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Abstract:
Russian Formalism was developed in early 20th century. The
critics associated with this movement differentiated a literary work
from ordinary by using literary devices. They emphasized on
scientific methods for studying poetic language. They were also
agreed to autonomous nature of poetic language and its specificity
as an object of study for literary criticism. Later on it influenced
other literary movement like New Criticism, Structuralism and
Bakhtin School.In this article humble effort is made to understand
its basic concepts.

Keywords:

Russian Formalism Criticism Theory Structuralism Bakhtin

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perception, because the process of perception is an

16
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aesthetic end in itself and must be prolonged. Art is the

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18
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ÃyÒ c* ¿ÌËq -Š 4, ÆkZXì êŠg Z Œ Û (Irreducible building blocks of the story)

EH
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Tomashevsky calls motif."(11)

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19
 ƒzsg ¬:~IˆÏzg

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®~ w ìÆ y ZX ì @*
ƒ ¶· C1 )
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ā Hk , ’~ Y 1935 ñƒ D ™w ì§ Ö Z6,~I ˆ Ïzg ä ͎ðzg ~ ekZX ÷ Dƒ
E
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yZÄÆóe $©7 Lä mzg k] *—çL8Xâ á ZzpgmÐÉ Z|ì&Xì \zg ð»g Z »g¦Æ
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G
g » zc» 2Z ¸é}tāìg ~ ‚fXì êŠ x Zux » » ïEG3Ò¨$ÅÜÁ/vŠ uø~zqXì CI
(Gestalt) x ´gzZì Cƒ Za ]uz~}g 0* ®Ð ‰ ÂÆkZXì 3kÐ ¿!É ì 7
:ì q͎ñƒD Zz™ƒÅuø~zqXì @* ƒk,5 +ú
"The dominent may be defined as a focusing component

of a work of art. It rules, determines and transforms the

remaining components."(12)
GG
qZ {g 0*
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CÅÏZXì @* Z]Æ}g 0*
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N
õg @* KÅuø~zq ä ͎ðzgXì @*
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g ZzŠ ZÆõg @* ä ͎ðzgXì Yƒk , +q ¸z Ì~] &x ÓÅg »ðËgzZì Yƒ Ì~ Ä
5
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"Jakobson argues that one may seek a dominant “not

only in the poetic work of an individual artist and not

only in the poetic canon, the set of norms of a given

poetic school,but also in the art of a particular epoch,

viewed as a particular whole. For example,during the

Renaissance, the “visual arts” were dominant and

accordingly shaped the poetry of the period. Similarly,

20
 ƒzsg ¬:~IˆÏzg

“Romantic poetry oriented itself toward music: its verse

is musically focused; its verse intonation imitates

musical melody”(13)
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pg mÐ wj¼!* Xì @* Y Hg¦I ˆ ¹ZÐzz Å*z c 6,| # ‚ ã —ÅVzg 0* [Š Z
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3E 45 z Ô( P a v e l M e d v e d e v ) si +zz wz0* ~ +Š** ë Z á Zz
! Š Z LZ ä si +zzX ÷ ™f ÿLE &‡x ** Æ(Mikhail Bakhtin)¼!* bLgzZ Voloshinov)
The Formal y*» kZX¸ s ÜÆ ~I ˆ }p ðZ’ZÆ kZX HŠ Õ Ëg â gi ¸W »^
Method in Literary Scholarship: A Critical Introduction to Social
Ãy !*
iā åb‡6,gîå»] !*
kZ Ìs ðG4hIzÅ zX ås ÜÆ~I ˆ6,gîå Poetics (1929)
3E

21
 ƒzsg ¬:~IˆÏzg

Marxism and the Philosophy y*LZ ä kZg Ö Z »TX YYH7µ ZÐ Yß c*

àW
THg Ö Z » pŠx°~ ]*—ŠêÅ b§kZ Ìä ¼!* bLX H6,gîãZz~of Language
b‡Æ ] !* kZŽ Å¿# Cc* L #GC
ÃÅ]*— èE Ù â ä kZX Xg Z2Z ,Š ã
CÅ] (‚VZi Zˆ ä
@*ƒ {Çxig Å“ C4y¶ Kã—āì &t ¼!* Xì nzcg Z—Y) » [dy!* iā÷ ïŠ ð3Š
OZY X Vƒ}WëÐ ]ZŠ ¢ÆyZŽì Le**
g_ ™³p{zÆ™ŠzöpÆV/¡gÇXì
,
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A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Xì @ *ƒ úzg 6,RÅ y!*  t gzZ ì @*
i¼ ƒ ƒ
:ƒ±5k½ZÔ÷D™k , ’~KkZ÷%ÆLiterary Theory
"Verbal signs are the arena of continuous class struggle:

the ruling class will always try to narrow the meaning of

words and make social signs ‘uni-accentual’,but in times

of social unrest the vitality and basic ‘multi-accentuality’

of linguistic signs becomes apparent as various class

interests clash and intersect upon the ground of

language. ‘Heteroglossia’ is a fundamental concept,

most clearly defined in Bakhtin’s ‘Discourse in the

Novel’ (written 1934–5)."(14)

¹»g Z MZ „ y !*
iāÅiÃ%{Š c* kZgzZ Á6,g ZŠ™ C4gzZ Y Æy!*
i6,] !* izÂKZ ä ¼!*
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sÜgzi CZ6,|]g @* Å 6 YgzZì ÷ [Š~]ZøÚDpgzZ ]g @* Ô YÃwqZ]e$Š â ]g @*
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E
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/
bâ œ%V˜ì (Locus)N{ztÔì CƒÝqE¯6,QÃøÚ~TÔì oÑ~Š ã CÅp~i ZzW

22
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Å (Supress)ä!* Šå Ð Z y—çL8Xâ X ÷ Cƒ ~9 Wt ‚t WÆ}uzŠ q -Z Ф m, /œ

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23
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ó+Z ãzk , zLÃ9Æ i§kZX XV´p~ ï GG3J43XÅākZ ä y7÷g ÑgzZ H', Ô…Zg Z~ y ZgzŠÆ
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