REVIEWER FOR PHIL.
HISTORY An Account of Magellan’s Expedition
HISTORY - It’s continues process and written in a
chronological order of events and its importance to
our society
 . It’s from the Greek word “HISTORIA”
which means to search, look into
 History is a brief summary or result based
on a factual research
 Historiography is a study of how a certain
historical text was written, who wrote it,
what was the context of its publication, what
particular historical method was employed,
 Historiography lets the students have a
better understanding of history
PRIMARY RESOURCES
 Primary sources are usually defined as
first-hand information or data that is
generated by witnesses or participants
in past events.
 The examples are letters, diaries,
journals, newspapers, photographs, and
other immediate accounts, Archival
documents, artifacts, memorabilia,
letters, census, and government record,
SECONDARY RESOURCES
 which were produced by an author who
used primary sources to produce the
material.
 secondary sources are historical sources,
which studied a certain historical subject.
Both primary and secondary sources are useful
in writing and learning history.
A. External Criticism
It is sometimes called as “lower criticism”. It is
the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence
by examining its physical characteristics
B. Internal Criticism
It is sometimes called as “higher criticism”. It is
the examination of the honesty of the proof; it takes
a gander at the substance of the source and
analyzes the condition of its generation.
RMP (BSIS – 05)
 On 10 August 1519, five ships departed
from Seville for what was to become the first
circumnavigation of the globe.
 Antonio Pigafetta. A narrative and
cartographic record of the journey
 Pigafetta's The First Voyage around the
World is a classic of discovery and
exploration literature.
 The First Voyage around the World is
also a remarkably accurate ethnographic
and geographical account of the
circumnavigation
 this edition of Pigafetta's classic
travelogue is sure to enlighten new readers
and invigorate the imagination as the story
has done since it first appeared.
 The Spanish ”Armada de
Moluccas”, consisted of the Trinidad,
Magellan’s flagship, the Victoria together
with the San Antonio, the Concepcion, and
the Santiago.
 Pigafetta’s travelogue became an
inspiration to Western literary men such as
William Shakespeare and Michel de
Montaigne
 Fish, palm wines, cocos, rice, wine, and
cocho were already present as food
resources in the 16th century
 The first appearance of gold in the island
was present at Homonhon (the archipelago
of St. Lazarus) which was referred to as the
“Watering Place of Good Signs”
 Magellan exchanged gifts to the King of The
Ballanghai and his men Turkish robes, red
cap, knives and mirrors to armors
 He further showed the king his weapons,
helmets, artilleries, and shared his charts
and maps during their expeditions
 March 31st, Easter Sunday when Magellan
ordered to preside a mass at Limasawa
island
 Magellan’s Cross intended to keep the
people from danger and trouble and to
release anyone who could have been held
captive by Spaniards.
 Cebu (Zzubu) was the largest and the
richest of the islands
  April 8 when Magellan done blood compact
with a rajah in Cebu in order to pay tribute
and create trust and friendship between the
people
 April 9, the following day when Magellan
spoke before the people about peace and
God
 April 14 when Magellan encouraged the
king and principal men of the islands to be a
Christian and burn idols and worship only
the cross instead
 The king of Cebu was then baptized as a
Christian
 April 22 when all of the island’s inhabitants
were already baptized
 Magellan gave the queen Sto. Niño as a
baptismal gift
 April 26 when the Battle of Mactan took
place, as Lapu-lapu- ruler of Mactan,
refused to obey Magellan.
 Magellan was killed during the Battle of
Mactan with a poisoned arrow through his
right leg
 Duarte Barbosa was elected by Magellan’s
men as the new captain
 Three years later, only the Victoria,
captained by del Cano returned to Sevilla,
Spain in 1522 with 18 crewmen, raggedly
cadaverous and near death
 The expedition brought to expand Spanish
empire mainly with the means of religion
 Palm and bamboos were used to build
houses
 Other belief system than Christianity were
perceived to be blasphemous and barbaric,
even demonic.
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 KATAASTAASAN,
KAGALANGGALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG
MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK) or
KATIPUNAN is ostensibly the most
imperative association that shaped
Philippine History.
 Katipunan created a complex structure and
a defined value system that would guide the
organization as a collection aspiring for
single goal.
RMP (BSIS – 05)
 One of the most important Katipunan
documents was the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
 The original title of the document was
“Manga Aral Nang Katipunan or
“Lessons of the Organization of the
Sons of Country”.
 Written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896.
Jacinto was only 18 years old when he
joined the movement. He was a law student
at the Universidad de Santo Tomas.
 Jacinto became the secretary of the
organization and took charge of the short
lived printing press of the Katipunan.
 Bonifacio then he formed an underground
secret society through the use of secret
codes and passwords called the katipunan
in 1892.
 The Kataas-Taasang, Kagalang-
galangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng
Bayan (Supreme and Velnerable Society of
the Children of the Nation) provided the
rallying point for the people’s agitation for
freedom, independence and equality.
 The organization had its own structure, law
system and system of government.
Symbols, crypto logic languages,
clandestine rituals marked the Katipunan’s
operations
 Bonifacio was one of the Chief Officers
and in 1895, he became the Presidente
Supremo.
 The katipunan rapidly developed in fame
and by 1896 had in excess of 30,000
individuals.
 On august 23, 1896, Bonifacio and his
kindred Katipuneros tore their cedulas
(living arrangement authentication)
which was set apart as the noteworthy
“Cry of Balintawak” which really
happened in Pugadlawin.
 “Sigaw ng Pugadlawin” This denoted the
start of the Philippine unrest.
 The commanding structure of the
Katipunan involved three points of
enrollment with new individuals beginning
as “katipon” at that point climbing to
“kawal” and in the end to “bayani”
 fuerte, a unit of money equivalent to 1/8 of
a silver genuine peso
(The Katipunan Code of Conduct)
  To do good for personal gain and not for
its own sake is not virtue.
 The honorable man prefers honor to
personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to
honor.
 Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor before the law or in the field.
 Do not waste thy time; wealth can be
recovered but not time lost.
 The prudent man is sparing in words and
faithful in keeping secrets.
Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-
“The Proclamation of the Philippine
Independence”
Political Caricature/ Cartoon
 June 12, 1898 - The Philippine Declaration
of independence was proclaimed in Kawit,
Cavite.
 public reading of the Act of the Declaration
of independence (Spanish: Acta de la
proclamación de independencia del
pueblo Filipino),
 Independence was declared on June 12,
1898 around four and five toward the
evening in Cavite at the ancestral home of
General Emilio Aguinaldo
 The occasion saw the spreading out of the
National Flag of the Philippines,
 made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza,
 Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national
song of praise, now known as Lupang
Hinirang, which was formed by Julián
Felipe and played by the San Francisco
de Malabon marching band.
 The Act of the Declaration of
Independence was organized, written, and
read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in
Spanish
 The proclamation of Philippine
independence was, however, propagated
on 1 August, when many towns had
already been organized under the rules laid
down by the Dictatorial Government of
General Aguinaldo]
 The Original flag by Gen. Aguinaldo. Note
the Mythical face of the sun (1898 - 1901).
 1919 – 1981 (From 1901 to 1919, The
Philippines was a US territory and flew the
RMP (BSIS – 05)
US flag) The blue is Navy Blue, per USA’s
flag.
 1981-1986 (The Light blue is referred to as
“Cuban blue” though the flag of Cuba has
no such blue in it).
 1988 – present (The blue is Royal,
somewhat of a compromise between the
deep navy blue and the light blue of
previous flags).
“Alfred McCoy’s Philippine Cartoons:
1941)
 Modern art form that turned away from
classical art by exaggerating human
features and prodding fun at its subjects.
 It is also known as Editorial Cartoon that
contain a commentary that express the
artist opinion toward certain issues.
 This art became part of the print media as
a form of political and social commentary
that usually pin point the person’s power
and authority.
 In Alfred McCoy’s book Philippine
Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
American Era (1900-1941), with the help of
Alfredo Roces, they complied some
political cartoons that is published in
newspaper dailies and periodical in the
aforementioned time period.
 McCoy’s and Roces Book showed the
transition from the Spanish Colonial period
to the American Occupation period,
The First Catholic Mass
 Butuan has long been believed as the site
of the first Mass.
 monument in 1872 near Agusan River,
which honors the expedition’s arrival and
celebration of Mass on April 8 1521
 The Butuan claim has been based on a
rather elementary reading of primary
sources from the event.
 Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of
Magellan’s ship,
  and the more complete, was account by
Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al
mondo (First Voyage around the World).
 Pigafetta, like Albo, was a member of the
Magellan expedition and an eyewitness of
the events, predominantly, of the first Mass.
 It must be considered that in Albo’s
Version, the location of Mazava fits the
location of the island of Limasawa, at the
southern tip of Leyte, 9°54’N
 Albo does not mention the first Mass, but
only the planting of the cross upon a
mountain-top from which could see three
islands to the west and southeast, which
also fits the southern end of Limasawa.
 Pigafetta gave more details on what they
did during their weeklong stay at Mazaua.
 Butuan is riverine settlement, located on
the Agusan River.
 Pigafetta intensely define a trip in a river.
But remember that this account already
happened after Magellan’s death.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 2733
 An act to declare the site in Magallanes,
Limasawa Island in the province of
Leyte, where the first mass in the
Philippines was held as a national
shrine,
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11373
 President Duterte has signed a
law declaring March 31 of every year a
special holiday in Southern Leyte to
commemorate the first mass held in
Limasawa Island almost 500 years ago.
 March 31 will be known as “First Mass
Day”
The Cavite Mutiny
 The year 1872 is a historic year of two
events: The Cavite Mutiny and the
martyrdom of the three priests
 MUTINY – A rebellion against authority.
 CAVITE MUTINY – Uprising of military
personnel of Fort San Felipe (The
Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines)
on January 20, 1872.
 Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up
in belief that it would elevate to a national
uprising.
RMP (BSIS – 05)
 The mutiny is unsuccessful and
government soldiers executed many of the
participants.
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora, later on immortalized as
GOMBURZA (Collective name of three
Martyred Priests) and tagged as the
masterminds of the CAVITE MUTINY.
 FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ – Chinese –
Filipino born in Cavite. He was truly
nationalistic and accepted death penalty
calmly.
 FATHER JOSE BURGOS – Spanish, born
in the Philippines. Parish priest in
MANILA CATHEDRAL. Close to governor
General de la Torre.
 FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA – Spanish,
born in the Philippines. Parish priest in
Marikina. Known to be unfriendly and
would not countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behavior.
 Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal
centered on how the event was an attempt
in overthrowing the Spanish government
in the Philippines
 his account of the mutiny was criticized as
woefully biased
 Governor General Rafael Izquierdo -
implicated the native clergy, who were
then, active in the movement toward
secularization of parishes.
 He highlighted the attempt to overthrow
the Spanish government in the
Philippines and install a new “hari”
between Father Burgos and Zamora.
 JANUARY 20, 1872 – The district of
Sampaloc celebrated the FEAST OF THE
VIRGIN LORETO came with it were some
fireworks display.
 The Caviteños mistook the signal to
commence with the attack.
 Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Soanish
officers at sight and sezed the arsenal.
 Izquierdo, upon learning the attack,
ordered reinforcement in Cavite to quell
the revolt.
 The revolution was easily crushed when
manilenos who were expected to aid the
cavitenos did not arrive,
  Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
tried by a court – martial and sentenced
to be executed.
 Other Filipino lawyers were suspended from
the practice of law, arrested and sentenced
to life imprisonment at the marianas island.
 FEBRUARY 17, 1872 – The GOMBURZA
were executed by GARROTE in public to
serve as a threat to Filipinos never
attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
 A scene that was purportedly witnessed
by a young Jose Rizal.
 PARDO DE TAVERA – Filipino scholar
and teacher, wrote a FILIPINO VERSION
of the bloody incident in Cavite.
Dissatisfaction arising from the draconian
policies of Izquierdo (abolition of priveleges
and prohibition of the founding of the school
of arts and trades)
 EDMUND PLAUCHUT – A French writer,
complemented Tavera’s account and
analyzed the motivation of the 1872
Cavite Mutiny.
 RIZAL dedicated his novel EL
FILIBUSTERISMO to the memory of
GOMBURZA.
RETRACTION OF RIZAL
 Jose Rizal is well-known as a hero of the
revolution for his writing that center on
ending colonialism and liberating
Filipino minds
 The great volume of Rizal’s lifework was
committed to this end, particularly the
influential ones, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
 The primary source from Rizal’s
retraction translated from the document
found by Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. on 18
may 1935.
 “declare myself a catholic and this
Religion in which I was born and
educated I wish to live and die. “ – Dr.
Jose Rizal (Manila 29 of December of
1896)
 Another eyewitness account surfaced in
2016, concluded the research of
Professor Rene R. Escalante.
RMP (BSIS – 05)
 In his research, documents of the
Cuerpo de Vigilancia included a report
on the last hours of Rizal, written by
Federico Moreno.
 The retraction of Rizal remains to this
day, a controversy; many scholars
 His relevance remained solidified to the
Filipinos and pushed them to continue
the revolution, which eventually resulted
in Independence in 1898.
 BALAGUER AND CUERPO DE
VIGILANCIA TESTIMONY
CRY OF NALINTAWAK OR PUGADLAWIN
Philippine Revolution in 1896
 Andres Bonifacio and his comrades from
the Katipunan tore their cedulas in the
hills of Balintawak.
 The Cry of Balintawak was celebrated
every 26 of August 1896.
Lt. Olegario Diaz
 Officer of the Spanish Guardia Civil, took
place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896.
Teodoro Agoncillo
 Historian, took place in Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896, echoing Pio
Valenzuela’s statement.
Teodoro Kalaw
 In his 1925 book The Filipino
Revolution , took place during the last
week of August 1896 at Kangkong,
Balintawak.
Santiago Alvarez
 Son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the
Magdiwang in Cavite stated in 1927 that
it took place in Bahay Toro now in
Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion
and Ramon Villegas
 Taken place in Tandang Sora’s barin in
Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.
 The National History Institute of the
Philippines

 It has placed a commemorative plaque

marking the location of the “Cry” in Pugad
Lawin, Quezon City.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

 At September 1896, stated that Katipunan

meetings took place from Sunday to
Tuesday or August 23 to 25 at
Balintawak.
 At 1911, states that Katipunan begun
meeting on August 22 while the “Cry” took
place on August 23 at Apolonio Samson’s
house in Balintawak.
 Stated that, “hindi sa Balintawak nangyari
ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na
kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog kung di sa
pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugadlawin.”
The Pack of Biak-na-Bato

 Signed on December 14, 1897, created a

truce between Spanish Colonial Governor-
General Fernando Primo de Rivera and
Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine
Revolution.

RMP (BSIS – 05)