Grade 520 a: 15-18 µm

A thin paper with great wet strength and a very high flow rate. Frequently used in technical
applications such as the filtration of viscous liquids and emulsions (e.g., sweetened juices, spirits
and syrups, resin solutions, oils or plant extracts). Available prepleated as Grade 520 a ½.

Grade 520 bII: 15-19 µm

A thick paper with high wet strength offering a very high flow rate. Also available prepleated
as Grade 520 bII ½.

Grade 0858: 7-12 µm

Grained, with medium fast flow rate and medium retention. A universal filter paper, used for the
filtration of extracts, oils, beer, syrups etc., also applied in filter presses or for the aspiration of
liquids. Available prepleated as Grade 0858 ½.

Grade 0860: 12 µm
Comparable to 0858 but with a smooth surface, slightly thinner and faster. Also available
prepleated asGrade 0860 ½.

Grade 0903: 4-7 µm

Thin filter paper with smooth surface. Offers medium to slow flow rate and good retention for
small particles.

Grade 0905: 12-25 µm

A creped paper for coarse particles, offers a very high filtration speed. Available prepleated
as Grade 0905 ½.

Grade 1574: 7-12 µm

A medium fast filter paper with high wet strength. This paper has the same chemical resistance
characteristics as Grade 1573. Also available prepleated as Grade 1574 ½.

Grade 1575: < 2 µm

Slow filter paper with high wet strength. This paper has the same chemical resistance
characteristics asGrade 1573.

Grade 2294: 8-15 µm

A very thick filter card with high wet strength. Offers very high flow rate and retains medium to
coarse particles.

Grade 2411: 9-11 µm

A fast filter paper with high wet strength and medium retention. Frequently used as a protective
paper in filter presses.

Grade 2589 a: 6-12 µm

A fast to medium fast filter with high wet strength offering medium retention.

Grade 2589 c: 4-8 µm

Thick filter with medium to slow filtration speed, high wet strength, and good retention for smaller
particles.
Grade 2589 d: 2-6 µm
A very thick filter with high wet strength. Offers medium to slow flow rate and retains very fine
precipitates.

Grade Shark Skin: 8-12 µm

Creped, medium to slow filter paper. Resistant to weak acids and bases. Often used as a
protective paper for filter press cloths, as well as in processing of cocoa butter and edible oils.

Typical Properties - Qualitative Standard Filter Grades

Particle
Filtration speed Typical
retention Air flow Basis weight
Grade Description (approx.) thickness
in liquid (µm) (s/100 ml/in2) (g/m2)
herzberg (s) (µm)
(approx.)
Very fast,
520 a creped, high 15-18 17.5 - 300 90
wet strength
Very fast,
creped,
520 b II 15-19 15 - 500 135
wet strength,
thick
Medium fast,
0858 7-12 55 4.9 170 75
grained
Medium fast,
0860 7-12 60 4.8 170 75
smooth
Medium to
0903 4-7 175 - 140 65
slow, smooth
Very fast,
0905 12-25 20 - 270 75
creped
Medium fast,
1574 very low fiber 7-12 85 - 160 90
release
Slow, very low
1575 <2 700 - 140 92
fiber release
Fast, wet
2294 8-15 27.5 4.4 1500 556
strength, thick
Fast, creped,
2411 9-11 35 - 350 85
wet strength
Medium fast,
2589 a 6-12 60 - 430 200
wet strength
Medium to slow,
2589 c 4-8 160 - 750 400
wet strength
Medium to slow,
2589 d 2-6 235 - 1000 500
wet strength, thick
Medium to slow,
Shark
wet strength, thin, 8-12 77.5 - 170 44
Skin
creped

Quantitative Papers
Suitable for general quantitative analysis. These grades are useful for both coarse and fine as well as gelatinous
precipitates.

Retention (um)Flow Rate Porosity Grade No.

20-25 Fast Coarse 41
20-25 Fast Coarse 54
20-25 Fast Coarse 541
16 Fast Medium/Coarse43
10 Medium Fast Medium 454
5-10 Medium FlowMedium Fine 474
8 Medium Medium 40
3 Slow Fine 44
2.5 Slow Fine 42
1 Slow Fine 494

Refractivity:
a measure of the extent to which a medium will cause the deviation of a
ray of light or other electromagnetic radiation entering its surface. If
the refractive index of a medium is n, its refractivity is (n − 1).
The specific refractivity is given by (n − 1)/ρ, where ρ is the density of
the medium. The molecular refractivity is the specific refractivity
multiplied by the relative molecular mass.

Significance:

The index of refraction (n) and molar refraction (RD) are indications of the
manner in which a molecule interacts with light. The index of refraction is the
ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in the medium
(v):

n = c/v

This is a dimensionless parameter which ranges between 1.3 and 1.5 for
organic liquids. The refractive index is measured using a beam of
monochromatic light - typically, the yellow light of the sodium D line
(wavelength λ = 589.3 nm). Thus, n20D indicates the wavelength used, D, and
the temperature, 20'C. Other wavelengths used are the C and F lines of
hydrogen λ = 656.3 nm and 486.1 nm, respectively) and the G line of mercury
( λ = 435.8 nm). Molar refraction, RD, is a function of the density,ρ , of the
medium. The Lorentz-Lorenz equation expresses the relationship between
RD, ρ , and n, based upon electromagnetic theory:
RD =(n^2-1/n^2+2)M/ ρ

where M is molecular weight and RD has units of volume. (A term related to

RD is the specific refraction, which equals RD divided by M.) Rearrangement
of this scheme allows evaluation of n:

n = sqrt((M+2 ρ RD)/(M-ρ RD))

Molar refraction and refractive indices have many uses. They are often required
in confirming the identity and purity of a compound Determination of
molecular structure and weight is often aided by these parameters. RD is also
used in other estimation schemes, such as in critical properties , surface
tension , and the solubility parameter, which is a measure of intermolecular
forces . The refractive index, n, is affected by changes in temperature, pressure,
and wavelength of radiation. (RD remains nearly constant with changes of
temperature and pressure by virtue of the density factor, which is a function of
temperature and pressure and. thus offsets these effects.)

The refractive index increases as pressure increases, due to the resulting

increase in density. This effect is not as significant with liquids as with gases.
Lastly, the refractive index decreases as the wave length increases. For this
reason, one cannot compare indices measured at different wavelengths of light.