Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu
ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaq-
cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs
sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom
hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayof-
lobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad
marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra
aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/
validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini
hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi
Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca,
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkon-
trolis cvlilebebiT.
sirebuli adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro
zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic
xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli
unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba,
rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, moti-
vaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi
(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi,
monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT
xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT
_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovel-
gvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis ga-
reSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas
hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqa-
nizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis
zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad
gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomare-
obisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva
araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia.
arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi
socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, pla-
cebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowo-
nebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad,
mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vina-
idan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba,
naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an
placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi
efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis
zogierT efeqts.
hipnoturi stimulacia da
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic in-
duction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs
garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo-
209
 lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs
yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad
emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulis-
xmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an
movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias.
ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosam-
zadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis
funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad
gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis
tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis
mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi
adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac
hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT
siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian
STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnoti-
ziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTad-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis
unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemde-
baros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xaris-
xiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis
gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs
individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xaris-
xis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am
skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvene-
beli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias,
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda.
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxve-
vaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul indi-
videbs ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva,
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „daba-
li~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi stan-
dartul hipnotur STagonebas.
210
suraTi
6.5
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done
grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pir-
velad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobi-
luroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-de-
bulebian skalaze gaizoma.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasia-
Tebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtob-
rivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros
(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis tes-
tirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi
testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro
STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipno-
turi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozar-
dobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs
garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis geneti-
kuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri
tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTma-
neTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,
1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba Seda-
rebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT
iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mim-
ndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis
unikalur kognitur unars.
hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris
aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT
standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis
qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb-
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mo-
woneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
cemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da
simuliantebs.
saidan
viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad,
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimen-
tatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar-
Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel-
Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgo-
mareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris inten-
sivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigo-
noT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimen-
tatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad indi-
vidis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda
movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simu-
lianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asru-
lebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar
xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli indi-
videbi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRwe-
ren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas-
Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,
vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT
eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad
varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria
(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tki-
vilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STa-
gonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake-
Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancal-
kevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba
sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `dama-
xinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri
da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan
(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT
Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, ro-
melTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miR-
weva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic
daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSi-
rebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-
hipnozi (autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi
saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis
gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba.
erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis
mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili
orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi
(Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT
aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba
monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils.
Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu-
211
 rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa
sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993). hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar
niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas;
saidan
faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba
viciT individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis
daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic
moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis au-
wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas.
taneli tkivili. individebis mier tkivi-
es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac
lis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac
izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli
adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben
instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis
hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipno-
gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis tiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom
gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZle-
egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone ada-
odaT, rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da
mianebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs
(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda,
arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da
romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas,
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damouki- romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZ-
deblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris
leblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.
gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas
iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze
metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda meditacia
testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradi-
pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula
ciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs
da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi
cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri,
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis

aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben
piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens
ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilu-
cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowo-
robis skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovan-
debulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis
wilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawiles-
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da
Tan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxi-
subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis
sagan damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis mo-
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba
lodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve,
SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes
yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan
sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas po-
efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca,
zebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia,
Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis
axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generi-
amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
rebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre nak-
azrisagan.
lebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi
gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT,
ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al.,
TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba
1978).

meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis for-

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: ma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Sem-
hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris cirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
212 gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan;

normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgo-
mareobasa da meditaciis konkretul proce-
durebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs
SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul
garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al.,
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praq-
tikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis
droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis
praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas
regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT
formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba,
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT,
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, rome-
lic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi.
akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,
rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs
gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier
aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix.
Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al.,
1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani
budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991)
gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva,
ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul
garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi,
rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval
gzaze dagvayenebs.
halucinaciebi
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes
cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri kon-
struqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba ilu-
ziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis percep-
tuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.
masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,
Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
6.6
suraTi
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomare-
obidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli proce-
sebisgan. 213
 faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis
Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT,
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxva-
vebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdi-
lebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halu-
cinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapiris-
pirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo,
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilo-
bis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
religiuri eqstazi
meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri
komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZli-
erebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba war-
moadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,
romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realu-
robisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komu-
nikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mra-
vali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi
cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda
aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur
gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamoc-
dileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis
unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuT-
rebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas
aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi
da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis
sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur
trialsa da cekvebSi:

xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri

enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars
nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze
uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi
(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben,
DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis
arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoq-
medeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi
halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani
movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi
mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac
maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.
amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi
da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes,
rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi
gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris
damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.
214
 xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Si-
naarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili
ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvle-
vebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa ma-
galiTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis
wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom
isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli
adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT
Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi mo-
nawileoba „maTTvis personaluri jildos tol-
fasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi
aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983).
cnobierebis Semcvleli
nivTierebebi
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen
sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis
Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri mona-
cemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meq-
sikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen
„Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu
meskalis5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan
moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda
Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva,
romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel
halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTo-
basTan, dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre
jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen,
gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli
realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon
5 zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da
erTgvari narkotiki.
Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze
meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac
Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc
amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda
cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier
Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis
SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri
metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aR-
magznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis
uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad
Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis
yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar
moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavav-
lebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis fun-
qcionirebasTan~ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cno-
bierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cno-
bierebis TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgo-
mareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos
Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoq-
veynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobie-
rebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixed-
viT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxlo-
ebiT 25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is mo-
qalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi
wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti
akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi:
16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mo-
zardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime
tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7%
gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es
monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas auci-
leblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotike-
bis gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.
damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia,
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT
215
 qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis
receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blo-
kirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZ-
vlianad cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas,
zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, guneba-
ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTie-
rebebis gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad
viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis
misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba
saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). toleran-
tobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,
procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,
nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arse-
bobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotran-
smiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic
miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi
esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali,
oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis arar-
sebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itan-
jeba.
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyene-
bas imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs,
rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur
damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) -
qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad in-
divids ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological de-
pendence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac orga-
nizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological de-
pendence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba
an survili.
216
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebu-
lebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili
imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis ir-
gvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi fun-
qcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, nar-
kotikis miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis Sesanar-
Cuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad
ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an
narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT
narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze mo-
makvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis
saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxma-
reblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba
`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es
momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daR-
wevisa da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasam-
klaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itan-
jebian.
saidan
viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
Sedegebi
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo.
gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavre-
beli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjele-
sidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi
Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%-
ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad
moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki
saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi
Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx
jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb &
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba
uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da so-
cialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTier-
Tobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials,
zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da
xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrov-
nebas.
 Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa
stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida
suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis
sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxar-
daWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi
tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesa-
tyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida
konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTier-
Tobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel
efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis
kombinacia iZleoda.
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan,
romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRi-
niSneboda momatebuli socialuri integ-
racia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi
Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad
adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis
nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva
tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT,
romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad
gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul
da socialur Sedegebs.
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvli-
lebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halu-
cinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris
cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc ga-
regani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas.
rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi
xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da
`ara me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini
(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba
sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri,
iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur
reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba
tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli
sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs.
halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi
specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neiro-
transmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek,
1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea.
misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic
napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili
fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari
foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia
dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sa-
siamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv
halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamo-
yenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva
da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi.
Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa
negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva
da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze
icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri
qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis
specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri
receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxis-
mgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli.
mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad
aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri,
romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). ami-
tomac aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcv-
lel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad
arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines,
rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic
gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis mox-
marebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri
receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aR-
moCenili TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba
avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad
undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini,
Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizia-
neblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intra-
venuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamov-
nebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeu-
lebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils ei-
foriis grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba 217
 cxrili
6.1
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da
damokidebuleba
efeqtis damokidebuleba
samedicino gamoyeneba xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi) fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri
opiatebi (narkotikebi)
morfini tkivilgamayuCebeli 3-6 maRali maRali
heroini kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali
kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi 3-6 zomieri zomieri
haluciogeni
LSD ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
PCP (penciklidini) veterinaruli
anesTetiki varirebs ar aris cnobili maRali
meskalini (peioti) ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili
kanafi (marixuana) qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis
aRmkveTi 2-4 msubuqad zomieri ar aris cnobili
depresantebi
barbituratebi sedatiuri, Zilis
(magaliTad, wamali, anesTetiki,
seqonali) antikonvulsanti 1-16 zomierad maRali zomierad maRali
benzodiazepini SfoTvis Semamcire-
(magaliTad, valiumi) beli, sedatiuri,
Zilis wamali,
antikonvulsanti 4-8 msubuqad zomieri msubuqad zomieri
alkoholi antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

stimulatorebi
amfetamini hiperkinezia, narko-
lefsia, wonis kon-
troli 2-4 maRali maRali
kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali
nikotini nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad varirebs msubuqad maRali zomierad maRali
kofeini wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki 4-5 ar aris cnobili zomieri

xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT,
rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi nar-
kotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad,
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs,
218 rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv-
Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaT-
deba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTie-
rebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,
gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am
nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri
aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur
nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis

Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresan-
tebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva
sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotras-
miteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis fun-
qcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi
gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis
SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbitu-
ratebze modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad
daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi
da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba
miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqo-
aqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiye-
neboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS
myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megob-
rulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki
iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba.
mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad
rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva
depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).
mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaq-
ciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcve-
lobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikv-
dilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis
raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,
auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs
da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.
aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alko-
holizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, toleran-
toba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis
cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis
ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis
Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aRe-
niSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5
da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT
an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa
saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gaci-
lebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da
kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis
gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi
moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis
donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula- 219
 torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqme-
debas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs
sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi
sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamov-
nebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva
efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba,
moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da
eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel
halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom
sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben.
am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben.
kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul
safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze
depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti
qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxma-
reblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da
dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs
moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da
iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xel-
misawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris
kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamoc-
dilebidan vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari
yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs
imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze,
sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZine-
basTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac
adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncen-
traciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa
da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi
Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT
icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did
sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis
gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini
tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur
naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis
moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismge-
belia nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTare-
baze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
220 naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime
kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZno-
binebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs,
romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris.
nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi
zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas
erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaT-
vliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000
sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia
da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev
mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba
mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs
mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi
asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo
kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad
swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa
Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani
momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis
Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT
da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina
warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad
warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier
ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqti-
vobebi cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso
SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve
viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems
am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom
cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa,
rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro
naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven
davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi
ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobie-
rebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-
ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi
arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da
situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis
realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vac-
nobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac
arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT,
sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs
miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis
ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.
Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben
cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom
sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kon-
trolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvav-
debian imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hip-
nozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam-
dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simu-
liantebis reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis
originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosa-
gebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi
gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis
Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli
damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs
hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis
farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvli-
lebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis
ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens
mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gam-
Rizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, ro-
melic ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis,
gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs
albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer
sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul
sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
 cnobiereba gonebis Si-
naarsebis gacnobierebas,
maT Sesaxeb codnas war-
moadgens;
 arsebobs cnobierebis
sami done: (1) samyaros
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras
vacnobierebT da (3)
aracnobierisgan da cno-
bieri aRqmisgan;
 sakvlevi teqnikebi, ro-
goricaa xmamaRla fiqris
oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Si-
naarsis Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyeneba.
cnobierebis
procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
biologiuri saaTis moq-
medebas;
Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba Tavis tvinis aq-
tivobis paternebi. REM
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

funqciebi
TviTcnobiereba;
 cnobiereba gvexmareba ga- Zili xasiaTdeba Tvale-
 RviZili periodis cno- bis swrafi moZraobiT da
darCenaSi da gvaZlevs re-
bierebis Sinaarsi gan- Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmre-
alobis pirovnuli da
sxvavdeba aracnobieri bis periods. mTliani Zi-
kulturuli konstruq-
procesebisgan, winare-
tebis Seqmnis SesaZleb- lis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
cnobieri mexsierebisgan, Zilia 4-5 calkeuli pe-
lobas;
yuradRebis miRma dar-
 mkvlevrebi swavloben riodis ganmavlobaSi;
Cenili informaciisgan,
cnobier da aracnobier
221
221
 Zilis raodenoba da REM TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:
da NREM Zilis Tanafar- cnobierebis Secvli- halucinogenebi, opiatebi,
doba asakTan erTad ic- li mdgomareobebi depresantebi da stimula-
vleba;  dakvirvebadi sizmrebi torebi.
REM da NREM Zili sxva- aris gacnobiereba imisa,
dasxva funqciebs emsa- rom sizmars vxedavT da
xureba, Senaxvisa da aR-
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
mimarTulia sizmris kon-
dgenis CaTvliT; aracnobieri
trolze.
Zilis darRvevebi, ro- hipnozi cnobierebis Sec-
gamocdilebis SerCevis
goricaa insomnia, narko- meTodi
vlili mdgomareobaa, ro-
lefsia da Zilis apnoe dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
melic xasiaTdeba STago-
uaryofiT gavlenas ax- dRis Zilianoba
nebaze reaqciis saxiT hip-
dens dRis manZilze ada- Tvalebis swrafi
notizirebuli adamianebis
mianis funqcionirebis moZraobiT Zili (REM)
aRqmis, mexsierebis, mo-
unarze. dRis Zilianoba, Tvalebis swrafi
tivaciisa da TviTkontro-
aseve, farTod gavrce- moZraobis gareSe Zili
lis SecvliT.
(NREM)
lebuli seriozuli prob- meditacia cvlis cnobier
lemaa; TviTcnobiereba
funqcionirebas ritualu-
froidi Tvlida, rom ri praqtikis saSualebiT,
insomnia
sizmrebis Sinaarsi ara- meditacia
romelic garegani saz-
cnobieri masalaa, romel- midrekileba
runavebidan Sinagan gamoc-
mac gaiara sizmris cen- narkolefsia
dilebaze gadaanacvlebs
zura; sizmris muSaoba
yuradRebas.
sxva kulturebSi sizmre-  halucinaciebi naTeli aR-
tolerantoba
bis interpretacia regu- faruli Sinaarsi
qmaa, romelic Cndeba obi-
larulad xdeba da amas fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
eqturi gamRizianeblebis
gansakuTrebuli kultu- fsiqologiuri
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
damokidebuleba
ruli rolis mqone ada- zogierT kulturul jguf-
mianebi axorcieleben. in- SeTanxmebuli validizacia
Si adamianebi intensiur re-
terpretacia momavlis wi- cirkaduli ritmi
ligiur gamocdilebas ga-
cnobiereba
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

naswarmetyvelebis fun- nicdian.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba
qcias emsaxureba. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiere-
sizmris zogierTi Teo- bebi, cvlian ra nervuli
Zili apnoe
ria maTi wyaroebis bio- xiluli Sinaarsi
sistemis aqtivobas, zemoq-
logiur warmomavlobaze xmamaRla fiqris oqmi
medeben mentalur proce-
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, halucinaciebi
sebze cnobierebis droe-
Tumca, es Teoriebi sru- hipnobiluroba
biTi SecvliT.
hipnozi
lad ar Tanxvdeba siz- cnobierebis cvlilebebis
mris Sinaarsebs. gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv-

222
222
daswavla da qceviTi analizi

7
daswavlis unaris kvleva
• ra aris daswavla
• biheviorizmi da
bihevioraluri
analizi

klasikuri ganpiro-
bebuloba
• pavlovis saocari
dakvirvebebi
• ganpirobebulobis
procesi
• SeZena
• klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis gamoyeneba
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba:
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
• efeqtis kanoni
• qcevis eqsperi-
mentuli analizi
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
• ganmamtkicebelTa
Tvisebebi
• ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrilebi
• qcevis formireba
(Seipingi)
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu
ara bavSvs dausjeloba

biologia da daswavla
• instinqturi swrafva
• gemos aversiiT
daswavla

kogniciis gavlena daswav-

laze
• cxovelTa kognicia
• dakvirvebiT daswav-
la
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
223
 T avis wignSi _ „jadoqari loren-
co~ _ mwerali robert franklin
lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxik-
vis, lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic
leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis
epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac
bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos:
rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks,
romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi
dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari
adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma
am dResaswauls „Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar
Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino,
funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis
bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan
miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela
stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi,
raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxe-
lurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac
am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom
erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic
savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali
asociacia daiswavla – leslis sityvebiT, man
„praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze.
dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla
lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra
meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom
224 es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war-
onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac „amoilu-
RluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi,
vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis
uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu
rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan,
waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs
daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi
moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyu-
reboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma
TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praq-
tikuli codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamo-
Zaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuv-
lidiT nabaxusev frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia
zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa.
man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic
RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar
iyo absurduli.
matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT
SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi
arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT,
romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi
ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba
erTmaneTTan.
ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi:
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli
ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis
gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gada-
muSavebis formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis
TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto
ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven
laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac.
sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixi-
lavT, daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri pozi-
ciidan unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc
Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. ada-
mianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvid-
reobiT iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis
unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT
amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTi- potencialSi
erTobiT umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZ-
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi
leba CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac
cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT,
Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT
upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an
manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamo-
iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasa-
yeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod
survels.. sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT,
daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am proce-
genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemo-
siT gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans,
qcevis urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gaci-
magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba
lebiT elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswav-
xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia.
lon imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo
xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi,
maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda
magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelov-
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis
nebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna,
unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris reali-
rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT
zacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.
SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvli-
lebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba
da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
daswavlis unaris kvleva im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxu-
daswavlis unaris kvleva

lobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis

formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi
am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad,
– sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris.
ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba

ra aris daswavla
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac
viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas
qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damya-
rebulia gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi
gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli,
daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda
iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxve-
vaSi. magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva,
yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoye-
nebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa- 225
 niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovel-
Tvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba
gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mo-
cemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT
am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniS-
navT, rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca,
xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvi-
le, romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis
raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba
mudmivi iyos.

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi

daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba.
gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas
(Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas,
rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba
bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50
mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli
wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi domi-
sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulis-
nirebda bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic
xmobs cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis
gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels ga-
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis mate-
mosul wignSi _ „fsiqologia bihevioristis
basTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis
gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom intros-
dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas
peqcia – adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi
qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,
gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovid-
iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad,
ginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi
rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor
iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoye-
unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdak-
nebas. yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im
virvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia
asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris
uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani?
SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganvi-
uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi
Tardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT
qceva. misi sityvebiT: „cnobierebis mdgomare-
dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra
obebi, egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis feno-
aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqaniz-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

meni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT

mebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri
analizi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teo-
riebis didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis
(John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma
daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cno-
daswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Perfor-
mance distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo
226 daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~
(Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis
kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco
uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, ro-
gorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom
evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia
qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze
popularul wignSi _ „Tavisuflebisa da
Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am
paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva
ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis mar-
tivi formebi.
 skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda
mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels
gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ „biheviorizmis~
_ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs
harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani
mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ar-
arsebobaSi, Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs
ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis
SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis
gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990).
sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri
movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva,
ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv,
ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic
garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad,
vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi;
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia,
niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos
sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs.
skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis
qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT –
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis,
gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda,
romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar
SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva
mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis
an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze
kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs si-
namdvileSi mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv princi-
pebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, aso-
ciacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris.
esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili
(Delprato & Midgley, 1992).
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad
bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos,
romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans,
1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi
cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri
buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsi-
qologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswav-
lisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amax-
vilebs.
meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT.
amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa
yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi
yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva
formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxa-
siaTeblebiT. amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze
xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. das-
wavlis kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis
kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri ana-
lizi cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi prin-
cipebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icv-
leba gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aq-
centi ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris
kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur
movlenebs Soris kavSirze.
Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT
mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvli-
lebidan momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba.
qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris
Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa
da qcevis garemo determinantebze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinele-
baTa films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul
kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giC-
ndebaT survili, iyviroT „ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZ-
leba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacna-
irad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri
reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi
garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (da-
Zabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma,
romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis
gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias
or stimuls Soris – pirvelsa, romelic adre
ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac 227
 gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT
Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT mov-
lenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki
qceviTi midrekilebaa.
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radika-
lur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqolo-
giis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs,
ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fizio-
loguri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobe-
bulobas igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.
pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gada-
muSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da
saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT
(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis
raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZ-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli,
romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis
miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad
SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla
Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori sti-
mulisa.
pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis
mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad
CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis,
ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina
am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova
Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT
samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis
mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvla-
debis Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla-

lebda. sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asis-

tenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda.
es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli rao-
denobiT, ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom
ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi
xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze
da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma
nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec
suraTi
7.1
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)
- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebu-
pavlovis eqsperimenti
li reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobe-
buli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, gan- Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva
mtkicebulia biologiurad mniSvnelovan sti- neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi.
mulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli sti- eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan
da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis
228
muli).
saSualebiT.
sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri gan-
pirobebuloba, agreTve, pavloviseul ganpiro-
bebulobad iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis
fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamoc-
dilebam mas saSualeba misca, martivi strate-
giuli gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis
gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli
sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac
regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls
zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli
raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa
da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris
pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo –
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis
wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis
miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis
gamoyofa.
fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel
kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is
SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo
gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi
efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena
mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani,
metronomi.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad ref-
leqsebi unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris
dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis
gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela
refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri
stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria
organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic
bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupiro-
bebeli stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa
stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba.
qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli
stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa.
tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperi-
mentSi (sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad,
sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv,
aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri
qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel
stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli
mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur sti-
muls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganu-
pirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli
stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva,
damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan
asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel
reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis
orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia
bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan:
ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier
pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupi-
robebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpi-
robebuli stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpiro-
bebuli stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea
daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi
vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxo-
velTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis
Sedegad.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT ga-
mowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac bio-
logiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, ro-
melic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaq-
cias.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis sa-
fuZvelze. es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neit-
raluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebu-
lobis eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac
ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamow-
veuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
229
 suraTi
7.2

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros
neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri
stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli
reaqciis msgavsia.
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

SeZena da Caqroba unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma

isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonak-
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi,
liss mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos
saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre
aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvle-
ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias
vrebma SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or
ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli
stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze
da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri
7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli
dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocen-
tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic
deba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia
ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli
manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli
reaqcia.
stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobe-
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc
buli stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba
kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupiro-
is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organiz-
bebeli stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos
230 mze daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan-

xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli
gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gada-
weul ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli sti-
muli gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeq-
turia Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para-
suraTi
7.4
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi
mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT
ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel
stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze
efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi
ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.
suraTi
7.3
SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri
aRdgena klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi
SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli
stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs.
Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli
stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul
stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZ-
liere nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma
reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire
Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ga-
nupirobebeli stimuli ar arsebobs.
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamo-
Cenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba.
digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls
Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damoki-
debulia ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpi-
robebuli stimulis intensivobasa da ganpi-
robebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul
reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqcii-
saTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani
an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da
nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15
wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmo-
cenebisaTvis ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi
intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba
Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros.
droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba
SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis
Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan
cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls
mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive
SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupiro-
beblis aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi
davubrundebiT).
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls
(magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswar-
metyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis
fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli
reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba.
rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar
231
 suraTi
7.5
stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi
saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis
mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram,
rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac
ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian
Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi
saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan.

vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupi- rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia,

robebeli stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis
process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi
repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpi-
robebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT
Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli
marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3).
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli
sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla
dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad
daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad.
ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam

pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Sem-

deg, ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis ga-
reSe swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi
aRmoceneba uwoda.

Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganu-

pirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ara-
rsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqra-
li ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamov-
lena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _
ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba
yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
232 Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms
Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta
daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara
saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored
amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis
xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.
stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)
davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli
sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas.
specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod
am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am
kiTxvis pasuxia „ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamo-
iwvia gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia,
msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu
ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali
sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamo-
iwvevda ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac
ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas
stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakav-
Sirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis
ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia
mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul sti-
mulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. ro-
desac reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul gan-
zomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba
generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5).
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad
unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan
mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad
vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, sti-
mulis ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswav-
lis speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. am-
gvarad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes,
rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis
mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.
stimulis diskriminacia
zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom
reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze
aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan
garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs.
stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis
drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli
reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gan-
sxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba
wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier
stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba
eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxva-
dasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis
gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel
etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi sti-
muli msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers,
warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZe-
lebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze
iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli
stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls
da romeli _ ara.
organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro
drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes
balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzoga-
debas Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos
stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa
mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti
reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gva-
Sinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas
aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes
garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990).
SeZena
am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im
pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri gan-
pirobebulobisaTvis. aqamde Cven klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tum-
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ca ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida,
rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli
da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Se-
degia. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa
ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobe-
beli stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda
gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi
stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac or-
ganizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gam-
Rizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.
233
 Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma
erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960
wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert
reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob
mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli
gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac,
Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi

7.6
iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocene- suraTi
bisaTvis.

saidan
viciT

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
mniSvneloba
wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla
saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks
wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen ba-
moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda.
rierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval
ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpiro-
eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver
bebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen
SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks;
meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore Ser-
Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks
Cevidan (sur. 7.8).
airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis
gasazomad. amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganu-
xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo pirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moas-
wavebdes ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT Ser-

Cevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spon-
tanurad da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan
(zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlin-
debodnen droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an
erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen
Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli
SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli
stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli
stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpi-
robebul stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis
zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtro-
Sokisa.
234
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es
aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians
adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difu-
zuria, vidre laboratoriaSi.
informatiuloba
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin,
1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS)
SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9).
suraTi
7.7

reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganu-
pirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul
stimulebs Soris.

saidan
viciT

informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba

kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis
2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad
iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWe-
raSi zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli
stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ga-
nupirobebeli stimuli). amis Semdeg eqs-
periments daemata kidev erTi ganpiro-
bebuli stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganu-
pirobebel stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebu-
li stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaT-
le. sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba

mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu

am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis
Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod
zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad,
maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad
unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqspe-
rimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod
zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontro-
lo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia
hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969).
suraTi
7.8
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pi-
robiTi ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkice-
belis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen
(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi
upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT.
235
 suraTi
7.9

kaminis procedura
dablokvis efeqti-
saTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis vir-
Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze
(CS1) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS1)
da sinaTleze (CS2), virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpi-
robebuloba mxolod zarze
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs
hqondaT reaqcia orive sti-
mulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqspe-
rimentulma virTxebma imitom
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar
Seicavda ganupirobebeli sti-
mulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb;
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaT-
lis efeqti.

kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpiro-
bebuli stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi
axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan
dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba dau-
karga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZle-
boda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair dama-
tebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpi-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu
gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT,
unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli
ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli
ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas
pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli

robebuli stimulis unars, Seamciros meores
informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle
erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT
warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores
informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom
vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upiris-
pirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls.
rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli,
blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
236
efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod
maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da,
amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba
im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, ro-
melSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols
asrulebs.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
gamoyeneba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvex-
mareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad,
ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa
miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokide-
bulebaSi; dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri

ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri
funqciis gasamdidreblad.
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba
gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswav-
leT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpiro-
bebuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs
Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli – movlenebi,
romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu
kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr
movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris
mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara,
es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin
at all 1986):
 SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romel-
sac ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma
aqvs?
 dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars,
Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac Sec-
domiT ewera „Sxami~?
 dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic
sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar
SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma
ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. kla-
sikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ „es sazizR-
robaa~ an „saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli
codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili
azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizez-
SedegobriobiT CavaqroT.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yve-
laze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis
ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rai-
nerma daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis ume-
tesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri sti-
mulis dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am
ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan
viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti
daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic
Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri vir-
Txis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganup-
irobebel stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli
iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT.
SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da
emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswav-
lisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri
virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emo-
ciuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT
ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma is-
wavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan
gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda
saerTod bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze
da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis
dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave
hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi
ewia mas (Harris, 1979).
axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi
Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad ada-
mians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba
reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebob-
des wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi
ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmoce-
nebula gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15
wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer
237

kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze~ –
omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi
uxmobda – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es
gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis
droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
238
agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas vete-
ranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962).
sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli,
ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes
neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli
stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi
travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es
SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. maga-
liTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva
Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac
is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri
SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs
da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi
manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT
qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi
vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis
gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebu-
lobis efeqturobas.
yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom
mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad
ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da
aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom
reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpi-
robebulobis meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc
dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben
asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris
(jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben,
rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi,
magaliTad, „seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situa-
ciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli
stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT
gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva
ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis
procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis,
rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti maga-
liTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze,
rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis
mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.
nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves
kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili
hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis
zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom
es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro
did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am
SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi – rogor
SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi,
romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi
mimRebloba hqonda?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam
bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba
narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes,
rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farma-
kologiur moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma
Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi.
igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoi-
yeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul sti-
mulad im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi
ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis
miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli)
iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod
homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3).
swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli
reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli
reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv,
asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobe-
buli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad
amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis
mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba
imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali
metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba
raime saxis „dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza
niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi,
gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis
mimarT.
saidan
viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis
aspeqtebi
erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma
kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis
ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (gan-
pirobebuli stimuli 1) da deqstrozis
(tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli
stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel
fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimReb-
loba heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes
yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze
didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis
naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda,
xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobi-
saTvis eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli
jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen
heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am poten-
ciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan
konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia
iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis
tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991).
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba
Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da
misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokide-
bulni, romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras
iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan
Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal
da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa,
rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi
xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs
SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet,
momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es
analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs
arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas,
sadac igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva
exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis
mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel,
1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda
ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan
dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi
meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebisa.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes
aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba
gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunolo-
giuri reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo- 239
 muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,
romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eq-
sperimentebma ganpirobebulobaze daadastures
am daskvnebis mcdaroba.
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da
imunologiuri funqcia
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Rob-
ert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs as-
wavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupi-
robebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic
asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo
jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvia-
nebiT, roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces
saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxa-
rini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvev-
da, warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi
ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili
asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi
ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daa-
vadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti im-
denad Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa
mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis
Semdeg.
aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar-
240
Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiro-
imunologiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi.
am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri
nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader &
Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali
teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpiro-
bebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi,
romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi mov-
lenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni
suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone
pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram
mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans
SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT,
romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman
& Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs
moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT
winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narko-
tikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. war-
moidgineT rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis
regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis
es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpi-
robebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupi-
robebel stimuls – wamlis miRebas. mxolod
Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis
wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod
qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul
reaqcias.
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo
meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen,
fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology)
– kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias
iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogo-
rebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis
funqcionireba.
rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlin-
deba ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben
teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur
reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSve-
obiT.
saidan
viciT
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli
gaumjobeseba
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebu-
lobis situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo
dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan,
romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur
sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asru-
lebda ganpirobebuli stimulis rols,
xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli stimu-
lisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT
jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali mis-
ces, magram lisozimis gareSe, maT orga-
nizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac
mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda
et al., 1995).
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom
mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli
stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel
stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom
imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul sti-
mulze warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri
sistemis gasaZliereblad.
vidre „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxav-
diT, albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT
bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze.
vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT
daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi
mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis
iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod,
meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Ses-
wavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT
imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da
dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli
ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi prin-
cipebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im
specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic
ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli
iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobe-
beli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned re-
sponse). manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli
stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvile-
bis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs
ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZe-
nisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias
iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise,
rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon
Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli sti-
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
mulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpi-
robebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia gan-
pirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris
kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebu-
lebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narko-
tikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.
operantuli ganpirobebulo-
ba: swavleba Sedegebis
Sesaxeb
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi
damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni
adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven
pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze
aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram
ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel
241
gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi.

suraTi
7.10
efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi mu-
Saobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze,
eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)
akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT
gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10).
Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dak-
virvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg,
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac im-
pulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba,
„yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi
CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~
(Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis
analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia
situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, rome-
lic iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis Zi-
riTadi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis
Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac
242 mas ar mohyveba jildo.
kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an
kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimu-
lis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans
maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisuf-
leba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswav-
la TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da
Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad,
rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.
Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs
Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofi-
lebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasu-
rvel Sedegs iwvevs.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts
axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa,
romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebu-
lobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqa-
nizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli
qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo
pirobebSi.
bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnie-
rebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa
gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli ana-
lizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an
reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimen-
tuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yve-
la is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia
reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214).
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo,
vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvane-
loben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi,
rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod
realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben
eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT
da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeana-
lizebina, skinerma ganaviTara operantuli gan-
pirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda
organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom mi-
Rebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri

suraTi
7.11
operantuli kabina
sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis
mowodebas virTxisTvis.
qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier
da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi,
konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.
sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze
gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operan-
tuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli sti-
muliT, rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia.
mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs,
bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas
xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa
albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an
Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT
mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samo-
operantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant condition-
ing) _ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis
albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba
mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino
cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency)
_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvli-
lebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli
ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva
operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ram-
denadac isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis
funqciebad gvevlinebian.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis ga-
sagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis
meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs.
mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxu-
lia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor
funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs
qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators
aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvla-
debi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze
an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis
daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis
procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is
swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde ka-
binas unda Semouaros.
operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess
iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic
cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni
axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi.
es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners,
gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis
qcevaze.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris,
romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti,
romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas
(reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Se-
sabamisi cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri
anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs
kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom
gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire,
marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis
Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis
gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg.
skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas
243
 pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro
axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili
am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa
galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris
gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamo-
yeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli,
romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da
zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba
garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa
gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac
is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven
irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT sti-
mulTa sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac
neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli,
romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic
aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT.
cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba
gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis.
is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli,
individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRv-
reba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi
mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians
SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad
miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs,
vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT.
movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo sti-
mulis miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _
iwvevs.
operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction
244
Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi
kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas,
rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. mov-
lenas, rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis
CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi
ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas
aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis
dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri
magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa.
am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba.
qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT
mas.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, er-
Tgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias
asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli
xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds
gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmane-
Tisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba,
davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive
– dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis
im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis
albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT,
xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves,
oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli sti-
mulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive
kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpi-
robebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili
aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva
aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is
brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul
ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas
araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic
garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg
Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila,
ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis?
Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven
sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man
erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi,
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac
Caqreba.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,
romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul
albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac
stimuls – qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi
– dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli,
swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu
mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze.
im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba,
magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas
rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac
dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac
– amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an
qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas
ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuli-
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia
qceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc sampirobiani
daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias
albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida,
emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs
rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis
tkivils, rac „sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul
qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1
qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,
aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas,
albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli
qceva.
stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vu-
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT
wodebT (uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT,
manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis
rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad,
miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva.
rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom
magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi
man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom
diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara
meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi
xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis
am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia,
naxva?
romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba
unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris dis-

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze,
pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva
terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT,
dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba
ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT
adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris
stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis
qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi
xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad.
wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryo-
fiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12).
diskriminaciuli stimuli da
ganzogadeba
nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla
yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba
qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul
konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT
imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba
saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.
konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki-
kriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im
SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos.
organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas,
reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze
da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis
komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, rome-
lic amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) – qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs
qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimu-
lus) – stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo gan-
mtkicebuli.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) –
meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom
konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.
245
 suraTi
7.12
operantuli ganpirobe-
buloba Tqvens
cxovrebaSi
organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias
sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli
stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia
ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi
stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. maga-
liTad, mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski
mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT,
mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis
SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT
mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba
Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod
gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT?
amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT.
246
rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pi-
robiTi, maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT
qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc
cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis
kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi gan-
mtkicebis gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva
qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos
es?).
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an ara-
adekvaturia? gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad
gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamov-
lenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, ro-
melSic mSobels undoda bavSvis sasur-
veli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi
unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli sti-
muli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iq-
neba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli
msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma
cxrili
7.1
sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da
Sedegs Soris
diskriminaciuli Sedegi
reaqcia
stimuli

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogad-
deba Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul
situaciebSic?
gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva Sem-
TxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis
Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms,
rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas
(ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi „fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZ-
liaT Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi
am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT,
rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mo-
cemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili av-
lens didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiT-
xeT sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice
es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas
vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis
Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ-
247
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba?

gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauw-
keplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu
bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabo-
lood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSob-
lidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa,
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94%
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Stra-
us & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva,
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvo-
baSi fizikurad da 87% eTan-
xmeboda dasjis am formas (Bun-
tain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT,
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi,
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc
dasjis formas, magram ra aris
dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav-
Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyene-
basa da bavSvis agresiul qce-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sib-
rZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri
Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSob-
lebi iyeneben fizikur agresias
Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba
araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvle-
lad, agresia gvevlineba bavSve-
bisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac
situaciurad sxva individebis
qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase
rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku-
Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben
fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas
(Cven ufro mets vityviT mode-
lirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mo-
gvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT
swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT
es hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac in-
dianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo
baRis aRsazrdeli monawile-
obda, mSoblebs sTxoves, Se-
evsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb,
Tu fizikuri dasjis ra for-
mebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bav-
SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg
et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis de-
debze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis
6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic
arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipe-
bodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni
26% ki ufro intensiurad is-
jeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT
an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an
mujlugunebs wahkravdnen
xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6
Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am
bavSvebis urTierTobas Tana-
tolebTan. mkvlevrebma daa-
fiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT. maga-
liTad, roca isini braz-
debodnen, dascinodnen an
scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav-
Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac
ufro intensiur dasjas axor-
cielebdnen mSoblebi, miT
ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi
Svilebi. es monacemebi gvar-
wmunebs, rom bavSvebi agre-
siul qcevas TavianTi mSob-
lebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad
iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvle-
va gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar

liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dade- truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa

biT ganmtkicebasTan. ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda,
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebis-
iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovel-
mieri qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas,
Tvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac
qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an
qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri,
sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT.
SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Cata-
magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi
rebac scadoT.
zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs
rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met Sem-
yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba
TxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT
Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtki-
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba
cebaa da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli
avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi,
ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes-
248 rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
 a r i s ( Chess & Thomas; 1984).
savaraudod, simarTlis marcva-
li, SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom
,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es
kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri
dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel
Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~
bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver da-
garwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja
araswori strategiaa mSoblebis
mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT ki-
dev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi.
analizi dafuZnebulia erT-er-
Ti mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlev-
da 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa
SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zala-
dobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi
mecnierebi dainteresebulni
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bav-
Svebze ganxorcielebuli fizi-
kuri dasjis gavleniT maT
momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &
jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi, • es unda iyos pasuxi spe-
alkoholizmi, sakuTari bav- cifikur arasasurvel
Svebis mimarT fizikuri Seu- qcevaze da arasodes _
racxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis p i r o v n u l
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom maxasiaTebelze;
„nebismieri fizikuri dasjis • limitirebuli unda
gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvne- iyos im situaciis
lovan faqtorad gvevlineba Sesatyvisad, sadac
bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis, reaqcias aqvs adgili;
depresiis, suicidis da alko- • Sedgebodes dasjisagan
holizmis pirvelad prevenci- da ara _ fizikuri
aSi~ (gv. 558). tkivilisagan.
Cven gvjera, konkretuli ma-
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSi-
galiTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bav-
rad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri
Svebis gatyepa ar aris Sesa-
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris
tyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis
is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba
strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis
dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa,
xanmokle mizans, imavdro-
arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac
ulad, bavSvis myiseuli reaq-
bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis
cia ganamtkicebs mSoblis
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja
damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant &
gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs,
Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi
rom dasja unda iTvaliswi-
aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli,
nebdes garkveul pirobebs (Wal-
xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSob-
ters & Grusec, 1977).
lebma moTmineba unda gamoi-

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod dasja unda iyos:
Cinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmok-
dramatuli gamodga. mokled
• swrafi da xanmokle; le ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari
rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom
• unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, Svilebis Soreuli interese-
maT fizikurad sjidnen Tine-
rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs bis gamo.
ijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _
adgili;
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mog-
• intensivoba unda iyos li-
vianebiT hqondaT problemebi.
mitirebuli;
isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk

vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri

ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebu-
lobis energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
— isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtki-
ceblebs bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri
Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologi-
urad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon
aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog Sem-
TxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZ-
loa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa
dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi
ganmamtkiceblebi).
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirve-
ladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad,
wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri
Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocir-
da pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, ro-
gorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba
operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad,
adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad
249
 sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi
da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkice-
belTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas
gansazRvraven.
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba
iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad
stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi
gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa
swavlebis dros.
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daad-
gines, rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro mar-
tivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1)
ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovel-
Tvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontro-
lebs, SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi
gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi
ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is
damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara
biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.
saidan
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiat-
riul saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispan- viciT
serSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis
SimpanzeebisTvis
miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva
gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gada-
wyveta qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi gan-
momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es
mamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva

tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi
gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes
Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema
muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad.
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis
modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis Tval- maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT
Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937).
sazrisiT; gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi
pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc
dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac
biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli
gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an
_ saWmeli da wyali.
misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforc-
garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb,
ers) – klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmam- SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven
250 tkiceblad iqca. mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~
mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvev-
lineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak)
1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro
metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs),
SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri
qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi
premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma
virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis
mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqti-
vobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT,
savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen
wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtki-
ceblad organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebis-
mieri qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos.
premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuT-
rebiT bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis
sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdo-
ma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia
erTi klasikuri SemTxveva.
saidan
viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom
iTamaSon
Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi
gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, ro-
ca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da
zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas
mohyveboda instruqcia: „gaiqeciT da iy-
vireT~.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamox-
tebodnen da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen
da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi
signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrune-
buliyvnen TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT
bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali
sixSiris qcevis — maTematikis mecadine-
obisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas
aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali
aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSo-
ebiT TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kon-
troli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramo-
denime dReSi (homme et al,1963).
sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleb-
lebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema
da yvirili, Cavarda.
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT
premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi
bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri
bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs
davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno
qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis
wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan
TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtki-
ceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miR-
weul iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac
konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom
Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime
konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia
Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise,
rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias
akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac
intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met
sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmam-
tkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed gan-
mtkicebaze. rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxo-
velebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis
winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo?
is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad
ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWer-
dnen GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac
ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT.
skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuax-
lovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam
migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxva-
vebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix.
sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtki-
ceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar
cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi,
maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur
cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc propor-
ciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime
konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli
intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac
251
 intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an varia-
bilur ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad
gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad
ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva
ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakav-
SirebiT.

fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis)

cxrilebi
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac or-
ganizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul ode-
nobas. roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia,
cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp-
1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili).
roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e
reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli
suraTi
7.13
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi (
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
verbaluri proporcia qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtki-
cebelTa oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze
arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis
miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli.

proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal

xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris
pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSu-
aloc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi
meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs,
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da
maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqcias-
252 Tan.
akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT
metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg.
ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaq-
ciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semci-
rebam im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTni-
li da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba
migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis
industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde
unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodeno-
ba, vidre jamagirs aiReben.
variabiluri proporciis cxrili
variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar
gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaq-
ciaTa raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom
saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtki-
cebeli, magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili
hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis
Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod
rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da
Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000
marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis
manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azar-
tuli TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kon-
trols daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips
emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi
monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da
agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis
winaSe – rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom
is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba
da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990).
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli
reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti
iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam
meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raode-
nobisda miuxedavad.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo
intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magali-
Tad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma
iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabi-
luri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am
dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT Sem-
TxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4
saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba
Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul
gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTva-
loT, rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT
gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT
koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali
gakveTilisaTvis?
qcevis formireba (Seipingi)
erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virT-
xebze, romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis
misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa.
Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT,
ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas
naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT
gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes
Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi,
romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian?
Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri
sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven
aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT.
am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas,
romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli
saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis
saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.
deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imu-
Saos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven
sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis
specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis
saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis
saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi
gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis
misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros
virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis
sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qce-
vis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli
ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipin-
gi gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis
cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan
viciT
qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac
dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda
normaluri socialuri da verbaluri 253
 qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda
tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel
qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man
uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac
Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobi-
saTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti
saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom,
saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma piro-
biTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi
gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi.
Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara
saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es
xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi
yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa
saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida
maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda
CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo
CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad
moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze
bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964).

axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven

mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze
sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am
SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli
qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven
Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis
mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas
saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is
mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben
daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi
axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze
da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic
msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi,
mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli

daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasi- saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleb-

kuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob- lobebiT. axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis

254
ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs
SemosazRvraven.
Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtki-
ceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobe-
buli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmam-
tkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamo-
yenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtki-
ceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.
biologia da daswavla
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia,
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom
„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzo-
mierebebi da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adap-
taciiT SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evo-
luciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-
leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT
kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom
qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos
aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da tele-
ekranze. zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, ping-
pongs TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teq-
nikebs, rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi
cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram
enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda
monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela
monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan
iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac
maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.
amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,
biologia da daswavla
isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT
ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev
ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis
es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan
qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT
miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde
cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,
255
 daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qce-
visaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland,
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantu-
li principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba,
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fo-
kusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimu-
lebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxad-
yofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela as-
peqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met-
naklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogra-
mebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biolo-
giurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad,
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma mon-
eta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda
gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze.
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological con-
straints on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansa-
zRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis mem-
kvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswav-
lili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
– daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
256
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia
ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven
rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.
rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,
Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raode-
nobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba
maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT
iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar mieka-
rebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT das-
wavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas
da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da
romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.
gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis
Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man
„simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqa-
nizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla
mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvil-
deba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/
surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimu-
lis – elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs
avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12
saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa
iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asoci-
aciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdile-
bis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa
darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden
dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad
daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laborato-
riaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino
gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-
ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba
klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa kon-
kretul saxeobebSi.
 saidan
viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pir-
vel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen
situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Seza-
vebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles.
meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils
lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari –
xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg
orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis
erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis
zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda,
xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli
dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa
da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, ro-
melic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis
raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcir-
deboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali aso-
cirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia)
da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocir-
deboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod
patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva
pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli
moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda
avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14).
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs
aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron
konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs
Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis
zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokide-
bulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris
suraTi
7.14
Tandayolili unarebi
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom
virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.
virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avad-
myofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _
ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moas-
wavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avad-
myofoba mohyveboda.
rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon
garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis
toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen
da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT.
amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis
magivrad ukan ixevdnen.
gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli
aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacien-
tebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv
sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli
gulisrevis gamo.
saidan
viciT
biologia da daswavla

kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi

avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis gemos arideba
mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978).
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romel-
cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im
sac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diag-
stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes
nozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi priori-
safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperi-
tetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis
mentatorebi, romlebic ecdebian am paternebis
ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi
darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven.
sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvela-
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqaniz-
feri, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
mis praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis,
257
 Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini
ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels
1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian
mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas
maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba
4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis
46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi,
romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori
kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi
gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT,
pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva
Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, rom-
lis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).

imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasi-

kurad iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT,
SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Ber-
stein, 1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs
sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwode-
bul kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri
surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis
mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT,
kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti
an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic
pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli.
bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis
seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romel-
Sic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul sti-
mulad iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis
safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis
meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis Sejameba

efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSua-
instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs,
lebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaR-
rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im
mdego mkurnaloba.
TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamed-
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia
rove qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis
imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is
im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeo-
permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli
bisaTvis ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad
stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erT-
(Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
jeradi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis
adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul
genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials.
gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon
Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdena-
klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili me-
dac jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs,
Todebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es
romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxo-
aversiebi.
ven. axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT.
258
kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi
procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu
ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro
kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?
kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba,
romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da
warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa:
azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom
axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs,
romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod kla-
sikuri an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.
cxovelTa kognicia
am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi vir-
Txebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze.
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasi-
kuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZ-
leba sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzoga-
deba (Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis Teo-
riaSi Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri
unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fi-
zikur formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixi-
lavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeW-
dav, tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kogni-
tur unarebze.
kognituri rukebi
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo
pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis
kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli
situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri,
erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis
qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da
misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac la-
birinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven
umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman &
Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise,
TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl
suraTi
7.15
kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi
siarulis daswavlisas
cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1)
mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo.
roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore
gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, vir-
Txebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa
aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka
gaaCndaT.
kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad
imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa
da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba
Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod
asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas
da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam
gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari
unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxo-
velebsa da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kog-
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, ada-
mianamde.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivr-
cis gonebrivi reprezentacia.
259
 nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaq-
cioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxu-
rebian:
cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben
sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad;
maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqte-
bis misagnebad;
garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ru-
kebis sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels far-
To arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon
saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis
gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli
marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT-
dasavleT nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals
momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin,
rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT
bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180).
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansa-
zRvrul garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT,
me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis
marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven
dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amo-
maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg
canad iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis
84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil &
daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian
Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac,
erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis
sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini
daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic
mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon
didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze,
konceptualuri gansxvavebebi.
qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom
saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis
warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, saidan
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi viciT

sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et
al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis
qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa
ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kogni-
turi ruka SenarCundeba.
konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxo-
velebs garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra
kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs
da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT?
260
mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs
kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT
iReben
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma
(1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis,
yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi.
yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili
iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16).
magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs,
Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer
Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis
Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an
skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
 adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori
feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis
meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda
SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis Ti-
Toeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds
unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis
suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze – skamis
fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis
80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas.
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis
an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an
TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi
gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia
daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winas-
warmetyveleba. ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs
situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis
pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yva-
vilebi da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis
meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamo-
amJRavnoT erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis Ti-
Toeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda,
Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac
yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic.
testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT
gamoiyenes „kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia.
dakvirvebiT daswavla
imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas
gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs
adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis
SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT
frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,
vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo,
rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva
virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs
vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es
konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva
adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive
sakvebi. Tqveni „saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva
adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT,
risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben.
Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis
gamocdilebis mixedviT.
Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im
situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar
aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobe-
bulobis TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze
dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs,
Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac
qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an
Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia.
asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT
daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimu-
Savebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac
qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT,
rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli
akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve
davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT
iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis
Secdomebze iswavla.
daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo
saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im
cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamo-
yeneba, rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdo-
mebis mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba.
dakvirvebiT daswavla (Observational lerning) –
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
suraTi
7.16
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan
wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kate-
goriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva
kombinaciisa).
261
 adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis kla-
sikur magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert ban-
duras laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma
uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas
da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoam-
JRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar
unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines
(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi
agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen,
roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirde-
bodnen.
amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da
antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven
garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
262
teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu
romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze?
kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,
1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis
mqonea, roca:
adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas;
modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da
endobian;
arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveb-
lis Tvisebebs Soris;
damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis
qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis;
modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia
– is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan;
damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea
damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.
mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmo-
idgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da
naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am
siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT
viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs;
an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos
mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod
sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs mo-
delisagan, advili gasagebia televiziis didi
nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is,
rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT –
mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi
da TviTmkvleloba – Sedegad ki bavSvebis da
mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara
Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias?
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am
kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock &
Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis
Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac
televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureb-
lis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel
rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas.
es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena
Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba
antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro
gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba
Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala-
--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Za-
ladobis yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desen-
sitizaciamde – emociur aSlilobasa da distre-
samde. ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laborato-
riuli magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis
mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan
TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTax-
Si, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis
scenebiani filmi „karates Svili~, an
araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984
wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasete-
bis yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres,
rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs,
rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da
maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda.
sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romel-
Sic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs
oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs
instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqs-
perimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT,
rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma,
romlebsac „karates Svili~ hqondaT
nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Cana-
wers, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs
uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT
(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laborato-
riuli kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoid-
gineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis
saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTva-
liswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav-
lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki
amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter,
1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivud-
geT im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televi-
ziidan imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli
an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis
programebis SerCevaze.
dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or
kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens
ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qce-
vis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16
TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis progra-
mebs.
davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas.
rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni
gamocdileba?
Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo
waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT;
Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni
Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis
efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram,
Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT,
damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT
saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?
Sejameba
mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi
aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas
aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT,
daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze day-
rdnobiT gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac percep-
tualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damoki-
debuli. qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben
axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze~ day-
rdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da antiso-
cialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.
263
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
daswavla  imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes  sacdeli aqtivobebi ise
 daswavla iwvevs Sedare- klasikur ganpirobebulobas, funqcionirebs, rogorc
biT mudmiv cvlilebas saWiroa ganpirobebul da dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze ganupirobebel stimulTa  qcevaze gavlenas ganmam-
damyarebul qceviT po- Soris uwyveti, informati- tkicebelTa Semdegi cxri-
tenciaSi. uli kavSiris arseboba. lebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli
 bihevioristebs sjeraT,  klasikuri ganpirobebuloba proporciis cxrili, vari-
rom qcevaTa umetesoba xsnis narkotikis mimarT abeluri proporciis cxri-
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes tolerantulobas da mraval li, fiqsirebuli interva-
daswavlis martivi pro- emociur reaqcias. igi aseve lis da variabeluri in-
cedurebiT. gamoyenebul iqna imunuri tervalis cxrilebi.
maT aseve sjeraT, rom ne- sistemis funqcionirebis  kompleqsuri reaqciebi Se-
bismieri cocxali orga- Sesacvlelad. saZloa Seipingis Sedegad
nizmisTvis daswavlis iqnes daswavlili.
erTnairi principebia ga- operantuli ganpiro-
mosadegi. bebuloba: swavleba biologia da daswavla
Sedegebis Sesaxeb  kvlevebis mixedviT daswav-
klasikuri ganpiro-  Torndaikma aCvena, rom kom- la SesaZloa konstruire-
bebuloba: daswavlis fortuli, sasiamovno Sede- bul iqnes saxeobis speci-
ganmsazRvreli gebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT fikurobidan gamomdinare.
niSnebi gameorebis tendencia.  instiqtebma SeiZleba zog-
 klasikur ganpirobebulo-  skineris qceviT-analizuri jer gadasZalos Sedegi-
baSi pirveli wvlili midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtki- ganmtkicebis procesi.
pavlovma Seitana Semdegi ceblis ganpirobebulobiT  gemos aversiiT daswavlis
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobe- manipulirebas da qcevaze am mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba
beli stimuli ganupi- gavlenis Seswavlas. genetikurad mzadaa asocia-
robebel reaqcias iwvevs.  qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi ciis zogierTi formebis-
ganupirobebel stimul- da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis Tvis.
Tan dawyvilebuli neit- Sedegad yalibdeba. da nak-
raluri stimuli gan- lebad yalibdeba dadebiTi kogniciis gavlena
pirobebul stimulad an uaryofiTi dasjis Sede- daswavlaze
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

gadaiqceva, romelic
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpi-  konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi
robebul reaqcias.
 Caqrobas maSin aqvs ad-
gili, roca ganupirobebe-
li stimuli aRar mohyveba
ganpirobebul stimuls.  pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi
 stimulis generalizacia
movlenaa, roca ganpiro-
bebuli stimulis msgavsi
stimuli iwvevs ganpiro-
bebul reaqcias.
 ganmasxvavebeli daswavla
aviwroebs im ganpirobe-
buli stimulebis speqtrs,
romlebzec reagirebs
organizmi.
264
264
gad.
 daswavlis zogierTi forma
ufro rTul, kompleqsur
qceva aixsneba Semdegi gan-
procesebs asaxavs, vidre
pirobebulobiT: ganmasxva-
klasikuri an operantuli
vebeli stimuli – qceva _
ganpirobebulobaa.
qcevis Sedegi.
 cxovelebi kognitur rukebs
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT
is stimulebia, romlebic
rTul garemoSi funqcio-
ganmamtkiceblad gvevline-
nirebisTvis iyeneben.
bian maSinac ki, roca or-
 konceptualuri qceva sa-
ganizms maTTan dakavSirebiT
Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,
aranairi gamocdileba ar
generalizeba moaxdinon ga-
hqonia. ganpirobebuli gan-
remos struqturis Sesaxeb.
mamtkiceblebi pirvelad
 qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocire-
xan isjeba. adamianebs da
biT formirdeba.
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT
swavla SeuZliaT.
 spontanuri aRdgena dadebiTi damsjeli
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi stimulis generalizeba uaryofiTi damsjeli
stimulis diskriminacia diskriminaciuli stimuli
ganpirobebuloba blokireba pirveladi
daswavla efeqtis kanoni ganmamtkicebeli
klasikuri operantuli pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuloba fiqsirebuli intervalis
refleqsi operantuli qceva cxrili
ganupirobebeli stimuli pirobiTi ganmtkiceba cvalebadi intervalis
ganupirobebeli reaqcia ganmamtkicebeli cxrili
ganpirobebuli stimuli dadebiTi ganmtkiceba daswavlis biologiuri
ganpirobebuli reaqcia uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba iZuleba
SeZena operantulobis Caqroba instinqturi swrafva
Caqroba damsjeli

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

265
 mexsiereba

8
ra aris mexsiereba
• ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas • mexsierebis
tipebi • mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
• xatiseburi mexsiereba
• eqo-mexsiereba

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa

mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRudu-
loba • muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
• kodireba da Senaxva
• konteqsti da kodireba
• mogonebis mimniSnebeli
• kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesi • arastruqtu-
ruli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
• metamexsiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: rogor SeioZleba
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
• mexsierebis struqturebi
• mexsierebis struq-
turebis gamoyeneba •
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqciuli pro-
cesi
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
adamianis da kompiuteris
mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
• engramis ZiebaSi
• tvinis suraTi (ska-
nireba)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
266 • ZiriTadi cnebebi
T avis avtobiografias marlon
brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT
iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er-
Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis
win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulod-
nelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic
Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba
dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens
dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT.
Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac
daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoad-
genT. davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,
gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65
wlis manZilze~.
gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac
ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis
azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad
mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar
gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia
nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis
gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqri-
ra aris mexsiereba?
aT, es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni
mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs
da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT,
rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magali-
Tad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romel-
Ta moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cno-
bieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT
yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, 267

magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniS-
vnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis Seki-
Txvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da ico-
diT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usia-
movnod ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobi-
eroT, rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaci-
is 100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan gar-
kveuli informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzar-
mazari moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. ami-
tomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor
ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vime-
dovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalri-
cxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,
268 Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram
aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas
exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT
saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi
37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis,
37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.
ra aris mexsiereba
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixi-
lavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-
erTi formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli
iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvavi-
wydeba is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis infor-
macia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aR-
dgenis procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mog-
cemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven
daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli
mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul for-
mebs.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala
swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli
da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo
Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~.
sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT
masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi
nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da
uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel
fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvle-
vebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis
aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebin-
ghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tan-
xmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda,
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvle-
vari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqspe-
rimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo
damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT,
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToe-
uli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili peri-
odulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aR-
dgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gan-
sxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im rao-
denobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkri-
vis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni-
suraTi
8.1
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoye-
nebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo
saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli
iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
daswavlas naklebi dro.
saidan
viciT
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo
9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xel-
meored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficien-
ti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am pro-
ceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvave-
bul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Sena-
xuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, ro-
melic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.
rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel
dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi
TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi
tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli
yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdeni-
me aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro
marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, ro-
melTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlev-
rebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxe-
obaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs
ra aris mexsiereba?
adgili.
mexsierebis tipebi
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,
pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,
romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _
igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio
269
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,
 suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magi-
didan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-
Savebaa, romelic baWias samza-
reulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoeb-
riv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram
mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia.
masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis
Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis
saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive
mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, ro-
melic cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mex-
sierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu ro-
gor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxor-
cieleblad, xSirad aracnobier donezec.
implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsiereba
ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSve-
buli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT,
cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram
saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar
CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi
unda iyos?
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da
270 aRdgena.
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eq-
splicitur unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis
SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo,
radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samza-
reulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias
yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe
daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia
samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba
dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria
tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT
onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro
xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamo-
yeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad
_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis
amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod
warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis
miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic.
saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme
dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi,
an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara.
ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven ara-
cnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspli-
citurad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimax-
sovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,
rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsie-
rebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperi-
mentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxso-
mebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanon-
zomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi impli-
cituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth.,
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
mexsiereba
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT;
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daat-
kacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxis-
mgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake-
TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da im-
plicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba,
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba,
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac,
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime,
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da
movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba,
saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes
gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im
gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis
Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs.
is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da
motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli
mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis
droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas
(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba
gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb dekla-
raciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqti-
vobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an
ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis
procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze
nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze
darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris
akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT dekla-
raciuli faqtebiT:
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg isev 3
da a.S.
magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris
akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers
cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed
erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.
am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Ander-
son, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT
ra aris mexsiereba?
sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sed-
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxso-
mebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes per-
ceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis
SeZena da gamoyeneba.
271
 genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis
Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros,
Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis
calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis maga-
liTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba
SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis
imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is
maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli
mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme
Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba,
SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba
Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles
kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvi-
sTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yurad-
Reba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Sec-
domebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beW-
dva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba
uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli
moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij
mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis,
rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri
Secdoma.
mexsierebis procesebi
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami
saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas),
Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic in-
formaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas
emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkv-
euli drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri
reprezentaciebi.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Se-
kaveba garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aR-
272 dgena, amotana mexsierebidan.
formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis
gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT,
kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva),
akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo
aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvi-
xiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi
gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis
warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analo-
giuria. vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is sau-
keTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis
dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari
Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba
dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT.
yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis
mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvaw-
vdis am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeq-
tebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamoc-
dilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovid-
ginoT warsuli gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi
Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struq-
turis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi
xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor
cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis
is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli
informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis
Senaxvis unars.
aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb
Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi
uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra
uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba?
axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis
cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni
pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis
suraTi
8.3
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi
aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas

informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im

fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis
garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor
SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis,
rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis,
daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam
process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTu-
lia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom
vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom
mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is
iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~,
saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba
gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis
wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs,
dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu
rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi,
revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad
gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli
mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsie-
Sejameba
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc infor-
maciis gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi
Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis
Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mex-
sierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis
siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arse-
bobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri
formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs
deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb
codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul
informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa
Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben
da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa
da gamoyenebaSi.
sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis si-
sustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod
sensoruli mexsiereba

rebis formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT,

rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni
mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad
da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT,
rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis
gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT.
rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT,
momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlo-
baSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT
suraTTan dakavSirebiT:

sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _

273
 suraTi
8.4

ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelo-
biTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.

1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis

qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis
SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals
qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, su-
raTze xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis
SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli
mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia.
TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizia-
neblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas
sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes
(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informa-
ciis Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsie-
reba, anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars
grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda
eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis
mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informa-
ciis aRdgena evalebodaT.
saidan

drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev

ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis viciT
SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedve-
lobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Cata- xatiseburi mexsiereba
rebul ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT. jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs
awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _ sam mwkrivs

274
 7 1 V F Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
X L 5 3 Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan
B 4 W 7 erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvave-
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan in-
buli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTli-
formaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
anad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRed-
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad
ginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZ-
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi sam-
lebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daax-
yarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad
loebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawi-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba
lobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fo-
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda daba-
tografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa
li, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daad-
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,
gina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkri-
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams
vis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am
da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT 1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofile-
aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebis- beli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
mieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis eqo-mexsiereba
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xati-
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac
seburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis

suraTi
8.5
sensoruli mexsiereba

mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis

meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. Sedare-
bisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masa-
lis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT
(sperlingi, 1960).

275
 macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari
gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davu-
kavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT wina-
dadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba,
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniS-
vnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaad-
gilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavi-
danve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgav-
seba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo-
mexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, ro-
meli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqo-
mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aj-
gufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamo-
cdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
saidan
viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo-
mexsierebaze
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqspe-
rimenti, sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda.
sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqs-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
perimentis erT seriaSi monawile cdis
pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore
seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am
xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac,
ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod
im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi,
Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma ada-
276 mianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizi-
kuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram
mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac
cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias
axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT
wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba
aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs
sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani –
wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.
saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens
urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs
axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeb-
lebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi-
Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba
asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaR-
mdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdi-
lebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis
im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels
xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Sejameba
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis
informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi
mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad
arRvevs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven,
SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqo-
mexsiereba gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT
kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma,
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis
Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono
wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri.
Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT
telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasa-
gebs xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mex-
sierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mex-
siereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle
mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac dax-
somebuli masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa,
romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmod-
genaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999;
Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resur-
sebi Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu te-
lefonis nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis,
rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda
miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven
ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqspli-
cituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs
xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlev-
rebma mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes,
1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsie-
rebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, sai-
danac informacia implicituri mexsierebis
xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT,
romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es
aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesas-
ruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba
(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daix-
somoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris
da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,
SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi,
muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mex-
siereba,
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis
procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva
xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT.
xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRuduloba
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erT-
jeradi aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa
cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yurad-
Rebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieq-
tTa da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni
yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad,
SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semo-
suli informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRu-
duloba ganapirobebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoi-
yenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT
msgavsi amocana:
erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo
Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ram-
densac SeZlebT:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
ramdeni CamowereT sworad?
axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi
da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive
TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT,
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT.
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, ada-
miani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus
or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~
uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT
ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob
masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac
cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaix-
seneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZ-
leblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masa-
lidan ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri
277
 (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi,
romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976),
magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris,
rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis
aseT SezRudulobas?
xanmokle mexsierebis
mniSvneloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis
moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba
Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis
ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da
dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swra-
fad xdeba.
ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso
gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli tele-
fonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis
am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias,
kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.
da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis
gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda.
rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili
masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs
aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois
zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve
adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg
ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT.
ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba
mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Pater-
son & Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom
informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakma-
yofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informa-
ciis distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia
(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT).
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac
wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels
da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa
isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris
ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac-

saidan
viciT

xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis

gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans,
magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg
unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

dan 18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis

Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli
amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZ-
leven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma
daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam
im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans mis-
278
cemen. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis
suraTi
8.6
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis
gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZeleb-
deT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia
xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia
sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin
mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagex-
marebaT.
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis
erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba
erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan
Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi
erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads
(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984"
saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens
xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagr-
CebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis
an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze,
dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi
jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi
_ 19411917186518121776?
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT
TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo
Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis
mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore
strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac
Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am
mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc
20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixi-
lavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad
aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba
aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi mocu-
lobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis
gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi
gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba
SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT
dajgufebis safuZvelze.
saidan
viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvi-
lobas. ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze
darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri
cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc
garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. maga-
liTad, man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis
Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distan-
ciaze garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis
garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks,
RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cif-
robriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa
grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina.
magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo
mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamo-
muSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis
araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).
S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad
Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moax-
dinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamom-
dinare (magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis,
an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala
Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis,
mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am stra-
tegiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZ-
liaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi
intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460-
dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom
aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs
telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli,
Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrun-
velyofil iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am 279

strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian
efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamok-
vlevaTa seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoye-
nebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im
did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle
mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen.
saidan
viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis
efeqturi aRdgena
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catare-
buli cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT
dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan
eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad,
cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala
icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da
ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli
saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi
maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests
– cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs
unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri
uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe
iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs
daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniS-
nuli iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina,
rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxso-
mebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom dar-
wmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul
280
cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiT-
vala es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri
masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWir-
deboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _
am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi
wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc
vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan infor-
maciis aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi
aRmoCnda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis
asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo Semo-
Tavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.
modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmo-
Cenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wig-
nebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa
didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod,
yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis
ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli
wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis
unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri
aRmasruleblisagan.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle
mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis
monaxvis analogiuri?
mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT
biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT bib-
lioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis
Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs
samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da
efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.
muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba
xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac
xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali infor-
maciis eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. ro-
gorc adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev
iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia
da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqme-
debis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave
dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino
Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT
es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame,
Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli
ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven
gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, maga-
liTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis
gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mex-
sierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlev-
rebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi,
romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT
da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsie-
rebis formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996).
alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley,
1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi
sami komponenti gamoyves:
fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze
(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semos-
vla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. ro-
desac daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers,
am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas
eyrdnobiT;
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonolo-
giuri sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond
sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni
merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiT-
sivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT audi-
toriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT mer-
xebis raodenobas;
centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba
yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri saca-
vidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan
miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis,
rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centra-
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
luri aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT,
romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleb-
lobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasa-
wyvetad (am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT).
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis
ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im
mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmia-
noba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kog-
nituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis
swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT,
rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da
xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak-
281

cxrili
8.1
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti
waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo
sityvebi.
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis
sruli xedi iSleboda.
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve
gamqraliyo.
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.
virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT
ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas
Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis
warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa
mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am
obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis
mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;
Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi
amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.
am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa
seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven.
8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime
aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc
ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSua-
lod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsie-
rebis moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxva-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze
mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT.
imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis
sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri pro-
cesebis gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs
282
individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amoca-
nebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis
iyeneben.
saidan
viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami
jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad,
hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mex-
sierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs
sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri
Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,
myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc
erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad.
magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs
upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleq-
cia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia,
romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqon-
daT. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRed-
ginaT moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli
poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli)
da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs,
romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba
hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao
masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles
sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,
1991).
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo
moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavi-
danve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba.
didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive
poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamu-
Saveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsier-
ebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis
garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZ-
leblobebis gamoyenebis individualur gansxva-
vebebs.
 dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni
fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi
saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali infor-
macia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT
arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris
rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xan-
grZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT dro-
Si ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxil-
vaze.
Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri
saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xan-
mokle mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu
informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba.
informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan
swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis
cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv
process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:
kodireba da Senaxva
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi?
ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac
TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am
miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis
wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel
tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi
da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada,
rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi.
rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis
Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom
daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad
SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes
adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia
didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia
mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis
gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis
sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi
da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs
pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad
ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba,
Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs.
winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari
sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni
mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is
pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda,
daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs,
romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
konteqsti da kodireba
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT
fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben.
xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba,
romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT,
magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod
met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba.
imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogo-
neba, radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT.
ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi
mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi
aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
283
 kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac
aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteq-
sts emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnie-
rebma am principis demonstrireba.
kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulving-
ma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demon-
strireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi miiRes.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaci-
ebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%-
is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %
aRadgines.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba?
tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi
konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, rom-
lebmac sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi,
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili infor-
maciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi
284 moqmedeben.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wese-
bis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva
TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba
iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba
ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis
sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamow-
veva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze
da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba
am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.
aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT
meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair
pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT
masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan
da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tan-
mxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &
Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeq-
turoba ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis
sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab,
1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris
urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma
gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens
konteqstis efeqtze.
 saidan
viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols
asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani
mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am
mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoye-
nebiT ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT
SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis
sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareul-
kenkrovani mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveu-
lebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni.
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni
miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa
da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi
CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvne-
lovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20-
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis
dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWd-
visas, magram es mxolod osmantuss da
vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara
yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeq-
tSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRa-
ziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba
mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis
– rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad
gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT
sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romel-
sac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze
gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT
mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da
bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti).
mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanon-
zomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisu-
fali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaix-
seneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT),
ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,
sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis

xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva

suraTi
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,

285
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
 suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi informacia mata-
reblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis ana-
logiurad, SegiZliaT ifiq-
roT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli in-
formacia erTmaneTzea mWid-
rod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli lian-
dagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTma-
neTisgan proporciulad da-
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.

daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daad-
gines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder,
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gan-
sxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqve-
ni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997;
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva-
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis pro-
cesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasa-
wyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirve-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad
gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic
me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel-
Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT dabo-
loebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizua-
luri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,
rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.
Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis
ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom
boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiT-
qos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian
sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolos-
gan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla war-
moidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac

Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan

li wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba.
daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctive-
(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaT-
ness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkri-
vis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena valiswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
gamocdilebam.
286
 saidan
viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi
Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa,
liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT
erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT.
mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqspe-
rimentSi gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia
sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi,
magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdeg-
nairad xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda
waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkve-
uli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze
or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. pro-
porciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad)
pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo
bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis
Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili
unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro
Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomeb-
dnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT
iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom stan-
dartuli daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imi-
tom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtoma-
turad gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba
avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven
raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am
axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa
gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis
efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiTo-
euli TiTo bolodan.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da
mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac
CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT
klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom
gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam,
sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar
ityviT:
vaSli – navi
qudi – Zvali
velosipedi – saaTi
Tagvi – xe
burTi – saxli
yuri – sabani
Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi,
am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla
gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia
mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT,
visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac
Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT.
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an
ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTo-
diTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs
miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT,
rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis
testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZ-
leven. jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri
mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa.
cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2)
engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es
ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSir-
deba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad poli-
cia mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazara-
lebuls sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borot-
moqmedis specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
287
 xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~
xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmi-
tanilTa fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda
amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofile-
baSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa
SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa
wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT
sityvaTa wyvili:
qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ?
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic
daiswavleT?
vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli
vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa
vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis?
asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis
mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSua-
lebebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli in-
formaciis moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT,
provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel
principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da
Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven
TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven
yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT.
amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans
xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT
aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba
gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniS-
nebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin
aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda
gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan
an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvex-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
marebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr-
Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ geneti-
kuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
288 tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am
kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~.
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas.
mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs,
magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sede-
giania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod
mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTi-
TebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxe-
vari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT si-
tyvaTa wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~
an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre
rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac
pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~
rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad
gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom
amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad
gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori:
qudi _ saaTi yuri _ navi
qudi _ Zvali yuri _ sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva,
romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi
konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis
ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi
arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi
iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis
mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizan-
mimarTulia. axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis
zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT.
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvave-
buli formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc
implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraci-
uli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia
sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixed-
viTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamo-
iyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZ-
velze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis
mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels
pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis
epizodur da semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad ina-
xavs pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, maga-
liTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnile-
baa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli in-
formacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis
dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsie-
rebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniS-
neblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im mov-
lenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul
konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris in-
formaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac
uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteq-
stebSi. am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi
Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da
mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mex-
siereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa,
rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis
mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis
iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2, an pasuxi
kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~
specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra si-
tuaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni
semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven
mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga-
viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba
im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu dais-
wavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan
informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom
romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagex-
marebaT gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben.
interferencia
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri
mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel
scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:
vaSli – qurdi
qudi – wre
Tagvi – Jurnali
velosipedi – saxuravi
burTi – bavSvi
yuri – centi
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom
wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvi-
lebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswav-
lilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _
„Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis
axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. in-
terferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mim-
niSnebeli ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver
aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia
am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa
raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis
aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995).
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT
kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi er-
TmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaq-
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniS-
neblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT kon-
kretul movlenaze.
289
 tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze
moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retro-
aqtiuri _ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli infor-
maciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperi-
mentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeoreb-
dnen, aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSir-
deba nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxor-
cieleblad: konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mo-
gonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da
aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadam-
wyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
290 davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSa-
veba – yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT –
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxso-
mebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Seda-
rebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSa-
vebebs moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali-
Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mec-
nierebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur
mexsierebaSi.
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqspli-
citur da implicitur mexsierebas Soris ko-
direbis da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala,
romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT
aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimar-
TavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis
gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWir-
debaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis
yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implici-
turi aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
propriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti
yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi
warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba
aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad
efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis
aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic impli-
citur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da
aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis
Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi
studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno)
5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniS-
vneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram &
Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis
Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan
erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT
mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris
sityva martorqa):
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs
eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic
man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda
Seavsos.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba
Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______,
TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT.
sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs moni-
torze eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT,
rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram
unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erT-
erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva,
magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma
da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi,
swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs
adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori
cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmar-
Tavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul
sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris –
swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac
gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da
Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udareb-
dnen imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia
ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze:
procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines
sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic
pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan
SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo.
sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva
mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis
SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax
sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis
pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan
winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da
xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas.
mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi
praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsie-
rebis oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulis-
xmobs. sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-pro-
cessing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
proptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mi-
xedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac impli-
cituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba. 291

martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s
Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli
asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas
efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri
qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT,
daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli,
ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~
imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoi-
kiTxeT, saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba.
Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelo-
bis praimingze damyarebul implicituri mex-
sierebis or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT,
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.
saidan
viciT
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac
gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqspe-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
rimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri
mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxva-
vebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixed-
viT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva)
292 daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom
suraTi
8.9
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amoca-
nebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo si-
tyvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implici-
turi testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvne-
lobas efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa
hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asocia-
ciis testSi praimings eqneboda adgili,
Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve,
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masa-
lis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod
im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).
am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis
Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss:
Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSa-
vebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an
mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin
am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba,
Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT
(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al.,
1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva
pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am
TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi war-
mogidgineT. axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.
arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda
gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex-
siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi
daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT,
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba,
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSa-
vebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT.
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT
informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyid-
velad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram,
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvile-
buli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelo-
bas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia.
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba,
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul
ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom,
rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas
imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleb-
lobac izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba
sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimax-
sovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda
warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic
eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu infor-
maciis calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis
saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac
TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils
miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,
radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _
verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas
iZleva (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi
efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,
ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme
gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erT-
droulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad
gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra
erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis
mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis
Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).
amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadama-
muSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT
„liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~.
mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa
specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan
„moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic
xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWd-
vas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi moh-
yavT SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pir-
velad berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi
niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs
sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT dax-
somebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis
nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis
gziT.
293
 suraTi
4.2

lokusis meTodi
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgi-
lebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).

daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermar-

ketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda gana-
lagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midi-
xarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da
gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10).
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis
meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis
wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara
adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi
gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs
eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori,
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis
mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers,
rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc
verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom
aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni dar-
wmunebulobaa, rom Tqven flobT am informacias,
magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoad-

sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon
aRdgena.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
294 mexsierebis Semecneba.
gens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs
Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am
informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxve-
bia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom
vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
yvelaze xSirad studentebi
mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen
kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~
„rogor momexmareba es gamokv-
levebi momavali gamocdebis-
Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviy-
vanoT am gamokvlevebidan:
kodirebis specifikuroba.
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gu-
lisxmobs, rom mogonebis
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, ro-
melSic mogoneba xdeba, daem-
Txves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti
xSirad „informaciis gan-
sxvavebul konteqstsac~ niS-
navs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis
erTsa da imave konteqstSi
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase
magaliTad, Tu profesori
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT
da ver upasuxoT, amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki-
Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axa-
li kombinaciebis Seqmna, mag-
ram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoi-
yenoT rac SeiZleba meti
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirve-
ladi konteqsti aRadginoT:
_ „es xom igivea, rac xan-
mokle mexsierebis leqciaze
movismine~;
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi
ganlagebuli informacia yve-
laze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyi-
si da bolo, vidre Sua nawili
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).
rodesac leqciaze xarT, eca-
deT, swored leqciis Sua na-
wils miaqcioT gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba. swavlis dros
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalis-
xmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,
rom masala yovelTvis erTi
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yu-
radReba, rom es Tavi mex-
sierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasa-
wyis, an bolo Tavebs;
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zog-
jer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis
procesSi iseTi gancda giCn-
debaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swav-
lobT tvinis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis
efeqturi gza _ an mxedve-
lobiTi warmodgenebi daix-
mareT, an winadadebebSi Car-
TeT, an TiToeul cnebas pa-
tara istoria daukavSireT. am
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri
xerxi, romelic gamoiyena
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ven-
tramedialuri hipoTala-
musis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, da-
samaxsovreblad. es iyo Very
Much Hungry, magram rogorc
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemo-
nikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve
aRar aris iseTi zusti.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kar-
gad grZnoben, Tu ra ician
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro
SezRudulia, Tqven unda
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da
andoT mas drois ganawi-
leba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,
rogor grZnobT, romeli
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi saval-
debulo ki ara, SerCeviTia,
magram pasuxi siswrafes
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intu-
icias unda endoT da im
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,
romelTa pasuxis siswore-
Sic darwmunebuli xarT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-
naklebad gasagebia, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.
295
 ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis
sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT
am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiq-
ceodiT, romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi:
„miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi,
vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris
avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti
Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba
maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver
avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de
qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmu-
nebuli var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor
gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:
a. plutoni
b. venera
g. dedamiwa
d. iupiteri
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmune-
bulobis – „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin
swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~-
s), Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas
naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba
(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda,
kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixed-
viT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva
maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti
indikatori iyos.
metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimar-
Tulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze,
Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat &
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixed-
viT, adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~
gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emya-
rebian. magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime
alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor
pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz
& Metcalfe, 1992).
misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani
cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu-
296
xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva
beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs infor-
macias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze
swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad
gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba
da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli
xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven
SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamok-
vlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonak-
lisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba
informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT,
Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situa-
ciebis „kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mex-
sierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsi-
erebis Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba
mexsierebaSi.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan,
Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva
mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodire-
bis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informa-
ciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin,
rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba,
emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeW-
dilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis
konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT.
cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba,
radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi
daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi
xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis
aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakar-
gulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqti-
uri, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels
uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT,
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis spe-
cifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb
tipuri da zustia.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav-
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsie-
rebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsene-
baSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeW-
dilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi indivi-
dualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobie-
rebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel
wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,
ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveuleb-
rivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqtu-
raSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
urTierTobis procesSi.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT
– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazi-
suri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, maga-
liTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyali-
bebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.
297

prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT
winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips war-
moadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
saidan
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen pro-
totipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCveneb-
dnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-
298
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali
iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli pro-
totipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoe-
cnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnob-
dnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi proto-
tipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,
TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, proto-
tipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipu-
li ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav
Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-
naklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxe-
obebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
suraTi
8.11
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.

wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqle-
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi misTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, garemocvaSi).
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis
cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer-
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom
Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.
299
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba

rodesac kompiuterisa da deba. is gvTavazobs imis defi- adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi

adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom kompiu-
teri jobnis adamians. kom-
piuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti – aTasobiT da milio-
nobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tvi-
seba aqvs, romelic mis mexsie-
rebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZ-
leblobas gvaZleven, movigo-
noT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqtu-
ria, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-
TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis speci-
fikurobis cneba?~ Tqven Se-
giZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcda-
ri pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pa-
suxi, romelsac araviTari kav-
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. ro-
gor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, ro-
desac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
mis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Sem-
degia: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izo-
lacia miRweuli. meore mcde-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
nicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ra-
tom aris kompiuteris mexsie-
rebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mo-
gonebis) or Taviseburebas gamov-
yofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informa-
ciazea mimarTuli. is uzrun-
velyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiu-
teri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvalis-
winebs konteqsts da ufro si-
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven „kodirebis specifikuro-
bas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieb-
lisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, rom-
lebic konteqstis dasazusteb-
lad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bev-
ri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
marTaven da ara sityvebi. ro-
desac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ko-
direbis specifikurobis Sesa-
xeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba ras ityviT, „mkvle-
vars~ Tu „eqspermentators~,
„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom-
Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZ-
levs bmuls mexsierebis Teo-
riaSi garkveuli gverdis mi-
TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla
„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqspe-
rimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsie-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramde-
nime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvi-
sebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com

loba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-

Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT
300 moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,
1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Saf-
ranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
geqnebodaT.
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierar-
qiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis rep-
rezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sa-
recxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struq-
turis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profe-
soris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeq-
turad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situa-
ciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an cod-
nis „klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs. 301

suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra
da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movle-
nebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsie-
rebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvda-
riyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna oraz-
rovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?
302
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,
rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirov-
nebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmod-
gena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia-
Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqo-
logebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moax-
dinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struq-
turebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molo-
dinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSua-
leba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struq-
tura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigo-
noT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli cod-
nidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTel-
sayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs
Soris?
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi-
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis
gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekon-
struqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZ-
leba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi
aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti mona-
cemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstrui-
rebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperi-
mentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvle- miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove
vebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdi- mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
leba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoye-
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT nebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legen- mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzo-
debi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis miereba, romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda
brZola~. (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis masalidan:
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda ori-
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
ginalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamax-
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTva-
sovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis
rekonstruqciul process moicavda: lierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamar-
tiveba;
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuT-
rebuli gaSuqeba;
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar
codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nac-
vlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar aintere-
sebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezen-
taciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
303
 meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da
es Sesavali waakiTxes: SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets
da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am saidan
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadam-
viciT
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da
„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosa-
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialo-
lodnel damaxinjebas.
gis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis ilu-
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram
ziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis ilu-
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi
ziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac
mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruq-
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da
cia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRad-
saqmianobaSi.
gendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT gani-
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod
xiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtob-
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian
rivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubra-
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,
lod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqne-
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac
boda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, rom-
lis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva gare-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamo-
naTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda
_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven
304 arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
moebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis

aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT
mowmis mexsiereba.
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZi-
ebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrun-
velyofs.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqa-
riT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er-
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, ro-
desac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxva-
vebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamoc-
dilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
305
 ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviC-
venes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi infor-
maciis gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZle-
beli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven-
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, Seva-
mowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswav-
lida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
306 tvinSi.
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi nas-
wavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsie-
rebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis loka-
lizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedve-
lobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiro-
mecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sis-
temaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskre-
tuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxo-
lod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Marko-
witsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
struqturas:
naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeo-
rebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimuli-
reaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia senso-
ruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri kor-
teqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqspe-
rimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane-
suraTi
4.16
tvinis struqtura ........
ii
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur
saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben.
amnezia
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axal-
gazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi
cxovreba.
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda.
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganag-
rZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana.
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gada-
cemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gai-
meorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacien-
tebiT, radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian
aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSu-
aleba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs
moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli procedu-
ruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsie-
reba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas
axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,
magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.
eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli
ubnebia CarTuli.
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
307
 axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa,
romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Se-
degad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _
implicituri (Squire, 1992).
saidan
viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba
daculia
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileob-
dnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis
sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi)
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi.
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emo-
ciuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva mos-
wondaT da romeli – ara. maTi mexsie-
rebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests.
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSob-
da, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wa-
kiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogo-
nebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf
et al., 1984).
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis
sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gav-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
lenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs.
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba
ar irRveva.
308
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi
forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur
mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,
amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gan-
sxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa
da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT
moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobie-
rebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis
SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis
monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,
medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. percep-
tul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar
hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.
es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis
SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi
SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT
Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs
da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves
anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,
magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli
gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZ-
liaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PET-
skanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma
kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevar-
sfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis stan-
dartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa
sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZ-
lierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvao-
bebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma
aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI)
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsie-
rebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvne-
lovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan
viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimen-
tebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da eva-
lebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ seman-
tikuri: _ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~,
an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu kon-
kretuli?~ an perceptuli _ „es sityva,
(magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcio-
naluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodire-
bis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.
Tavi 3).
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifi-
kuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am
gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).
(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa
Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri
rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis
ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: -
prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli
(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi
iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,
raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac
Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis
Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben
fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did
warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis proce-
sebis kvlevaSi.
Sejameba
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa
biologiuri safuZvlebi.
309
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba  xanmokle mexsierebis mo- lebs mxolod Sesabamis
 kognituri fsiqolo- culoba SeiZleba gaizardos informaciasTan (mexsiere-
giis warmomadgenlebi dasaxsomebeli wevrebis basTan) ar mivyavarT.
ganixilaven mexsierebas, azrian jgufebad dalagebis  rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-
rogorc informaciis Sedegad. Savebuli informacia, miT
gadamuSavebis process.  aRdgenis procesi xanmokle ukeTesia daxsomeba.
 mexsiereba, romelic moi- mexsierebidan efeqturad implicituri mexsierebis-
Txovs cnobier Zalisxme- xorcieldeba. Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
vas, aris eqsplicituri.  muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba kodirebis da aRdgenis pro-
aracnobieri mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebas moi- cesebi msgavsi iyos.
implicituria. cavs.  mexsiereba SeiZleba gavium-
 deklaraciuli mexsie-  muSa mexsierebis sami kompo- jobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
reba uzrunvelyofs faq- nenti xels uwyobs gare samya- ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
tebis daxsomebas. proce- rodan gamocdilebis yovel- xerxebiT.
duruli mexsiereba ki wuTier asaxvas.  Cveulebriv, darwmunebu-
unarebis SemuSavebas. lobis gancdas zustad SeuZ-
 mexsierebas xSirad gani- lia mexsierebaSi infor-
xilaven, rogorc kodi-
xangrZlivi mexsiereba. maciis arsebobis winaswar-
rebis, Senaxvis da aRdge-
kodireba da aRdgena metyveleba.
nis samsafexurian pro-  xangrZlivi mexsiereba moi-
cess. cavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis xangrZlivi mexsiere-
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganu- bis struqturebi
sensoruli mexsiereba sazRvreli moculobisaa.  cnebebi aris azrovnebis-
 sensoruli mexsierebis  Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris Tvis mexsierebis saSeni
sistema didi moculobis, pirobaa kodirebisa da aR- agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
magram Zalian mcire xan- dgenis pirobebis damTxveva. xdeba, rodesac mexsiere-
grZlivobisaa.  swavlisa da aRdgenis kon- baSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
 xatiseburi mexsiereba teqstebs Soris damTxveva niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
mxedvelobiT vels wa- ganapirobebs aRdgenas. an azrTa jgufebi.
mebis ganmavlobaSi aCe-  adgilmdebareobis mrudis  prototipi warmoadgens
rebs. Tavisebureba aixsneba kon- cnebis saSualo egzem-
 eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam- teqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT. plars.
Rizianeblebs inaxavs.  mogonebis mimniSneblebi  cnebebi xSirad ierarqi-
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mex- ulad arian dalagebulni
sierebaSi informaciis mo- zogadidan kerZosaken.
xanmokle mexsiereba Zebnas.  sqema ufro zogadi kog-
da muSa mexsiereba  epizodur mexsierebas iseTi nituri klasteria.
 xanmokle mexsierebas Se- movlenebis daxsomebasTan  mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

zRuduli moculoba aqvs
da swrafad qreba gan-
meorebis SesaZleblobis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
 ganmeoreba masalas xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi aCe-
rebs.
 interferencias maSin aqvs
310
310
aqvs saqme, romlebic pi-
rovnebis subieqtur gamoc-
dilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba si-
tyvebisa da cnebebis ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesa-
xeb mexsierebaa.
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
struqtura gamoiyeneba axa-
li informaciis molodi-
nebisa da interpretaciis
konteqstisTvis.
 mogoneba mxolod angariSi
ar aris, is rekonstruq-
ciuli da seleqciuri pro-
cesia.
 wina gamocdileba da  tvinis skanirebis teqnikam gadamuSavebis doneebis
miznebi gavlenas axdens udidesi roli Seasrula Teoria
mogonebaze. mexsierebis kodirebis da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
 axalma informaciam SeiZ- aRdgenis procesebSi tvi- mexsiereba
leba Secvalos mogoneba nis monawileobis Sesaxeb metamexsiereba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba codnis mopovebaSi. mnemonika
arasando gaxados, Tu mas dasawyisis efeqti
axali movlenis Semdgo- praimingi
mi informacia Seereva. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi proceduruli mexsiereba
amnezia prototipi
bazisuri done mogoneba
mexsierebis biolo- dajgufeba mwkrivis daboloebis
giuri aspeqtebi cnebebi efeqti
konteqstis mixedviT
 tvinis gansxvavebuli cnoba
gansxvaveba rekonstruqciuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
deklaraciuli mexsiereba mexsiereba
amigdalas, cerebelumis
eqo-mexsiereba aRdgena
da cerebruli korteq-
gadamamuSavebeli mimniSneblebi
sis CarTviT) monawile-
ganmeoreba sqemebi
oben sxvadasva tipis
kodireba semantikuri mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi.
kodirebis specifikuroba
 eqsperimentebi amneziis sensoruli mexsiereba
engrama adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mqone pacientebze daex-
epizoduri mexsiereba
mara mkvlevrebs imis xanmokle mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor sacavi
gamoyeneba
xdeba gansxvavebuli ti- gadatanis Sesabamisi
xatiseburi mexsiereba
pis mexsierebis Camoya- gadamuSaveba
mexsierebis implicituri
libeba da tvinSi maTi muSa mexsiereba
gamoyeneba
ganawileba.
interferencia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

311
311
 kognituri procesebi

9
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
• fsiqikuri procesebis
aRmoCena
• fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebii
metyveleba
• eqspresiuli metyveleba
• impresiuli metyveleba
• metyveleba, azrovneba
da kultura
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara
cxovelebs enis Seswavla

vizualuri Semecneba
• vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
• verbaluri da
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
kombinireba

problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
• problemis gadawyveta
• deduqciuri azrovneba
• induqciuri azrovneba
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba
• evristika da msjeloba
• gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
312
 r odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, mi-
sis salivanma [elen keleris
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTa-
maSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da See-
cada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdi-
lobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me
kvlav mereoda es ori...
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxov-
rebis ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers
enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan deta-
lebs. erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaur-
kveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas
Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi
gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli.
salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi
da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca
gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli
mRelvareba.~
Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxa-
dad aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es
procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Cama-
yofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT Sevig-
rZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma si-
tyvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZne-
leebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dab-
runebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamiani-
kognituri procesebis Seswavla
saTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa,
metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis
arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoya-
libebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli
ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT Semec-
nebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs.
termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis
yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea
naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla
adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulis-
xmobs (me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze 313
 kognituri
fsiqologia

fiqri da
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba problemebis
gadaWra

suraTi
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.

aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semec-

neba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise pro- momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis
cesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos
iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi: warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs
`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi
`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kogni- Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsie-
turi procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipu- rebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvada-
lirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic sxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teori-
gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebi- ebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad
seuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyveti- gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav-
lebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqo-
logiis specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqolo-
giasTan erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve
axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognitu-
ri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2).
kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva

kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi

umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aR-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

qma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta

da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxse-
nebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) –
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsi-
suraTi
9.2
qikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas. kognituri mecnierebis sfero
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – in- kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri
formaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sis-
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
temebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.
314 (xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixi-
lavT, sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis
cxrili
9.1
urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.
Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi
kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdi- (qarTuli varianti)
loben mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli
Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixi- dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
lavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad
sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba swrafad.
aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, prob-
davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos
lemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyve- daawereT Tavze „s~
tilebis miReba.
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
laSqar-mravali ymiani
kognituri procesebis dro: __________
Seswavla
davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs
daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirve- Tanxmovnebs „s~
li, rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri iyo arabeTs rostevan,
procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia, maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs laSqar-mravali ymiani
dro: ___________
_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT
im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos
Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT daawereT Tavze „v~
gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezen- mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
taciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, laSqar-mravali ymiani
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda dro:__________
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holan-
dieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)
mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswav-
lis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli
davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis
dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safe-
xurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi
9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia
dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis
Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda
davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daax- kognituri procesebis Seswavla
loebiT aseTi iqneba:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis
Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad
studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti
an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi
gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:
a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu
Tanxmovani;
315
 g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu
xmovania, daawereT „v~.
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze
gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi
safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu
Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera).
pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis
erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _
aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve,
or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan
meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT,
rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis,
amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti
droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis
ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri
(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs
SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda
davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba
ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras
sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame
davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes,
vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom
Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri proce-
sebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoi-
yenebda. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZ-
loT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis Sesrule-
bisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze
daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT
stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevi-
sTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas,
romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro,
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, sti-
mulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150
miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialis-
tebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokide-
bulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini
316
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xan-
grZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba kon-
kretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis
ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav
fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanas-
kneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specia-
listebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri pro-
cesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul
procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs.
TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul
komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros
TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise
moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven
naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi
(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir
mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZle-
belia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdina-
reoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens
me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur
procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad
_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis
Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul
gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
erTimeoris miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdi-
nareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3
suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi
dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar
amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,
romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu
Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis
mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
 suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gan-
sazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis iden-
turoba da organizacia, romlebic umaR-
lesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs se-
riulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis para-
leluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.

rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.

maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar
Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir
viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad
da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da
mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.
metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs;
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniS-
magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze
vnelovan problemas warmoadgens davalebis
gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasak-
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas
vlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. kognituri procesebis Seswavla
miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi
axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs dama-
SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori
tebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyve-
varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (rome-
lebis procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
lic Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia,
adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi
radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs
aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT
sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &
moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s
dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an
unda iyos pasuxi. meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevru-
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da para- lad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
leluri mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori
aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxov- an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erT-
317
nis xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, droulad mimdinareobs.
 cxrili
9.2
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia A.

8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva

2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2
ori-ori erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra
erTi-erTi 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8
sia B.

1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra

2-9 rva-ori 9-9 1-9
cxra-erTi 8-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi
2-2 1-8 2-8 ori-ori

Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni

yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba
ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situa-
ciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba
gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia,
romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amor-
Ceuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule
yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss.
faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi pro-
cesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi pro-
cesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis
gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis
magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT
9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo
Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?
saidan
viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis
`mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2

erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxor-
cieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqme-
318 debis paralelurad.
cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi-
Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs
bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos
mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali-
Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT
Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli
wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire inter-
valebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvi-
lebs Soris intervali didia, amitom
pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
 magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgav-
sebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi-
cxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein,
1995).
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor eufle-
bodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla
kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba
obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias rao-
denobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia ic-
vleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali varian-
tidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqme-
debis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad-
Reba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4).
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontro-
lirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad-
Rebas iTxovdes.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis
logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris
mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombini-
rebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.
kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis
mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,
romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiTo-
euli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa
gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. davi-
wyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnie-
rebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da
kontrolirebad procesebs.
metyveleba
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT
da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs
konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romel-
zec weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es
Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
metyveleba
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesa-
bamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven sai-
dumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel-
Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,
319
 xolo „xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils
niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ „kata xali-
Cazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris auci-
lebeli, saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze
karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT,
roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT „kata xali-
Cazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ „SegiZlia, kata
gareT gauSva?~
warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs suraTi
9.4
manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan
ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: eqspresiuli metyveleba
„kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?
rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma
manqanis gamoyvana. iyos?

warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT

Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
Tqven ambobT: „kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT, azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba):
rom „kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~. nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad ro-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba gor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs;

winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulis-
xmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis
gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents
akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) –
is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren;
am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _
konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis
320 formirebis procesi.
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier
nagulisxmev azrs.
eqspresiuli metyveleba
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime
sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla
warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT
brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu
ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva?
eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti
 cxrili
9.3
graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb
1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met
informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens
msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli
faqtebic ar gaqvT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis
dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli
faqtebi.
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri
Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu
Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris
Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes
mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad
gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.

5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?

ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?

giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar
gamZarcvon. damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia. simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi
daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
wamosvlas.

giorgi: aa . . .
gaeba maxeSi.
daTo: hm

keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras msmenelis gaTvaliswineba

irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),
Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi
ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs,
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma ada-
gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar
metyveleba

mianisTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkre-

gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyve-
tuli msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT.
lebaa, agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advi-
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvalis-
lad gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
winoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is infor-
sityvebi: mosaubre – is, vinc metyvelebs anu
macia, romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis
wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT
wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT,
laparakic) da msmeneli – is, vinc ismens (igebs). 321
 TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom
`kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT
gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi,
romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba,
pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul
Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis prin-
cips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias,
gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa
da mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoa-
yaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri
da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxril-
Si warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTx-
zuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis
dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis
SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg
mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra
SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma.
amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: „dRes
aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli
ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob
yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am
konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar
waxvalT); anu „saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme
aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis,
ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da
qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981)
miaCniaT, rom „saerTo codna~ informaciis sam
wyaros eyrdnoba:
jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgu-
fis wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben,
roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo
gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis;
lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina
saubrebis dros) miiCneven „saerTo codnis~
nawilad;
fizikuri Tanaarseboba – roca mosaubre
da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofe-
bian da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan.
es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT
garSemomyof adamianebs.
amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis:
„me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa,
322
gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni
megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac
aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an,
SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT
aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba),
an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
saidan
viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens
jgufis wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar ara-
fers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win
ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria
baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas
ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs
swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini.
eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs
ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris
SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad
SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p.
niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxov-
reblebs esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsa-
werad, isini ufro metad iyenebdnen saku-
Tar saxelebs: „es aris sitikorpis Senoba~,
vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: „es aris
maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark,
1987).
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis
wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad
xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda
gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis
igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvalis-
winebs Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu
ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT
TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba
icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac
cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus,
1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZ-
lebels xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adek-
vatur regulacias.Y
 daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri infor-
macia unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic
gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara
konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris
meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan
da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT,
saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda
aRuweroT gza.
Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba
Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamona-
Tqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze,
romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqi-
kuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoTqvaT azri.
metyveleba da Secdomebi
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a.
spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis
universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac,
ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gada-
nacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma
es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac
students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis
„You have wasted the whole term~ („Sen mTeli semes-
tri gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ „You have
tasted the whole worm~ _ („Sen mTeli matli SeWame~)
(waste – gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _
semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros
vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoT-
qmis dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan
Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTma-
neTisgan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis
Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000).
gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc
Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi
xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos
styvebis pirveli asoebi – „tips of the slung~–
nacvlad „slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes
ityvis „tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi
irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi,
romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes
gvxvdeba „tl~(Fromkin, 1980).
metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs,
amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu-
cxrili
9.4
Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi
dagegmvis doneebi:
 mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic
saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs.
Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad,
`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _
`movifone~.
 mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos
da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi.
radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian
erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri
wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba.
 mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,
romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven,
SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.
cali xeli → xali celi.
li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi
dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles
eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdome-
bis xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi
(Bock, 1996).
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad
mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezen-
taciebis met-naklebi gageba.
procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxi-
luli xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli
spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs,
laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Sec-
domebi (baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waiki-
Txon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac
msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L
buzi-fuli
baRi-fari
boli-foni
metyveleba
bedi-fexi
Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan „feri-
beri~. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri
manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs
„beri-feri~.
323
 am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSua-
leba eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Sec-
domebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis
albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaad-
gileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al.,
1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, „feri-beri~-s magi-
vrad „beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia,
vidre, magaliTad, „coli-qmari~-s magivrad
„qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi
savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli
zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs
kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas.
es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis
daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli
enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis
gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.
reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis
dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad
waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad,
shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri laparaki –
aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxov-
dnen, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erT-
erTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi
zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis
sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia,
vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo
or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis
mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan
aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac
adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi
mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma
kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli
Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic
ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas
da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs,
romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs
igeben.
impresiuli metyveleba
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata
xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan
324 gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris
gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor
airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze
saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT.
orazrovnebis daZleva
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi
ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi,
romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan
(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore,
romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoid-
gineT, rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~,
rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvne-
lobas Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis
daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zo-
gierTi kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteq-
stidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrov-
nebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde
_ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze.
es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis
ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram
rogor?
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT
orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es
winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces
daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod
erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian
et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadade-
bis struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winada-
debis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winada-
debis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III
nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos
da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli
struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas,
erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces
daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis
mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvem-
debare _ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or
adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelo-
biT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad
kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic
winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-
 suraTi
9.5

winadadebis
struqtura
winadadebis gramatikuli
struqturis TvalsaCino
ilustraciis mizniT, lin-
gvistebi xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I struqtura
warmoadgens winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqtu-
rul analizs; II da III struq-
tura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba _ `ninos da gior-
gis dedas gadasces dax-
mareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli struqturuli
analiziT SeiZleba iyos war-
modgenili. vis gadasces
daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?

rundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs
konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an
meti SesaZlo variantidan?
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis
orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:
„anas yvavili aqvs~.
ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT,
rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvne-
loba, albaT, aseTi iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelo-
bidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis
Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi
xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).
konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvalis-
wineba, magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis
arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime
(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT
nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winada-
debaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwe-
rilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore
winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi
gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis
sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli
momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis
mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).
struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis
mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;
Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis
SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.
modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic
pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod
metyveleba

Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT;
2. ana krefda yvavilebs;
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZ-
loa ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye- 325

cxrili
9.5
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri
da sarkastuli interpretacia
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man
uTxra das: „Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria
aq da rogor Tbila~.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis
Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki,
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna –
daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da
uTxra amxanags: „ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.
orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi
orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT
da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis
struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom kon-
teqstis mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am Sem-
TxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis
procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad
efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier
gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis
gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSuale-
biTac mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis
gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels
aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs.
amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naT-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
qvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare.
saidan
viciT
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria
da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5
cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis
martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis
326 SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven
vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo
kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvne-
lobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis arapir-
dapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniS-
nuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis
ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli infor-
macias sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstan-
turi rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniS-
vnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli
aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva
mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978;
Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis
da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamo-
naTqvamis. mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia
sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre
pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dad-
ginda, rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad
igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs,
1986).
ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas
aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze,
Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba
mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra
inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT
ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone
reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri
erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben
(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom
raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas
Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT,
gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli
mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT.
propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze
(kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met
propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra
taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propo-
ziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT:
SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood
ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS
(Tagvi, taxti))].
qveS (Tagvi, taxti)
SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi,
taxti))]
rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvne-
lobis fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase
muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi
Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda,
eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis
roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi
ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias,
mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdrou-
lad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan
winadadebaSi.
saidan
viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis
struqturas
ganvixiloT winadadeba: „mavzoleumi,
sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadah-
yurebda~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am wina-
dadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani erTmane-
Tisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli ana-
lizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsie-
rebaSi erTad unda Seikribos propozi-
ciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani).
am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma
cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis Camo-
naTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu
ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi.
zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzo-
leumi uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda,
zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli
sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _ „diax, iyo
mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi
mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo
mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva
propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda
win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _
„mavzoleumi~ da „moedani~ erTad iyo
warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon,
1978).
rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia
vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa,
gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsov-
rebinaT raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dab-
runebuls aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod
zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs,
Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT
damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi
operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axor-
cielebs, propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs,
xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba
swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad,
„kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ „Tagvi gaurbis katas~).
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar
aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas
daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba
SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informa-
ciis safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxved-
rad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa,
sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda
gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi~ meore winadadebaSi
da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli
dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari,
vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmune-
bulia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis
gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me
mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad;
igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis
namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac
gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovel-
Tvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT
metyveleba
akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas,
Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regu-
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis
Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis
327
da Teoriis safuZvelze.
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla

Tqven, ra Tqma unda, gina-

xavT filmi, an satelevizio
Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveu-
lebriv saubroben adamianeb-
Tan. gaxsovT mister edi _
molaparake cxeni? SesaZle-
belia es realur cxovrebaSi?
am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli
saukunis 20-iani wlebidan
daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades
SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebi-
naT laparaki. radganac Sim-
panzeebs ar gaaCniaT lapara-
kisaTvis Sesaferisi sametyve-
lo aparati, mkvlevrebi iZu-
lebulni gaxdnen, komuni-
kaciis damyarebis sxva meTo-
debi moeZebnaT. magaliTad, cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperi- azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniS-
Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, as- mentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxva- vnelobaTa umetesoba, rac mie-
wavles amerikuli niSnebis dasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg & wereba maimunis gamonaTqvams,
enis gamartivebuli varianti Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainte- xom ar Cndeba adamianis da
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Sim- resdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT: ara maimunis TavSi.
panzes, saxelad saras ki daas- Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis ukanaskneli wlebis ganmav-
wavles simboloebiT manipu- an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombi- lobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue
lacia (simboloebi aRniS- naciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bo- Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma
navdnen iseT cnebebs, rogo- diSi, Sen meti daleva) gamo- kolegebma Caatares kvleva,
ricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, mi- yeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa

larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis
Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaT- Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

qvamis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi

raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan
Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZ-
liaT gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli,
filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT:
`me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~.
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi
sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gake-
Tebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `arqi-
teqtorma daWra kaci~.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi
328 igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher
& Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs,
rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar
xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres
daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina
winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs
mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel
`igi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~
Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia,
romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
 ufro zusti monacemebi Simpan-
zeebis metyvelebis unaris Se-
saxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,
bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze
muSaobda, romlebic, evolu-
ciuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro
axlos arian adamianTan, vidre
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis
orma maimunma, kinzim da muli-
kam kvlevis procesSi spon-
tanurad aiTvises plastma-
sisagan damzadebuli simbolo-
ebis mniSvneloba; maT ar
dasWirdaT rTuli treningi.
isini simboloebis mniSvne-
lobebs avtomaturad daeuf-
lnen adamianebsa da bonobos
jiSis maimunebs Soris komuni-
kaciis procesze dakvirvebisas.
garda amisa, maT esmiT zogier-
Ti inglisuri sityvis mniS-
vneloba, magaliTad, kanzas
SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze
dados misi Sesabamisi simbo-
lo an foto. mkvlevrebma
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis
ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes
pirobebi, sadac maimunebi
metyvelebis iseT gamocdi-
lebas iRebdnen, rogorc ada-
miani enis adreuli aTvisebis
periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom
Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia
zogierTi inglisuri sityvis
mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns – panba-
niSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis
daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake &
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria,
Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da
sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavix-
senoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvalis-
wineba. SeuZliaT cxovelebs in-
formaciis Secvla auditoriaze
morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma
gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da ro-
bert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney,
Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva
Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis
maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs
swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis
saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leo-
pardis, arwivis an gvelis moax-
loebis dros es maimunebi
gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare
SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _
mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis
dros ufro maRali sixSiris
xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STa m o m a v a l m a i m u n e b Ta n
erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan.
vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar
SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis
gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla:
eqsperimentul pirobebSi
Seqmnili saSiSroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi deda vervetebi
erTsa da imave xmebs gamos-
cemen marto yofnis drosac
da maSinac, roca maTi STam-
omavali safrTxis momaswave-
beli movlenis TviTmxilve-
lia. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom adamiani erTaderTi
cocxali arsebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaT-
valiswineba da, Sesabamisad,
qcevis Secvla (Povinelli &
Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa
da bonobos jiSis maimunebs
gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi
metyvelebisaTvis aucile-
beli zogierTi, magram ara
yvela unari.

metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram
esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori
winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa
sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi?
araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro
konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur
magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi
inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball –
`mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqul-
enovania, maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor
fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria
mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli?
metyveleba

metyveleba, azrovneba da es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli

kultura
Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea,
rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad
fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrov-
nebaze? es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre
movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre
gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT
mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze
mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im
329
 movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari
TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZ-
lebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma
gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos
azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri
enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia.
xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba
gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri
zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard
sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen
lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kros-
lingvisturi kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom
enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs
ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:
„Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad gan-
vicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazo-
gadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis
gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~
(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69)
sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Cata-
rebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes.
uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic
sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix.
Brown, 1976).
 lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris
arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba
am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.
 lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struq-
tura Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa,
mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake
individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi deter-
minizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is
amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs
azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqo-
logebma, lingvistebma da anTropologebma
araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis
Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz &
Levinson, 1996).
ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erT-
erTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxva-
dasxva enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli
330
raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze
dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasa-
xelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane,
lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafi-
losferi, nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi,
magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi,
romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba
arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin &
Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros
mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~
(1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa
dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa,
gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis una-
rebze.
Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZ-
velze dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake
adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasi-
fikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS
ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis
Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs
SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyve-
lebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi
sdevs Tan.
saidan
viciT
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis
klasifikaciaze
mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, See-
mowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRe-
buli iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul
diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, gane-
sazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad
romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan.
cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili
iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (ingli-
sur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis
leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi),
xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxov-
rebi individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras
enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da
mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs
mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevrebi
varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis
hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani
individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva-
 nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas,
radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityve-
bi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi
gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am
enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZle-
bdnen mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa
triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros ingli-
surenovani cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva
elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake
individebi ki _ vera.
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris
uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es
Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze
giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi
(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).
savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs
Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba
sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwe-
reT „fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSe-
wonili iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi
fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gan-
sxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi er-
TmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxva-
vebze metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis
sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze,
sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris
damokidebuli.
Sejameba
saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen
gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi
msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTva-
liswinebas moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis
sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori
frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamo-
naTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad
msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri
reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalib-
deba. miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis
gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT
xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi,
romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRv-
raven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaaz-
rebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli
faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi
gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs
Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis
sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes
azrovnebaze.
vizualuri Semecneba
9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata
xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. ro-
melia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiaz-
vizualuri Semecneba
rebT, orive sworia – orive suraTze kata
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT,
ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am wina-
dadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am
suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle,
1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb?
cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa
daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day-
331
 es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom
Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT,
Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT.
ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis
warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~.

saidan
viciT

gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis

suraTi
9.6
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?
rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba
moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri
xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT.
vizualuri reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze
gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas
(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi
ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis
qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros
kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave
rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
msgavsia
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva
kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da
misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi
(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs
evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi
„R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda,
rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapir-
proporciul kavSirSia – rac ufro metad
aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti
dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben,
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is verti-
kalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebu-
li siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyveti-
lebas. rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneb-
lebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizi-
kuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&
Cooper, 1982).
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi

atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi

sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan
erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT,
aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa
SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT
jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra.
xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba
maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad,
Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTema-
9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven,
tikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda
albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT
magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben,
is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).
albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT,
terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze
agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis
dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:
gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da
„golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping-
332 sityvebis saSualebiT.

pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT
erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxve-
vaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul
saganTan.
saidan
viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli fi-
gura, kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8).
Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCi-
nod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov-
suraTi
9.7
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili
`R~, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevro-
biT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi de-
tali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.
aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosad-
genad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro
axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,
1980).
ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
vizualuri Semecneba
333
 gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili
(250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.
verbaluri da vizualuri
reprezentaciebis kombinireba
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT
vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, ro-
melTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi –
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvel-
ze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidgi-
noT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizua-
luri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani war-
modgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzra-
xvidan mkvlelobamde~:
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara gora-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
ki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959
gv. 19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmare-
bodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis).
kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis
mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli
SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs
334
sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi
gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso
nawyvets moTxrobidan:
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-
Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, rome-
lic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxve-
lebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic
detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom go-
nebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis sis-
wrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre
kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,
rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo
aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu
dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli
reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT
scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdi-
leba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdi-
lebad.
zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze
fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT in-
formaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi,
scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT
amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobi-
lia vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven
daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazu-
loba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis
zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias
eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is.
erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49
qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000

suraTi
9.9
students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka
(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena,
Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios
vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyo-
basac isaxavda miznad.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles
SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusi-
rebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis
centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia
sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpiro-
bebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil
rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiq-
sirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10
da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da
avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier
daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra
xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli
unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur
reprezentaciaze.
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri
procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur
unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi
yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da
amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs
warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi,
sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra
da azrovneba.
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotacii-
saTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvalie-
reben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezenta-
ciebis Seqmna.
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseu-
li situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni
saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT.
rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~
aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,
romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas
ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrov-
nebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkre-
tuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze day-
rdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar-
Tuli azrovnebis procesi. 335
 suraTi
9.10

orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali
informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.
problemis gadawyveta
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am
amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis
amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar-
Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis
elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.

suraTi
9.11

yuradReba miaqcieT _ msof-

Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

lio avstraliaze centri-

rebulad aris warmodgenili.
axla vin aris qvemoT?

336

Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar
aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT:
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi;
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze;
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav-
Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac prob-
lemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gada-
wyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa,
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, rom-
lebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
problemuri situacia
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo-
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,
materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZ-
liaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZ-
levad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).
problema ganisazRvreba:
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven-
Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is sava-
raudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemu-
li mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaR-
wevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazR-
vreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),
romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli
mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgi-
lebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven
gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis
umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami
elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad
gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas
hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,
romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni
amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT ope-
raciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis
daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo-
Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis
arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ in-
formacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
337
 (A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

suraTi
9.12
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miR- fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis

wevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.
rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaix-
senebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma
mogcaT formula x2+x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazR-
vroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT
338 gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-
gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis prob-
lemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagex-
marebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxva-
dasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algo-
riTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis
SemTxvevaSi.
rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZle-
belia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba
praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs sai-
dumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaar-
kvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven,
SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma
mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT,
rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situa-
ciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evris-
tikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama-
Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verba-
lizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT
is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis prob-
lemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon,
1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris
xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi
akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod
vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs
(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es mok-
lea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre
Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda,
Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an ver-
tikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis
pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris
modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon,
1979, 1989).
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu
gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram
aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ prob-
lemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zus-
tad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad prob-
lemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis
gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis
arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &
Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli
rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu
moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli
TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa,
verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan sabo-
loo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT
am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis
Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis
SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis
problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba
daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtoma-
tizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niu-
iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT
gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba.
SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gan-
sxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT.
ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis
mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad-
Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis
safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni
yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof-
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safe-
xureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac
vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis
problemis gadasaWrelad.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoi-
yeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amo-
canis gadasaWrelad.
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)
_
339
 suraTi
9.13
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan
pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am
amocanebs.
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis
figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaaz-
rebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZe-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
lebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, war-
matebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er-
TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas
uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara ver-
baluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamo-
yeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs
340 gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-
lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis
mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan
ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro
milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT
Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad
cxrili
9.6
gamocana `beri~
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti
beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwverva-
lisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasve-
neblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amos-
vlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camos-
vlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daam-
tkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvli-
sasac da Camosvlisasac
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).

ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasa-
magreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcio-
naluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZle-
beli axali kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
deduqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens
suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qve-
modan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sex-
vedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Ex-
press~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpa-
suxobT: „Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRva-
neloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-
Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs;
wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi
sakredito ba-raTi;
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American
Express~.
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-
Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) –
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) –
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unars gulisxmobs.
341
 gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis forma-
luri wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac
gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari,
magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze
gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSi-
rebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze
ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT
Semdegi silogizmi:
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava,
sWirdeba benzini;
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT ben-
zini;
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis
wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan pirveli
wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna,
sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve,
romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi prob-
sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac
lemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris auci-
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avto-
lebeli, rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic.
mobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uar-
e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore
yofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad
wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna,
Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc for-
daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra,
maluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna
rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoi-
mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi
tanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi
msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis
logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi
procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis
pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna
Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).
avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri in-
termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
struqciebi, romlebic aq aris aRwerili,
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs
amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom

adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs,
romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros
misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick,
1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia,
romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rire-
bulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis az-
rovnebis process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari
argumentebi.
342
al., 1994).
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs.
amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor
asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb
realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia
4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria „A~,
„D~, „4", „7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea war-
modgenili. romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT,
rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxares
xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~
suraTi
9.15
abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia
xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli
baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT,
SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis
dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore

(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umrav-
lesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi
„ A~ — rac sworia da baraTi „4", rac arasworia.
mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs „4", amitom
mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?);
Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7" da Tu
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani,
gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori.
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas
(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS
ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars.
es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoT-
qves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi bara-
Tebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur
strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben,
vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am stra-
tegias mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT,
realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTe-
bebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba
ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba
aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros
gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven
gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul
baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda
SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs
alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis
mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli
baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: „17" da „ludis
daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis
dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema
gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven
akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT
is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: „televizors
ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seas-
ruleb~. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi
Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan
kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia,
xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ri-
cxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis dava-
lebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris
saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Se-
degad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis
SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis
bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Cata-
rebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT
wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra –
akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tan-
dayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar
aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ- 343
 loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis
nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema ada-
mians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia,
saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas
akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi
SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki.
axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias,
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis az-
rovnebas moiTxovs.
induqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT
restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT,
SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi
fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis
_ „American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram
restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi
sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze.
restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi
sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven
garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT,
rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito
baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac
is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur
wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri az-
rovnebis nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs
savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul
situaciaze dayrdnobiT.
Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrov-
nebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil in-
formacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansa-
zRvris mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis
surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac
popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT,
Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) –
azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkice-
bulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdno-
biT garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas
344 gulisxmobs.
uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni
codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis ti-
pebi, romlebic adamianis saubridan gamom-
dinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad
maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis
maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris
unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damoki-
debuli. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven
SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT.
ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT
dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam
dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs
Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;
Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT
darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ `iseTi
adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~.
am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamia-
nebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT
isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba
dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni
megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis
gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve
mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad
gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb
kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTema-
tikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswav-
leblebi gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi
amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasu-
xebiT mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom
Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna,
romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT
induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTo-
debis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad.
mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi,
romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett &
Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi
daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs,
rom moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad
daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem
SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis
mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi
waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis
micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT
magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs
xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT
daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mo-
cemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam
milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra
mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis
qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli
nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili
varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis
TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames?
cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT
wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac,
maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamos-
vlis Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT
is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda
maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac
pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis
pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi
(f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis
Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra
ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans,
warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sex-
senebisas (magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor
gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan),
cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,
Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben,
rom „miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamom-
dinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis
nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas
(Catrambone et al., 1995).
am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis
umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba
Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri
azrovneba.
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sex-
seneba xSirad aucilebelia — maswavleblebi
da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT
miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven
TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis
struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis
mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis
daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli
Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura,
miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs
Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis
meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier
miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxel-
mZRvanelos avtorebs gauziaroT.
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
suraTi
9.16
ra mimarTulebiT wava
wyali
warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pir-
vel nawilSi daxatuli mowyo-
bilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi.
rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT
wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,
meore nawilSi warmodgenili
nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi,
romelic yvelaze metad hgavs
Tqvens naxats.
345
 induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev
erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia
efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamo-
yeneba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da
axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12
suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi
warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo
SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins,
1942). pirveli ori amocanis „F~ nawilSi Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs
zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame
amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamo-
yenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame
amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT „A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom
Seivsos „C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis
saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es
rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amo-
saxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis
gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac war-
mateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi
mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca,
maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli
xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli,
maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze
fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT
sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar
ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas?
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT prob-
lemuri situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac
SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro Semoqme-
debiTs gaxdis daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da
azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli
etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT.
am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali prob-
lemis dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis
346
stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSv-
nelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSi-
rebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor
unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvne-
lovan situaciaSi.
Sejameba
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgo-
mareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis
daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi
gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da
sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduq-
ciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs
viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdev-
rulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad,
isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca,
„akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovne-
bis efeqturoba imatebs.
induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis
generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi
gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris
dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon
misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZ-
levis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamoc-
dilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT
daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic
savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9
dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba
an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni
Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxel-
mZRvanelos xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT
Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan
momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
Tu odesme gqoniaT seri-
ozuli samedicino konsulta-
cia eqimTan, Tavad yofil-
xarT im situaciis monawile,
roca individis msjelobasa
da problemis gadaWris unars
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Tqvens janmrTelobaze pa-
suxismgebelma pirma unda
moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoT-
vlili simptomebis erTob-
liobis (paternis) identifi-
kacia da daadginos daavadebis
gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli
daskvnis safuZvelze indi-
vidma samoqmedo gegma unda
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mo-
cemuli sirTuleebidan gamom-
dinare, warmoidgineT raoden
Znelia zustad Tqveni daava-
debis simptomebis aRwera ise,
rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi
iyos. swored amitom kognitur
mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ram-
denime welia muSaoben kompi-
uterul programebze, romle-
bic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas
uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTe-
lobis dacvis personals
diagnostikasa da mkuranlo-
bis dagegmvaSi.
am programebs ,,eqspert-
sistemebs~ uwodeben, rom-
lebic profesionalTa mier
problemebis gadaWris simu-
laciaa, arsebuli codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul
iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZ-
vlad daedo mecnierul kvle-
vaTa did nawils am sferoSi.
igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeq-
ciur daavadebaTa diagnos-
tikisa da mkurnalobis dam-
xmare saSualeba (Shortliffe,
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
1976). am programis muSaoba
eyrdnoba ,,Tu – maSin~ wesebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi
momuSave specialistebis evris-
tikul codnaze (magaliTad,
praqtikaze) damyarebuli das-
kvnebis dakavSireba. realuri
samedicino diagnozis msgavsad,
MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis
analizis pasuxis) da konkre-
tuli daskvnis (magaliTad,
diagnozis an mkurnalobis
rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviC-
venos (moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi),
Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es sistema arasodes gamouye-
nebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili
msgavsi programebi inarCuneben
igive princips – rekomenda-
ciebis garda momxmarebels
miawodon informacia „azrov-
nebis procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae,
1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis
SesaZlebloba – daadginos
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,
mkurnalobis procesis warma-
tebis mniSvnelovani komponen-
tia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedi-
cino eqspert-sistemas. rogorc
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar
aRiaroT, rom romelime kompi-
uterul programas SeuZlia
Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros
daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni
codna da mravalwliani gamoc-
dileba, Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq-
spert-sistemebi erTad uyris
Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagro-
vil codnas. aseTi tipis sis-
temebSi mocemulia ara mxo-
lod faqtebi, aramed maT am
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZ-
liaT „azrovneba~. mecnierebi
cdiloben iseTi sistemebis
Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvel-
yofen axsnas, Tu ratom unda
daakavSiros momxmarebelma
(janmrTelobis dacvis mu-
Sakma) faqtebis garkveuli
erToblioba konkretul das-
kvnebTan (Chandrasckaran& Mittal,
1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT
SevxedoT am yvelafers. ram-
denadac XXI saukuneSi eq-
spert-sistemebis mniSvne-
lovni gaumjobeseba xdeba,
Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims,
romelic Seitans Tqvens kon-
kretul monacemebs kompi-
uterSi da sakuTari codnis
garda eqspert-sistemaSi mo-
cemul codnasac gaiTvalis-
winebs.
veb-gverdebi:
http://smi.stanford.edu e s
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
aris stenfordis samedicino
informatikis veb-gverdi, sa-
dac ganTavsebulia infor-
macia mkvlevarTa jgufis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxor-
cieles mTeli rigi proeq-
tebi medicinasa da eqsper-
tul sistemebTan dakavSi-
rebiT.
www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid
„TraumAID~ aris programa,
romelic Seiqmna kritikul
situaciaSi eqimTa dasax-
mareblad. veb-gverdze ganTav-
sebulia eqspert-sistemebis
sademonstracio versiebi.
347
 da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli
codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad
SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad
imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT.
amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri
fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert
saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan
SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba,
misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~.
is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare,
saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi
imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZ-
loa, Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar
iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racio-
naluri, rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli
resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT,
romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs.
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis
ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvi-
xiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis
procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamo-
gaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven
msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe.
gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alterna-
tividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo varian-
tebis seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTier-
TdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad,
SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da
xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da
gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze
gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom
masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Se-
degi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alter-
nativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo varian-
348 tebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davub-
rundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
evristika da msjeloba
romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoid-
gineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu
ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT,
Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares
– ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti
gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni
Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul
mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT
(magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvne-
lovani iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis
mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis
mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven
SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,
magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac
iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro
xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar
gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari
formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis
nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad
amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom
msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul,
vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul,
praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis
(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praq-
tikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs?
rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas
aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs
Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika
aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis
Seswavla – mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT,
aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis
Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT
(Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am dro-
sac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da
daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris
srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagar-
wmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli
msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa,
Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis ba-
rierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad
komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis
Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan
Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis
iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damo-
kidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT
miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis
sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu
iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, Se-
giZliaT Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis
Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapi-
robeben Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT
SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki
uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjo-
beseba. am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis
efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas gan-
vixilavT. davubrundeT evristikis sam tips:
misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da „Ruzis~
evristikas.
misawvdomobis evristika
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv
kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia
swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul
amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar
CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT mo-
Txrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor
ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro
meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti
(magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~
mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven
tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad
fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuris-
tic) _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki
,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi
(inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom
,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi?
es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli
xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia
im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame
adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze,
rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis
evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im infor-
macias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebi-
saTvis da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde
mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori.
Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi
ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas.
problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis
aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am
SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi.
amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs „k~ asos
Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra
evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori
msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens.
mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamom-
dinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba,
roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvi-
xiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli kidev erTi msjeloba.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze
mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra
zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos guneba-
ganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. cdis
pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapiro-
bebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasia-
movno saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis
349

gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis
ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uax-
loesi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze
gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba,
xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogo-
nebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb
msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze
myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno
movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi
ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usia-
movno movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod &
Campbell, 1992).
am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisaw-
vdomi informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo
sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misaw-
vdom informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs:
,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems guneba-
ganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mex-
sierebidan amotanil informaciaze?~
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
350
misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evris-
tikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs
iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi
kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs tele-
vizoris yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis
mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas
Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic
ufro xSirad uyureben „dinastiisa~ da „dalasis~
tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel
diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsa-
xureebi. mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT
aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis
keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic
advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis.
ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba
sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown
& Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT
mciredan didisken:
a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac
ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT
ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis
Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa
qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is
statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori
pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia.
SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)?
rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur
procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani
monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxe-
davad amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde,
informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZ-
liaT Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas.
darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, Tqven-
Tvis namdvilad cnobilia?
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evris-
tikas eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis
arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an
movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis
azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis ada-
miania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli sa-
xeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTis TamaSiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
savaraudod
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria.
9.17
suraTi
reprezentaciuli evristikis
gamoyeneba
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umrav-
lesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategori-
isadmi mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi
nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs
warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis
agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induq-
ciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da
kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis
dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgav-
sebis mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT
axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma,
mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad
hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias,
romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc
qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi
SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar
miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahne-
mean & Tversky, 1973).
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemu-
li warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTva-
liswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sede-
gebi Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoeki-
debiT~ yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans,
sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alter-
nativis struqturas.
saidan
viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens
msjelobaze
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs mie-
wodebodaT 9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasu-
xebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 do-
laris mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis
maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT
cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoir-
CevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT
45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba
`CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~.
9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu
ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni.
is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi.
cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis
yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi
iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). rep-
rezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msje-
loba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxve-
vaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille
& Neter, 1993).
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore maga-
liTi, romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moax-
dinos Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoid-
gineT, SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba
miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad
reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness
heuristic) – kognituri strategia, romelic
miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am
kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime
niSnis safuZvelze.
351
 Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi
cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan
romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?
859 101 333
574 948 772
Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT,
Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi
meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es
ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezen-
tatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ri-
cxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia
SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT,
eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa,
gaTamaSebaSi „Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi
monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992).
imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis
umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia,
maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, ada-
mianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixe-
dviT da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT
gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.
„Ruza amoRebulia!~
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT
azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis
Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime
moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul
pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT
saboloo pasuxs.
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive
ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod
gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas
daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7
da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze
„Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogier-
Ti movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gada-
352
faseba an verSefaseba.
gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs
gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven
isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT
magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis mona-
wileebs aZlevdnen identuri problemis or
variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasu-
xebis mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore va-
riatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320).
rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi)
gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro
didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro
didia saboloo Sefaseba. A
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasa-
buTeT „Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis
an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba
„Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi
gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniS-
vnelobis gadafasebas an verSefasebas. „Ruzis~
evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris,
roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli
msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur in-
formacias. miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad
mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, ada-
mianebi „Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas
ganicdian.
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mia-
niWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi
(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis
mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxva-
rebze (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi
ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studen-
tebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvada-
sxva saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen
aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti)
mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio no-
meri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc
sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi.
mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, Seefa-
sebinaT adgilobriv sainformacio broSu-
 raSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze
aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad
irelevanturma, pirobiTma „Ruzam~. studen-
tebi, romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles
pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiq-
roben, rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis
raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxi-
lebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze,
maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539),
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul
studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219)
(Wilson et al., 1996.).
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxu-
reben yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda
sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben
„Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon,
iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZ-
leba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000
dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal
fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad
599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT,
Tavidan aiciloT „Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena;
rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT,
rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT
saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezen-
taciuloba da „Ruza~, radgan umravles Sem-
TxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvev-
lobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan
gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums
akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba
Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis
gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna
da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi.
gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis
SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT ze-
gavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla
ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad
swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino
magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic
mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waiki-
TxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti.
axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil
variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxu-
lobdnen am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir,
1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen,
Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis
67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studen-
tebs sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es
maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B vari-
ants). ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu
yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias,
naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar
aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT,
rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyveti-
lebamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase
ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~
miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze
_ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs
raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentri-
reba arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _
Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg.
amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba
Seicvalos.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens
kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom
saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni
gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,
eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am
SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar
Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu
im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis Sem-
TxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans
erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs,
rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
353
 cxrili
9.7
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis
dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil
adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani,
romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul bro-
SuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul infor-
maciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoir-
CevdiT dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu
ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs
warmoadgens.
arCevanis forma
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze
bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu
romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels,
an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben
5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe
mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva.
situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da dana-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
kargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. „forma~ warmoad-
gens arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT,
rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xel-
fasis gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar
elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva
iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde
Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000
forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gake-
Tebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba,
354 misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
nawili 2: uaryofa
2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros
apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas.
Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi
unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgi-
lis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgi-
lis javSans gaauqmebdiT?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dad-
gebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageuf-
loT, TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000
dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elo-
diT; Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT
mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven
zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram
fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia.
ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras
ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad,
nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000
dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec
orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gada-
wyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi dar-
Cenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli maga-
liTi, romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvne-
lovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis
mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _
operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT
`gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema
da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki
`sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive
problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens
arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi
obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod
statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic
mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis
an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili.
cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCe-
vaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da
danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~
formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias
cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis~
es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyve-
tilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, sta-
tistikis mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamoc-
dili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ram-
denadac masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxov-
rebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.
saidan
viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, mo-
nawileoba miiRoT disciplinarul komi-
siaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra
TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic rek-
lamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias
avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas
sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gada-
wyvetilebaze? eqsperimentSi kompaniis
saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT Sem-
TxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad,
,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar
icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis
Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - nega-
tiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis
Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi
mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom
orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive
informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi,
romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri
kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen
daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis
jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca nega-
tiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo
daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis ja-
rima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT,
ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.
rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar
cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi
gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic
momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis
mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis
kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
cxrili
9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti
gadarCena
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi
jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg – 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Sem-
dgom periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki –
66.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki – 78.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
355

cxrili
9.9
gadawyvetilebis aversia
A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popu-
laruli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli
Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis
kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba
pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT
mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazi-
reba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~
cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier
situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic rea-
lur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis
saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs
informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic
saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram
sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowi-
naaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa
da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia
warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia
daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas:
`vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)
(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan
Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia
gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan gan-
356 ridebis albaToba.
gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ;
oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas,
rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati
SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki
SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals
ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba
ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram gare-
mosTvis _ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereb-
lobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,
1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna
dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs
msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu
Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili
gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor
moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis for-
mireba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba
(aversia)
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra
moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar
gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi
aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba
gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis
dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli
situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom
moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT
B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia.
gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinam-
dvileSi cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti
waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggo-
niaT, ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali
alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alter-
nativis xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, poli-
tikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, sava-
raudoa, rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas
waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi
mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erT-
erTi pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?
 aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi
varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani
`sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT,
monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian,
sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCve-
neblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba,
rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis
gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa
da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas~ Soris rTulia.
ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyveti-
lebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa,
adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis
sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia
ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):
 adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis
miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti
sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi;
 adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton,
rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani
ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT
ar gaakeTes;
 adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen
im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi
Sedegi hqondes;
 adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis
miReba sxvebis magivrad.
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic
adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia
am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formu-
lireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT
gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben
Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es
yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT,
TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani
problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi,
rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT
da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba.
ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze
damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT
isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata
elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris
dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg
ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _
metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis
gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis
miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT
im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT.
SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdi-
lebiT da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT pro-
cesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT
Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni
argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri
yofis arss.
Sejameba
msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviC-
venebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian
evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evris-
tikis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis
safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia
mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis
mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an
movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niS-
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
nebis gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT,
adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba
sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis
forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis
sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi
antipatiur damokidebulebas.
357
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
kogniciis Seswavla vizualuri kognicia
kognitur fsiqologiaSi
momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqtu-
rebs, romlebic safuZ-
vlad udevs adamianis
aRqmis, metyvelebis, az-
rovnebis, problemis ga-
daWris, msjelobisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
unarebs.
im fsiqikuri procesebis
gamoyofis mizniT, rom-
lebic rTuli amocanis
Sesrulebas udevs safuZ-
vlad, mkvlevrebi mimar- problemis gadaWra da
Taven reaqciis drois
gazomvas.
metyveleba
adamianebs SeuZliaT az-
ris gamoTqma da naTqva-
mis gageba.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gansazRvra xdeba audito-
riis gaTvaliswinebiT.
metyvelebis Secdomebi
naTels hfens metyvele-
bis dagegmvis bevr pro-
cess.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gageba – orazrovnebis
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
daZleva – xdeba konteq- msjeloba da
stis mixedviT.
gadawyvetilebis miReba
mniSvnelobis mexsiere-
baSi Senaxuli reprezen-
taciebi efuZneba propo-
ziciebs, xolo maTi Sev-
seba xdeba daskvniT (vara-
udiT).
ena, romelzec adamianebi
laparakoben, SesaZloa
gavlenas axdendes maT az-
rovnebaze.
358
358
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes
propoziciuli reprezenta-
ciebis Sesavsebad.
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
garemos vizualuri aspeq-
tebis gaazrebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.
adamianebi qmnian vizualur
reprezentaciebs, romlebSic
gaerTianebulia rogorc
verbaluri, ise vizualuri
informacia.
azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani
da is operaciebi, romlebic
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi
mdgomareobidan miaRwion
mizans.
logikur wesebze damyare-
buli wanamZRvrebis safuZ-
velze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
induqciuri azrovneba gulis-
xmobs daskvnis gakeTebas
xdomilebis albaTobis gaT-
valiswinebiT.
msjeloba da gadawyvetile-
bis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZ-
neba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis
swrafad miRebis saSualebas
aZlevs.
misawvdomobis, reprezenta-
tulobisa da „Ruzis efeq-
tis~ arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviy-
vanos. gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo varian-
tebis formireba.
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
gamo adamianebi avlenen
rTuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebis ganridebis tenden-
cias.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
gadawyvetilebis miReba
deduqciuri azrovneba
evristika
eqspresiuli metyveleba
varaudi
induqciuri azrovneba
kognituri procesebi
kognituri fsiqologia
kognituri mecnierebebi
kontrolirebadi procesebi
misawvdomobis evristika
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
msjeloba
paraleluri procesebi
problemis gadaWra
problemuri situacia
reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
forma
funqcionaluri rigidoba
fsiqikuri ganwyoba
Ruzis evristika
Semecneba
xmamaRali fiqris oqmi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

10
ra aris Sefaseba
• Sefasebis istoria
• formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi

inteleqtis Sefaseba
• inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
• IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT

inteleqtis Teoriebi
• inteleqtis fsiqomet-
riuli Teoria
• sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
• gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
• jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
• memkvidreobiToba da IQ
• garemo da IQ
• kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
• kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
• gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 359
 a dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imi-
saTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri tes-
tis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvle-
bis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,
superracionalur da postindustriul samya-
roSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamoc-
dilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT
ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi
(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas
aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris
Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi
gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad
nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumo-
ristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli
kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad
sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia
testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva,
Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs
relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom
Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre
gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _
360
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba
dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxo-
ven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organiza-
ciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-
TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mraval-
ferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samog-
zauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZi-
ebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administra-
torebi Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi
cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze
xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso
davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT
garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc
Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis
farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa
da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im
wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi
Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvada-
sxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,
rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas
iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu
rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom
isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes,
romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic
ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols
sazogadoebaSi.
Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamo-
yenebis mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT.

ra aris Sefaseba

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs indi-

vidTa unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadge-
nili procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri
Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan Sefa-
sebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvav-
deba, an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli
niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde
mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es
istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT
Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi;
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava.
Sefasebis istoria
SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri
testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic
farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre,
vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamian-
Ta Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis
testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi
daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis
gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,
agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da
geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w.
aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva
samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi
miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel
etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda.
im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abareb-
dnen gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiod-
nen, anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi
werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze.
mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas,
ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo
etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebu-
li SerCevis proceduras britaneli diploma-
tebi da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen.
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki ameri-
kaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris per-
sonalis SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri
ra aris Sefaseba

meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.

sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiye-
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoria-
neboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo Si erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis
testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs Tavian-
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)
Ti kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli
wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gan-
aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi sazRvruli procedurebi. 361
 aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis
Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluci-
is Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas aintere-
sebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmate-
buli iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki
_ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireb-
lad raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxva-
vebebi zaris formis mruds, anu normalur
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian-
Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ werti-
lebTan axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu goneb-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rivi unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvne-
lovani kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaece-
moda. misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sis-
tematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyene-
ba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qce-
vebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesas-
362
wavlad.
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveul-
wilad, moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi
politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli)
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZ-
raoba, romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoye-
nebiT, adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biolo-
giurad superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomav-
lobaze uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arse-
bobs mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarj-
ze unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvi-
xiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli Taviseburebebi.
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akma-
yofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi-

yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo
gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magali-
Tebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan.
sandooba
sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis
instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs.
Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT,
ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver
iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris
kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar
geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa
da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba
gasazomi sidide.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia
test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris
korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da
imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva
dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs
Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis
koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu
cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes
yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad
arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis
koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas,
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs
pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma
pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos.
korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur
+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac
izrdeba.
sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis
pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur
formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoye-
neba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamim-
devruli Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadas-
vlisas. sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTan-
xmebulobaa, romelic erTi da igive testis
pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad,
SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli
qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis
erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulo-
bis maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gax-
leCvis sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara
marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed
am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT,
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrun-
velyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis sta-
bilurobas an konsistenturobas.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive tes-
tis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts
ra aris Sefaseba
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, Sesru-
lebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
363

mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba
surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesa-
faseblad. amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT
kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxva-
vebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema
maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi
awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas
miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im
adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mou-
wevT. isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTana-
do formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis
gamoyenebis unarebs.
validoba
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT
zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts.
inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTe-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
bels da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic
mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. krea-
tulobis validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi
realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis
unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali-
validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo mi-
wodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRv-
ruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT
364 sxva kriteriums.
doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu
Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an
mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami Ziri-
Tadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba
kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli va-
lidoba.
validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss
eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukav-
Sirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia
TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian
pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi,
romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT.
magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT
Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic
testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze
zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul
SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis.
pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad
aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen,
sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari
Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad
zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsru-
leblebs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis
moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT
fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizi-
rebuli pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romel-
Tac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli
garemodan wasvla.
saidan
viciT
pacientebi manipulireben
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT
fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali
SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda,
ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba.
rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara
isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi
gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad,
dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca,
rodesac interviu stacionaridan
gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda
miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,

vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im
fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis
intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli
variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis
mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen,
romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas
iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan
gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad,
pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi
miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba
im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena,
maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnele-
bi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino vali-
dobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT vali-
dobis sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis
(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli vali-
doba) misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs
adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRe-
bul qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakav-
Sirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixed-
viT miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis
mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozire-
ba, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi
kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi kore-
lirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi vali-
duria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis
ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi krite-
riumis povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Se-
fasebis instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT
validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven
mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozire-
bisaTvis. swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis
mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SAT-
is qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi
swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom adminis-
tracias maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni
momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo.
pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, Sei-
Zleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis
saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis
aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu
gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan ko-
relirebs an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi,
maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteri-
umebSi, maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis
qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedi-
cino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gam-
klavebis unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT,
rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs
studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi war-
moqmnili stresuli situaciebis daZlevis un-
arTan. amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve,
korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis
daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT
studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareb-
is samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar
dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisa-
zRvra testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT
Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is vali-
duri da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _
sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis ko-
reqtirebas akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxur-
Si muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs.
dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic
sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. san-
dooba izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs
testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoye-
nebisas), xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisx-
iT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan
(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis
Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando,
is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver
winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is
ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magali-
Tad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis
testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCn-
da korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli parale-
luri formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magali-
Ti), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu rome-
ra aris Sefaseba
li studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze
xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori
testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswar-
metyvelebasac ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando,
magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleq-
tis sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis
gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb- 365

iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando,
magram aravaliduri.
normebi da standartizacia
amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi,
magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpre-
taciisaTvis isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad,
depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowo-
debul testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT,
ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs,
anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. tes-
tis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT,
Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli
qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula.
es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia indi-
videbis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis
normebi.
standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti
Tu monacemebis registracia.
366
iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis inter-
pretireba.
Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, tes-
tis normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi
giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi
sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi,
Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli
populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis
interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia
jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli
jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki,
socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa,
rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma
erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seas-
rulos. standartizacia aris testirebis
meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi
gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. stan-
dartizaciis aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa,
magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar
xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro
naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivi-
rebulebi arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis.
ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba:
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: `ielis
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal com-
munication, 1958).
SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis
pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna
miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vina-
idan testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli
formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis
qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis
testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad
inteleqtis Sefaseba
ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi
naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni
Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza,
megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis
maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelo-
gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana
bebis interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra
ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani
mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli
jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvre-
SedegebTan.
baze: `inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi
axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani,
SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan
romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini
erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis,
qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinam-
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis,
dvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazom-
rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa
vac surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen
da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a,
testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve,
gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu
unda daadginon testirebis standartuli
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom
pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs
aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu
aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda
rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptuali-
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da
zebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs,
standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi
riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg,
Catarda.
1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleq-
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisa-
tis gazomvas.
zRvros da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze;
sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke
Sejameba unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic
amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia in-
ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis
dividualur gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswav-
sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
laze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi indi-
am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
vidi sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi
inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva
Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis
koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi
testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis
da misi gazomvisadmi interesi.
miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli)
da `uaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria, inteleqtis testebis
anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas istoriuli safuZvlebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba

erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs

iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias
im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna.
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis
procedura iyos standartizirebuli da mi-
Rebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis
normas.
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi
pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred
Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaT-
lebis ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeq-
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sar-
geblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi
unari.
367
 turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Sefer-
xebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTa-
rebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasi-
ficirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad
tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gace-
muli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs Cautar-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
daT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ in-
dividis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
368 raodenoba.
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronolo-
giuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis
raodenoba.
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan-
TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiro-
eben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines war-
matebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kom-
binaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavle-
ebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtua-
luri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoi-
yenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
 (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagan-
gebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT
TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis
Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT
adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa
da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeb-
lebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo
gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba
ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi
wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod
iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodife-
rencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro
meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba
SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testi-
rebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi
Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis
mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen.
IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis stan-
dartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul
× bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-
male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is
fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve,
IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad
farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyene-
bisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi:
stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris
skalebi (Wechsler).
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala
luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis
universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma adminis-
tratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis
gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba.
aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT
man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is
skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gau-
keTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi
normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis
stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,
romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada
iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis
koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914
wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi
asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamrav-
lebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri
asaki 100
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia
da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi
asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo
igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac
testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75
(6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac
Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi
gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100
qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q
stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca
klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da
saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instru-
mentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs,
romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea mor-
gebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa Cau-
tardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa
miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani
is gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni;
(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi,
romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxle-
buliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo
qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-
bines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike
et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans
emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust
gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis
mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcio-
nirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri indivi-
debisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar
inteleqtis Sefaseba
miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze
gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,
rogorc IQ testis qula.
369
 Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba
Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is
toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom
Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs
agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti
(120 da zemoT) _ `umaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde
asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs
70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesaba-
mebian, magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi,
gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon,
individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSi-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRu-
duli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Asso-
ciation on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebi-
saTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram,
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod,
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis Se-
370 muSavebis unari.
Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCe-
nilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic komunik-
aciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras
saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retarda-
tion AAMR,1992. gv.34).
veqsleris inteleqtis skala
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu
iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida,
rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze
damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqsler-
belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verba-
luri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverba-
lur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.
amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs
damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverba-
luri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala
saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala
mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdRe-
obiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, ro-
gorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: infor-
mirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmeti-
kuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi
(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa
seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc
werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru-
 cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-
Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxor-
cielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.

lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT mani-
pulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. maga-
liTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba,
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usa-
dagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis
bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav-
SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma
masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav-
SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma
daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis
testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur
IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel
asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian
subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas
inteleqtis Sefaseba

subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani,
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuT-
vnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSve-
bisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler,
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da
aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro
specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi
ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da
igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi
gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gan-
sxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo progra-
mebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis
monitoringi.
371
 cxrili
10.2
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba ras niSnavs, roca
adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5
dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:
3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?

Sesrulebis subtesti
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö,
È , ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
suraTi
10.2
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

rom gamomcdelis mier tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena

mowodebuli nimuSi
gaimeoros. winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasi-
suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos ficirebuli yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis
suraTebis serias iseTi
mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos
moTxrobas hyveba; funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronolo-
obieqtis ageba giur asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma
eqsperimentatori awvdis
cdis pirs muyaos firfi-
IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
tebis nawilebs, romelic
cdis pirma ise unda daa-
lagos, rom nacnobi sagnis
suraTi miiRos. inteleqtis Teoriebi

Sejameba Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogi-

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves
iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac
is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axor-
372
cielebda, romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama-
erTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi
yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulis-
xmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Sefaseba internetiT

inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar-
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens
droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.
analizisaTvis monacemebi
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,
romelsac pirobiTad poin-
deqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZ-
lebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT,
rom sandooba konsistentiu-
robas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara
msgavs qulebs is testebi,
romlebic iTvleba rom, faq-
tobrivad, erTsa da imave rames
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrun-
debiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qu-
lebi saSualoze maRalia (ra
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),
magram miRebuli qulebidan
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~
kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalin-
teleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris
gansakuTrebiT sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando,
isini verc validuri iqneba. da-
vuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac da-
veWvdebodiT maT validobaSi:
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTv-
lili iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki-
Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxe-
bis raodenoba) im individebis
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze
mocemuli zaris formis ganawi-
lebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQ-
s afasebs. ra problemasTan
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradi-
ciuli, sando arainternetuli
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im
adamianebis mxridan, vinc veb-
gverdze mocemuli testi Seas-
rula? meore, Cven araviTari
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
magaliTad, testSi Sedis
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
marags saWiroebs. rogor
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!~)?
interneti TqvenTvis uz-
runvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
ise sxva unarebisa da pirov-
nuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
frTxilad SeafasoT interne-
tiT miRebuli qulebis sando-
oba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
internetSi mocemuli IQ-
testebis daJinebul momxmareb-
lad gadaiqca. `evropul IQ-
testebze~ misma saukeTeso
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi ir-
wmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb-gverdebi:
 www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
veb-gverdi, sadac didi rao-
denobiT testebia mocemuli;
 www.majon.com/iq.html --_
mravali testi erT saitze.
inteleqtis Teoriebi

Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexma-

roT, inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToe-
uli Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:
moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s
gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli
Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, Ziri-
Tadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, ro-
melmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria
373
 fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funq-
ciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts
Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba,
inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva.
amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi
ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis
gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAIS-
R-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa
safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb
daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura,
romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqto-
rebis ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas
axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi
erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis
mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqolo-
giuri parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statis-
tikuri procedura mxolod statistikur
mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi
dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma
gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvle-
vis sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man
aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis
sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad
miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneT-
Tan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom
arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu
faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxor-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
cielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dar-
gi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testi-
rebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelli-
gence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leq-
sikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi infor-
mirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris
374
unars.
specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda.
magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi
miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc
zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqto-
ruli analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyene-
biT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba
daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad,
romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri
inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti
moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas
da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is
izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inte-
leqti rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da prob-
lemebis gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis
nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis teste-
biT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro
fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. Tval-
saCino kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas
gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis
mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri
inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqto-
ruli analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli
mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyena. inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi
gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi;
produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia
aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi
mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli pro-
duqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis
mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba
ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, pro-
duqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,
gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi
modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoad-
gens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,

leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis
mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo
sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis
mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perio-
duli sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematu-
ri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi,
qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT
aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels,
rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina,
cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri
unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis
prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma
gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis,
rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre
tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili
SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or
Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)
xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri
procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro
zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gil-
fordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da opera-
ciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeu-
lebis Semecnebis unars.
ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teo-
rias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami
saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstu-
aluri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis
gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba kom-
ponentebis, anu saazrovno procesebis meSve-
obiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas
da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asa-
xelebs sami tipis komponents, romelTac cen-
traluri mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamu-
SavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali
faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponen-
tebi problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da
teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi
strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken moma-
vali procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad
gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli
inteleqtis Teoriebi
savarjiSos Sesruleba.
rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis
amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis kompone-
ntebis da metakognituri komponentebis gamo-
yeneba dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi
is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac
gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT;
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis
mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
375
 rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime
cxrili
10.3 mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZeb-
unari nas. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiC-
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. nioT im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).
amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu,
magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa
1. H-U-L-A-G __________
da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, ro-
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
melic amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas `axali
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs.
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan)
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi
10. C-I-B-A-S __________
garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstu-
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos. aluri inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqe-
qilobas~ da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokv-
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor levebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis sau- maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s
keTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTan- gareSe.
xmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur
enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs, saidan
maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponen- viciT
tebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia
zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T- konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis
amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad

romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba,
mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi
xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdi-
SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqsper-
lobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas,
tebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswar-
romelic T-H-iT iwyeba?
metyvelebis safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad
eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.
daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansa-
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ
zRvron procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQ-
saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis
is mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa
Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. maga-
da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma Sem-
liTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom
TxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel
maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki
komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis
_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma
gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis
isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust
SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tana-
Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic
tolebisgan gansxvavebiT.
rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da
376 rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
 vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi para-
metrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli
prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris
unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul
kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba
msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver
miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuvi-
TardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT
garemos specifikurad esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiare-
bulia, rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas
ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da
dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT,
mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom `aragonier~ adamianebs
garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom
ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis
kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents
gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. stern-
bergs, agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad
gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli
adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamo-
iyurebodes~.
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)
SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis
cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTva-
liswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs in-
teleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul
am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad
mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazo-
gadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis
inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi
xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad,
mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs
inteleqtis Teoriebi
unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da
sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamo-
yenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro
fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli
sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur 377
 cxrili
10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikur- mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi
maTematikuri maTematikosi mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msje-
lobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
lingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelo-
Jurnalisti bebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.

sabunebismetyvelo biologi mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris

bunebrivi garemos gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan
mkvlevari saTuTad mopyrobis unari.

musikaluri kompozitori ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da

mevioline dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsa-
xvelobebis formebis codna

sivrcobrivi navigatori vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad

moqandake aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.

sxeulebriv- sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis

mocekvave
kinesTetikuri da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.
aTleti
pirovnebaTSorisi sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, tempera-
fsiqoTerapevti
mentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da
saqonlis gasaRebis
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.
muSaki
Sidapirovnuli sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT
sakuTari Tavis
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesaty-
detalurad mcodne
visad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
pirovneba
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis codna.

inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa ia- Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

ponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba

da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individua-
listur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Tri-
andis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRal-
disa da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi
sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardne-
riseuli Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen
da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi
da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,
romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia
mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi
tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri
inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interper-
sonaluri da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis
cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri-
378
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis,
Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari;
azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamo-
yenebis unari;
emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve,
emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari;
emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSe-
sawyobad sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari.
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsaz-
risi emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inte-
leqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emo-
ciebs SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxa-
don, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli
Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stam-
buls Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,
pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs
pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom
pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba
waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms
aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri
oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZno-
bebis gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlev-
rebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas,
romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da
validuri sazomebi iqneba.
saidan
viciT
EQ-is gazomva
503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaq-
toriani emociuri inteleqtis skala~,
romelic individebisagan emociur prob-
lemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis
warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mo-
cemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis
dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela
im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQ-
is qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi
iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan,
ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ
zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan
gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro
maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi,
rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniS-
vnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. dabo-
los, emociuri inteleqtis am axal ska-
laze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT
didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs
(Mayer et al., 1999).
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs
mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT,
rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba
garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa
socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teo-
riebis mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo-
gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac
inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis.
Sejameba
Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti
Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda
g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva
mdgenelebis kvleva scades.
sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs
sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi,
empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaa-
farTova inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva
tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs
scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs indivi-
dis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos
emociebi.
inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove
koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi
miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts
Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inte-
leqtis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ
testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva
jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is
mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,
rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Tan-
inteleqtis politika
Sobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadas-
turebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT
IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas
zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis
maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba
Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleq-
tis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli
da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom
fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvale-
EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
379
 badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi
SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris inter-
pretirebuli jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri
godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela
emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis
testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~
aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis
Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis
qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975;
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels
kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda
emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda
inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis
navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxved-
risTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva
erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis
safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc
`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es sta-
tistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom
emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebod-
nen, vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
es `arasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad
380
icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,
romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali
Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi
mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis
sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganag-
rZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur
warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors
wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT
Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri
defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva
daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa
da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan
momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis
Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur
genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad
defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma
igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Ses-
wavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi
Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am
gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin ki-
likaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs, ara-
kanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris
Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma
kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _
`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebi-
saTvis ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram
iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sa-
pirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored
`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa,
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidre-
obiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra in-
teleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoho-
lizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).
saidan
viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCen-
ilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr-
Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faq-
tori iyo.
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli
argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamo-
yenebul inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi
da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs
iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis
termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si
IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT
aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan
Segrovda:
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobr-
ivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,
davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda
mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, ev-
genikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveuleb-
rivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seri-
ozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-
92).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afro-
amerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZ-
lebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gan-
sxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis
mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socia-
luri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi
mohyveba.
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas
moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens
Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,
aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul
inteleqtis politika
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT
saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa
erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowode-
buli erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozi-
goturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis
da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis
naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done-
381
 suraTi
10.4
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.

ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,

Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis

rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia
IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda
miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad
gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac
gamovlinda).
mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidre-
obiTobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSan-
Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT
gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis tes-
turi qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba,
rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidre-
obiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
382
(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis
variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT,
Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur,
anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri
gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa
SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQ-
is memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli
mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom
IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% geneti-
kuri nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000;
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze
saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis
wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvid-
reobiToba daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis
bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s

aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda
es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan
erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi
gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo
Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZ-
lebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben
im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri
midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvid-
rulobas viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri
qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTr-
kanian amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri
analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es
sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvid-
reobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian
jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ `ara!~
memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis
SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is
ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis
interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi
testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis
maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT,
rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis
maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT
90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa
Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli.
igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad
inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneb-
lebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli indi-
vidis IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si
genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi
erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb
qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes
imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba geneti-
kuri warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvid-
reobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo
dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba geneti-
kuri nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jguf-
TaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli
jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris
gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea
(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad,
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur
nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis
wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebeb-
Tan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic,
inteleqtis politika
aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruq-
tia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis
(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad af-
rikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares
pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winap-
rebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi Sesa-
niSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 383
 Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba
biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazoga-
doebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc bio-
logiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvave-
bebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvle-
vebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel-
Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSob-
lebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30%
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi?
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mraval-
ricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15-
s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris.
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs indi-
vidis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gan-
sxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia.
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvi-
xiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga-
384
remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi
wyvetebis arsebobaSi.
garemo da IQ
vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0-
ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis
IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris
pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes
gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, gare-
mos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ
testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa
rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba
mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizi-
kuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZ-
leba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis
mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi
imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu
ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvle-
boda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finan-
suri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni
mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom
garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es
komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da
icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis
gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo
pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTe-
loba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socio-
ekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian
longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti
bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso
winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioeko-
nomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afri-
keli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis
(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.

suraTi
10.5
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQ-
ebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena).
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze?
simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTe-
lobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli
inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs dava-
lebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ
testebi.
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi
iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,
rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _
IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebu-
lobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos
testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom
bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem-
TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo
gavlena IQ-ze.
inteleqtis politika
385
 suraTi
10.6

naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi

saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naS-
vileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqon-
daT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli mo-
nacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-
ze.

saidan Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels

daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZ-
viciT
leblobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri
garemos gavlena IQ-ze janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis
mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or
gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri
jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis
mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida
asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSob-
ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar
lebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis
Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start prog-
bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri
ramis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privile-
mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgu-
girebul pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaum-
fis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri
jobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrde-
mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _
bodnen. aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi
iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,
veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi
afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan

im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac
orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7
iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2.
rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneb-
lebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli ameri-
kelebisaTvis (Lynn,1996).
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvave-
bas qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi,
ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv
doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head
386
dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleq-
tis testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixed-
viT miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtob-
rivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime
kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda.
samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi
IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998;
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am
modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana:
IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram
xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xan-
grZlivi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start prog-
ramis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma
gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod
IQ-is mimarT.
 empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT
rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis daman-
greveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul inter-
vencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom pro-
gramebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmare-
ba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas mis-
cems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTe-
sos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo
gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod
verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inte-
leqtis testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena
ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs
inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situa-
ciur adaptaciaSi.
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ
qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasar-
geblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad
SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, ro-
goricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli sta-
tusi da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi
mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b;
Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ
testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvne-
lovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmate-
bis miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad
Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQ-
is saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo
gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ-
Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur mos-
wrebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis
motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ
aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warma-
tebulni iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi
ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRweva-
ze da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblo-
bebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles.
aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT,
SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi
da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,
imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studento-
bis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros,
IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo piro-
bebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero
gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi
inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri una-
rebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis
validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoye-
nebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev
eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva
kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis
da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar
Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas,
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uar-
yofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akade-
miuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis for-
inteleqtis politika
ma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uary-
ofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi sko-
lis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul
formad aris miCneuli.
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu
rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom
daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi.
erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ
testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci- 387
 urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva
studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze
kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod.
xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi
gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebu-
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT ara-
li qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleq-
validursa da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan
tis Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini dava-
mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis
lebebs uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel &
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli
Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT
faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi
gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier
xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es
jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs ara-
sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro
srulfasovnebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)
SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi
aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis
unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze
testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens ste-
Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis
reotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereo-
mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod
tipuli mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe
maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubne-
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
bodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud
yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis
stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam,
dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acno-
rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stere-
bierebdnen TavianT sqesobriv ganxva-
otipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis
vebulobas, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom
miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda.
warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis
mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda
saidan am studentebis SemTxvevaSic.

viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba
stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom

cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi

misaReb standartul testSi Semavali
kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxve-
bisTvis, romlebic enis kargad codnas
moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis
mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtua-
luri unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma
ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis
gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur
faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli
muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT
dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im stu-
dentebs, romelTac situaciam Seuqmna
stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis
(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inte-
leqtualuri SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian
388
inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad
cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davale-
bebis Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmoce-
nebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi
verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturad Sefasebas.
dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqti-
sa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kul-
tura individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas
tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri
faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivenson-
ma da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993)
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
suraTi
10.7
stereotipuli muqara
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena gen-
deruli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.

amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi

kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZno-
blad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.
1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo:
`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli
bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qule-
bi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niS-
navs Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi gene-
tikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobri-
miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis
aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo
politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon
maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis
Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zus-
ti mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa
inteleqtis politika

vad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rode-
sac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniS-
vnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respon-
dentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tan-
dayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor
ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli goneb-
rivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _
ara.
Sejameba
godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi
da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulo-
bis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvi-
drebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si
389
 mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.
Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elf-
eri dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli raso-
brivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadg-
ines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelo-
van gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogor-
icaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva-
Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtu-
aluri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipu-
li muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
SemoqmedebiToba
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs,
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba.
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi
xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba.
kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri
adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas
Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, Semoqmede-
biTi unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo
Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris
kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT
meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro-
kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generi-
rebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic
axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _
390
duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da
SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg
ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)
kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSli-
lobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebisagan.
kreatulobis Sefaseba da
kavSiri inteleqtTan
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da
moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
1965):
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, oTxkuTxedia;
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi
sagnebi;
daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela
SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixed-
viT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli
ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis
SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba
_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva
mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma
(Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben,
SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba
sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena.
xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergen-
tuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris.
saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris ar-
sebobs susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac
IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki
korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999).
ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs rom `inteleqtis~ garkveuli done
suraTi
10.8
iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleb-
lobas, magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins,
1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansa-
zRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,
iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoi-
yenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis
testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis
testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120
IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier
gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _
naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli pro-
duqtis kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni
arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas
(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad
Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis
mixedviT.
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba
da SeSliloba
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi,
romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven
gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxe-
lebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze,
romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxe-
lon zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an
cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an
marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo
maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuT-
rebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre
ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi
iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski
da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca
mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C.
uwoda.
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da
SemoqmedebiToba
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanato-
lebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul
391
 momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,
vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7),
ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is
Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.
nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. mania-
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba
kalur periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,
xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi
1993, gv. 361).
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs.

am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeS-

tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad
stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer
ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb,
rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukav-
Sirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs
da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989).
SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921)
aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT
Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone
individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris
Tavisuflad dinebis1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs
did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi
vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis
periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba
aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT
xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali
gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis
aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram,
rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda
Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis
azrovnebis realur procesze?
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
liloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSv-
nelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi
imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis.
Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva,
am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara
yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca,
xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil
nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis
yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic Semoqmede-
biTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul gar-
kveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana
daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Se-
xeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi
TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis
mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990,
gv.164).
mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia
gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-

saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kom-
pozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diag-
nozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna mania-
kaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),

1
392 Free flowing though processes.
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba
mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad krea-
tuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asrule-
ben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis metad gamovlenas.
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSua-
lebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian indi-
vidualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gaci-
lebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleq-
tualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Se-
saxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro
gansazRvravs. obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul
Sejameba
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis tes- xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias
tebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaR- da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privile-
mdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri Semoq- giebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
medebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba

fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani
adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis
mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo
daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebe-
lia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur
sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyveti-
lebebis samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3)
testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis
garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven,
rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an
uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre
sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod
maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec 393
 umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes,
ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samo-
qalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis
dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri
testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri
unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (Will-
iam Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxva-
dasxva umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi
Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fas-
deboda. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandida-
tebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli
qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyene-
buli SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali
gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesa-
bamisad, samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT
miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsa-
niSnavia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli
dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas
ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZ-
leba ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos
aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba.
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom
testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas
axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic
garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis
xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkarav-
da mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTe-
klaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogo-
ricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaoce-
bulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs
394 maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari
damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad
saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi
ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis
Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces.
adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B
qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneb-
lebi, an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari
iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrko-
leblad iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom
maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi
fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZ-
liaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba;
testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli
jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monace-
mebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi
Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdas-
mulebi~, ijereben imas, rasac `eqspertebi~
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba
ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli sta-
tusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba
rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze.
rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva,
adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis `aranor-
malurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaT-
lebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis
imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze
morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devian-
turi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi
garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT indivi-
dualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, maga-
liTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamia-
nebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba
da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,
amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas
warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda
vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad
Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens
gavlenas maT qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi we-
riliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STago-
nebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis,
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur
testebs:
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma tes-
tebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowve-
uli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT
mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeb-
lebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qu-
lebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri Zalis-
xmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri tes-
tireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa indivi-
disaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxis-
mgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs
awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaT-
leblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis
Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kate-
goriebad daxarixebisaTvis.

sakvanZo
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiur Sefasebas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
da dasabams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ser frensis gal-
tonma.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda
iyos sando, validuri da
standartizirebuli. sando
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.

395
 standartizirebuli testis
Catareba da Sedegebis Seja-
meba yovelTvis erTi da
igive gziT xdeba. normebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis
da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX saukunis oTxmocda-
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi alfred binem
safuZveli Cauyara inte-
leqtis obieqturi testi-
rebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi
asakis terminebiT da bav-
Svebis funqcionirebis ar-
sebul dones asaxavda.
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis ska-
la da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis
popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specia-
luri inteleqtis testebi
mozrdilebisTvis, skolam-
deli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
IQ-is fsiqometriulma ana-
lizma aCvena, rom zogierT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa
inteleqtis fluiduri da
kristaluri aspeqti, gar-
kveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ
qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Za-
lian farTod ganixilaven
da zomaven inteleqts,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa
da insaitebze, romelTac
adamianebi sxvadasxva amo-
canis gadasaWrelad iyene-
ben.
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta
1. Laugh 6. Allow
2. Tempt 7. Drive
3. Short 8. Cough
4. Knight 9. Enter
396
396 5. Write 10. Basic
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inte-
leqtis komponentur, empi-
riul da konteqstualur
aspeqtebs.
gardnerma daadgina inte-
leqtis rva tipi, romelic
moicavs da scildeba kidec
standartuli IQ sazomebiT
gazomvad inteleqtis for-
mebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi
fokusirebulia emociur in-
teleqtze.
inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis
testebi eTnikuri da rasob-
rivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uar-
yofiTi gancxadebebis gasake-
Teblad gamoiyeneboda.
IQ-is maRali memkvidreo-
biTobis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari garkveuli rasob-
rivi da kulturuli jgufe-
bis dabal Sedegebs maT
Tandayolil arasrulfa-
sovnebas miawers.
araxelsayreli garemo piro-
bebiT da stereotipuli muqa-
riT aixsneba zogierTi jgu-
fis dabali IQ qulebi. gamok-
vleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpi-
robebuli iyos garemo faq-
torebiT.
SemoqmedebiToba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulo-
bis Sefaseba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSua-
lebiT xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli ada-
mianebi midian riskze, gadian
momzadebas da uaRresad mo-
tivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri krea-
tulobasa da SeSlilobas
Soris.
Sefaseba da
sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom teste-
bi xSirad sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba momavali Sesru-
lebis winaswarmetyvele-
bisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
unda ganapirobebdes indi-
vidis ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
bis SesaZleblobis SezRud-
vas.
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
momavalSi gavlenas axdens
individis cxovrebaze, gamo-
yenebuli teqnikebi unda
iyos sando da validuri
rogorc am individTan, ise
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki
kreatuloba
kriteriumis validoba
kristalizebuli inteleqti
divergentuli azrovneba
emociuri inteleqtiQ
TvalsaCino validoba
fluiduri inteleqti
formaluri Sefaseba
memkvidreobiTobis
maCvenebeli
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
gonebrivi asaki
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
normebi
paraleluri formebi
prognozirebadi validuroba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba
fsiqometria
sandooba
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba
standartizeba
stereotipuli muqara
test-retestuli sandooba
validoba
adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

11
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
• ganviTarebis aRwera • ganvi-
Tarebis axsna
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
• fizikuri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi • fizikuri cvlile-
bebi mozrdilobaSi
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • adre-
uli kognituri ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove midgomebi
• kognituri ganviTareba moz-
rdilobaSi
enis aTviseba
• sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma • sityvebis mniSvnelo-
baTa daswavla • gramatikis
Seswavla
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi • socialuri gan-
viTareba bavSvobaSi • soci-
aluri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi • socialuri ganvi-
Tareba mozrdilobaSi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
genderuli ganviTareba
• sqesi da genderi • genderuli
rolebis aTviseba
moraluri ganviTareba
• moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT • gende-
robisa da kulturis gavlena
moralur gansjaze • viswav-
loT sworad da warmate-
bulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 397
 v fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yve-
la inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo
da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. Tan-
daTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis
„mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala.
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad,
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, mag-
ram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo.
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro-
amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom
movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes,
misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Good-
millie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba
wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven Sevec-
debiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic
individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili
giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansa-
zRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg?
xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis?
samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswar-
398 metyveleba, albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs
skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba
asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri siste-
mis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upi-
ratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani
maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebis-
mieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas
da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komer-
cia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi~
da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebe-
lia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.
nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad
iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar
iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyve-
leba, aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive
mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba
ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli
niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaT-
leba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,
Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri
moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi
Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teo-
riebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemu-
rad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba
SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.

cxrili
11.1
ganviTarebis safexurebi
safexuri asaki
Canasaxovani dabadebis wina periodi
(prenataluri)
Cvili bavSvoba dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
adreuli bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde
mozardoba daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20 wlamde
axalgazrdoba 1 daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30 wlamde
mowifuloba daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65 wlamde
xnovani daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis
sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamia-
nis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi
Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis
fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmav-
lobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi.
mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva
unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is,
rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socia-
luri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod au-
cilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT
gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven
mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen
im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben
droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdi-
lebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da
TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixi-
lavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yurad-
Rebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTa-
rebaze SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamax-
vilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad
1
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTian-
deba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba,
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axal-
gazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im
specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec ada-
mianebi dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze.
axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Ses-
wavla.
ganviTarebis Seswavla da
axsna
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvli-
lebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT,
bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras
CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri
gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar
gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar
gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobar-
Ta axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuT-
rebiT xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTa-
rebas aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias
cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT
sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze
fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiT-
qmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad
adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, Zi-
riTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)
bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (da-
nakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents
imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad,
mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps
axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanam-
gzavrs irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis
saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini
Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom
ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri
procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri
cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas
moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci,
1994).
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychol-
ogy) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTi-
erTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan. 399
 axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi gan-
viTarebis cvlilebebs.
ganviTarebis aRwera
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli
sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras
warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo
adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT.
normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkre-
tuli asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sis-
tematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen
ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adami-
anze dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrun-
velyofen normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis
standartul paternebs, romelic didi raode-
nobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqo-
logebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur
asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa
Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _
qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umrav-
lesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTa-
rebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, rome-
lic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi,
iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul
baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba
individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi-
Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebebis aRweras.
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ indi-
vidis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis
raodenoba.
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qrono-
logiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umrav-
lesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvle-
vis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis
400
manZilze.
models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamo-
yenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa
da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da
igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi
mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTme-
tikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley,
1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra
uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi
longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben
individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad.
sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa
da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZ-
leba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi
faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul
periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens
es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa,
rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar
sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave
socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben,
SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri
pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis
minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeT-
des mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi Car-
Tuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi daba-
debul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri
kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis
pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakve-
Tebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad
SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gas-
vlis an gauCinarebis gamo.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jva-
redini Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxva-
dasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa
jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da
urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia
daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos
asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen
erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxarda-
Weras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli
davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa