Question 1

Spark Engine:
A spark engine is an internal combustion engine, usually a gasoline engine, where the combustion process
of combustible oil fuel is ignited by sparks from a spark plug. At the end of a stroke, a spark is produced by
a spark plug. The spark ignites a mixture of air fuel and the fire burns in the fire chamber. As a result of the
fire, a tremendous force is applied to push the piston down rapidly and cause the crankshaft to rotate

compression engine:
ignition in an internal combustion engine where the required high temperature is produced by pressing air
into the cylinder before the introduction of the fuel (as in the diesel engine) pressure engine.
 In S.I engines, the ignition process is carried out with the help of a plug that ignites a mixture of air
and fuel pressed into the fire chamber. While, a diesel engine also known as a Compression Ignition
(C.I) operates on the basis of a diesel cycle or continuous input cycle.
The effects of physiological factors on temperature delay have been studied in a motorized research engine
that uses a single injection procedure. The fuels used include high-quality cetane gasoline, gas oil and M
gasoline. T. 80.The main factors under investigation are those related to fuel injection, such as injecting
time, quantity, and pressure (affecting drop size, speed and injection rate); hole width (affecting drop size
and injection rate) and spray form (type of pipe); and engine-related ones, such as temperature, pressure,
and wind speed.
Variations in engine performance such as speed and load affect temperature delays because they alter key
factors such as injection pressure, compression temperature, pressure and air velocity. It has been found
that under normal running conditions, heat stress and strain are the main factors. All other items have only
secondary effects.
Under the initial conditions, where the ignition is limited, the composition of the mixture is as important as
the temperature of the pressure and pressure. Factors such as air velocity and spray form affecting the
mixing pattern can have a significant impact on temperature delay.
We can try to reduce the delay time to make it more efficient and reduce the explosion and things that
affect the delay time in diesel or CI engines
• Adequate heat and pressure of the fuel.
• Swirl pressure measurement of air (movement) inside the engine
• Chaos
• Independent heating temperature
• Cetane no. petrol

2) Instant or uncontrolled fire: The duration of a rapid fire also known as uncontrolled fire. This
rapid fire will start well after the end of the heat delay period. At this time the heat output is high. The
pressure released during this time depends on the temperature delay time. If the fire delay time is longer
than that, the increase in pressure is more due to the fuel that will be collected during the delay.

3) Controlled fire: A rapid fire followed by a third phase called a controlled fire. During a rapid
fire, the cycle reaches maximum pressure and temperature. This means that the fuel droplets that are
placed in the fire chamber during the rapid fire stage will quickly heat up with a decrease in
temperature delay as soon as they receive the required oxygen and any pressure increase controlled
 by the injection. By the time it reaches the maximum pressure of the cycle the rapid combustion of
the fire ceases and the onset of the controlled fire. The controlled fire time is thought to end in a
major cycle

4) Final Fire: The burning process will not stop after the completion of the injection process.
Non-combustible particles that have left fire particles will start to heat up as soon as they come in
contact with oxygen. This process continued for a period of time called post-heating.
5) mass fraction: The fraction of Mass Burn (MFB) in each engine cycle is a standard value with a
scale of 0 to 1, which describes the process of chemical extraction as a crank angle function. The
determination of MBF is often based on the analysis of the burn rate - a process developed by
Rassweiler and Withrow. It is still widely used despite its clear measurement character due to its
limited simplicity and computer efficiency.

Question2
Fire delays are defined as the time (or interval of crank angle) from when the fuel injection starts
the fire. Both physical and chemical processes must take place before a significant portion of the chemical
energy of the infused fluid is released.

Physical processes:
The body's processes are fuel spray atomization, evaporation and mixing of gasoline vapor and
cylinder air.
Good atomization requires high injection pressure with fuel, small injection tube diameter, high oil
viscosity, high cylinder pressure (large separation angle).
The rate of increase in fuel droplets depends on the droplet frequency, speed, fuel instability,
pressure and air temperature.

Chemical processes:
Chemicals process the previous combustion of a mixture of gasoline, air and gas residues that lead
to automatic autonomy. Chemical delays are most effective during periods of temperature delays.
The delay in igniting the diesel engine is defined as the interval between the start of the injection
and the start of the fire. This delay period consists of (a) a body delay, in which atomisation, vaporization
and mixing of air oils occur and (b) chemical delays caused by the pre-fire reaction. Physical and chemical
delays occur simultaneously. Lowering NOx, a modified method for modern engines to reduce heat delays.
By predicting heat dissipation in modern engines, therefore, the measurement of thermal delay is not
important. However, the NOx roof sink is so low that accurate temperature forecasting is essential even if it
is small. Delayed loading of diesel sprays is a strong function of ambient temperature and pressure.
However, physical delays have not been adequately addressed in literature. In this chapter,
phenomenological calculations for cooling the spraying area have shown that the parameters of the body
and the type of fuel affect the temperature of the air mixture and the vapor produced by the first gasoline
injection for life.
 We can therefore think of slopes as a measure of heat transfer rate. Over time, the rate of heat
transfer decreases. Initially the heat is transmitted at a high rate as indicated by the large slopes. And as
time goes on, the slope of the line gradually becomes lower and slower.

Cylinder pressure is the pressure on the engine cylinder during the 4 strokes of the engine operation
(input, compression, heating and amplification, and discharge). You can argue that the pressure during
expansion is very important, because that pressure of the cylinder presses the piston to produce energy

Question 3
The rate of heat emission is a function of viscosity, density, calorific value, subtle fat burning and
fat burning, and fire temperature. The rate of heat emission consists of pre-fire power, controlled fire
power, and cooling fire. The rate of heat emission is based on the first law of thermodynamics . Which is
considered an open system.

The in-cylinder pressure and crank angle signals were obtained from the specified load engine
engine logger and stored in a high-quality digital data acquisition system. Data was recorded in 100 cycles.
After receiving 100 cycle data, the net temperature output was calculated based on the first rule of
thermodynamics by taking a standard amount of crank angle data data. The current approach was to view
the contents of the cylinder as a single area, its shape and thermodynamic structures designed to be uniform
throughout the cylinder and represented by median values. No spatial variability was considered, so the
model was said to be unequal. Equation is used to model a single area according to the first rule of
thermodynamics.

HRR was calculated by multiplying total burning area of melted material, and by HRR of material

per unit surface area, which can be obtained by cone calorimeter measurements.

Question no4
(a)
The Rassweiler-Withrow method was originally presented in 1938 and many still us the method for
determining the mass fraction buzzed due to its simplicity and it being computationally efficient.
 In this model the input to the method is a pressure trace P(θ j ¿ and the output is the mass
fraction burned trace, Xb (θj ¿.
 A cornerstone for the method is the fact that pressure and volume data can be represented
by the dyotropic.
PVn =constant.(n~y)
Were the constant exponent ἐ(1.25,1.35) glues fit to the experiment data for both compression and
expansion process Pn a engine. An appropriate range ƴ for heat release analysis is 1.3 to 1.4.
 The Rassweiler-Withrow method assume that specific heat ratio is captured by the
polytropic index .y(T)=n
 Calculation of dyotropic coefficient,
 In the Rassweiler-Withrow method the actual pressure change Δp=Pj+1-Pj .During the interval Δθ=
θ j +1 –θ j is assumed to be made up of a pressure rise due to V change ΔPv ,

By assuming that the pressure rise due to combustion in the interval Δθ is proportional to the mass
of mixture that burn’s the mass fraction burned at the end of the jth interval thus become’s.
Where M is total number of crank angle interval,

 The result from a mass fraction burned analysis by Rassweiler – Withrow method.
 (b)
1st law of thermodynamics:
It law of conservation of energy state that ‘total energy of universe is constant for thermodynamic
process.
 ΔU =dθ –dW.
 ΔU=change in internal energy
dθ =Heat transfer
dW=work transfer
One-zone Heat-release Analysis including one zone heat release:
It involve the large number of physically important parameter is dine in any software use MATLAB
environs and aim of it to find out how many variable and parameter can determine surely in this we can use
several method to determine there parameters like Levenberg-Marquart.one zero heat release analysis is
used for prided the groan heat release.

Specific heat:
It is amount of heat required to raise the temperature 1kg substance by 1 degree.
 It is generally two types:
 Constant volume specific heat
 Constant pressure specific heat

C= ΔE/m ΔT
Convective heat transfer:
It is mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred from one place to other place by movement of
fluids.
dθ=hA (Ts−T ∞)
h=convective heat transfer coefficient
A= surface area
Ts= surface temperature
T ∞=Ambient temperature