOC] Sir, we are collecting questions.

From now I'll accept questions.

[MOC] Y es, sir.

So next question please.

[RMS interrupts] That's not true.

Next question please.

The important thing here is freedom. I am just its representative.

Next question please.

Next question please.

Next question please.

Next question please.

[MOC] This is the last question of this conference.

[RMS] Sorry, controversy over what?

[MOC] The GFDL; License.

So if that was the last question then I guess we're done.

[RMS interrupts] Please don't call me sir.

[RMS interrupts] Happy Hacking and Good Night.

[MOC] A very Good Night to you sir.

Copyright © 2004 Vijay Kumar

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Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation

Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation