1 STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

ROUND 1
People of the Philippines v. Hon. Judge Palma and Romulo Intia y Morada
Primicias v. Municipality of Urdaneta
Case No. 219
Case No. 244
G.R. No. L-44113 (March 31, 1977)
G.R. No. L-26702 (October 18, 1979)
Chapter I, Page 2, Footnote No.3 Chapter I, Page 4, Footnote No.14

FACTS:
Private Respondent Romulo, 17 years of age, was charged with vagrancy. Respondent Judge
dismissed the case on the ground that her court “has no jurisdiction to take further cognizance of this
case” without prejudice to the re-filing thereof in the Juvenile Court, because he believed that
jurisdiction over 16 years olds up to under 21 was transferred to the Juvenile Court by the issuance of
PD 603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code, which defines youthful offenders as those over 9 years
of age but under 21 at the time of the commission of the offense.
ISSU
E: W/N the issuance of PD 603 transferred the case of the accused from the
regular courts to the Juvenile Court.
HEL
D: The Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court expressly confers upon it a special
and limited jurisdiction over “criminal cases wherein the accused is under 16 years of age at the time
of the filing of the case”. The subsequent issuance of PD 603 known as the Child and Youth Welfare
Code and defines a youth offender as “one who is over 9 years of age but under 21 at the time of the
commission of the offense” did not by such definition transfer jurisdiction over criminal cases
involving accused who are 16 and under 21 years of age from the regular courts to the Juvenile Court.
LATIN MAXIM:
35
FACTS:
Petitioner, while driving his car in the jurisdiction of Urdaneta, was charged with violation of
Ordinance No. 3, Series of 1964, “particularly, for overtaking a truck”. Petitioner initiated an action for
annulment of said ordinance and prayed for the issuance of preliminary injunction for restraining
Respondent from enforcing the said ordinance.
ISSUE:
W/N Ordinance No. 3, Series of 1964, by the Municipality of Urdaneta, Pangasinan is valid.
HEL
D: No. Ordinance No. 3 is said to be patterned after and based on Section 53 of
Act No. 3992. However, Act No. 3992 has been explicitly repealed by RA No. 4136 (The Land and
Transportation Code). By this express repeal, the general rule is that a
later law prevails over an earlier law. Also, an essential requisite for a valid ordinance is that it “must
not contravene … the statute” for it is fundamental principle that municipal ordinances are inferior in
status and subordinate to the laws of the state.
LATIN MAXIM:
4, 6c, 49
Casco Philippine Chemical Co. Inc., v. Hon. Pedro Gimenez
Case No. 48
G.R. No. L-17931 (February 28, 1963)
Chapter I, Page 9, Footnote No.31
FACTS:
Petitioner was engaged in the manufacture of synthetic resin glues. It sought the refund of the
margin fees relying on RA 2609 (Foreign Exchange Margin Fee Law) stating that the Central Bank of
the Philippines fixed a uniform margin fee of 25% on foreign exchange transactions. However, the
Auditor of the Bank refused to pass in audit and approved the said refunds upon the ground that
Petitioner’s separate importations of urea and formaldehyde is not in accord with the provisions of Sec.
2, par. 18 of RA 2609. The pertinent portion of this statute reads: “The margin established by the
Monetary Board … shall be imposed upon the sale of foreign exchange for the importation of the
following: “XVIII. Urea formaldehyde for the manufacture of plywood and hardwood when imported
by and for the exclusive use of end-users.”
ISSUE:
W/N “urea” and “formaldehyde” are exempt by law from the payment of the margin fee.
HELD:
The term “urea formaldehyde” used in Sec. 2 of RA 2609 refers to the finished product as
expressed by the National Institute of Science and Technology, and is distinct and separate from “urea
and formaldehyde” which are separate chemicals used in the manufacture of synthetic resin. The one
mentioned in the law is a finished product, while the ones imported by the Petitioner are raw materials.
Hence, the importation of “urea” and “formaldehyde” is not exempt from the imposition of the margin
fee.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6c, 25a
Astorga v. Villegas
Case No. 23
G.R. No. L-23475 (April 30, 1974)
Chapter I, Page 11, Footnote No.37
FACTS:
House Bill No. 9266 was passed from the House of Representatives to the Senate. Senator
Arturo Tolentino made substantial amendments which were approved by the Senate. The House,
without notice of said amendments, thereafter signed its approval until all the presiding officers of both
houses certified and attested to the bill. The President also signed it and thereupon became RA 4065.
Senator Tolentino made a press statement that the enrolled copy of House Bill No. 9266 was a wrong
version of the bill because it did not embody the amendments introduced by him and approved by the
Senate. Both the Senate President and the President withdrew their signatures and denounced RA 4065
as invalid. Petitioner argued that the authentication of the presiding officers of the Congress is
conclusive proof of a bill’s due enactment.
ISSUE:
W/N House Bill No. 9266 is considered enacted and valid.
HELD:
Since both the Senate President and the Chief Executive withdrew their signatures therein, the
court declared that the bill was not duly enacted and therefore did not become a law.
The Constitution requires that each House shall keep a journal. An importance of having a
journal is that in the absence of attestation or evidence of the bill’s due enactment, the court may resort
to the journals of the Congress to verify such. “Where the journal discloses that substantial amendment
were introduced and approved and were not incorporated in the printed text sent to the President for
signature, the court can declare that the bill has not been duly enacted and did not become a law.”
LATIN MAXIM:
b2
Ichong, etc., et al. v. Hernandez, etc., and Sarmiento Municipality of Jose Panganiban v. Shell Co. of the Philippines
Case No. 133
Case No. 181
G.R. No. L-7995 (May 31, 1957)
G.R. No. L-25716 (July 28, 1966)
Chapter I, Page 11, Footnote No.42
Chapter I, Page 11, Footnote No.42

FACTS:
Petitioner is a Chinese merchant who questions the constitutionality of RA 1180 “An Act to
Regulate the Retail Business” on the following grounds: a) It is a violation of the Equal Protection of
the Law Clause, denies them of their liberty, property and due process of law 2) It is a violation of the
constitutional requirement that a bill’s title must reflect the subject matter of the same because
“regulate” does not really mean “nationalize” and “prohibit” 3) the Act violates International treaties
and Laws
ISSUE:
W/N RA 1180 is constitutional.
HELD:
RA 1180 is constitutional. In the abovementioned case, what has been pointed out is the
constitutional requirement that “A bill shall embrace only one subject as expressed in its title.” This is
to prohibit duplicity in legislation because the title must be able to apprise legislators and the public
about the nature, scope, and consequences of that particular law. Constitution precludes the
encroaching of one department to the responsibilities of the other departments. The legislature is
primarily the judge of necessity, adequacy, wisdom, reasonableness, and expediency of the law, and
the courts have no jurisdiction to question this.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 24a, d
FACTS:
This is an appeal from the decision of the Court of First Instance of Manila dismissing the
Plaintiff’s complaint for the collection of sales taxes from Defendant on the ground that the law which
authorizes collection of the same is unconstitutional. Defendant Company refused to pay taxes
accruing from its sales because according to them the taxable sites of the property sought to be taxed is
not the said Municipality. According to the Defendant, RA 1435 or Act to Provide Means for
Increasing Highway Special Fund is unconstitutional because it embraces two subjects which are
1)amendment of the tax code, and 2) grant of taxing power to the local government, and makes
reference to Road and Bridge Fund.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 1435 is constitutional.
HELD:
RA 1435 is constitutional because it embraces only one subject reflected by its title “Road and
Bridge Fund.” Statutory definition prevails over ordinary usage of the term. The constitutional
requirement as to the title of the bill must be liberally construed. It should not be technically or
narrowly construed as to impede the power of legislation. When there is doubt as to its validity, it must
be resolved against the doubt and in favor of its validity. In the abovementioned cases, what is pointed
out is the constitutional requirement that “A bill shall embrace only one subject, expressed in its title.”
This is to prohibit duplicity in legislation because the title must be able to apprise legislators and the
public about the nature, scope, and consequences of that particular law.

LATIN MAXIM:
12a, 37, d
People of the Philippines v. Buenviaje Alalayan v. National Power Corporation
Case No. 203
Case No. 8
G.R. No. L-22945 (March 3, 1925)
G.R. No. L-24396 (July 29, 1968)
Chapter I, Page 12, Footnote No.46
Chapter I, Page 12, Footnote No.46

FACTS: FACTS:
Defendant appeals the ruling of the trial court finding her guilty for the violation of “illegal Republic Act No. 3043 is entitled “An Act to Further Amend Commonwealth Act No. 121”.
practice of medicine” and “illegally advertising oneself as a doctor.” Defendant practices chiropractic In Section 3 of the same act, Respondent is empowered, in any franchise contract for the supply of
although she has not secured a certificate to practice medicine. She ‘treated and manipulated’ the head electric power constituting 50% of the electric power and energy of that franchisee, to realize a net
and body of Regino Noble. She also contends that practice of chiropractic has nothing to do with profit of not more than 12% annually of its investments plus 2-month operating expenses; and NPC is
medicine and that unauthorized use of title of “doctor” should be understood to refer to “doctor of allowed to renew all existing franchise contracts so that the provisions of the act could be given effect.
medicine” and not to doctors of chiropractic, and lastly, that Act 3111 is unconstitutional as it does not
express its subject.
ISSUE:
W/N Section 3 is a subject which the bill title “An Act to Further Amend Commonwealth Act
ISSUE:
No. 121” does not embrace, thus making it a rider because it is violative of the constitutional provision
W/N “chiropractic” is included in the term “practice of medicine” under Medical laws
requiring that “a bill, which may be enacted into law, cannot embrace more than one subject, which
provided in the Revised Administrative Code.
shall be expressed in its title.”
HELD:
HELD:
Act 3111 is constitutional as the title “An Act to Amend (enumeration of sections to be
Section 3 is constitutional.
amended)” is sufficient and it need not include the subject matter of each section. ‘Chiropractic’ is
Republic Act 3043 is an amendatory act. It is sufficient that the title makes reference to the
included in the ‘practice of medicine.’ Statutory definition prevails over ordinary usage of the term.
legislation to be amended (in this case Commonwealth Act 121). Constitutional provision is satisfied if
The constitutional requirement as to the title of the bill must be liberally construed. It should not be
title is comprehensive enough to include the general object which the statute seeks to effect without
technically or narrowly construed as to impede the power of legislation. When there is doubt as to its
expressing each and every ends and means necessary for its accomplishment. Title doesn’t need to be a
validity, it must be resolved against the doubt and in favor of its validity. “A bill shall embrace only
complete index of the contents of the act.
one subject, expressed in its title,” to prohibit duplicity in legislation by apprising legislators and the
public about the nature, scope, and consequences of the law.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM: 24a, 37, d
2a, 7a, 25c, 37, d
Cordero v. Hon. Cabatuando
Case No. 81
G.R. No. L-14542 (October 31, 1962)
Chapter I, Page 12, Footnote No.47
FACTS:
Republic Act No. 1199 is the Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines. Section 54 of this
act expressed that indigent tenants should be represented by Public Defendant of Department of Labor.
Congress then amended this in Republic Act No. 2263: “An Act Amending Certain Sections of
Republic Act No. 1199.” Section
19 of the amendatory act says that mediation of tenancy disputes falls under authority of Secretary of
Justice. Section 20 also provides that indigent tenants shall be represented by trial attorney of the
Tenancy Mediation Commission.
ISSU
E: W/N Sections 19 and 20 of Rep. Act No. 2263 is unconstitutional because of
the constitutional provision that “No bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one
subject which shall be expressed in the title of the bill.”
HEL
D: Sections 19 and 20 are constitutional.
The constitutional requirement is complied with as long the law has a single
general subject, which is the Agricultural Tenancy Act, and the amendatory provisions no matter how
diverse they may be, so long as they are not inconsistent with or foreign to the general subject, will be
regarded as valid. Constitutional provisions relating to subject matter and titles of statutes should not
be so narrowly construed as to cripple or impede proper legislation.
Tobias v. Abalos
Case No. 291
G.R. No. L-114783 (December 8, 1994)
Chapter I, Page 12, Footnote No.47
FACTS:
Petitioners assail the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 7675, otherwise known as "An Act
Converting the Municipality of Mandaluyong into a Highly Urbanized City to be known as the City of
Mandaluyong” because Article VIII, Section 49 of this act provided that the congressional district of
San Juan/ Mandaluyong shall be split into two separate districts.
ISSUE:
W/N the aforestated subject is germane to the subject matter of R.A. No.
7675.
HEL
D: RA 7675 is constitutional.
Contrary to Petitioners' assertion, the creation of a separate congressional
district for Mandaluyong is not a subject separate and distinct from the subject of its conversion into a
highly urbanized city but is a natural and logical consequence of its conversion into a highly urbanized
city
Moreover, a liberal construction of the "one title-one subject" rule has been invariably
adopted by this court so as not to cripple or impede legislation. The Constitution does not require
Congress to employ in the title of an enactment, language of such precision as to mirror, fully index or
catalogue all the contents and the minute details therein.

LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:

24a, 37, d 20a, d
Ayson and Ignacio v. Provincial Board of Rizal
Case No. 11
G.R. No. 14019 (July 26, 1919)
FACTS:
The municipal council of Navotas, Rizal adopted its Ordinance No. 13, section 2 of which
provided that “all owners and proprietors of the industry known as fishing, with nets denominated
‘cuakit’ and ‘pantukos,’ before engaging in fishing in the bay of this jurisdiction within three leagues
from the shore-line of this municipality, are obliged to provide themselves with a license issued by this
municipal government, after payment of a fee of P50 annually, payable every three months.” The
authority for the enactment of the ordinance was from section 2270 of the Administrative Code.
ISSUE:
W/N Section 2270 of the Administrative Code of 1916, now Section 2324 of the
Administrative Code of 1917, is invalid.
HEL
D: Section 2270 of the Administrative Code of 1916, now section 2323 of the
Administrative Code of 1917 is valid. It does not violate Paragraph 17, section 5 of the Philippine Bill
which provided “that no private or local bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than
one subject, and that subject shall be expressed in the title of the bill” because the Administrative Code
is neither a private nor a local bill.
The Administrative Code of 1917 has for its title, “An Act amending the Administrative
Code.” It does not violate Paragraph 17, section 3 of the Jones Law, which provided “that no bill which
may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject and that subject shall be expressed in the
title of the bill,” because it was merely a revision of the provisions of the Administrative Code enacted
for the purpose of adapting it to the Jones Law and the Reorganization Act.
LATIN MAXIM:
37
Lidasan v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 148
G.R. No. L-28089 (October 25, 1967)
Chapter I, Page 13, Footnote No.51
FACTS:
Petitioner challenged Republic Act 4790, which is entitled “An Act Creating the Municipality
of Dianaton in the Province of Lanao del Sur” as unconstitutional on the ground that it includes barrios
located in another province, which is Cotabato, violating the constitutional mandate that “No bill
which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject which shall be expressed in the
title of the bill.” This question was initially presented to the Respondents, which adopted a resolution
in favor of RA 4790, prompted by the upcoming elections.
ISSUE:
W/N Republic Act 4790 is constitutional.
HELD:
Republic Act 4790 is null and void. The title “An Act Creating the Municipality of Dianaton,
in the Province of Lanao del Sur” projects the impression that solely the province of Lanao del Sur is
affected by the creation of Dianaton. Not the slightest
intimation is there that communities in the adjacent province of Cotabato are incorporated in this new
Lanao del Sur town. The phrase “in the Province of Lanao del Sur” makes the title misleading and
deceptive. The title did not inform the members of the Congress as to the full impact of the law; it did
not apprise the people in the towns of Cotabato that were affected by the law, and the province of
Cotabato itself that part of their territory is being taken away from their towns and provinces and added
to the adjacent Province of Lanao del Sur; it kept the public in the dark as to what towns and provinces
were actually affected by the bill. These are the pressures which heavily weigh against the
constitutionality of Republic Act 4790.
LATIN MAXIM:
d
Manila Trading & Supply Co. v. Reyes People of the Philippines v. Ferrer
Case No. 169
Case No. 208
G.R. No. 43263 (October 31, 1935)
G.R. No. L-32613-14 (December 27, 1972)
Chapter I, Page 13, Footnote No. 53
Chapter I, Page 13, Footnote No.50
FACTS:
FACTS:
Respondent executed a chattel mortgage in favor of Petitioner. He failed to pay some of the Private Respondents were respectively charged with a violation of Republic Act No. 1700,
installments. Petitioner proceeded to foreclose its chattel mortgage. The mortgaged property was sold otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Act. RA 1700 outlaws the Communist Party of the
at a public auction by the sheriff of the City of Manila. After applying this sum, with interest, costs, Philippines (CPP) and other “subversive associations” and punishes any person who “knowingly,
and liquidated damages to Respondent’s indebtedness, the latter owed the company a balance of willfully and by overt acts affiliates himself with, becomes or remains a member” of the CPP or any
P275.47 with interest. The company instituted an action for recovery when he failed to pay the other organization “subversive” in nature. Tayag filed a motion challenging the validity of the statute
deficiency of the debt. He pleaded as a defense that the company, having chosen to foreclose its chattel due to its constitutional violations. The lower court declared the statute void on the grounds that it was
mortgage, had no further action against him for the recovery of the unpaid balance owed by him, as a bill of attainder and that it is vague and overbroad. The cases were dismissed, to which the
provided by Act No. 4122. Government appealed.
ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N Act No. 4122, entitled “An Act to amend the Civil Code by inserting between Sections
W/N the title of the act satisfies the constitutional provision on bill titles.
fourteen hundred and fifty-four and fourteen hundred and fifty-five thereof a new section, to be known
as section fourteen hundred and fifty-four-A,” is valid.
HELD:
Yes. The title of the bill need not be a catalogue or an index of its contents, and need not
HELD:
recite the details of the Act. It is a valid title if it indicates in clear terms the nature, scope and
Act No. 4122 is valid and enforceable. The controlling purpose of Act No. 4122 is revealed
consequences of the proposed law and its operation. A narrow and technical construction is to be
to be to close the door to abuses committed in connection with the foreclosure of chattel mortgages
avoided, and the statute will be read fairly and reasonably in order not to thwart the legislative intent.
when sales were payable in installments.
The Anti-Subversion act fully satisfies these requirements.
The general rule is adopted in this jurisdiction to the effect that a title which declares a statute
to be an act to amend a specified code is sufficient and the precise nature of the amendatory act need
LATIN MAXIM:
not be further stated. The proper approach in cases of this character should be to resolve all
9a, 9d, 51d
presumptions in favor of the validity of an act in the absence of a clear conflict between it and the
Constitution.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 37
Del Rosario v. Carbonell, et al. People of the Philippines v. Valeriano Valensoy y Masa
Case No. 33
Case No. 230
G.R. No. L-32476 (October 20, 1970)
G.R. No. L-9659 (May 29, 1957)
Chapter I, Page 14, Footnote No. 55

FACTS: FACTS:
Petitioner questions the constitutionality of RA 6132. The said Act purportedly encompasses
Defendant was charged in the Court of First Instance of Manila for violation of Section 26 of
more than one subject for the title of the Act allegedly fails to include the phrase “TO PROPOSE
Act No. 1780 by concealment of a bolo. The defendant moved to quash the information on the ground
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES.”
that the title of the act, which was “an Act to regulate the importation, acquisition, possession, use, and
The statute plainly reads: “An Act Implementing Resolution to Both Houses Numbered Two as
transfer of firearms, and to prohibit the possession of same except in compliance with the provisions of
Amended by Resolution of Both Houses Numbered Four of the Congress of the Philippines Calling for
this Act,” did not include weapons other than firearms, and that Section 26 violated the constitutional
a Constitutional Convention, Providing for Proportional Representation Therein and Other Details
provision that “no bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject which shall
Relating to the Election of Delegates to and the Holding of the Constitutional Convention, Repealing
be expressed in the title of the bill.”
for the Purpose Republic Act Four Thousand Nine Hundred Fourteen, and for Other Purposes.”
ISSUES:
ISSUE:
1. W/N Act No. 1780 violated the one subject-one title rule
W/N RA 6132 is unconstitutional for embracing more than one subject.
2. W/N it was inconsistent with the Constitution.

HEL HEL
D: No. At the time of the enactment of Act No. 1780 on October 12, 1907, the
No. The inclusion of the title is superfluous and therefore unnecessary because D:
the title expressly indicates that the act implements Resolutions on both Houses Nos. 2 and 4 one subject-one title rule referred to private and local bills only, and to bills to be enacted into a law
respectively of 1967 and 1969, and both Resolutions No. 2 and 4 likewise categorically state in their and not to law that was already in force and existing at the time the 1935 Constitution took effect. The
titles that the Constitutional Convention called for therein is “to propose amendments to the provision of Section 26 germane to the subject expressed in the title of the Act remained operative
Constitution of the Philippines,” which phrase is reiterated in Sec. 1 of both Resolutions. because it was not inconsistent with the Constitution, pursuant to Section 2 of Article XVI of the 1935
The power to propose amendments to the Constitution is implied in the call for the Constitution.
convention itself, whose raison d’etre is to revise the present Constitution. It is not required that the
title of the bill be an index to the body of the act or be comprehensive in matters of detail. It is enough LATIN MAXIM:
that it fairly indicates the general subject and reasonably covers all the provisions of the act so as not to 30a, 36a, 46a, 50
mislead Congress or the people. All the details provided for in RA 6132 are germane to and are
comprehended by its title.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9d, 51d
 10 STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

People of the Philippines v. Apolonio Carlos
Case No. 204
G.R. No. L-239 (June 30, 1947)
Chapter I, Page 16, Footnote No.63
FACTS:
The People’s Court found the Appellant, guilty of treason. Appellant attacked the
constitutionality of the People’s Court Act on the ground that it contained provisions which deal on
matters entirely foreign to the subject matter expressed in its title, such as: (1) a provision which
retains the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance;
(2) a provision which adds to the disqualification of Justices of the Supreme Court and provides a
procedure for their substitution; (3) a provision which changed the existing Rules of Court on the
subject of bail, and (4) a provision which suspends Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code.
People of the Philippines v. Leoncio Lim
Case No. 210
G.R. No. L-14432 (July 26, 1960)
Chapter I, Page 19, Footnote No.83
FACTS:
In March 1954, the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources pursuant to the authority
granted him by Sections 3 and 4 of Act No. 4003 (Fisheries Act) issued Fisheries Administrative Order
No. 37. Section 2 of said order prohibits trawl fishing in certain areas in Samar. FAO No. 37 was
subsequently amended with FAO No. 37–1. Leoncio Lim, the accused in violation of said order,
challenged its legality on the ground that FAO No. 37–1 was contrary to Act No. 4003, the former
having no fixed period and thus establishing a ban for all time while the latter stating that prohibition
“was for any single period of time not exceeding five years’ duration.”

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N the People’s Court Act was unconstitutional. W/N Section 2 of FAO No. 37–1 was invalid.
E:

HEL
D: No. The People’s Court was intended to be a full and complete scheme with
its own machinery for the indictment, trial and judgment of treason cases. The provisions mentioned
were allied and germane to the subject matter and purposes of the People’s Court Act. The Congress is
not expected to make the title of an enactment a complete index of its contents. The constitutional rule
is satisfied if all parts of a law relate to the subject expressed in its title.
HEL
Section 2 of FAO No. 37–1 was valid. Although FAO No. 37–1 was defective
D:
because it failed to specify a period for the ban, it was ruled that in case of discrepancy between a basic
law and a rule issued to implement it, the basic law prevails because the rule cannot go beyond the
terms and provisions of the law. FAO No. 37–1 would be inoperative in so far as it exceeded the period
of five years for any single period of time, but it was not necessarily rendered void by the omission.

LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:

9a 37, 38a
KMU Labor Center v. Garcia Jr.
Case No. 68
G.R. No. 115381 (December 23, 1994)
FACT
S: DOTC Memorandum Order No. 90-395 was filed asking the LTFRB to allow
provincial bus operators to charge passengers rates within a range of 15% above and below the LTFRB
official rate for a period of one year. LTFRB issued Memorandum Circular No.92-009 allowing for a
range of plus 20% and minus 25% of the prescribed fares. PBOAP, without a public hearing and
permission from LTFRB, availed of the deregulatory policy and announced 20% increase in existing
fares. Petitioner filed a petition opposing the increase in fares. SC issued a temporary restraining order
to prevent PBOAP from implementing fare increase.
ISSUES:
1. W/N authority given by LTFRB to PBOAP to increase prices at 20% instead of 15% is
unconstitutional on the ground that there was no filing for a petition of purpose in the said increase.
2. W/N PBOAP proved that there was a public necessity for the increase thus violating the Public
Service Act and Rules of the Court.
HELD:
1. LTFRB did not have authority to delegate its powers to PBOAP.
2. PBOAP was not able to prove and provide such public necessity as reason for the fare increase.
LATIN MAXIM:
None
Hijo Plantation, Inc. v. Central Bank
Case No. 57
G.R. No. L-34526 (August 9, 1988)
FACT
S: Congress approved RA No. 6125 entitled “An act imposing STABILIZATION TAX
ON CONSIGNMENTS ABROAD TO ACCELERATE THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES FOR OTHER PURPOSES” Petitioners expected to pay 4% of the aggregate value from
July 1, 1972- June 30, 1973, as provided in the Act. The Central bank released Monetary Resolution
No. 1995 which states that: For exports of bananas shipped during the period from January 1, 1972-
June 30, 1972; the stabilization tax shall be at the rate of 6%. For exports of bananas shipped during
the period from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973; the stabilization tax shall be at the rate of 4%. For
exports of bananas shipped during the period from July 1, 1973- June 30, 1974; the stabilization tax
shall be at the rate of 2%.
ISSUE:
W/N Central bank acted with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction when
it issued Monetary Board Resolution No. 1995.
HELD:
Central Bank acted with grave abuse of discretion. In case of discrepancy between the basic
law and the rule or regulation issued to implement the said law, the basic law prevails. The rule or
regulation cannot go beyond the terms of the basic law.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c
China Banking Corp. v. CA
Case No. 59
G.R. No. 121158 (December 5, 1996)
Chapter I, Page 19, Footnote No.84
FACTS:
Petitioner extended loans to Native West Corp. and its president, So Ching, in return for
promissory notes to pay the loans. Two extra mortgages were additionally executed by So Ching and
his wife on July and August 1989. The loans matured but So Ching was not able to repay the said
loans. This caused Petitioner to file for extra judicial foreclosures of the two mortgaged properties. The
properties were to be sold/auctioned on April 3, 1993. On April 28, 1989 the court ruled on the side of
So Ching. The issuance of the preliminary injunction was granted; therefore the sale of the two
mortgaged properties was stopped. Petitioner sought for reconsideration and elevated the case to the
Court of Appeals. They were appealing that Act No. 3135 was the governing rule in their case, instead
of Administrative Order No. 3 as So Ching was contending.
ISSUE:
1. W/N Petitioner can extra-judicially foreclose the properties.
2. W/N Administrative Order No. 3 should govern the extra judicial foreclosure.
HELD:
1. Petitioner can foreclose the properties.
2. Act No. 3135 is the governing law. Administrative Order No. 3 cannot prevail over Act 3135. It is
an elementary principle that a stature is superior to an administrative directive. Thus, the statute cannot
be repealed or amended by the administrative directive.
LATIN MAXIM:
None
Santos v. Honorable Estenzo
Case No. 140
G.R. No. L-14740 (September 26, 1960)
FACTS:
The decedent is a driver for People’s Land Transportation Company, of which Petitioners are
manager and proprietor. The Workmen’s Compensation Commission awarded the decedent’s widow
the amount of P3,494.40, plus burial expenses not exceeding P200. After 5 years, Respondent, in a
civil case filed by the mother of the decedent, ordered Petitioners to pay the award plus P500 as
attorney’s fees for failure to comply. Petitioners pray that the decision be annulled or modified based
on Section 1 Rule 11 the Rules of the Workmen’s Compensation Commission and prays further that
the P500 in atty’s fees exceeded the allowed fees according to Sec.6 Rule 26 of the said Rules.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the Rules of the Workmen’s Compensation Commission amended R.A. No. 772 and as a
result deprived the court of its jurisdiction over the case.
2. W/N the court committed a grave abuse of discretion in awarding the P500 in attorney’s fees.
HELD:
Petition was dismissed.
1. The Commission, or any of its rules, cannot amend an act of Congress. Furthermore, the Rule was
promulgated more than 2 years after the court had acquired jurisdiction over the main case.
2. The court did not commit grave abuse of discretion in awarding the P500 since the said rule only
applies to the Commission and not the Court.
LATIN MAXIM:
30, 35, 46a
Grego v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 120
G.R. No. 125955 (June 19, 1997)
Chapter I, Page 23, Footnote No.98
FACTS:
One of the Respondents was elected for his 3 rd and final term as councilor of the 2nd District of
Manila. His qualifications are being questioned by herein Petitioner, who is also asking for the
suspension of his proclamation. Petitioner brings into consideration the fact that Respondent was
removed from his position as Deputy Sheriff upon finding of serious misconduct in an administrative
case held on October 31, 1981. Petitioner argues that Respondent should be disqualified under Section
40(b) of the Local Government Code. Petitioner further argues that the Local Government Code should
be applied retroactively.
ISSUE:
W/N or not the Section 40 of the Local Government Code should be applied retroactively due to
its wording.
HELD:
Section 40(b) of the Local Government Code should not be applied retroactively. It is
understood that statutes are not to be construed as intended to have a retroactive effect so as to affect
pending proceedings, unless such intent is expressly declared or clearly and necessarily implied from the
language of the enactment. The fact that the provision of the Code in question does not qualify the date of
a candidate’s removal and that it is couched in the past tense should not deter the court from applying the
law prospectively.
The term to be looked at in the issue is REINSTATEMENT, which has a technical meaning,
referring only to an appointive position. Since Respondent was reelected, this does not fall under the
scope of the term.
LATIN MAXIM:
25a, 46c
Santos v. Municipal of Caloocan
Case No. 141
G.R. No. L-15807 (April 22, 1963)
FACTS:
Respondent issued Ordinance No. 24 charging slaughterhouses in the municipality certain fees
including “slaughterhouse fees,” “meat inspection fees,” “corral fees,” “and internal organ fees,” pursuant
to Commonwealth Act No. 655. Petitioners questioned the validity or said Ordinance.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent, in the issuance of Ordinance No. 24, exceeded the limits of its jurisdiction
provided by Commonwealth Act 655.
HELD:
Respondent exceeded its jurisdiction in the issuance of the said ordinance. The Commonwealth
Act only allowed Respondent to charge slaughterhouse fees. When Respondent ordained the payment of
other said fees, it overstepped the limits of its statutory grant. The only other fees that would be
acceptable were veterinary or sanitary inspection fees since it was mentioned in the statute. Incidentally,
the court ordered Respondent to refund the fees with the exception of “slaughterhouse fees.” One of the
rules of statutory construction is that “certain sections or parts of sections of an ordinance may be held
invalid without affecting the validity of what remains, if the parts are not so interblended and dependent
that the vice of one necessarily vitiates the others.”
LATIN MAXIM:
15a, 37
National Housing Authority v. Reyes
Case No. 85
G.R. No. 49439 (June 29, 1983)
FACT
S:
Private Respondents owned a parcel of land of 25,000 sq/rn, subject of an
expropriation proceedings granted by the court in favor NHA. Respondents claimed they should be
paid the assessed value of P6,600.00 pursuant to PD 42. Petitioner opposed the payment claiming that
it was too excessive. He cited PD 464 which provides just compensation not to exceed the market
value declared by the owner in the amount of P1,400.00. Respondent Judge granted the payment of
P6,600.00, but Petitioner had opposed it pursuant to PD 1224 which states that the government shall
choose between the value of real property as declared by the owner x x x or the market value
determined by the City or Provincial Assessor, whichever is lower.
ISSUE:
W/N PD 464 as amended by PD 1224 determines the valuation on just compensation.
HELD:
Courts accord the presumption of validity to executive acts and legislative enactments, x x x
because the legislature is presumed to abide by the Constitution x
x x. The Respondent Judge should have followed just compensation in expropriation cases, that the
lower value made by the landowner should be the basis for fixing the price. The petition for Certiorari
is granted.
LATIN
MAXIM: 37
Francisco Lao Lim v. CA and Benito Villavicencio Dy
Case No. 73
G.R. No. 87047 (October 31, 1990)
FACT
Private Respondent entered into a contract of lease with Petitioner for a
S:
period of 3 years. After it expired, Private Respondent refused to vacate the premises, and hence, the
filing of an ejectment suit against the Respondent. The case was terminated by a compromise
agreement, and the lease continued from 1979 to 1982, then from 1982 to 1985. The Petitioner filed
another ejectment suit. The trial court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that (1) the lease
contract has not expired; and (2) the compromise agreement entered into constitutes res judicata.
Petitioner appealed to the RTC of Manila and then to the CA which also affirmed the decision of the
trial court.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the continuance of lease is made to depend upon the will of the lessee?
2. W/N the action for ejectment is barred by compromise agreement on res judicata?
HEL
D: This is untenable because the continuance of lease is not dependent upon
the will of the lessee. On the compromise agreement, the lease is not for perpetual renewals unless the
language employed indicates that it was the intention of the parties.
On the second issue, the compromise agreement does not apply because the present case
requires a different set of evidence. The compromise agreement does not foreclose any cause of action
arising from a violation of the terms thereof, and hence, res judicata does not apply.
LATIN
MAXIM: 1,
11a, 26,
Hon. Alfredo S. Lim v. Felipe G. Pacquing;
Case No. 74
G.R. No. 115044 (January 27, 1995)
FACT
S:
Executive Order No. 392 was issued transferring the authority to regulate Jai-
Alai from local governments to the Games and Amusements Board (GAB). The City of Manila passed
an Ordinance No. 7065 authorizing the mayor to allow the Associated Development Corporation
(ADC) to operate a JAI-ALAI. Then President Marcos issued a PD 771 revoking all powers and
authority of local governments to grant franchise, license or permit, to Jai-Alai and other forms of
gambling. Then President Aquino issued an E.O. No. 169 expressly repealing PD. No. 810 which
revokes and cancels the franchise granted to the Philippine Jai-Alai and Amusement Corporation. In
1998, ADC tried to operate a Jai-Alai, but the Games and Amusement Board intervened and invoked
P.D. 771 which expressly revoked all existing franchises and permits to operate all forms of gambling
issued by local governments.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the franchise granted by the City of Manila to ADC is valid in view of E. 0. No. 392
which transferred from local governments to the GAB the power to regulate Jai-Alai.
2. W/N the ADC is correct in assailing that P.D. 771 is violative of equal protection and non-
impairment clauses of the Constitution.
HELD:
R.A. 409 provides that Congress did not delegate to the City of Manila the power “to
franchise” the operation of Jai-Alai. And E.O. 392 removes the power of local governments to issue
license and permit.
All laws are presumed valid and constitutional. PD 771 was not repealed or amended by any
subsequent law. It did not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution because the said
decree had revoked all franchises issued by the local governments without exceptions.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 6c, 37, 44, 50
Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers’ Union
Case No. 169
G.R. No. L-25246 (September 12, 1974)
FACT
S: Petitioner, an “Iglesia ni Cristo”, was a member of the Respondent Union
which had with their Company a collective bargaining agreement containing a closed shop provision
allowed under R.A. 875: “Membership in the Union shall be required as a condition of employment for
all permanent employees workers covered by this Agreement “
RA 3350 amended RA 875: “but such agreement shall not cover members of any religious
sect which prohibit affiliation of their members in any such labor organization.” Petitioner resigned
from Respondent Union, which wrote a formal letter to the Company asking to separate the Petitioner
from service.
ISSUE:
1. W/N RA 3350 violates right to form or join association?
2. W/N RA 3350 is constitutional?
3. W/N the lower court committed grave abuse of discretion when ruling that the Union should
pay 500 and attorney’s fee.
HELD:
The right to join associations includes the right not to join or to resign from a labor
organization. Section 1 960 of Art III of the 1935 Constitution, as well as Section 7 of Art IV of the
1973 Constitution, provide that the right to form associations for purposes not contrary to law shall not
be abridged.
Article 2208 of the Civil Code provides that attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation may be
awarded “when the defendant’s act has compelled the Plaintiff to incur expenses to protect his interest”
and “in any other case where the court deems it just and equitable that attorney’s fees and expenses of
litigation should be recovered”.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 40b
Tañada v. Tuvera Gutierrez v. Carpio
Case No. 287
Case No. 55
G.R. No. L-63915 (December 29, 1986)
G.R. No. 31025 (August 15, 1929)
Chapter I, Page 37, Footnote No.159

FACTS:
FACTS:
Due process was invoked by the Petitioners in demanding the disclosure of a number of
The Litigants here compromised a civil case on July 13, 1928, agreeing that if within a month
Presidential Decrees which they claimed had not been published as required by law. The government
from the date thereof the Plaintiffs failed to repurchase a certain land, the ownership would vest in the
argued that while publication was necessary as a rule, it was not so when it was “otherwise provided”
Defendants. But when the Plaintiffs duly tendered the amount, the Defendants appealed that by that
as when the decrees themselves declared that they were to become effective immediately upon their
time, August 13, 1928, the time when the Plaintiffs tendered it, the stipulated or fixed period had
approval.
already elapsed.
ISSUE:
W/N the clause “otherwise provided” in Article 2 of Civil Code pertains to the necessity of ISSU
publication. E: W/N the stipulated period elapsed on the time of tendering.

HELD:
No, the clause “otherwise provided” refers to the date of effectivity and not
to the requirement of publication per se, which cannot in any event be omitted.
Publication in full should be indispensable. Without such notice or publication, there would
be no basis for the application of the maxim “ignorantia Legis non excusat”. The court, therefore,
declares that presidential issuances of general application which have not been published shall have no
force and effect, and the court ordered that the unpublished decrees be published in the Official Gazette
immediately.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a
HEL No. The repurchase of the land was made within the stipulated period. The
D:
above issue depends upon the kind of month agreed upon by the parties, and on the day from which it
should be counted. Article 7 of the Civil Code had been modified by Sec. 13 of the Administrative
Code, according to which “month” now means the civil month and not the regular-30-day month. In
computing any fixed period of time, with reference to the performance of an act required by law or
contract to be done within a certain limit of time, the day from which the time is reckoned is to be
excluded and the date of performance included, unless otherwise provided. There is nothing in the
agreement providing otherwise.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 39a
Guzman v. Lichauco
Case No. 56
G.R. No. L-17986 (October 21, 1921)
FACT
S:
Plaintiff filed two actions of unlawful detainer to recover possession of certain
properties in Manila. The trial court decided in favor of the Plaintiff. The unsuccessful Defendants
having appealed in both cases on Dec. 9, 1920 to the Court of First Instance of Manila, it is their duty
to conform with the provisions of Sec. 88 of the CCP, as amended by Act No. 2588, in case they desire
to avoid the immediate execution of the judgment pending the appeal, to pay the Plaintiff, or to deposit
in court, “on or before the TENTH day of each Calendar month”, the sums of money fixed by the
Justice of the Peace as the reasonable value of the use and occupation of the property held by them.
The Defendants made such dilatory payments however they failed to make such payments on or before
the tenth day of the month. As a result, the Plaintiff moved the court to execute the judgments. The
court ordered the immediate execution of the judgment.
ISSUE:
W/N the payments were made on or before the Tenth day of each month.
HELD:
The payment made on August 11, 1921 was one day late. The term “month” must now be
understood to refer to calendar month, inasmuch as Sec 13 of the Administrative Code has modified
Art. 7 of the civil code in so far as the latter fixes the length of a month at thirty days.
LATIN MAXIM:
25a, 25c
U.S. v. Paniaga
Case No. 161
G.R. No. 8223 (March 4, 1914)
FACTS:
This is an appeal by the government from an order of the court, setting aside the forfeiture of
a bail bond. Judgment was rendered against the principal on February 7, and the sureties were notified
on the same day to produce the thereof their principal. On Feb 28, the court ordered that the
Defendant’s bond be forfeited and the execution issued against the principal and the sureties for the
amount thereof, and that an alias warrant be issued for the arrest of the Defendant. By various orders of
the court, the sale was postponed from time to time, and finally occurred on July 8, 1912, with
government as the purchaser. On July 10, 1912, the principal was arrested. On July 13, 1912, the court,
on application of the sureties, set aside the order of forfeiting the bond, and ordered the sheriff to annul
the sale.
ISSUE:
W/N the execution sale occurred on the date directed by the court.
HELD:
Sec. 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: “unless otherwise specially provided, the time
within which an act is required by law to be done shall be computed by excluding the first day and
including the last; if the last be a Sunday or a legal holiday, it shall be excluded.” This section is only
applicable if there is a computation needed to be done. However, in this case, there is no necessity for
such computation for the date is fixed for when the act be performed. It is also directed that the sale
should take place on a named future date. The sale here of the property must stand.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c
PNB v. CA Hidalgo v. Hidalgo
Case No. 238
Case No. 124
G.R. No. 98382 (May 17, 1993)
G.R. No. L-25326 (May 29, 1970) and G.R. No. L-25327 (May 29, 1970)
Chapter I, Page 47, Footnote No.195
Chapter II, Page 52, Footnote No.19

FACTS:
To secure payments of his loans, Private Respondent mortgages two lots to Petitioner bank.
For failure to pay the obligation, Petitioner bank extrajudicially foreclosed the mortgaged property and
won the highest bidder at the auction sale. Then, a final deed of sale was registered in the Buacan
Registry of Property in favor of the Petitioner bank and later sold the said lots to a third party.
The notices of sale of Appellant’s foreclosed properties were published on March 28, April
11 and April 12, 1969 issues of the newspaper Daily Record”. The date March 28, 1969 falls on a
Friday, while the dates April 11 and 12 fall on a Friday and Saturday, respectively. Section 3 of Act
No. 3135 requires that the notice of auction sale shall be “published once a week for at least three
consecutive weeks”.
ISSUE:
W/N the Petitioner bank complied with the requirements of weekly publication of
notice of extrajudicial foreclosure of mortgages.
HEL
D: It must be conceded that that Article 13 is completely silent as to the
definition of what is “week”. In Concepcion v. Andueta, the term “week” was interpreted to mean as a
period of time consisting of seven consecutive days. The Defendant-Appellee bank failed to comply
with the legal requirement of publication.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 9a, 9b
FACTS:
Petitioners pray to Agrarian Court to be entitled as share tenants to redeem parcel of land they
are working from the purchasers where no notice was previously given to them by the vendor of the
latter’s intention to sell the property and where the vendor did not execute the affidavit required by
Sec. 13 of the Agricultural Land Reform Code before the registration of the deed of sale. Agrarian
Court dismissed petitions, stating that the right of redemption granted by Sec. 12 of the same code is
only for leasehold tenants and not for share tenants, claiming that share tenancy and leasehold tenancy
are within the jurisdiction of the code – that the code expressly grants said right to leaseholders only
and nobody else. Moreover, the court held that if the intention of Congress was to extend the right of
redemption to share tenants through judicial legislation, the section would have expressly said so.
ISSU
E: W/N not the right of redemption granted by Sec. 12 of the Agrarian Reform
Code addresses only leaseholders and not share tenants.
HELD:
Agrarian Court fell into several erroneous assumptions and premises, reducing “agricultural
lessee” to only “leasehold tenants”. The purpose of the Agricultural Land Reform Code is the
abolition of agricultural share tenancy. The policy of the State is to establish owner cultivatorship.
Adherence to the letter would result in absurdity, injustice and contradictions and would defeat the
plain and vital purpose of the statute.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 11a, 12a, 36a, 37, 40a
Maxims invoked by lower court: 6c, 30b, 43
U.S. v. Navarro Litex Employees Association v. Eduvala
Case No. 300
Case No. 149
G.R. No. 6160 (March 21, 1911)
G.R. No. L-41106 (September 22, 1977)
Chapter II, Page 52, Footnote No.20 Chapter II, Page 53, Footnote No.22

FACTS:
They made an oath before an election officer in the municipality of Piddig (in proceedings in
connection with the general election held on Nov. 2, 1909) that they owned real property with the
value of P500. Evidence showed that the Appellants, except for Daniel Navarro and Genaro Calixtro,
did not own property of the assessed value of P500.
FACTS:
Respondent, Officer-in-Charge of Bureau of Labor Relations, required referendum election
among Petitioners to ascertain their wishes as to their affiliation with Federation of Free Workers.
Petitioners contended that there was no statutory authorization for the Respondent to require
referendum election and that Respondent and the Bureau were beyond jurisdiction.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N the said statute’s true test of property qualification to vote is the W/N there is a statute authorizing Respondents and giving them jurisdiction.
E:
actual/market value of the property owned or the assessed value thereof.
HEL
HELD: D: Article 226 of the Labor Code addresses this. Respondent and the Bureau
It was the intention of the legislator as proved from an examination of the immediate context were within jurisdiction. Petition denied. Article 226 of Labor Code is very clear concerning executive
of provisions of the statute defining “property qualifications” of a voter, and of the statute as a whole. department’s “original and exclusive authority to act”.
In the statute, property qualification is an alternative to qualification based upon an annual payment.
Both qualifications are under a single head, suggesting an intimate relation between the two in the LATIN MAXIM:
mind of the legislator. Another section of the statute disqualifies people who are delinquent in the 9a, 9c, 20a, 24a
payment of public taxes assessed since Aug. 13, 1898, from voting. This provision was directed to the
case of delinquency in the payment of land taxes as well as all other taxes. The statute as a whole (as
an election law) is intended to secure purity of the ballot box. If the property qualification is
actual/market value, it would be highly improbable to enforce the statute within a reasonable time
because it will be difficult to determine.

LATIN MAXIM:
10, 11a, 12a, 28, 36a, 37
Regalado v. Yulo B.E. San Diego Inc. v. CA
Case No. 255
Case No. 26
G.R. No. L-42293 (February 13, 1935)
G.R. No. 80223 (February 5, 1993)
Chapter II, Page 55, Footnote No.25
Chapter II, Page 56, Footnote No. 27

FACTS:
Petitioner was Justice of Peace of Malinao, Albay. On November 16, 1931, Act No. 3899
which provided for the age retirement among justices was approved. A few years later, Petitioner
became 65 years of age (age retirement as provided by Sec. 203 of the Administrative Code, amended
further by Act. No. 3899). Shortly thereafter, Esteban T. Villar was appointed as Justice of Peace to
take the place of Petitioner. On December 17, 1934, Villar assumed office.
ISSUE:
W/N under the provisions of Section 203 of the Administrative Code, as further amended by
Act No. 3899, the Justices of Peace and auxiliary justices appointed prior to the approval of the Act
shall cease to hold office upon reaching the age of 65.
HELD:
Justices appointed prior to the approval of the Act will not be affected by said amendment
(Act No. 3899).
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 46a
FACTS:
On March 3, 1986, Petitioner instituted an action in the RTC of Valenzuela against Private
Respondent De Jesus for recovery of possession of a parcel of land in said area. In her defense, De
Jesus argued that the land in question was covered by PD 2016 (a complementary provision of PD
1517, which aims to protect tenants from unjust eviction.)
ISSUE:
W/N PD 2016 is a valid defense of De Jesus in upholding her rights as a lessee.
HELD:
PD 2016 is a valid ground for De Jesus in invoking her rights as a tenant. While it may depart
from its source, PD 1517, said provision still aims to protect the tenants from unscrupulous landowners
from demanding a steep price for the land, as well as unjust eviction.
LATIN MAXIM:
12a, 25a
Araneta v. Dinglasan Endencia and Jugo v. David
Case No. 84
Case No. 98
G.R. No. L-2044 (August 26, 1949)
G.R. No. L-6355-56 (August 31, 1953)
Chapter II, Page 56, Footnote No. 29
Chapter II, Page 56, Footnote No.33
FACTS:
FACTS:
Executive Orders, in pursuance of Commonwealth Act No. 671 (Emergency Powers Act),
RA 590 declares that no salary received by a public officer shall be considered exempt from
were questioned for its validity until the National Assembly Convention of 1942
income tax, payment of which is hereby declared not to be a diminution of his compensation fixed by
law. While Art. 8, Sec. 9 of the Constitution states that judges shall receive compensation as fixed by
ISSUE:
law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Petitioners question the legality
W/N the proclamations are valid.
of RA 590.
HELD:
ISSUE:
These Executive Orders are valid because they have been enacted during the time of the
W/N RA 590 unconstitutional.
inability of the Congress to function. That when Congress convened again on Jan. 1, 1942, said
proclamations were also terminated.
HELD:
No. Saying that the taxing of the salary of a judicial officer is not a decrease in compensation
LATIN is a clear interpretation of “Which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office”, by the
MAXIM: Legislature. Through the separation of powers, such a task must be done by the Judiciary. Judicial
2a, 9a officers are exempt from taxes on his salary not for his own benefit but for the public, to secure and
preserve his independence of judicial thought and action.

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 7a, 24a
Daoang v. Municipal Judge of San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte CIR v. Limpan Investment Corporation
Case No. 84
Case No. 77
G.R. No. L-34568 (March 28, 1988)
G.R. No. L-28571 and L-28644 (July 31, 1970)
Chapter II, Page 61, Footnote No.50
Chapter II, Page 62, Footnote No.55

FACTS: FACTS:
Prior to this case, Petitioners contested the adoption of Quirino Bonilla and Wilson Marcos In 1959 and 1960, Respondent Corporation filed income tax returns which later were bases
by, Antero Agonoy and Amanda Agonoy, stating that under Art. 335 of the Civil Code, that those who for deficiency due to disallowance by the BIR. Brought to the Court of Tax Appeals, the deficiencies
have legitimate, legitimated, acknowledged natural children, or children by legal fiction, cannot adopt. on both cases were decided upon at P26,137 and P7,240.48, resolved at September 20, 1967 (L-28571)
Petitioners stated that the Agonoys already had a daughter of the Estrella Agonoy, who is the deceased and December 11, 1967 (L-28644) respectively.
mother of the Petitioners, and that the Agonoys also have the Petitioners as grandchildren.
Furthermore, the Petitioners argued that the adopting would introduce a foreign element into the family
ISSUE:
unit, and would result in the reduction of their legitimes in terms of inheritance. The Respondent Court
W/N the CTA committed an error in its fixed date of the payment of surcharges and interests.
ruled in favor for Agonoy.
HELD:
ISSUE:
The CTA’s decision on the date of payment of surcharges and interests are in error. Section
W/N the Respondent Court erred in their decision.
51 of the NIRC provides the following- On Tax shown on the return, in failure to pay the required
amount on or before the date prescribed, interest upon such unpaid amount shall be collected as part of
HELD:
the tax, at the rate of one per centum a month, from the date prescribed for the payment until paid,
No, the court was correct. In enumerating the persons who cannot adopt in Art. 335, the
provided that the maximum amount for the interest doesn’t exceed the amount corresponding to a
children mentioned therein have a clearly defined meaning in law and, do not include grandchildren.
period of 3 years. The same goes with deficiencies, except that the additional tax must be paid within
To add grandchildren in this article where no grandchild is included would violate the legal maxim
30 days of the notice, else the same interests apply. With regard to surcharge, if the amount in the
that, what is expressly included would naturally exclude what is not included.
notice isn’t paid within 30 days, a surcharge of 5 per centum of the amount of tax unpaid. In L-28571,
the interest shall be computed from September 7, 1962 to September 6, 1965, at 1% for 3 years, plus
LATIN MAXIM:
the surcharge of 5% on failure to pay the deficiency tax. In L-28644, from April 4, 1963 to April 3,
6c, 9a, 30a
1966, the interest shall be at 1% a month for 3 years, plus the 5% surcharge.

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 7a, 24a, 26
Cebu Portland Cement v. Municipality of Naga, Cebu
Case No. 53
G.R. Nos. 24116-17 (August 22, 1968)
Chapter II, Page 62, Footnote No.56
FACTS:
Efforts of defendant Treasurer to collect from Plaintiff municipal license tax from 1960, 1961,
as well as penalties, amounting to a total sum of P204,300, have all been met with rebuff. Municipal
tax imposed by Amended Ordinance No. 21. Finally on June 26, 1961, defendant Treasurer decides to
avail of Civil remedies as provided for under Sec. 2304 of the Revised Administrative Code; he gives
Plaintiff a period of ten (10) days within which to settle the account from receipt thereof. On July 6,
1961, defendant Treasurer notified the Plant Manager of the Plaintiff that he was distraining 100,000
bags of Apo Cement in satisfaction of Plaintiff’s delinquency in municipal license tax; notice was
received by Plant Officer-in-Charge Vicente T. Garagay, who acknowledged the distraint. Said articles
(the cement bags) will be sold by public auction to the highest bidder on July 27, 1961, proceeds
thereof will in part be utilized to settle the account. Despite notice of sale, it did not take place on July
27, 1961 but on January 30, 1962
ISSUE:
W/N the distraint and public auction were valid.
HELD:
Both actions are valid. According to the Revised Administrative Code: “The remedy by
distraint shall proceed as follows: Upon failure of the person owing any municipal tax or revenue to
pay the same, at the time required, the municipal treasurer may seize and distraint any personal
property belonging to such person or any property subject to the tax lien, in sufficient quantity to
satisfy the tax or charge in question, together with any increment thereto incident to delinquency and
the expenses of the distraint.” The clear and explicit language of the law leaves no room for doubt.
Also, this being a direct appeal to the Supreme Court, Plaintiff must be deemed to have accepted as
conclusive the findings of the lower court which upheld the validity of the auction.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 43
Resins, Inc. v. Auditor General
Case No. 260
G.R. No. L-17888 (October 29, 1968)
Chapter II, Page 62, Footnote No.57
FACTS:
Petitioner seeks a refund from Respondent Central Bank on the claim that it was exempt from
the margin fee under RA 2609 for the importation of “UREA AND FORMALDEHYDE”, as separate
units used for the production of synthetic glue. The specific language of the Act speaks of “UREA
FORMALDEHYDE”, a finished product which is distinct and different from “UREA” and
“FORMALDEHYDE”. Petitioner argues his view, citing the statements made on the floor of the
Senate, during consideration of the bill before said House, by members thereof (referring to the
Journal). Petitioner would assail as devoid of support in law the action taken by the Respondent
Auditor General in an endorsement to Central Bank causing it to overrule its previous resolution and to
adopt the view in such endorsement to the effect that the importation of urea and formaldehyde, as
separate units, did not come within the purview of the statutory language that granted such exemption.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner’s allegations are valid.
HELD:
The Act clearly states “UREA FORMALDEHYDE” as a finished product and not “UREA”
and “FORMALDEHYDE” as separate units. Individual statements made by Senators do not
necessarily reflect the view of the Senate. Much less do they indicate the view of the House of
Representatives. If there was any mistake in the printing of the bill, it should be corrected by
legislation and not by judicial decree. The Auditor General was just doing his duty, following what
was written in the statute.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 43
Quijano v. Development Bank of the Philippines
Case No. 248
G.R. No. L-26419 (October 16, 1970)
Chapter II, Page 62, Footnote No.58
FACTS:
Petitioners filed an application for an urban estate loan with the Rehabilitation Finance
Corporation (RFC), predecessor-in-intent of Respondent. They mortgaged real estate properties to
secure the loan; loan was approved on April 30, 1953. Mortgage contract was executed by Petitioners
in favor of DBP on March 23, 1954. As of July 31, 1965, outstanding obligation of the Petitioners
with DBP was P13, 983.59. Petitioner wrote Respondent offering to pay P14, 000 for his outstanding
obligation out of his back pay pursuant to RA 897 (Back Pay Law). Respondent advised Petitioners of
the non-acceptance of this offer on the ground that the loan was not incurred before or subsisting on
June 20, 1953, when RA 897 was approved. Respondent filed on October 14, 1965 an application for
the foreclosure of real estate mortgage executed by the Petitioners; Respondent Sheriff scheduled the
public auction after advising Petitioner of the application for foreclosure filed by DBP.
ISSU
E: W/N the obligation of the Petitioners was subsisting at the time of the
approval of RA 897, the Amendatory Act of June 20, 1953, to RA 304, the original Back Pay Law.
W/N the trial court erred in declaring that the loan of the Petitioners was not subsisting when
RA 897 was enacted on June 20, 1953.
HELD:
RA 897 has clear provisions that expressly require that the obligations for which back pay
certificates may be accepted as payments must be subsisting at the time RA 897 was approved (June
20, 1953). While Petitioner’s loan was approved on April 30, 1953, they only availed of it much later
on March 23, 1954. The obligation therefore attaches only on March 23, 1954. It cannot be said that
there was an obligation subsisting at the time of the approval of RA 897.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 43
KMMRC Credit Union v. Manila Railroad Company
Case No. 66
G.R. No. L-25316 (February 28, 1979)
FACTS:
The Petitioner filed a case for mandamus which the lower court has denied. Petitioner seeks to
overturn the ruling relying on a right that, according to the Petitioner, RA 2023 grants to them.
Paragraphs 1 & 2 of section 62 of RA 2023 compels employers to deduct from the salaries or wages of
members of credit unions the debts of the employees and pay it to said credit union. The lower court
has already granted there is no such right granting first priority to the loan to credit unions in the
payroll collection.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 2023 converts KMMRC credit union’s credit into a first priority credit.
HELD:
No. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the lower court. The RA Petitioner relies on
clearly does not state the loans shall be granted first priority in the salary collections. According to
Justice Recto in a subsequent opinion, “it is well
established that only specific legal rights are enforceable by mandamus, that the right sought to be
enforced must be certain and clear, and the writ not issue in cases where the right is doubtful”. Justice
Barrera adds: ”… the writ never issues in doubtful cases. It neither confers powers nor imposes duties.
It is simply a command to exercise a power already possessed and to perform a duty already imposed.
LATIN MAXIM:
7a
Davao Light & Power Co. v. Commissioner of Customs
Case No. 29
G.R. No. L-28739 (March 29, 1972)
FACTS:
Petitioner is the grantee of a legislative franchise to install, operate and maintain an electric
light, heat and power plant in the municipality of Davao. On two different occasions it imported
materials and equipment for installation in its facilities. Petitioner is arguing that the taxes levied
against its imports should be waived by the collector of customs in Cebu (the materials were delivered
at the port of Cebu) pursuant to section 17 of (pre-commonwealth) Act 3636 (Standard Electric Power
and Light Franchise Law) which states that if any competing company should be granted franchise
more favorable than the one previously granted to another company, the latter shall enjoy the same
advantages given in the other franchise.
ISSU
E: W/N section 17 of act 3636 applies to the case of Petitioner.
HEL
D: No. Firstly, the provision cited by Petitioner states that the franchise must be
granted to a ‘competing party’. NPC, to which the contract with tax exemptions was given, is not a
competing party to Petitioner. Secondly, Petitioner cannot rely on RA 358 as amended by RA 987 to
support its tax exemption. Exemption from taxation is never presumed, it is always explicitly stated.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c
Alfredo Ramos v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 252
G.R. No. L-41295 (December 4, 1989)
Chapter II, Page 62, Footnote No.60
FACTS:
The municipality of Hagonoy, Bulacan sued Ramos et al for the recovery of its 74 hectare
fishpond. Atty. Angel Cruz, a private lawyer and head of the Cruz, Durian and Academia law firm,
volunteered himself and his firm to serve as counsel for the municipality. He stipulated in the
complaint that the municipality is obliged to pay them not less than 20% of the amount to be
recovered. Petitioners move to disqualify said private law firm as counsel on the ground that it is
illegal for the municipality to hire a private counsel.
ISSUE:
W/N it is legal for the municipality to hire a private counsel in filing a case.
HEL
D: No. Under section 1683 of the Revised Administrative Code, the provincial
fiscal shall represent the province and any municipality or municipal thereof in any court.
Furthermore, under section 3 of the Local Autonomy Act, the municipal
attorney shall act as legal counsel for the municipality and perform such duties and exercise such
powers as may be assigned to them by the council. The municipality’s interest would be best protected
if the municipal attorney handles its litigation. These laws are implemented as well so as not to burden
the municipality with the expense of hiring a private lawyer.
LATIN MAXIM:
7a
Floresca v. Philex Mining Corporation Enrile v. Salazar
Case No. 47
Case No. 40
G.R. No. L- 30642 (April 30, 1985)
G.R. No. 92163 (June 5, 1990)

FACT
S:
Petitioners are the surviving family of deceased employees of Respondent
Corporation who died as a result of a cave-in while working in underground mining operations.
Petitioners, with the exception of Floresca, recovered damages under the Workmen’s Compensation
Act. However, a later report on the accident showed there was negligence on the part of Respondent
Corporation. Thereafter, Petitioners filed a civil suit to recover damages for Respondent Corporation’s
reckless and wanton negligence.
FACT
S: Petitioner was arrested and charged with the crime of rebellion with murder
and multiple frustrated murders allegedly committed during a failed coup attempt from November 29
to December 10, 1990.
Petitioners contend that they are being charged for a criminal offense that does not exist in the
statute books because technically, the crime of rebellion cannot be complexed with other offenses
committed on the occasion thereof.

ISSUE:
W/N Petitioners have the right to choose between availing of the worker’s right under the
Workmen’s Compensation Act or suing in the regular courts under the Civil Code for higher damages.
HELD:
Petitioners may sue in the regular courts under the Civil Code for higher damages. However,
in light of the fact that they have already recovered damages from the Workmen’s Compensation Act,
if they are awarded a greater amount in the regular courts, the amount received from this Act shall be
deducted to prevent the instance of double recovery. An injured party cannot pursue both courses of
action simultaneously. In allowing Petitioners to sue in regular courts, the Court stated that it did not
legislate in this case but rather, applied and gave effect to the constitutional guarantees of social
justice.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 17, 40a
ISSUE:
W/N case of Petitioners falls under the Hernandez doctrine.
HELD:
The doctrine in the case People v. Hernandez remains as the binding doctrine operating to
prohibit the complexing of rebellion with any other offense committed on the occasion thereof. The
charges of murder and multiple frustrated murders are absorbed in the crime of simple rebellion.
Therefore, charges against Petitioners in the information should be understood as that of simple
rebellion under the RPC. Furthermore, in a concurring opinion, Justice Feliciano states that if the court
ruled that the charges of murder could be prosecuted separately from rebellion, then the principle of
non-retroactivity would be violated.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 46a, 48
Manikad v. Tanodbayan Senarillos v. Hermosisimo
Case No. 162
Case No. 278
G.R. No. 65097 (February 20, 1984)
G.R. No. L-10662 (December 14, 1956)
Chapter II, Page 63, Footnote No.65
Chapter II, Page 67, Footnote No.74

FACTS:
Petitioners were members of the Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) Police Force and
were charged with crimes of smuggling, theft and violations of Anti- Graft Law and Anti-Fencing Law
before the Respondent. Petitioners argue that the power to investigate complaints of this nature are
lodged exclusively upon the EPZA and is not in the Respondent’s jurisdiction. Section 7 of P.D. 1716-
A states: “The EPZA in the exercise of its sole police authority over the export processing zones shall
have the power to receive and investigate complaints relative to violation of penal laws committed
inside the zones owned and administered by the Authority…”
ISSUE:
W/N Section 7 of P.D. 1716-A precludes the Respondent from investigating complaints
within the Export Processing Zone.
HEL
D: No, the use of “sole” in P.D. 1716-A refers to police authority. Although the
EPZA Police Force is the only police authority within the Zone, it is not the only authority that may
investigate complaints, especially those which fall under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 35
FACTS:
Petitioner was appointed as Chief of Police in Sibonga, Cebu. Upon the charges filed by
Petitioner, Senarillos was suspended by Municipal Mayor of Sibonga and investigated by a “police
committee” composed of 3 councilors created by Resolution No.2 Series 1952 of the municipal
council.
The committee came up with an adverse decision subsequently signed by the members of the
council. This was appealed to and affirmed by the Commissioner of Civil Service and by the Civil
Service Board of Appeals.
ISSUE:
W/N Sibonga had jurisdiction to investigate the Chief of Police Senarillos.
HELD:
No. Under RA No.557 the investigation of police officers must be conducted by council itself
and not by a mere committee thereof. Sibonga therefore had no jurisdiction to investigate the Chief of
Police Senarillos. RA No.557 has eliminated the
provision authorizing investigation by a committee council. Hence, the decision against him was
invalid, even if concurred in by the rest of the councilors.
The fact that the decision of the Municipal Council was issued before the decision of the
Supreme Court cannot validate the action of the police committee. The initial proceeding was illegal ab
initio and the subsequent reaffirmation of the decision of the municipal council by the civil service
authorities could not validate the proceeding.

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 3a, 6b, 7a
People of the Philippines v. Moro Macarandang People of the Philippines v. Mapa
Case No. 211
Case No. 213
G.R. No. L-12088 (December 23, 1959)
G.R. No. L-22301 (August 30, 1967)
Chapter II, Page 69, Footnote No.87
Chapter II, Page 69, Footnote No.89
FACTS:
FACTS:
Defendant was accused and convicted of illegal possession of firearms in Lanao. Defendant,
Defendant was accused of illegal possession of firearms. He invokes in his defense that he
admitting the ownership and possession of the firearm and ammunitions, invokes as his legal excuse
was an appointed Secret Agent of the provincial Governor of Batangas. He sought to be acquitted as
the appointment issued to him by Governor Dimakuta as secret agent shown in the Governor’s letter
the case of People v. Macarandang used the same defense providing evidences of his appointment.
which he presented as and evidence. He was granted this appointment for having shown good faith by
previously surrendering to the office of the Governor a firearm. He has then been appointed as
ISSUE:
SECRET AGENT to assist on the maintenance of peace and order campaigns and is authorized to hold
and carry in his possession 1 Riot shotgun. W/N a Secret Agent falls among those authorized to possess firearms.

ISSUE:
W/N a Secret Agent tasked to assist in the maintenance of peace and order falls among those
authorized to possess firearms.
HELD:
Yes. It may be true that the Governor has no authority to issue any firearm license or permit
but section 879 of the Revised Administrative Code provides the “peace officers” are exempted from
the requirements relating to the issuance of license to possess firearms. The appointment sufficiently
put him in the category of “peace officer” equivalent even to a Municipal Police expressly covered by
section 879. Wherefore the decision appealed from is reversed and the Defendant acquitted.
HELD:
No. The court held that the law cannot be any clearer. The law does not contain any exception
for secret agent therefore holding this position would not constitute a sufficient defense to a
prosecution for a crime of illegal possession of firearm and ammunitions. Wherefore the conviction of
the accused must stand. The Court’s ruling overturned that of People v. Macarandang.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 7a, 30a, 35, 46c

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 24a
Co v. CA Sy Kiong v. Sarmiento
Case No. 65
Case No. 150
G.R. No. 100776 (October 28, 1993)
G.R. No. L-2934 (November 29, 1951)
Chapter II, Page 69, Footnote No.91

FACTS:
Petitioner delivered to the salvaging firm on September 1, 1983 a check drawn against the
Associated Citizens’ Bank, postdated November 30, 1983. The check was deposited on January 3,
1984. It was dishonored two days later, the tersely-stated reason given by the bank being: “CLOSED
ACCOUNT.” A criminal complaint for violation of Batas Pambansa Bilang 22 was filed by the
salvage company against Petitioner. At the time of the issuance of the check, the delivery of a “rubber”
or “bouncing” check as a guarantee for an obligation was not considered a punishable offense, an
official promulgation made in a Circular of the Ministry of Justice.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is criminally liable.
HELD:
No. According to them, Que v. People should not be applied retroactively in accordance with
the prospectivity principle of judicial rulings and the operative fact doctrine. The decision in Que
should not be given retroactive effect to the prejudice of Co and others similarly situated who relied on
the opinion of the Secretary of Justice.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 2a, 46a
FACTS:
Petitioner is the owner of a duly licensed grocery store located in the City of Manila and an
importer of flour who sells either to bakeries or to retail dealers for purposes of retail. Sometime in
September 1948, the Treasurer of the City of Manila assessed against him the sum of 566.50php which
represents the alleged deficiency municipal license tax due from him on his gross sales of flour to
bakeries after deducting the sales made to retail dealers for purposes of resale.
ISSUE:
W/N the sales of flour made by the Petitioner to bakeries to be manufactured into bread are
retail or wholesale.
HELD:
The sale of flour to bakeries to be manufactured into bread and to be resold to the public, in
the absence of any express provision of law on the matter, should be treated as a sale at retail and
should subject the vendor to the retail tax law.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 24a, 37, 43
Sumulong v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 149
G.R. No. 48634 (October 8, 1941)
FACTS:
On September 15, 1941, Respondent granted the Popular Front Party of Abad Santos the
exclusive right to propose the minority election inspector in the first congressional district of
Pampanga, and to the Popular Front Party of Petitioner, the minority inspector in the second
congressional district of the said province. Eleven days later, Respondent modified its ruling and
awarded the minority inspector to the Popular Front Party of Abad Santos.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent committed grave abuse of discretion.
HELD:
Where the minimum number of votes required by law was polled by a mere coalition or
alliance of minority parties, the right to minority representation in the board of election inspectors to
which such coalition is entitled, cannot be claimed by any of the component parties which have
thereafter separated. Respondent shall have the discretion to choose the minority inspector.
LATIN MAXIM:
36a, 37, d
Central Capiz v. Ramirez
Case No. 56
G.R. No. L-16197 (March 12, 1920)
Chapter III, Page 79, Footnote No.8
FACTS:
Private Respondent contracted with Petitioner Corporation for a term of 30 years, a supply of
all sugar cane produced on her plantation, which was to be converted later into a right in rem and
recorded in the Registry of Property as an encumbrance upon the land, and binding to all future owners
of the same. The Respondent refuses to push through with the contract thinking it might violate Act
No. 2874, “An Act to amend and compile the laws relating to lands of public domain, and for other
purposes,” since more than 61 percent of the capital stock of the corporation is held and owned by
persons who are not citizens of the Philippine Islands or of the United States. The land involved is a
private agricultural land.
ISSUE:
W/N said Act no. 2874 is applicable to agricultural lands, in the Philippine Islands which are
privately owned.
HELD:
The limit and purpose of the Legislature in adopting Act No. 2874 was and is to limit its
application to lands of public domain and that lands held in private ownership are not included therein
and are not affected in any manner whatsoever thereby.
Jones Law of 1916: “That no bill may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one
subject, and that subject shall be expressed in the title of the bill.”
LATIN MAXIM:
d
Eugenio v. Drilon
Case No. 104
G.R. No. 109404 (January 22, 1996)
Chapter III, Page 81, Footnote No.20
FACTS:
Private Respondent purchased on installment basis from Petitioner, two lots. Private
respondent suspended payment of his amortizations because of non- development on the property.
Petitioner then sold one of the two lots to spouses Relevo and the title was registered under their name.
Respondent prayed for annulment of sale and reconveyance of the lot to him. Applying P.D. 957 “The
Subdivision and Condominium Buyers’ Protective Decree”, the Human Settlements Regulatory
Commission ordered Petitioner to complete the development, reinstate Private Respondent’s purchase
contract over one lot and immediately refund him of the payment (including interest) he made for the
lot sold to the spouses. Petitioner claims that the Exec. Sec. erred in applying P.D. 957 saying it should
have not been given retroactive effect and that non-development does not justify the non-payment of
the amortizations.
ISSU
E: W/N the Executive Secretary acted with grave abuse of discretion when he
decided P.D. 957 will be given retroactive effect.
HEL
D: No. Respondent Executive Secretary did not act with grave abuse of
discretion and P.D. 957 is to given retroactive effect so as to cover even those contracts executed prior
to its enactment in 1976. P.D. 957 did not expressly provide for retroactivity in its entirety, but such
can be plainly inferred from the unmistakable intent of the law. “The intent of the statute is the law.”
LATIN MAXIM:
9a
People of the Philippines v. Purisima
Case No. 221
G.R. Nos. L-42050-66 (November 20, 1978)
Chapter III, Page 76, Footnote No.16
FACTS:
Twenty-six petitions for review were filed charging the respective Defendant with “illegal
possession of deadly weapon” in violation of Presidential Decree No. 9. An order quashed the
information because it did not allege facts which constitute the offense penalized by P.D. No. 9. It
failed to state one essential element of the crime, viz.: that the carrying outside of the residence of the
accused of a bladed, pointed, or blunt weapon is in furtherance or on the occasion of, connected with or
related to subversion, insurrection, or rebellion, organized lawlessness or public disorder. Petitioners
argued that a perusal of P.D. No. 9 shows that the prohibited acts need not be related to subversive
activities and that they are essentially malum prohibitum penalized for reasons of public policy.
ISSUE:
W/N P.D. No. 9 shows that the prohibited acts need not be related to subversive activities.
HEL
D: The primary rule in the construction and interpretation of a legislative measure
is to search for and determine the intent and spirit of the law. Legislative intent is the controlling factor.
Because of the problem of determining what acts fall under P.D. 9,
it becomes necessary to inquire into the intent and spirit of the decree and this can be found among
others in the preamble or “whereas” clauses which enumerate the facts or events which justify the
promulgation of the decree and the stiff sanctions stated therein.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, b2
People of the Philippines v. Echaves Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. City of Cebu
Case No. 207
Case No. 4
G.R. Nos. L-47757-61 (January 28, 1980)
G.R. No. L-14526 (March 31, 1965)
Chapter III, Page 77, Footnote No.22
Chapter III, Page 82, Footnote No.23

FACTS:
The issue is whether or not P.D. 772, which penalizes squatting and similar acts applies to
agricultural lands. The lower court denied the motion and ruled that agricultural land is not part of P.D.
772 on the basis of Ejusdem Generis (of the same kind or species) since its preamble does not mention
the Secretary of Agriculture. The order of dismissal by Echaves was then appealed to the Supreme
Court, thus bringing the case at hand.
ISSUE:
Whether or not P.D. 772 applies to agricultural lands
HELD:
The Supreme Court held the same ruling that the lower court did, declaring that P.D. 772 does
not apply to pasture lands because its preamble shows that “it was intended to apply to squatting in
urban communities or more particularly to illegal constructions in squatter areas made by well-to-do
individuals.” But the Supreme Court disagreed to the lower court’s usage of the maxim Ejusdem
Generis because the intent of the decree is unmistakable. It stated that “the rule of Ejusdem Generis is
merely a tool for statutory construction which is resorted to when the legislative is uncertain.”
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 36b
FACTS:
The Petitioner contends that the ordinance implemented by Respondent should be declared
null and void because the ordinance seeks to generate revenue by collecting wharfage from vessels
which dock at the public wharves of piers located in the said City but owned by the National
Government. According to Respondent, the legislature made no distinction between those owned by
the City of Cebu and the National Government and that consequently, both fall within the scope of the
power granted. Petitioners assail this construction erroneous in the light of the meaning of “public
wharf” as it may have bearing on the right to charge wharfage.
ISSUE:
W/N the City of Cebu, through its ordinance, has the right to charge wharfages from docks
which are owned by the National Government.
HELD:
The term “public” refers to the nature of use of the pier or wharves. Hence, the power to
impose wharfage rests on a different basis and that is ownership. The Court also referred to the
previous subsection of the questioned portion of the ordinance pointing out that it implies a distinction
with regard to those docks that are owned by the City and those of the National Government. The
Court states that only those which are constructed by the City shall be considered as its property.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 25a, 36b
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. TMX Sales, Inc.
Case No. 80
G.R. No. 83736 (January 15, 1992)
Chapter III, Page 83, Footnote No.25
FACTS:
Respondent Company wants a refund to an erroneously collected tax as provided in Sec. 292
of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) which includes a two-year prescription. The Petitioner
claims that the prescriptive period provided in the law for refund of such tax is already expired since it
is already more than two years from the date the quarterly income tax was paid. The Respondent
contends, on the other hand, that the date of filing of the final payment (Final Adjustment Return) is
the one that should be considered with respect to the prescriptive period and not the quarterly payment
made.
ISSUE:
W/N the two-year prescriptive period provided in Sec. 292 of the National Internal Revenue
Code commence to run from the date the quarterly income tax was paid or from the date of filing of the
Final Adjustment Return (final payment).
HELD:
The date of filing of the final payment should be considered. The Supreme Court said that,
“Sec. 292 of the NIRC should be interpreted in relation to the other provisions of the Tax Code in
order to give effect the legislative intent and to avoid an application of the law which may lead to
inconvenience and absurdity. The intention of the legislator must be ascertained from the whole text of
the law and every part of the act is to be taken into view.”
LATIN MAXIM:
11a, 36b, 36d
Feliciano v. Aquino
Case No. 105
G.R. No. 10201 (September 23, 1957)
Chapter III, Page 83, Footnote No.28
FACTS:
Respondent was proclaimed as elected Mayor of Concepcion, Tarlac. Four days after the
proclamation, defeated candidate Petitioner instituted quo warranto proceedings, challenging
Petitioner’s eligibility on the ground that Respondent was not yet 23 years old at the time of his
election. Aquino claimed that age requirement refers only to the age at assumption of office. He
appealed that the existence of a semi-colon, converted into a comma in the 1951 Revised
Administrative Code, does not require him to possess the remaining qualifications at the time of the
election but rather at the time of the assumption of office, provided that he had fulfilled the first two
requirements.
ISSU
E: W/N the election of Aquino is unlawful and illegal.
HEL The primary rule of statutory construction is that punctuation marks cannot be
D:
disregarded unless there is reason to do contrary. Punctuation marks are aids of low degree and can
never control against the intelligible meaning of written words. No reason is shown why, after plainly
and unequivocally requiring that the candidates of other elective offices should possess the age
qualification “at the time of the election”, the law should suddenly change the requirement for the case
of municipal officers. No argument is needed to show that where the candidate is mentioned as eligible
or ineligible in the said section, taking part in the election is meant, not capacity to assume office.
Decision of the lower court is affirmed and the election of Respondent is declared unlawful and illegal.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9d, 11a, 11e, 36b
US. v. Hart
Case No. 159
G.R. No. L-8327 (March 28, 1913)
FACTS:
Respondent was caught in a gambling house and was penalized under Act No. 519 which
punishes “every person found loitering about saloons or dram shops or gambling houses, or tramping
or straying through the country without visible means of support”. The said portion of the law is
divided into two parts, separated by the comma, separating those caught in gambling houses and those
straying through the country without means of support. Though it was proven that Hart and the other
Defendants had “visible means of support”, it was under the first part of the portion of law for which
they were charged with. The prosecution persisted that the phrase “without visible means of support”
was in connection to the second part of the said portion of Act No. 519, therefore was not a viable
defense.
ISSUE:
How should the provision be interpreted?
HELD:
The construction of a statute should be based upon something more substantial than mere
punctuation. If the punctuation gives it a meaning which is reasonable and is in apparent accord with
legislative will, it may be as an additional argument for adopting the literal meaning of the words in the
statute as thus punctuated. An argument based on punctuations alone is not conclusive and the court
will not hesitate to change the punctuation when necessary to give the act the effect intended by the
legislature, disregarding superfluous and incorrect punctuation marks, or inserting others when
necessary. Inasmuch as defendant had, “visible means of support” and that the absence of such was
necessary for the conviction for gambling and loitering in saloons and gambling houses, defendants are
acquitted.
LATIN MAXIM:
11e, 33
In re: Estate of Johnson
Case No. 131
G.R. No. 12767 (November 16, 1918)
Chapter III, Page 86, Footnote No.38
FACTS:
Petitioner was a native of Sweden and a naturalized citizen of the United States but died and
left a will in Manila. Sec. 636 of the Code of the Civil Procedure states “Will made here by an alien—
will made within the Philippine Islands by a citizen or subject of another state or country, which is
executed in accordance with the law of the state or country of which he is a citizen or subject, and
which might be proved, allowed by the law of his own state or country, may be proved, allowed and
recorded in the Philippine Islands and shall have the same effect as if executed according to the laws of
these Islands.” The will of Johnson was probated and allowed in the lower court, but Petitioner
contends that Sec. 636 is applicable only to wills of aliens; and in this connection, attention is directed
to the fact that the epigraph of this section speaks only of the will made here by an alien and to further
fact that the word “state” in the body of the section is not capitalized.
ISSUE:
W/N the will of Petitioner, a citizen of the U.S and therefore an alien, is covered by Sec. 636.
HELD:
The fact that the words “state” and “country” are not capitalized does not mean that the
United States is excluded from the phrase “another state or country”. It is a rule of hermeneutics that
punctuation and capitalization are aids of low degree in interpreting the language of a statute and can
never control against the intelligible meaning of the written words. The epigraph, or heading, of a
section being nothing more than a convenient index to the contents of the provision, cannot have the
effect of limiting the operative words contained in the body of the text. Petitioner, being a US citizen,
thus an alien, is covered by Sec. 636. The will duly probated.
LATIN MAXIM:
24a, 25a, 26, 37, 42a, 48
People of the Philippines v. Yabut People of the Philippines v. Mendoza
Case No. 231
Case No.112
G.R. No. 85472 (September 27, 1993)
G.R. No. L-38076 (November 4, 1933)
Chapter III, Page 87, Footnote No.43

FACTS:
Defendant was convicted for homicide. While serving sentence, he killed another prisoner. He
was consequently charged for murder. After conviction, he was punished with the maximum period for
murder, in accordance with Art. 160 of the Revised Penal Code.
ISSUE:
W/N the lower court erred in applying Art. 160.
HELD:
No. Respondent relied on the word “another” appearing in the English translation of the head
note of Art. 160, and suggests that the law is applicable only when the new crime committed by a
person serving sentence is different from the crime for which he is serving sentence. According to him,
his conviction for murder is not different because it involved homicide. No such deduction is
warranted from the text itself, or from the Spanish caption. When the text of the law is clear and
unambiguous, there is no need to resort to the preamble, heading, epigram or head note of a section for
interpretation of the text, which are mere catchwords or reference aids, consulted to remove, not create
doubts.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
FACTS:
Respondents were accused for violation of Section 2654 of the Administrative Code for
allegedly depositing in the official ballot box 51 official ballots which they prepared without the
knowledge and consent of the voters. They were tried and convicted.
ISSUE:
W/N the evidence is sufficient to convict.
HELD:
No. What was presented and admitted was evidence in a previous election case which has no
probative value to establish the guilt of the defendants in the criminal case. The English text of Section
2654 is defective as the head note clearly shows that this section is only applicable when a person
fraudulently deposit’s a ballot in the ballot box. The evidence presented was insufficient to convict that
defendants fraudulently deposited the ballots in question. Judgment was reversed.
LATIN MAXIM:
50, d
People of the Philippines v. Manaba U.S. v. Quintanar
Case No. 110
Case No. 162
G.R. No. L-39037 (October 30, 1933)
G.R. No. 5654 (August 27, 1910)

FACT FACT
S: Defendants, on the night of March 1, 1908 were caught in the act of smoking
Defendant was charged for rape. The complaint was signed by the Chief of S:
Police. After trial, Defendant was convicted but the judgment was set aside and the case dismissed on opium, in violation of Sec. 32 of Act No. 1761, the “Opium Law”. On appeal, Defendants contend that
his motion that the court had no jurisdiction over his person or the subject matter, because the they could not be legally convicted for they rely on the Spanish translation of the Act which provides
complaint was not signed by the offended party. Subsequently, the offended party signed a complaint that it will take effect “despues del primero de Marzo.” (after the first of March)
charging Defendant of rape. Defendant asked for dismissal on the ground of double jeopardy, but it
was denied and he was convicted. ISSUE:
W/N the Defendant should be punished under Act No 1761 which takes effect “despues del
ISSU primero de Marzo.”
E: W/N the Defendant was placed in double jeopardy.
HELD:
The translation of the Defendant is not accurate. The English and original text says: “on and
HEL No. Whether or not Defendant was placed in double jeopardy depends on after March 1, 1908”. Where the Act was originally promulgated in
D:
whether or not he was tried on a valid complaint in the first case. Art. 334 of the Revised Penal Code English, it shall prevail over its translation.
requires the offended party to file the complaint. As the first complaint was not signed by the offended
party, it was not a valid complaint in accordance with law, and the judgment of the court was void for LATIN MAXIM:
lack of jurisdiction over subject matter, and defendant was never in jeopardy. The Spanish equivalent 6c
of the word “filed” is not bound in the Spanish text which is controlling, because it was the Spanish
text approved by the legislature.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 36a
Employees’ Club, Inc. v. China Banking Corporation
Case No. 39
G.R. No. 40188 (July 27, 1934)
FACTS:
Respondent Corporation contends that the order requires it to surrender the register of deeds
of the City of Manila which is the duplicate of TCT No. 21192 so that the contract lease might be
noted and entered in the corresponding records. They argue that the contract lease cannot be registered
in the register of deeds because it is not a real right; and under the Civil Code and the Mortgage Law,
only real rights can be registered. The only exceptions, which it does not harbor, are a term exceeding
three years, rent to corresponding years paid in advance, or an express covenant requiring the lease to
be registered.
ISSUE:
W/N contract lease under the Mortgage law is not a real right and not be registered.
HELD:
The property in question is NOT under the Mortgage law but under Act No. 496, or the
Torrens system, Sec. 51 and 52. This act expressly provides that all interests must be registered in
order to affect third persons, which includes the interest arising from the contract of lease in favor of
the Respondent. The Spanish text of the law was relied upon by the Petitioner – the Mortgage Law.
But the English enacted by the Legislature, Act No. 496, should prevail.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 49
McMicking v. Lichauco
Case No. 175
G.R. No. 7896 (March 30, 1914)
Chapter III, Page 88, Footnote No.49
FACTS:
This is an appeal on a judgment in favor of current Respondent against Defendant Chu Chan
Chac. However, there was another case pending in its duration: an appeal in the judgment in favor of
Antonio Flor Mata – where judgment execution is. And likewise, in the duration of Mata’s judgment,
there was yet another pending appeal where Defendant Lichauco owed his Aunt Clara Lichauco
P17,666.60.
ISSUE:
With these two cases, who has preference over the funds owed by Lichauco.
HELD:
Preference should be secured to Mata notwithstanding the appeal. The preference on Mata
was based on Art. 1924 of the new Code of Civil Procedure, which secures preference to sentencias
firmes only (judgments which are final in the sense that no appeal lies therefrom). Mata must have
immediate recourse to the property of Lichauco based on the first judgment. However, until the
allotment of time for perfecting of a bill is not done yet and the appeal was not taken, the judgment,
strictly, is not Sentencia Firme as used in Spanish legal terminology – where it would be explained that
the right to share in the distribution of the debtor (Lichauco) could not accrue the judgment creditor
(Mata) until he has the right to. One must take into account that classification and the incidents of
judgments, orders and decrees that were once under Spanish Terminology have been modified under
the new Code of Civil Procedure, drawn in part from American and English precedents. One should
look rather to the spirit than the letter of the law. The lien of a judgment is not necessarily destroyed by
the perfecting of an appeal but simply suspended. Even if there was a new judgment, it is simply
reversed, not destroyed.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 49
Alonzo v. Intermediate Appellate Court Vda. De Macabenta v. Davao Stevedore Terminal Company
Case No. 11
Case No. 156
G.R. No. L-72873 (May 28, 1987)
G.R. No. L-27489 (April 30, 1970)
Chapter III, Page 89, Footnote No.54
Chapter III, Page 89, Footnote No.57
FACTS:
FACTS:
Five siblings inherited in equal pro indiviso shares a parcel of land registered in the name of
At the time the decedent met the vehicular accident on September 12, 1961, which led to his
their deceased parents. Two siblings sold their share to the same vendee. By virtue of such agreements,
death 16 days later, the claimant-widow was not yet married to the decedent although they had already
the Petitioners occupied after the said sales, 2/5 of the lot, representing the portions bought. They
been living together as husband and wife for the past 3 months. However, on the day following the
subsequently enclosed their portion with a fence and built a semi-concrete house. One of the sisters
accident, they were lawfully wedded. The claimant widow gave birth on April 8, 1962, to the
filed a complaint invoking the right to redeem the area sold. The trial court dismissed this complaint
posthumous daughter of the deceased, Racquel.
because the time had lapsed, not having been exercised within 30 days from notice of the sales.
ISSUE:
W/N the widow and posthumous child are considered dependents under the Workmen’s
ISSU Compensation Act.
E: 1. W/N there was a valid notice.
2. W/N Art. 1088 of the Civil Code was interpreted correctly. HELD:
Yes. According to the Workmen’s Compensation Act, a widow living with the deceased or
HEL actually dependent upon him totally or partly as well as her daughter, if under 18 years of age or
D: Although there was no written notice, there was actual knowledge of the incapable of supporting herself, and unmarried, whether or
sales satisfying the requirement of the law. It is unbelievable that the co-heirs were unaware of the sale, not actually dependent on the deceased are considered dependents. Although not his wife at the time of
with the erection of a permanent semi-concrete structure. While Art. 1088 of the Civil Code stresses the accident but at the time of his death, are still considered dependents under the Act.
the need for a written notice of sale; the Petitioners claimed that because there was no written notice,
despite their obvious knowledge of it, the 30-day period for redemption had not yet begun. The intent LATIN MAXIM:
of the lawmakers was to ensure that the redemptioner was properly notified of the sale and to indicate 6c, 7a, 9c, 12a, 37
the date of such notice as the starting time of the 30-day period of redemption. The co-heirs in this case
were undeniably informed of the sales although no notice in writing was given to them.

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 8, 9a, 10, 11d, 11e, 12a, 17
Tinio, et al. v. Frances, et al.
Case No. 290
G.R. No. L-7747 (November 29, 1955)
Chapter III, Page 90, Footnote No.61
FACTS:
Sergio Nicolas applied for a parcel of land in Nueva Ecija and was approved in 1917. In 1943,
the final proof was approved by the Director of Lands who issued a patent in his favor, but because
Sergio Nicolas died, he was substituted by his heirs, represented by his widow. In 1947, the heirs
transferred their rights to the homestead to the Defendants, with approval by the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, and secured the issuance of a homestead patent in their favor. In 1953,
heirs of the deceased Sergio Nicolas wanted to annul the sale of a homestead and to recover the land,
together with the fruits of the land as damages.
ISSUE:
W/N the sale or transfer of right of the heirs of Sergio Nicolas over the parcel of land was
valid.
HEL
D: No. Conveyances made by the heirs of the homesteader to the Defendants
do not comply with the first requirement of Sec. 20 of the Public Lands Act that the Director of lands is
satisfied from proofs submitted by the homesteader that he could not continue with his homestead
through no fault of his own, and that the conveyance must be made with the prior or previous approval
of the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce. Thus the conveyance made by the heirs of Nicolas was
null and void.
Home Insurance Company v. Eastern Shipping Lines
Case No. 125
G.R. No. 34382 (July 20, 1983)
Chapter III, Page 91, Footnote No.64
FACTS:
Plaintiff Company instituted two cases of recovery of damages against Defendant Company.
The Petitioner Company claimed for reimbursement with regard to the amounts of insurance paid to
the consignees due to losses suffered by the cargoes and goods shipped. In this regard, the lower court
dismissed the two cases on the ground that the Plaintiff failed to provide its legal capacity to sue.
ISSUE:
W/N the lower court is correct in holding that the Plaintiff lacks legal capacity to sue which
resulted in the dismissal of the two cases.
HEL
D: Yes. The law on the matter is that a suing foreign company, such as Plaintiff
Company, must, in order to be capacitated to sue in the Philippine jurisdiction, prove legal capacity by
establishing either that its transaction upon which the complaint was based was an isolated one or that
is was duly licensed or authorized by law to
transact in the Philippines. Otherwise, no cause of action accrues in favor of the Plaintiff as it has no
legal right to seek relief from the court. In the case at bar, the insurance contracts between the Plaintiff
and the Defendant were executed long before the Plaintiff secured its license to transact business in the
Philippines. Therefore, said insurance contracts were void from the beginning as the purpose was
contrary to public policy.

LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:

9a, 9b, 37, 38b, 48 4, 8, 9c, 11a, 36a, 37
Luzon Stevedoring Company v. Trinidad Go Chioco v. Martinez
Case No. 154
Case No. 113
G.R. No. 18316 (September 23, 1922)
G.R. No. 19864 and 19685 (October 17, 1923)
Chapter III, Page 91, Footnote No.71
Chapter III, Page 93, Footnote No.93
FACTS:
FACTS:
Plaintiff is a corporation duly organized under the laws of the Philippine Islands, doing
Petitioner made a loan of P40,000 to Respondent. They executed a promissory note
business in the City of Manila. Engaging in a stevedoring business, consisting of loading and
stipulating that Respondent Hermanos will pay back the loan within three months. On the same day,
unloading of cargo from vessels in ports, at certain rates of charge per unit of cargo, Plaintiff Company
Respondent Hermanos signed another promissory note and sent a check of P1,800 to Petitioner, which
hopes to recover from Defendant, the Internal Revenue Collector, the sum of P2,422.81, which had
was cashed. After three months, Respondent Hermanos was unable to pay the principal. He now
been paid under protest. Defendant alleged that during the first quarter of 1921, the Plaintiff was
executed a new promissory note, again due within the next three months, and with this note,
engaged in business as a contractor, with its gross receipts from the said business amounting to P242,
Respondent Hermanos sent a check for P1,800. Again, he could not pay so they executed another
281.33. Under the provisions of Sec. 1462 of Act No. 2711, the percentage tax amount was levied and
promissory note and sent another check worth P1,800. This cycle was repeated a total of 7 times, with
assessed toward the stevedoring business.
the third cycle's promissory note bring due only a month later and with a check for only P600. Then
Respondent Hermanos paid P25,000 for the principal and refused to pay for the remaining P15,000.
ISSUE:
Therefore, Petitioner filed a complaint. The trial court ruled that the interest rate of 18% was in
W/N the Plaintiff is considered a "contractor" provided by Sec. 1462 of Act No.
violation of the Usury Law (Act 2655 as amended by Act No. 2992). Thus, he must give back P11,850
2711. from the interest and forfeits the remaining P15,000.
HELD:
A contractor is defined as one who renders service in the course of an independent occupation, ISSU
representing the will of his employer only as to the result of E: W/N the charging of a usurious interest of 18% forfeits the principal loaned
his work, and not as to the means by which it is accomplished. Plaintiff is not a "contractor" based on together with the interest.
Sec. 1462 of Act No. 2711. Therefore, the tax paid by the Plaintiff was illegally collected and should
be repaid. HELD:
No, since only the interest is forfeited. Taking into consideration the history of the Usury
LATIN MAXIM: Law, the intent of the framers is clear. In a previous law RA 2073, the principal loan was forfeited
2a, 4, 5b, 9c, 11a, 28 together with the interest. However, unlike the previous law, the current law RA 2655 provides for
stricter rules and alternative punishments for violations. The current law also does not expressly
mention that the principal is also forfeited. As a rule of construction, when the intent of a law is
ambiguous, one may consult the history of the law and its preamble to ascertain the framers intent.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 36a, 37
US v. De Guzman
Case No. 297
G.R. No. L-9144 (March 27, 1915)
Chapter III, Page 94, Footnote No.95
FACTS:
Defendant, along with Pedro and Serapio Macarling, was convicted of asesinato (murder) and
sentenced to life imprisonment. Defendant was discharged before he pleaded on the condition that he
promised to appear and testify as a witness for the Government against his co-accused. Upon reaching
the witness stand, Defendant denied all knowledge of the murder. He denied ever saying anything that
implicated his co-accused and swore that statements made by him were made in fear of the police
officers. The Solicitor-General asks for the discharge of the Respondent though it may result in a
palpable miscarriage of justice, nevertheless, the law provides for his dismissal and expressly bars a
future prosecution.
ISSUE:
W/N Defendant should be discharged.
HEL
D: Sec. 19 and 20 are constitutional. There is no provision for perjury should the
Defendant fail to comply with the agreement with the State. However, looking at the legislative history
of the statute, it can be gleaned that faithful performance is necessary to avail of the bar to criminal
prosecution. Failure of the Defendant in the case at bar to faithfully and honestly carry out his
undertaking to appear as witness and to tell the truth at the trial of his co-accused deprived him of the
right to plead his formal dismissal as a bar to his prosecution. Finally, discharge cannot be an acquittal
since it was made prior to his trial.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 22a, b2
Basiana v. Luna
Case no. 31
G.R. Nos. L-34135-36 (February 24, 1981)
Chapter III, Page 95, Footnote No.102
FACTS:
Petitioner entered into a private agreement with Cipriano Luna to prospect with Luna getting
60% and Petitioner receiving the rest. Petitioner prospected 183 claims, 93 were recorded for him with
the rest going to Luna, a clear disregard of their agreement. Realizing that there was something wrong
with the declaration of location records, Luna amended the declarations with the intention of clearing
claim names and tie points; Petitioner however, disclaimed such consent. Consequently, Luna
cancelled the registration and created their own groups of claims overlapping Petitioner’s claims.
Petitioner alleges that his claims were valid, and were merely abandoned for failure to pay occupation
fees.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner’s mining claims are valid.
HEL
Sec. 47 par. 2 of the Mining Law (C.A. No. 137) provides: “For the purpose of
D:
this section, a permanent and prominent object used as a tie point MAY be an intersection of known
roads; a junction of known rivers or creeks, a known public or private structure; a corner of approved
public, private or mineral land survey; a kilometer post of public road; or location monument or
triangulation station established by the Bureau of Lands, Bureau of Mines, Army Corps of engineers,
Bureau of Cost and Geodetic Survey, or other government agencies.” An initial post is not enumerated
as a valid tie point. Petitioner’s contention that the word MAY suggests non-exclusivity is untenable
since it goes against the legislator’s intent to eliminate claim jumping and overlapping claims.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 30a, 33, 36b
Baga v. PNB De Villa v. CA
Case No. 27
Case No. 88
G.R. No. L-9695 (September 10, 1956)
G.R. No. 87416 (April 8, 1991)
Chapter III, Page 95, Footnote No.103
Chapter III, Page 96, Footnote No.110
FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner was the recipient of benefits with Respondent as the guardian under RA 390 or the
Petitioner was charged with a violation of BP 22 (Bouncing Checks Law) for issuing a
Uniform Veterans Guardianship Act which was passed with the intention of being modeled after the
worthless check. However, he contends that the check was drawn against a dollar account with a
US version. RA 390 provides that a guardianship can only be terminated upon reaching the age of
foreign bank, and is therefore, not covered by the said law.
majority. Petitioner alleges that she has married and has become emancipated under Art. 399 of the
New Civil Code thus terminating the guardianship.
ISSUE:
W/N the Makati Regional Trial Court has jurisdiction over the case in question.
ISSUE:
W/N Art. 399 of the Civil Code shall prevail over RA 390.
HELD:
The Makati Regional Trial Court has jurisdiction. The determinative factor (in determining
HELD:
venue) is the place of the issuance of the check. The offense was committed in Makati and therefore,
No. The Civil Code does not prevail. It was the clear intent of the legislator to create a the same is controlling and sufficient to vest jurisdiction in the Makati Regional Trial Court. The Court
uniform law for material aid. Inserting provisions of the Civil Code would result in discordance with acquires jurisdiction over the case and over the person of the accused upon the filing of a complaint or
intent. RA 390 is a special law and thus must be taken to constitute an exception to the general law information in court which initiates a criminal action. With regard to Petitioner’s allegation that the
which is the Civil Code. RA 390 Sec. 23 applies notwithstanding any other provisions of law relating check is not covered by BP 22, it will be noted that the law does not distinguish the currency involved
to judicial restoration and discharge of guardians. in the case. Thus, the Court revealed that the records of Batasan, Vol. III unmistakably show that the
intention of the lawmakers is to apply the law to whatever currency may be the subject thereof.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 50, b2 LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 17, 24b, 26, 43, b2
National Police Commission v. De Guzman, Jr. China Banking Corporation v. Ortega
Case No. 185
Case No. 21
G.R. No. 106724 (February 9, 1994)
G.R. No. L-34964 (January 31, 1973)
Chapter III, Page 96, Footnote No.110

FACTS:
FACTS:
RA 6975, otherwise known as “An Act Establishing the PNP Under a Reorganized Dept. of
A complaint was filed against B&B Forest Development Corporation for the collection of a
the Interior and Local Government,” laid down the compulsory retirement age of PNP officers.
sum of money. The trial court declared the said corporation in default. The Plaintiff sought the
Respondents argue that the age of retirement (56) of said law cannot be applied to them since they are
garnishment of the bank deposit of B&B Forest with current Petitioner Bank. Thus, a notice of
covered by Sec. 89 of the same law (which temporarily extended the age of retirement). In other
garnishment was issued by the Deputy Sheriff and served on Petitioner Bank through its cashier, Tan
words, Respondents wanted to be extended the same privileges as the local police. Hence, they contend
Kim Liong. He refused to disclose the sought information, citing the provisions of RA 1405 which
that the term “INP” includes both the former members of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and the
prohibits the disclosure of any information relative to bank deposits to any person except upon written
local police force who were earlier constituted as the Integrated National Police (INP).
permission of the depositor. Furthermore, RA 1405 also imposes criminal liability on any official or
employee of a banking institution who breaks the confidential nature of this law.
ISSUE:
W/N the legislative intent was to classify the INP as applicable only to the local police force. ISSU
E: W/N a banking institution may validly refuse to comply with a court process
garnishing the bank deposit of a judgment debtor, by invoking RA 1405.
HEL
D: The intent was to classify the INP in such manner that Sec. 89 of RA 6975 is HELD:
applicable only to the local police force. The use of the term INP is not synonymous with the PC. Had No. It was not the intention of the lawmakers to place bank deposits beyond the reach of
it been otherwise, the statute could have just made a uniform reference to the members of the whole execution to satisfy a final judgment. The discussion of the conference committee report of the two
PNP for retirement purposes and not just the INP. Indeed, the law distinguishes INP from the PC and it houses of Congress indicates that the prohibition against examination of or inquiry into a bank deposit
cannot be construed that “INP” as used in Sec. 89 includes the members of the PC. The legislature did under RA 1405 does not preclude its being garnished to insure satisfaction of a judgment.
intend to exclude the members of the PC from the coverage of Sec. 89 insofar as the retirement age is
concerned. LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 11e, 12b, 30b, 35, 38b, 43, b2
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 11a, 12a, 27, b2
Mayon Motors v. Acting CIR Kilosbayan, Inc. v. Morato
Case No. 173
Case No. 67
G.R. No. 15000 (March 29, 1961)
G.R. No. 118910 (November 16, 1995)
Chapter III, Page 96, Footnote No.111

FACTS:
Petitioner Company imported 17 Pontiac automobiles in three different shipments.
Respondent assessed against Petitioner deficiency advance sales tax on the automobiles. Petitioner
requested for reconsideration and, this request having been denied, it recurred to the Court of Tax
Appeals. After the hearing, said court modified Respondent’s decision by requiring Petitioner to pay a
sum more than what the acting Commissioner on Internal Revenue assessed and denying its claim for a
refund. Hence this appeal. Petitioner assails the procedure adopted by the tax court and insists the
court’s interpretation of the Tax Code erroneous invoking a statement made by then Congressman
Ferdinand Marcos during the deliberations on the amendments for the Tax Code.
ISSUE:
W/N the opinion of a legislator in the deliberations of a law, controlling in the interpretation of
the law.
HEL
D: No. Courts are not bound by a legislator’s opinion expressed in congressional
debates regarding the interpretation of a particular legislation. It is deemed to be a mere personal
opinion of the legislator.
FACTS:
Petitioners seek for reconsideration of Kilosbayan, et al. v. Guingona. The Court has
determined that Petitioner has no standing to sue but did not dismiss the case. Petitioners insist that the
PCSO cannot hold and conduct charity sweepstakes, lotteries and other similar activities in
collaboration or joint venture with any other party because of the clause “except for the activities
mentioned in the preceding paragraph (A)” in paragraph (B) of Sec. 1 of RA 1169 as amended by BP
42.
ISSUE:
W/N under its charter (RA 1169, as amended) the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office can
enter in any form of association or collaboration with any party in operating an on-line lottery.
HEL
D: No. Petitioner’s interpretation fails to take into account not only the location
of the phrase in paragraph (B), when it should be in paragraph (A) had that been the intention of the
lawmaking authority, but also the phrase “by itself.” What the PCSO is prohibited from doing is from
investing in a business engaged in sweepstakes,
races, lotteries and other similar activities. It is prohibited from doing so “whether in collaboration,
association or joint venture” with others or “by itself.”

LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:

b2 34, 36b
Luzon Stevedoring Co., Inc. v. Luzon Marine Department Union
Case No. 77
G.R. No. 9265 (April 29, 1957)
FACTS:
Petitioner files a case to review a resolution issued by the Court of Industrial Relations ruling
that the 20 minutes’ rest given to employees after mealtime should not be deducted from the four hours
of overtime work. Employees of the company are seamen working in tugboats from 6:00 am – 6:00 pm
(12 hours of work, four hours overtime), given three free meals a day and 20 minutes’ rest after
mealtime.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the definition for "hours of work" as presently applied to dry land laborers equally
applicable to seamen.
2. W/N a different criterion should be applied by virtue of the fact that the seamen's
employment is completely different in nature as well as in condition of work from that of a dry land
laborer.
HELD:
The definition of “hours of work” equally applies to seamen and no need for a different
criterion. Sec. 1 of C.A. No. 444, known as the Eight-Hour Labor Law, provides that “when the work
is not continuous, the time during which the laborer is not working and can leave his working place
and can reset completely, shall not be counted” in the eight working hours. A laborer need not leave
the premises of the factory, shop or boat in order that his period of rest shall not be counted, it being
enough that he “cease to work,” and may rest completely.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 26
Commissioner of Customs v. Court of Tax Appeals
Case No. 71
G.R. Nos. 48886-8 (July 21, 1993)
Chapter III, Page 101, Footnote No.133
FACTS:
Iligan Express Corporation maintains a berthing facility at Kiwalan, Iligan City. Respondent
Company availed of such facilities and as thus assessed berthing fees by the Collector of Custom
which were paid by the said shipping company under protest.
ISSUE:
W/N a vessel berthing at a privately-owned wharf should be charged berthing fees under Sec.
2901 of the Tariff and Custom Code, as amended by P.D. 34.
HELD:
No. Liability does not attach if the port is privately-owned. Sec. 2901 of the Tariff and
Custom Code, as amended by P.D. 34 speaks of the “national ports” only. Sec. 2901 did not
distinguish between national ports and private ports until it was amended by the presidential decree,
and this amendment indicates a legislative intent to change the meaning of the provision from the
original. Since the said law limits the berthing taxes to national ports only, it is obvious that the private
ports are not included. Kiwalan is not a national port in the Custom memorandum circular 33-73 or
E.O. 72.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 25d, 30a
Buenaseda v. Secretary Flavier Carolina Industries Inc. v. CMS Stock Brokerage Inc.
Case No. 40
Case No. 47
G.R. No. 106719 (September 21, 1993)
G.R. No. L-46908 (May 17, 1980)
Chapter III, Page 104, Footnote No.141
Chapter III, Page 106, Footnote No.146
FACTS:
FACTS:
The Private Respondents filed an administrative complaint with the Ombudsman against the
Petitioner opened a margin account with Respondent for purchasing, carrying and selling
Petitioner for the violation of the Anti-graft and Corrupt Practices Act. In response, the Ombudsman
stocks and securities listed in the Makati stock exchange. Within three months, the Petitioner’s amount
filed an order directing the preventive suspension of the Petitioners, who were employees of the
deposited was completely wiped out without his permission. Respondent says there was consent but
national center for mental health. The Respondent argue that the preventive suspension laid by the
the evidence did not suffice to prove such consent. Respondent now question the appellate court’s
Ombudsman under Sec. 24 of RA 6770 is contemplated in by Sec. 13(8) of Art. 9 of the 1987
ruling on their violation of the SEC rules and securities Act, and how these statutes are interpreted, the
Constitution, while the Petitioner contends that the Ombudsman can only recommend to the Heads of
appellate court used foreign jurisprudence in coming up with this decision.
Departments and other agencies the preventive suspension of officials and employees facing
administrative investigation conducted by his office.
ISSUE:
W/N there is a violation of the rules and Regulations of stock trading.
ISSUE:
W/N the Ombudsman has the power to preventively suspend government officials working in
HELD:
other offices other than that of the Ombudsman pending the investigation of administrative complaints.
If the law renders the customers as incapable of protecting himself, it is the duty of the broker
to do so. The courts use of a ruling in foreign case is only right because the prevailing laws are
HELD:
patterned after those of the United States.
Yes. The Ombudsman has the power to suspend the employees of the said institution may it
be in punitive or preventive suspension. Sec. 13(3) of the Constitution refers to “suspension” in its
LATIN MAXIM:
punitive sense, as the same speaks of penalties in administrative cases, while Sec. 24 of RA 6770
grants the Ombudsman the power to preventively suspend public officials and employees facing 6d, 9
administrative charges. This statute is procedural and may arise in order to facilitate a speedy and
efficient investigation on cases filed against the officers. A preventive measure is not in itself a
punishment but a preliminary step in an administrative investigation.

LATIN MAXIM:
27, 28
Zamora v. Collector of Internal Revenue Tamayo v. Gsell
Case No. 176
Case No. 282
G. R. No L-15290 (May 31, 1963)
G. R. No 10765 (December 22, 1916)
Chapter III, Page 106, Footnote No.149

FACTS: FACTS:
Mariano Zamora, owner of the Bay View Hotel and Farmacia Zamora Manila, filed his This is an action for damages against the Defendant for personal injuries suffered by Braulio
income tax returns for the years 1951 and 1952. The Collector of Internal Revenue found that he failed Tamayo, 11-year old son of the Plaintiff. The injury was attributed to the boy’s inexperience in the
to file his return of the capital gains derived from the sale of certain real properties and claimed work which he had been assigned for the first time and without prior instruction.
deductions which were not allowable.
Mariano Zamora and his deceased sister Felicidad Zamora, bought a piece of land located in ISSUE:
Manila on May 16, 1944, for P132,000.00 and sold it for P75,000.00 on March 5, 1951. They also W/N the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages under the Employer’s Liability
purchased a lot located in Q.C. for P68,959.00 on January 19, 1944 which they sold for P94,000.00 on
Act.
Feb. 9, 1951. The CTA ordered the estate of the late Felicidad Zamora, to pay the sum of P235.00,
representing alleged deficiency income tax and surcharge due from said estate. Esperanza Zamora
HELD:
appealed and alleged that the CTA erred.
Yes. The Legislature intended that the measure of damages in personal injury cases brought
under the Employer’s Liability Act to be the same as that in the country from which the Act was taken,
ISSUE:
being of American origin.
W/N the CTA erred in computing the taxes due for payment by Mariano Zamora.
LATIN MAXIM:
HELD:
b2
No. The appraisal is correct and the court found no plausible reason to disturb the same.

LATIN MAXIM:
b2
Ossorio v. Posadas Campos Rueda Corp. v. Sta. Cruz Timber Co. and Felix
Case No. 93
Case No. 17
G.R. No. L-31088 (December 3, 1929)
G.R. No. L-6884 (March 21, 1956)

FACTS:
Plaintiff and appellant filed for the recovery from the Defendant Collector of
Internal Revenue the sum of P56,246.72, which the Defendant, according to the complaint, collected
from the Plaintiff in excess of what he should have collected by way of income tax.
ISSUE:
W/N the paraphernal property of the Plaintiff’s wife constitutes her “separate estate” within
the scope and meaning of this phrase for the purposes of the additional income tax.
FACTS:
The Court of First Instance of Manila dismissed the case of Petitioner against
Respondent to recover the value of two promissory notes for the amounts of P1,125 and P1,075, for
lack of jurisdiction; holding that the two notes constitute two separate causes of action involving less
than P2,000. The Municipal Court likewise dismissed the case of Petitioner Corporation against
Respondents for collection of the same promissory notes object of the former action, on the ground that
the amount of two notes, which Petitioner now consolidated under a single cause of action, was in
excess of its jurisdiction.

HELD: ISSUE:
Yes. It is ordered that the Defendant make two separate assessments of the additional income W/N the Municipal Court of Manila has jurisdiction over the subject matter of appellant’s
tax, one against the Plaintiff, and the other against his wife on her paraphernal property, returning the complaint.
sum of P56,203.59 to said plaintiff, without prejudice to his levying against and collecting from said
Plaintiff’s wife upon her own separate individual declaration, in accordance with law, the additional HELD:
income tax for the income from her paraphernal property. No. The jurisdiction of a court depends, not upon the value or demand in each single case of
action contained in the complaint, but upon the totality of the demand in all the causes of action.
LATIN MAXIM:
b2 LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
Ang Giok Chio vs. Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance Co. Pando v. Kette and Sellner
Case No. 8
Case No. 99
G.R. No. 33637 (December 31, 1931)
G.R. No. 32124 (March 27, 1930)

FACTS:
Petitioner’s warehouse was destroyed by fire while the policy taken out with
Respondent for the amount of P10,000 was in force. The Respondent Company has appealed claiming
that Petitioner violated a rider on the insurance contract.
ISSUE:
W/N a rider as forming part of the contract of insurance is null and void because it does not
comply with the Philippine Insurance Act.
HELD:
Yes. A rider attached to the face of the insurance policy and referred to in the contract of
insurance, is valid and sufficient under Sec. 65 of the Philippine Insurance Act as it was taken verbatim
from Sec. 2605 of the Civil Code of California which states, “The section as it now reads is in harmony
with the rule that a warranty may be contained in another instrument than the policy when expressly
referred to in the policy as forming a part thereof.”
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, b2
FACTS:
This is a foreclosure of mortgage. In pursuant thereof, the sheriff on January 30,
1929, posted notices of the sale of the land in said writ in 3 public places, to wit, upon the land itself, at
the market, and on the municipal building of Pasay. Notice of the sale was sent to the newspaper La
Opinion for publication, and the editor certified that he published it once a week for 3 consecutive
weeks, more particularly on the 2nd, 9th, and 15th of February, 1929 and the sale took place on February
19, 1929.
ISSUE:
W/N the posted notices of the sale in 3 public places and publication in La Opinion once a
week for 3 consecutive weeks satisfied the requirements of the law regarding the notice of the sale in
question.
HELD:
Yes. The Provision of our Code of Civil Procedure having been adopted from Sec. 692 of the
California Code, the requirements of the law regarding the notice of the sale in question have been
substantially complied with.
LATIN MAXIM:
b2
Reyes v. Wells Phil. Educ. Co. v. Soriano
Case No. 135
Case No. 235
G.R. No. 30587 (December 4, 1929)
G.R. No. L-22405 (June 30, 1971)
Chapter III, Page 107, Footnote No.156

FACTS:
Defendants offered to sell to Plaintiffs an installed maguey stripping machine and an
International truck in a shed lot for P23,000. However, Plaintiff Guerrero said that he could not do so
for the lack of money to operate the machine. Respondent Rader promised to furnish said Plaintiff with
the amount he would need. Plaintiff would just have to make out two promissory notes in favour of
the mortgage. Defendant Rader and Plaintiff Guerrero went to J. Northcott, and on June 29, 1922, the
former endorsed the mortgage deed. However, neither the said amount nor any part thereof was
delivered to Plaintiff Guerrero, or to any of his co-Plaintiffs. Due to the failure of J. E. Rader and J.
Northcott to pay said amount of P12,000, the Plaintiff sustained damages for default in the payment of
the instalments due.
ISSU
E: W/N the promissory notes in question which have not been paid, are not
supported by the evidence in relation to the competence of the testimony of Guerrero.
HELD:
There was evidence on the part of the promissory notes in question. These are also in line
with Sec. 4604 of the Code of Iowa. The prohibition contained in said law against a witness’ testifying
upon any transaction or communication between himself and a deceased person, is substantially the
same as that contained in Sec. 383(7) of our Code of Civil Procedure, as amended by Act No. 2252.
Therefore, we believe that the construction placed upon it by the court in the cases cited is applicable
to the case at bar.
FACTS:
Montinola sought to purchase money orders from Manila Post Office. He managed to leave
the building without knowledge of the teller. Palomar received one money order as part of their sales
receipt and subsequently deposited it in the Bank of America. Respondent, Chief of the Money Order
Division of the Manila Post Office notified the Bank of irregularity, and deducted from the bank’s
clearing account the said amount, in the same way the bank of America debited Petitioner’s account
with the same amount. Petitioner requested to reconsider the action but was denied.
ISSUE:
W/N the postal money order in question is a negotiable instrument.
HEL
D:
Postal statutes are patterned after similar statutes enforced in the US. These are generally
constructed and construed in accordance with construction of US’s own postal statutes, in the absence
of any special reason justifying departure from the policy or practice. US held that postal money orders
are not negotiable instruments.
LATIN MAXIM:
2b, 9a, b2

LATIN MAXIM:
1, b2
Cruz v. Pahati
Case No. 28
G.R. No. L-8257 (April 13, 1956)
FACT
S: Defendant bought an automobile from Bulahan, for P4,900 which he paid in
check. He cancelled the sale and stopped the payment of the check upon impoundment and as a result,
he returned the automobile to Bulahan who in then surrendered the check for cancellation. He set up a
counterclaim for attorney's fees. Bulahan claims that he bought the automobile from Belizo without
having any knowledge of any defect in the title. It was found out that Belizo falsified a letter that
enabled him to sell the car of Bulahan for profit. The court rendered judgment declaring Defendant
Bulahan entitled to the automobile in question and ordered the Plaintiff to return it to said Defendant
and, upon his failure to do so, to pay him the sum of P4,900, with legal interest from the date of the
decision. The claim for damages and attorney's fees of Bulahan was denied. Defendant Belizo was
however ordered to indemnify the Plaintiff in the amount of P4,900 and pay the sum of P5,000 as
moral damages. The counterclaim of Defendant was denied for lack of evidence.
ISSUE:
Who has a better right of the two over the car.
HELD:
Plaintiff has a better right to the car than Bulahan and therefore can recover the said car. It
was clear that the Plaintiff was unlawfully deprived because of the scheme of Belizo even if both the
Plaintiff and Bulahan acted in good faith.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
Republic v. Workmen’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 132
G.R. No. L-29019 (May 18, 1972)
FACT
S: Petitioners seek full compensation of P6,000.00 plus attorney’s fee of P600.00
under the WCC, without deducting the P3,000.00 as death benefit which they had been previously
paid by virtue of the provisions of RA 610.
ISSUE:
W/N the beneficiaries of military personnel who have received the death gratuity under RA
610 should still be paid the death compensation under the WCC.
HELD:
The resolution of the WCC is modified; the P3,000.00 received under RA 610 should be
deducted from the full grant received under the WCC. It is difficult to construe that the legislature
intended to double the compensations received, considering that at the times said laws were approved
the finances of the government could not have conceivably permitted the outlays needed for the
purpose. Furthermore, Sec. 9 of RA 610 and Sec. 5 of WCC bar payment under other laws. It was also
contended that the phrase “or any other law granting similar benefits to officers or employees,
generally, of the national, provincial or municipal government” in Sec. 9 is highly indicative of the
legislative intent to prevent further recovery of compensation benefits under other laws.
LATIN MAXIM:
17, 19b, 29, 38b, 39, 40b
Garcia et al. v. Hipolito et al.
Case NO. 53
G.R. No. L-1449 (November 30, 1903)
FACT
S: Judgment was rendered for the Defendants on May 1, 1903. The Plaintiffs
were notified thereof on May 21. Two days after, they excepted to the judgment and presented a
motion for a new trial, which was denied on July 23. On July 28, the Plaintiffs presented their proposed
bill of exceptions, which on August 5 was allowed and signed by the court. The term of the court in
which the case was tried expired on May 30.
ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 143 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows the parties to consent to or for the judge
to order an extension of the 10-day period.
HEL
D: The period of 10 days and the subsequent period of 5 days have to do with
the mechanical part of the appeal—the preparation of the papers for transmission to the Supreme
Court. The right of the parties to the appeal was already fixed by the notice of the intention to prepare a
bill of exceptions entered of record in the clerk’s office. If the period corresponds to the appeal or for
suing out a writ of error found in most other laws of American origin, it cannot be extended. But that
period is entirely different from the 10 days for allowing the preparation of papers, after the right to
remove the case has been secured. Therefore, it cannot be said that an extension of this time is an
extension of the time to appeal. Moreover, considering when the law was adopted, it seems impossible
that the Commission intended to deprive the court and the parties of the power to extend the term,
given the physical impossibility to comply with it in many cases.
LATIN MAXIM:
11a, 19b, 27, 48
ESSO Standard Eastern Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Case No. 41
G.R. No. 70037 (July 7, 1989)
FACT
The case is an appeal on the decision of the Court of Tax Appeals denying
S:
the Petitioner’s claims for refund of the margin fees P102,246.00 for 1959 and P434,234.92 for 1960.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 2609, entitled “An Act to Authorize the Central Bank of the Philippines to Establish
a Margin over Banks’ Selling Rates of Foreign Exchange”, is a police measure or a revenue measure.
HELD:
RA 2609 is a police measure as it is applied in order to strengthen our country’s international
reserve. Petitioner contended that margin fees are taxes and cited the background and the legislative
history of the Margin Fee Law showing that RA 2609
was nothing less than a revival of the 17% excise tax on foreign exchange imposed by RA 601. This
was a revenue measure formally proposed by President Carlos P. Garcia to Congress as part of, and in
order to balance, the budget for 1959-1960.
The CTA stated that it is a well-settled jurisprudence that only in extremely doubtful matters
of interpretation does the legislative history of an act of Congress become important. As a matter of
fact, there may be no resort to the legislative history of the enactment of a statute, the language of
which is plain and unambiguous, since such legislative history may only be resorted to for the purpose
of solving doubt, not for the purpose of creating it. Moreover, at least two cases had been decided in
which it was held that margin fee is not a tax.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 7a
Commissioner of Customs v. ESSO Standard Eastern Inc.
Case No. 26
G.R. No. L-28329 (August 17, 1975)
FACT
S: Petitioner contends that the special import tax under RA 1394 is separate and
distinct from the customs duty prescribed by the Tariff and Customs Code, and that the exemption
enjoyed by Respondent from the payment of customs duties under the Petroleum net of 1949 does not
include exemption from the payment of the special import tax provided in RA 1394.
ISSUE:
W/N the exemption enjoyed by Respondent from customs duties granted by RA 387 should
include the special import tax imposed by RA 1394, or the Special Import Tax Law.
HELD:
Petitioner took exception to the finding of the CTA that "The language of RA 1394 seems to
leave no room for doubt that the law intends that the phrase 'Special Import Tax' is taken to include
customs duties". In order to determine the true intent of the legislature, the particular clauses and
phrases of the statute should not be taken as detached and isolated expressions, but the whole and
every part thereof must be considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts. In fact every statute
should receive such construction as will make it harmonize with the pre-existing body of laws.
Antagonism between the Acts to be interpreted and existing or previous laws is to be avoided, unless it
was clearly the intention of the legislature that such antagonism should arise and one amends or repeals
the other, either expressly or by implication. Another rule applied by this Court is that the courts may
take judicial notice of the origin and history of the statutes which they are called upon to construe and
administer, and of facts which affect their derivation, validity and operation. The Court examined the
six statuettes repealed by RA 1394.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 36b, 38a, b2
Pascual v. Director of Lands
Case No. 100
G.R. No. L-15816 (February 29, 1964)
FACT
Petitioner filed with Respondents, pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 102 C.A.
S:
No. 141, a petition for the cancellation of the lease contract aforesaid on the ground that Ramos had
failed to pay the rentals on the lands for seven years and the taxes thereon since 1947, and on the
further ground that he and his successors-in-interest had not cultivated the property nor introduced
improvements thereon, in violation of the terms and conditions of the lease. The policy in the
disposition and concession of public land is to give priority or preference to the actual occupant. Thus,
in cases of lease the law requires that no lease shall be permitted to interfere with any prior claim by
settlement or by occupation, until the consent of the occupant or settler is first had, or until such claim
shall be legally extinguished (Sec. 33, C.A. No. 141). If anyone should be given prior right of entry at
all, it should be the actual occupants who have presented several petitions for the subdivision or and
sale of the land to them.
ISSUE:
W/N the ruling of the trial court upholding Petitioner’s claim to a right of entry was correct.
HELD:
No. It is well settled that the contemporaneous interpretation given by administrative officials
to a law they are bound to enforce or implement deserves great weight. In the present case, it appears
that the trial court reversed not only the decision of Respondent and of the Secretary of Agriculture and
Natural Resources but that of the Office of the President, without the record disclosing in our opinion,
that the same are clearly erroneous and unfounded. To the contrary, they appear to be in consonance
with the purpose of the law invoked by Petitioner, namely, to give priority or preference to the actual
occupant of public land which Petitioner is not.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a
Orencia v. Enrile
Case No. 92
G.R. No. L-28997 (February 22, 1974)
FACT
S: Petitioner is alleging that he is the deputy clerk of court of the Clerks of Court
Division of the Land Registration Commission, and he has been performing functions of Assistant
Chief of said division and has been considered and recognized as such until RA 4040, increasing the
salaries of Assistant Chiefs of Divisions, among others, was implemented where he was left out while
co-assistant chief of the nine other divisions of the Land Registration Commission were so recognized
and extended increased compensation. Respondents filed their answer, and after usual admissions and
denials, interposed a defense that Petitioner is unqualified for the position of Assistant Chief, and being
a new position created under RA 4040, the same can only be filed by a qualified person; that
Respondent, being a lawyer, is more qualified than Petitioner, who is only a high school graduate with
second grade civil service eligibility, and praying that the petition be dismissed
ISSU
E: W/N the Petitioner should be recognized as the deputy clerk of court of the
Clerks of Court Division of the Land Registration Commission.
HEL
D: For Respondent officials, the answer was not in doubt. Since there was a new
legal provision to be construed, one which admittedly, to follow the approach of counsel for Petitioner,
has an ambiguous aspect, they chose to follow the principle that a public office is a public trust.
Certainly, such a contemporaneous construction, one moreover dictated by the soundest constitutional
postulate, is entitled to the highest respect from the judiciary.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a
m i k iPeople of the Philippines v. Hernandez
Case No. 107
G.R. Nos. L-39840 and L-39841 (December 23, 1933)
FACT
S: Respondent ran for governor in Camarines Norte and assumed office on
October 16, 1931. At this time, he was a delinquent in the payment of P2,000 for land taxes to the
government. Two or three days before Respondent assumed office, the municipal treasurer demanded
him to pay said taxes but he failed to do so. The Insular Auditor permitted Respondent to receive his
salary as governor, on the condition that it would be used to pay off the delinquent taxes. The Chief of
Executive Bureau and Attorney General agreed with Insular Auditor. By September, 1932, taxes had
been paid for. However, in April 1932, he was charged for violating Sec. 2659 of the Administrative
code and was found guilty and was deprived the right to suffrage and public office.
ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 2659 can be applied to refrain Respondent from taking office as Governor in Camarines
Norte.
HEL
D: No. Sec. 2659 refers to a person who assumes office to which he had been
elected without possessing the necessary qualifications to hold public office as provided by law.
Delinquency of payment of taxes is no longer a disqualification for
assuming a public office. Hence, even though Respondent did not pay his land taxes, this does not
incapacitate him from assuming office. Under these circumstances, we should follow the doctrine laid
down in the cases of Molina vs. Rafferty: long continued administrative interpretation of a tax law,
while not conclusive, should be followed unless clearly erroneous. And in this case, it was not.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 32, 42b
Sagun v. People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation
Case No. 266
G.R. No. 73603 (June 22, 1988)
Chapter III, Page 112, Footnote No.180
FACTS:
Respondent Corporation was created to provide decent, low cost housing for those who are
unable to provide themselves with this. In accordance with RA 3208, the lots located in Block 330,
LCH Project 3, Quezon City were meant to be used for this purpose. However, the Petitioners first
used the lots for store purposes, before converting these store units into their dwelling homes. In 1971,
Petitioners decided that they wanted to buy these lots from Respondent Corporation but filed a petition
for mandamus alleging that Respondent Corporation was selling the lots at P50/sq m., which was in
violation of RA 3802.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Corporation can be compelled by mandamus to sell these lots for not more
than P10/sq m. to its registered tenants or their successors in interest, in reference to Sec. 1 of RA
3802.
HEL
D: No. For mandamus to lie, Petitioner’s rights should be well-defined, clear and
certain. In the case at bar, there is no showing of a clear and certain right to compel Respondent
Corporation to sell them the units for a price lower than what is being
offered. The Petitioners first leased these units for business purposes. Thus, the price of P50 is not
excessive or unreasonable considering that the market value for the lots is at least P120. The action of
Respondent Corporation neither conflicts with the law nor does it demonstrate any abuse of discretion
to warrant its reversal. Moreover, there is no obligation of Respondent Corporation, under RA 3802,
aside from the fact that the determination of the selling price requires exercise of discretion on their
part.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 9a
Philippine Global Communications, Inc. v. Relova
Case No. 236
G.R. No. L-60548 (November 10, 1986)
Chapter III, Page 112, Footnote No.181
FACTS:
In 1976, Petitioner filed with the Board of Communication, now NTC, an application for
authority to establish a branch station in Cebu for the purpose of rendering international
telecommunication services from Cebu to any point outside the Philippines where it is authorized to
operate. In 1977, Manila was designated as the sole gateway for communications in the Philippines. In
January 1979, BOC gave Petitioners authority to establish a station in Cebu, subject to that as soon as
domestic carriers have upgraded their facilities, applicant shall cease its operations. Respondents filed
a joint motion for reconsideration of said decision, which ruled in favor of the Respondents claiming
that Petitioner does not have the authority to establish other stations aside from the station in Makati.
This is a petition seeking to set aside the ruling rendered.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is authorized under RA 4617 to establish stations in places or points outside
Metro Manila?
HEL
D: Yes. RA 4617 clearly authorizes Petitioner to construct, maintain, and operate,
apart from its principal station in Makati, other stations or branches within the Philippines for purposes
of its international communications operations. This can be seen in Sec. 3 and 4 wherein other stations
may be established as long as it is approved by the Secretary of Public Works and Communications.
The opinion of the Secretary and Undersecretary of Justice which affirmed the authorization of other
stations is material and must be considered in favor of the Petitioners.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 36b
Asturias Sugar Central v. Commissioner of Customs Phil. Sugar Central Agency v. Collector of Customs
Case No. 24
Case No. 241
No. L-19337 (September 30 1969) Chapter
No. 27761 (Dec. 6 1927)
III, Page 112, Footnote No.183
Chapter III, Page 113, Footnote No.186
FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner filed a petition for review of the unfavorable decision of the CTA which denied the
Petitioner acts as agency and attorney-in-fact of Ma-ao Sugar Central Co. Ma-ao Sugar
recovery of the sum of P28,629.42 which the Petitioner paid under protest in the concept of customs
Central Co. shipped 5,124,416 gross kilos of centrifugal sugar to United States in a wharf on
duties and special import tax.
Pulapandan, Occidental Negros on steamship Hannover. Wharf was built and maintained solely by the
Under the law in effect at that time, the Petitioner is entitled to recovery of taxes and duties
Ma-ao Sugar Central Co. Defendant collected wharfage dues on petitioner’s wharf.
paid for importation of containers provided importer re-exports said containers within a 1year period.
Also Asturias contends that they are entitled to an alternative recovery of the said amount
minus 1% under Sec. 106(b) of the Customs and Tariff Act. ISSUE:
W/N the Defendant can collect wharfage dues on wharves not owned by government.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is entitled to recovery of import taxes and duties. HEL
D: Yes. The Government can be allowed to collect because not to do so “would
HEL overthrow and destroy the whole system of the Government, in and by which millions of pesos have
D: No. The 1-year period mentioned in the Philippine Tariff Act contains no been levied and collected and expended in the construction of
express mention of any extension or of any grounds for it to be extended. Government wharves, and it would have defeated the construction of the Government wharf at
The provisions invoked by the Petitioner to sustain his claim for refund, offer two options to Pulapandan.”
an importer. The first gives him the privilege of importing, free from import duties, the containers
mentioned therein as long as he exports them within one year from the date of acceptance of the import Dissenting Opinion:
entry, it is non-extendible. The second contemplates a case where import duties are first paid subject to Historically, wharves not owned nor operated by government cannot be taxed or levied upon.
refund to the extent of 99% of the amount paid, provided the articles mentioned are exported within
three years from importation. LATIN MAXIM:
3a, 4, 37, 5b, 11d
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 4, 38b, 43
Manila Jockey Club Inc. v. Games and Amusement Board
Case No. 164
No. L-12727 (February 29, 1960)
Chapter III, Page 114, Footnote No.190
FACTS:
The Petitioner states that they are entitled to certain Sundays unreserved for any event and
that reducing the number of said days is an infringement of their right. Petitioner relies on the strength
of Sec. 4 of RA 309, as amended by RA 983, that the unreserved Sundays may be used by private
individuals or groups duly licensed by the Games and Amusement Board (GAB). RA 1502 increased
the sweepstakes draw and races to 12 but without specifying the days on which they are to be run, the
GAB reduced the number of racing days assigned to private individuals and entities by six.
ISSUE:
W/N the Petitioner has a right to the unreserved days.
HELD:
No. From the wording of the RA 309 and RA 983, it is clear that the text is permissive and is
not mandatory. The private individuals and entities are not entitled to the use of such days. Petitioner’s
claim that the intent of the legislature was to allow the races and sweepstakes to be run on the same
day are untenable. The words of members of Congress are not representative of the entire House of
Representatives or Senate. Also, Petitioner’s claim that to allow the PCSO to use their equipment and
property is deprivation of property is also untenable because they have a rental agreement with the
PCSO.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 6g, 37, 38b
Ramos v. CA
Case No. 253
G.R. No. L-22753 (December 18, 1967)
Chapter III, Page 115, Footnote No.193
FACTS:
The present case had its incipiency in a petition filed by the then National Rice and Corn
Corporation (NARIC) workers for an obligation created by agreement confirmed by the Court of
Industrial Relations directing NARIC to pay 25% for additional compensation for overtime work, night
work and work rendered on Sundays and legal holidays by its laborers and employees. Rice and Corn
Administration (RCA) claims that unlike NARIC, which was possessed with a distinct and separate
corporate existence, they are merely an office directly under the President, a governmental machinery
to carry out a declared government policy to stabilize the price of palay, rice, and corn, and not for
profit. To carry out this function, by law of the Commonwealth Act otherwise known as the Budget
Act, RCA depends for its continuous operation on appropriation yearly set aside by the General
Appropriations Act. There has been consistent administrative interpretation by the Office of the
President as to what may, under law, be granted to RCA workers and employees for overtime work and
work on Sundays and holidays. Not a matter of right, such compensation was given upon authority of
the Budgetary Act.
ISSUE:
W/N RCA should be held answerable – when NARIC ceased to exist and RCA was created –
for the said obligation.
HELD:
While executive construction is not necessarily binding upon courts, it is entitled to great
weight and consideration. The reason for this is that such construction comes from the particular
branch of government called upon to implement the particular law involved. Thus, unless the President
specifically appropriates the 25% compensation, RCA is not liable to the abovementioned obligation.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 11a, 38b
Salaria v. Buenviaje
Case No. 267
G.R. No. L-45642 (February 28, 1978)
Chapter III, Page 115, Footnote No.193
FACTS:
Petitioner has been staying on the land of Cailao when the latter sold the said land to Private
Respondent Mendiola. A formal letter of demand to vacate the premises was sent by Respondent
Mendiola to Petitioner. A complaint for unlawful detainer was filed by Mendiola against Petitioner
Salaria. After the trial, the City Court ordered Petitioner to vacate the leased premises. On appeal, the
CFI through Respondent Judge Buenviaje affirmed the decision of the inferior court. Thus, a petition
for review on Certiorari was filed with the Supreme Court.
ISSU
E: W/N Respondent can eject Petitioner from the lot.
HEL No. Memorandum Circular No. 970 was issued by the President stating that
D:
“except for the causes for judicial ejectment of lessees … bona fide tenants of dwelling places covered
by said decree are not subject to eviction, particularly if the only cause of action thereon is personal
use of the property by the owners or their families.” Construction by Executive Branch of Government
of a particular law although not binding upon courts must be given weight as the construction comes
from that branch called upon to implement the law. The ground relied upon by the lessor in this case,
namely, personal use of property by the owner or lessors or their families is not one of the causes for
judicial ejectment of lessees.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 30a, 38b
University of the Philippines v. CA
Case No. 305
G.R. No. L-28153 (January 28, 1971)
Chapter III, Page 115, Footnote No.195
FACTS:
With the filing of Petition for injunction in the Court of First Instance of Manila, Petitioners in
the original case sought to restrain herein Respondent from dismissing them and to declare as a matter
of legal right that they should not be dismissed from the Philippine General Hospital by herein
Respondent but by the Civil Service Commissioner.
ISSUE:
W/N the dismissal of original Petitioners in the case by the Board of Regents is final, or
requires further action by the Civil Service Commission.
HELD:
The management of Philippine General hospital was initially under the Office of the
President of the Philippines. Under RA 51 and E.O. 94, the President transferred
them under herein Respondent. Thus, the Supreme Court ruled that the President and Board of Regents
of the U.P. possess full and final authority in disciplining, suspension, and removal of the civil service
employees of the University, including those of the Philippine General Hospital, independently of the
Commissioner of the Civil Service and the Civil Service Board of Appeals.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6c, 9b, 20c, 38b
Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions (PAFLU) v. Bureau of Labor Relations Everett v. Bautista
Case No. 120
Case No. 43
G.R. No. L-43760 (August 21, 1976)
G.R. No. 46505 (November 7, 1939)

FACT FACT
S: Petitioner lost to National Federation of Free Labor Unions (NAFLU) in the Petitioner and Respondent were partners who owned and managed
S:
certification elections for the exclusive bargaining agent of the employees in Philippine Blooming Queen’s Theater during the first Quarter of 1937. The partnership charged admission fees of P0.40 per
Mills, Company, Inc. seat and at other times charged more than P0.40 but not more than P0.70 per seat. During the first
Tallied votes are as follows: Quarter of 1937, their receipts were P15, 881.41. At that time, imposition tax is at 5% of the gross
NAFLU 429 receipts of theaters, cinematographs, etc. whose admission price exceeds P0.40 (Sec. 1&3 of C.A. No.
PAFLU 414 128). The law does not say how tax should be imposed in cases where the daily receipts are not made
Spoiled Ballots 17 (not counted) at the same rate. As such, the Collector of Internal Revenue issued Regulations No. 94, which states
Abstained 4 that the daily receipts of prices charged differently will be jointly taken into account for computation
Total Ballots 864 purposes. Sec. 1458 of the Administrative Code states that penalty for late payment will be at 25% of
(Note: NAFLU didn’t obtain the majority vote, which is 432.) the tax imposed. The parties failed to pay the tax on time and therefore subject to Sec. 1458. They were
Petitioner contends that the spoiled should be considered as in the ruling in a previous case. asked to pay P992.50, which they refused to pay.
Respondent answered that the ruling in the previous case was based on the Industrial Peace Act, which
has been superseded by the present Labor Code and as such cannot apply to the case at bar. ISSUE:
1. W/N the collection to said tax is in accordance with law.
ISSUE: 2. W/N Regulations No. 94 is in accordance with law.
W/N the Respondent acted with grave abuse of discretion by not allowing the spoiled ballots
to be considered as in the previous case of Allied Workers Association of the Philippines vs. CIR. HELD:
Yes to both. The interpretation given to a law by an officer charged by reason of his office to
HEL carry out its provisions should be respected. It has also been held that where there is ambiguity in the
D: There was no grave abuse of discretion made by Respondent since the basis language of the law, contemporaneous construction
of the ruling in the Allied Workers case has been superseded by the present Labor Code. Also, the is given weight.
Rules and Regulations implementing the present Labor Code has been already been made known to
public and as such has the enforcing power in the case at bar. LATIN MAXIM:
2a
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 2a, 39a
Insular Bank of Asia and America Employees’ Union (IBAAEU) v. Inciong Philippine Apparel Workers Union vs. NLRC
Case No. 62
Case No. 119
G.R. No. L-52415 (October 23, 1984)
G.R. No. L-50320 (March 30, 1988)

FACT
S: Petitioner first filed a complaint to the lower Court against Insular Bank of Asia
and America (IBAA) for not paying the holiday pay. The Petition was granted and IBAA paid for the
holiday wage. Later, IBAA stopped paying the holiday wage in compliance to the issuance of Sec. 2 of
the Rules and Regulations implementing the Labor Code and the Policy Instruction No. 9 issued by
Respondent (then Secretary of DOLE). Petitioner filed for a motion for a writ of execution to enforce
the arbiter’s decision of paying the holiday wages and the motion was granted. IBAA then appealed to
NLRC and NLRC dismissed the appeal. At this point, IBAA filed a motion for reconsideration to
Respondent. Respondent granted IBAA’s motion for reconsideration. Petitioner then filed a petition for
certiorari charging Respondent of grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction.
FACT
A collective bargaining agreement was made between Petitioners and
S:
Management of Philippine Apparel Inc. (PAI) on April 2, 1977 and was signed on September 7, 1977.
CBA stipulated a P22.00 increase in monthly wage of workers that will retroact from April 1, 1977.
However, on May of the same year, P.D. 1123 granted a P60.00 increase in living allowance which
will take effect from January 1, 1977, provided that those who were granted an increase of less that
P60.00 will be given the difference. Management argues that since on April 2, there has been an
agreement to a P22.00 increase, PAI only had to pay the difference of P38.00. Moreover, PAI was able
to get the opinion of the Undersecretary of Labor supporting the PAI Management. Labor contends
that increase does not fall within the exemption since the CBA was signed on September after P.D.
1123 has been passed.

ISSU ISSU
E: 1. W/N the decision of the Labor Arbiter can be set aside by Respondent W/N the case falls under the exception of P.D. 1123.
E:
considering that it has become final and had been partially executed.
2. W/N Sec. 2 of Implementing Rules and Policy Instruction No. 9 are valid. HEL
D: No. There was no formal agreement on April 2, 1977 regarding the increase.
HEL Moreover, the opinion of the Undersecretary of Labor was based on a wrong premise and misinterpretation
D: A judgment in a labor case that has become executory cannot be revoked by PAI Management. It was unlawful and beyond the scope of
after finality of judgment. In the case at bar, IBAA waived its right to appeal by paying the holiday law.
wage and is therefore deemed to have accepted the judgment as correct. Sec. 2 and Policy Instruction
No. 9 are both null and void since they amended the provisions of the Labor Code. It has been held that LATIN MAXIM:
where the language of the law is clear and unequivocal the law must be taken to mean exactly what it 2a
says. And also, if a contemporaneous construction is so erroneous, the same must be declared null and
void.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 17, 37, 40c
United Christian Missionary Society vs. Social Security Commission
Case No. 293
G.R. No. L-26712-16 (December 27, 1969)
Chapter III, Page 206, Footnote No.206
FACTS:
Petitioner is a volunteer group that did not know that they had to pay tax for their operations.
Nevertheless, upon knowledge thereof, they paid their premium remittances but refused to pay the
incredible penalty fees since they did not know that they had to pay the aforementioned premium
remittances, claiming that the assessed penalties were inequitable. Respondent said that their
organization is embraced in the Social Security Act; therefore the assessed penalties are imposed on
them.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent erred in ruling that it has no authority under the Social Security Act to
condone, waive or relinquish the penalty prescribed by law for late payment of remittances.
HELD:
Respondent has no such authority. Petition is dismissed on the ground that in the absence of
an express provision in the Social Security Act vesting Respondent the power to condone penalties, it
has no legal authority to condone, waive, or relinquish the penalty for late premium remittances
mandatorily imposed under the SS Act. The reason of the law is “to develop, establish gradually and
perfect a social security system which shall be suitable to the needs of the people… to provide
employees against the hazards of disability, sickness, old age, and death.” Good faith and bad faith are
irrelevant since the law makes no distinction. Where the language of the law is clear and the intent of
the legislature is equally plain, there is no room for interpretation.
LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 6b, 7a, 9a, 26
Yra v. Abaño
Case No. 316
G.R. No. 30187 (November 15, 1928)
Chapter III, Page 118, Footnote No.214
FACTS:
Respondent was running for office in Bulacan, his hometown. However, he is a registered
voter in Manila and to be a candidate, one of the qualifications is that he/she who is running should be
a “duly qualified elector therein”.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent is an eligible to run as a local official of Bulacan.
HELD:
Yes. He is qualified to run for local office. In a previous case contested in the Philippine
Assembly, Fernando Ma. Guerrero a candidate for representative to the Phil. Assembly was alleged to
be unqualified for the position on the ground that he was not registered in his electoral district. The
conclusion to which was, “qualified elector” meant that he has all the qualifications provided by the
law to be a voter and need not be register. The same was the case and decision of the Executive Bureau
on the qualifications of Senator Jose P. Laurel. It is sufficient that he possess the qualifications stated
in Sec. 431 and none of the disqualifications stated in Sec. 432 of the Election Law. However, it is not
least to disregard the forcible argument advanced that when the law make use of the phrases, “qualified
electors” and “qualified voter” the law means what it says. It would be an absurdity to hold one a
qualified elector who was not eligible to vote in his own municipality.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 3a, 6c, 11a
Interprovincial Autobus Co., Inc. v. CIR
Case No. 134
G.R. No. L-6741 (January 31, 1956)
Chapter III, Page 120-121, Footnote No.222 & 227
FACTS:
Petitioner is engaged in transporting passengers and freight by means of TPU buses in
Misamis Occidental and Northern Zamboanga. The provincial revenue agent for Misamis Occidental
examined the stubs of the freight receipts that had been issued by Petitioner. The stubs and the daily
reports of the conductor did not state the value of the goods transported. Pursuant to Sec. 121 and 127
of the Revised Documentary Stamp Tax Regulations of the Department of Finance, the agent assumed
that the value of the goods was more than P5. Petitioner asked for a refund and the Court of First
Instance of Misamis Occidental rendered a judgment in their favor but the Court of Appeals reversed
the decision.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over the case.
2. W/N the Court of Appeals’ decision is erroneous.
HELD:
The Court of Appeals has no jurisdiction because according to both the Judiciary Act of 1948 and
the Constitution the Supreme Court has the exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases involving the
legality of any tax, impost, assessment or tolls, or any penalty in relation thereto. The decision of the
Court of Appeals however was not erroneous:
a. Sec. 121 falls within the scope of administrative power of the Secretary of Finance as
authorized in Sec. 79 of the Revised Administrative Code.
b. The regulation (Sec. 121) is valid also because of the principle of legislative approval be re-
enactment. The regulations were approved on September 16, 1924. When the National
Internal Revenue Code was approved on February 18, 1939, the same provisions of stamp tax,
bills of landing and receipts were re-enacted.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 4
In re: McCulloch Dick
Case No. 129
G.R. No. L-13862 (April 15, 1918)
Chapter III, Page 120, Footnote No.223
FACTS:
Petitioner, the editor and proprietor of the Philippines Free Press, filed for a writ of habeas
corpus so that he may be discharged from detention by the acting chief of police of the city of Manila.
He is being detained because the Governor-General of the Philippines ordered his deportation. Before
the Governor-General gave his order, there was an investigation in the manner and form prescribed in
Sec. 69 of the Administrative Code.
ISSUE:
W/N the Governor-General has the power under Act No. 2113 and Sec. 69 of the
Administrative Code to institute and maintain deportation proceedings.
HEL
D: Yes, the Governor-General has the power to institute and maintain
deportation proceedings. “When the provisions of Act No. 2113 were enacted and ‘continued in force’
by the enactment of the Administrative Code and again ‘continued in force’ by the enactment of the
Jones Law the construction theretofore placed upon it by this court became an integral part of these
statutes having the force and the effect of a legislative command.” In the interpretation of reenacted
statutes, the court will follow the construction which they received when previously in force. The
legislature will be presumed to know the effect which such statutes originally had, and by reenactment
to intend that they should again have the same effect.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 3a, 4, 9a
Howden & Co., Ltd. v. Collector of Internal Revenue Laxamana v. Baltazar
Case No. 9
Case No. 144
G.R. No. L-19392 (April 14, 1965)
G.R. No. L-5955 (September 19, 1952)
Chapter III, Page 120, Footnote No.222 and 224 Chapter III, Page 121, Footnote No.225

FACTS:
Commonwealth Insurance Co. (CIC), a domestic corporation, entered into reinsurance
contracts with 32 British companies not engaged in business in the Philippines represented by herein
Plaintiff. CIC remitted to Plaintiff reinsurance premiums and, on behalf of Plaintiff, paid income tax on
the premiums. Plaintiff filed a claim for a refund of the paid tax, stating that it was exempted from
withholding tax reinsurance premiums received from domestic insurance companies by foreign
insurance companies not authorized to do business in the Philippines. Plaintiffs stated that since Sec.
53 and 54 were “substantially re-enacted” by RA 1065, 1291 and 2343, said rulings should be given
the force of law under the principle of legislative approval by re-enactment.
ISSUE:
W/N the tax should be withheld.
HELD:
No. The principle of legislative enactment states that where a statute is susceptible of the
meaning placed upon it by a ruling of the government agency charged with its enforcement and the
legislature thereafter re-enacts the provisions without substantial changes, such action is confirmatory
to an extent that the ruling carries out the legislative purpose. This principle is not applicable for the
aforementioned sections were never re-enacted. Only the tax rate was amended. The administrative
rulings invoked by the CIR were only contained in unpublished letters. It cannot be assumed that the
legislature knew of these rulings. Finally, the premiums remitted were to indemnify CIC against
liability. This took place within the Philippines, thus subject to income tax.
FACTS:
The Mayor of Pampanga was suspended. By virtue of Sec. 2195 of the Revised
Administrative Code, Respondent Vice Mayor assumed the office. However, the Provincial Governor,
by virtue of Sec. 21 of the Revised Election Code, appointed herein Petitioner as the mayor.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent is the right person to assume office.
HELD:
Yes, Respondent should assume the vacated position. Sec. 21 of the Revised Election Code,
which was taken from Sec. 2180 of the Revised Admin Code, applies to municipal officers in general
while Sec. 2195 of the Revised Administrative Code applies to the office of mayor in particular. A
special provision overrides a general one. Also, the incorporation of Sec. 2180 in Sec. 21 does not
enlarge its scope but merely supplements it. It has also been consistently held in case of suspension of
the mayor, the vice-mayor shall assume office; the legislature is presumed to be acquainted with this
contemporaneous interpretation. Hence, upon re-enacting Sec. 2180, the interpretation is deemed to
have been adopted.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 4, 38b, 50

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 4
Bengzon v. Secretary of Justice
Case No. 32
G.R. No. L-42821 (January 18, 1936)
Chapter III, Page 121, Footnote No.226
FACTS:
Petitioner was appointed justice of the peace for Lingayen, Pangasinan. He relinquished his
office after he had reached the age of 65 because of the provisions of Act No. 3899. Petitioner claimed
that he was entitled to the benefits under the vetoed Sec. 7 of the Retirement Gratuity Law which
entitled justices of the peace to gratuities. Petitioner was contesting the validity of the veto of the
Governor-General by claiming that the Act was not an appropriation bill and hence, was not subject to
item-veto.
ISSUE:
W/N the veto of the Governor-General of Sec. 7 was valid.
HELD:
Yes. It is clear from reading Sec. 12 that the Legislature intended this Act to be an
appropriation measure and that it anticipated the possibility of a future veto by the Chief Executive.
Hence, the Governor can constitutionally veto certain items on this bill. Furthermore, the legislature
accepted the veto and made no attempt to override it. The executive department sustained the validity
of the veto as well. Contemporaneous construction is not decisive for the courts, but when two co-
equal branches of government have adopted and accepted the construction of statutes, they must be
given great respect. Also, this practice of vetoing the separate items in a bill by the Chief Executive has
long been allowed and to rule against it would require a clear showing of unconstitutionality.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 2b, 3a, 6c
NPC v. Province of Lanao del Sur
Case No. 187
G.R. No. 96700 (November 19, 1996)
Chapter III, Page 122, Footnote No.232
FACTS:
Petitioner Corporation was assessed real property taxes by Respondent since its tax exempt
status was revoked by P.D. 1931. Because of the Petitioner’s failure to pay, the properties were
auctioned with the Respondent as the sole bidder. Petitioner contends that its status was never revoked
but merely suspended. With the Resolutions issued by the Fiscal Incentives Review Board (FIRB), the
tax exemption privileges of the Petitioners were restored. However, Respondent contends that the
Resolutions issued by the said Board was void relying on an earlier case between the Petitioner and the
Province of Albay stating that FIRB does not have power to restore tax exemptions and that the said
Board can only recommend to the President or the Minister of Finance which subsidiary of the
Government can be given exemptions. Note however, that the Albay case was already superceded by
the Maceda vs. Macaraig case stating that the FIRB Resolution is in accordance with the requirements
of the law if it was properly approved by the Minister of Finance. In the present case, the FIRB
Resolutions reinstating the status were properly approved by the Minister of Finance.
ISSUE:
1. W/N Respondent Province and provincial officials can validly and lawfully assess RPT
against, and thereafter sell at public auction the subject properties of the Petitioner to effect collection
of alleged deficiencies in the payment of such taxes.
2. W/N Petitioner has ceased to enjoy its tax and duty exemption privileges, including its
exemption from payment of RPT.
HELD:
The Petitioner never lost its tax exempt status, but its privileges were only suspended. Thus,
the Respondent cannot assess deficiency RPT against the Petitioner. Furthermore, since the Petitioner
was never delinquent in paying RPT, the subsequent auction and sale of the Petitioner’s assets is also
considered void.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 5b, 9a, 20a, 37, 38a, 49
J.M. Tuason & Co. v. Mariano & Aquial & Cordova J.M. Tuason v. Land Tenure Administration
Case No. 64
Case No. 135
G.R. No. L-33140 (October 23, 1978)
G.R. No. L-21064 (February 18, 1970)
Chapter XI, Page 434, Footnote No.7

FACTS:
Plaintiffs Aquial (herein Respondents) claimed ownership of a parcel of land located in QC
having an area of 383 hectares. They alleged that it had been fraudulently or erroneously included in
OCT No. 735 of the Registry of Deeds of Rizal and that it was registered in the names of Defendants
Tuason (herein Petitioners) pursuant to a decree issued on July 6, 1914 in Case No. 7681 of the Court
of Land Registration. Plaintiffs Aquial prayed that OCT No. 735 and the titles derived therefrom be
declared void due to certain irregularities in the land registration proceeding. The Tuason’s prayed that
the petition be dismissed on the ground that the court has no jurisdiction over the case, improper venue,
prescription, laches and prior judgment. Respondents Cordova spouses were allowed to intervene in
the case since they were able to purchase 11 hectares from the Aquials.
ISSU
E: W/N OCT No. 735 is valid.
HEL OCT No. 735 is valid. The validity of OCT No. 735 was already decided upon
D:
by the Supreme Court in the cases of Benin vs. Tuason, Alcantara vs. Tuason and Pili vs. Tuason. The
ruling in these cases was also applied in other cases involving the validity of OCT No. 735.
FACTS:
Petitioner is the owner of a land called Tatalon Estate in Quezon City. They seek to nullify
RA 2616 which directs the expropriation of two lots inside the estate. Under Art. 8, Sec. 4 of the
Constitution, “The Congress may authorize, upon payment of just compensation, the expropriation of
lands to be subdivided into small lots and conveyed at cost to individuals” Petitioner contends that said
law is unconstitutional because the provision in the Constitution refers to “lands” not landed estates.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 2616 is unconstitutional.
HELD:
No. The question is one of constitutional construction. The Constitution clearly states that
“land” not “landed estates” can be expropriated. It has a broader scope, allowing the legislature to
expropriate more types of land. The law does not distinguish between different types regardless of how
big or small it may be, as long as there is a need to address a growing social problem such as
inequality.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 24a, 26, 37, 40c

LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 5b
Tolentino v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 154
G.R. No. L-34150 (October 16, 1971)
FACT
S: The 1971 Constitutional Convention seeks to amend Sec. 1 of Art. 5 of the
Constitution reducing the voting age from 21 to 18 years old. This proposal was to be submitted to the
people for ratification in a plebiscite coinciding with the November 1971 elections relying on Sec. 1,
Art. 15 of the Constitution: “The Congress in a joint session assembled, by a vote of three-fourths of
all the Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately may propose
amendments to this Constitution or call a convention for the purpose. Such amendments shall be valid
as part of this Constitution when approved by a majority of the votes cast at an election at which the
amendments are submitted to the people for their ratification.”
ISSUE:
W/N there is a limitation or condition in Sec. 1 of Art. 15 of the Constitution calling for a
plebiscite on the sole amendment contained in Organic Resolution No. 1.
HELD:
There was a violation. Because such amendments regardless of how many are to be submitted
to the people for their ratification in an election, “An election” only means one. Also, no fixed frame of
reference is given to the voter. No one knows what changes in the fundamental principles of the
constitution would be modified. The amendments being proposed by the convention in must be seen in
relation to the whole.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
Aglipay v. Ruiz
Case No. 4
G.R. No. 45459 (March 13, 1937)
FACT
Respondent, who is the Director of Post, announced that he would order the
S:
issuance of postage stamps to commemorate the celebration of the 33rd International Eucharistic
Congress in accordance with Act No. 4052. Petitioner, who is the Supreme Head of the Philippine
Independent Church, seeks prohibition of such because it violates Sec. 13, Art. 6 of the Constitution.
ISSUE:
W/N the sale of such stamps is in violation of the constitutional mandate of religious freedom.
HELD:
Act No. 4052 contemplates no religious purpose in view. What it gives the Respondent is the
discretionary power to determine when the issuance of special postage stamps would be "advantageous
to the Government. In this case, the issuance of the postage stamps was not inspired by any sectarian
feeling. Act. No. 4052 grants the Respondent discretion to issue postage stamps with new designs "as
often as may be deemed advantageous to the Government.”
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 36a, 37
U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho Ordillo v. COMELEC
Case No 295
Case No. 192
G.R. No. 17122 (February 27, 1922)
G.R. No. 93054 (December 4, 1990)
Chapter XI, Page 435, Footnote No.12
Chapter XI, Page 437, Footnote No.24

FACTS:
Respondent was charged for violating E.O. 53 (which fixes the ceiling price at which rice may
be sold) when he sold rice at a price greater than that fixed by law.
E.O. 53 follows Act No. 2868 which penalizes monopoly and hoarding of products under extraordinary
circumstances. Respondent contends that the Legislature has not defined any basis for the order but has
left it to the discretion of the Governor General. Without leaving the discretion to say which
extraordinary circumstances to the Governor General are, Defendant will not be charged.
ISSUE:
W/N Act No. 2868 is unconstitutional for undue delegation of legislative
power.
HELD:
The act is unconstitutional. The Constitution is something solid, permanent and substantial.
As known, no nation living under republican form of government can enact a law delegating the power
to fix the price at which rice should be sold. That power can never be delegated under a republican
form of government. This power is exclusive to the legislative. In fixing the price, the law is dealing
with private property and private rights, which are sacred under the Constitution.
LATIN MAXIM:
None
FACTS:
A plebiscite was held pursuant to R.A. No. 6766 (Organic Act creating the Cordillera
Autonomous Region) with the votes of the people in the provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province,
Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Abra and the city of Baguio. Out of the provinces, only Ifugao managed to
get a majority vote. Resolutions and memorandum from the COMELEC and the Secretary of Justice
states that only provinces voting favorably in the plebiscite shall constitute the region.
ISSUE:
W/N Ifugao being the only one which voted for the creation of CAR can alone, legally and
validly constitute a region.
HEL
D: Art. X, Sec. 15 of the 1987 Constitution explicitly provides that “there shall be
created autonomous regions… consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographical areas…”
From this, it can be derived that the term “region” used in its ordinary sense means two or more
provinces. The provisions of R.A. No. 6766 also show that the Congress never intended that a single
province may constitute the Autonomous Region.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 11g, 25a, 28
De los Santos vs. Mallare
Case No. 89
G.R. Nos. L-3045-6 (August 31, 1950)
Chapter XI, Page 440 and 450, Footnote No.33 and 54
FACTS:
This case questions the legality of the Petitioner’s removal from the same office which would
be the effect of Respondent’s appointment. Petitioner contends that under the Constitution, he can not
be removed against his will and without cause, citing Sec. 4, Art. 12 of the Constitution which reads:
“No officer or employee of the Civil Service shall be removed or suspended except for a cause
provided by law.” Respondent admits that the position of City Engineer “belongs to the unclassified
service”. According to Lacson vs. Romero, all officers or employees in the unclassified service are
protected by the above provision; but notes that there is a difference between this case and the Lacson
case. Sec. 2545 of the Revised Administration Code authorizes the President to remove at pleasure any
of the officers enumerated therein, one of who is the city engineer. The two provisions are repugnant
and absolutely irreconcilable.
ISSUE:
W/N the position of City Engineer is an unclassified service.
HELD:
No. Reading Art. 12, Sec. 1 of the Constitution, it is clear that Sec. 4 protects those appointed
into the service that do not fall as any of the following: “policy- determining, primarily confidential or
highly technical in nature”. The position of city engineer is neither of the above-stated. This is
confirmed by the enactment of C.A. No. 177. As a contemporaneous construction, this Act affords an
index to the meaning of Civil Service as conceived by the framers of the Constitution. Furthermore, the
rules of construction inform us that the words used in construction are to be given the sense they have
in common use. The Court therefore held that Petitioner De los Santos is entitled to remain in office as
the City Engineer of Baguio with all the emoluments, rights and privileges appurtenant thereto, until he
resigns or is removed for cause, and that Respondent’s appointment is ineffective in so far as it may
adversely affect those emoluments, rights and privileges.
LATIN MAXIM:
39
Civil Liberties Union vs. Executive Secretary
Case No. 64
G.R. No. 83896 (February 22, 1991)
Chapter XI, Pages 443, 450 and 454, Footnotes No. 41, 51 and 71
FACTS:
Petitioners maintain that the Executive Order which, in effect, allows members of the Cabinet,
their undersecretaries and assistant secretaries to hold other government offices or positions in addition
to their primary positions. This runs counter to Art. 7, Sec. 13 of the Constitution which provides that
the President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies and assistants shall not,
unless otherwise provided by the Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their
tenure.
ISSUE:
W/N the prohibition in Art. 7, Sec. 13 admits of the broad exceptions made for appointive
officials in general under Art. 9-B, Sec. 7, par. 2.
HELD:
No. A foolproof yardstick in constitutional construction is the intention underlying the
provision. The practice of holding multiple offices or positions in the government would lead to abuses
by unscrupulous public officials who took the scheme for purposes of self-enrichment, particularly
during the Marcos era. The qualifying phrase “unless otherwise provided in this Constitution” of Sec.
13, Art. 7 cannot possibly refer to the broad exceptions of Sec. 7, Art. 9-B of the 1987 Constitution.
The former is meant to lay down the general rule of holding multiple offices applicable to all elective
public officials and employees while the latter is meant for the exception of the President, Vice-
President, members of the Cabinet, their deputies and assistants. To construe otherwise would be to
render nugatory and meaningless the manifest intent and purpose of the framers of the Constitution.
E.O. 284 is therefore declared null and void.
LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 9a, b2
People of the Philippines vs. Muñoz Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Case No. 217
Case No. 190
G.R. No. L-38969 (February 9, 1989)
G.R. No. 78780 (July 23, 1987)
Chapter XI, Page 446, Footnote No.42
Chapter XI, Page 447, Footnote No.46
FACTS:
FACTS:
The Defendant was convicted of three counts of murder. The penalty for murder under Art.
Petitioners submit that any tax withheld from their emoluments and compensations as judicial
248 of the Revised Penal Code was reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death but this was
officers constitutes a decrease or diminution of their salaries, contrary to the provision of Sec. 10, Art.
modified by Art. 3, Sec. 19(1) of the 1987 Constitution providing that “…any death penalty already
8 of the Constitution mandating that “during their continuance in office, their salary shall not be
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion temporal.”
decreased”, even as it is anathema to the ideal of an independent judiciary envisioned by the
Constitution.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N this Court would adhere to the Masangkay ruling that the abolition of the W/N the salary of the members of the judiciary is subject to the general
E:
death penalty limited the penalty for murder to the remaining periods, to wit, the minimum and the income tax applied to all taxpayers.
medium.
HELD:
HELD: Yes. The salary of the members of the judiciary is subject to the general income tax.
No. In the case at bar, the Court found that the applicable sentence would be the medium According to Perfecto vs. Meer, income taxes are part of the diminution of judges’ salaries because
period of penalty prescribed in Art. 248 of the Revised Penal Code, which does not follow the “the independence of judges is of far greater importance than any revenue that could come from taxing
Masangkay ruling, and that would be reclusion perpetua. their salaries”. Endencia vs. David confirmed Perfecto vs. Meer. However both decisions must be
discarded because the framers of the fundamental law (i.e. Fox, Concepcion, and Bernas), as the alter
LATIN MAXIMS: ego of the people, have expressed in clear and unmistakable terms the meaning of Sec. 10 Art. 8 of the
1, 6c, 20a 1987 Constitution; that is, to make the salaries of the members of the judiciary taxable.

LATIN MAXIM:
3, b1
Tañada v. Cuenco, et al Aratuc v. COMELEC
Case No. 286
Case No. 19
G.R. No. L-10016 (February 28, 1957) Chapter
G.R. No. L-49705-09 (February 8, 1979)
XI, Page No. 451, Footnote No.55
Chapter XI, Page 452, Footnote No.62
FACTS:
FACTS:
The Senate upon nomination of the Nacionalista Party chose Senator Laurel, Lopez, and Two petitions were filed against the Respondent claiming that it failed to address irregularities
Primicias, as members of the Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET). Upon nomination of the Citizens Party, in the Central Mindanao elections for the Interim Batasang Pambansa.
Petitioner was next chosen by the Senate as member of SET. Then, the Senate chose Respondents as
members of the same SET. Petitioners maintain that after the nomination and election of Senator
ISSUE:
Laurel, Lopez, and Primicias of the Nacionalista Party as members of the SET, the other Senators must
W/N the Supreme Court has the power to review decisions made by the Respondent in
be nominated by the Citizens Party. Respondents alleged, however, that six members of the Electoral
handling the pre-proclamation controversies cited by the Petitioners.
Tribunal “shall be members of the Senate or the House of Representatives”, is mandatory. The word
“shall” is imperative in nature relative to the number of members of the Electoral Tribunal and this is
HELD:
borne in the opinion of the Secretary of Justice.
No. The Supreme Court may only review actions carried out with grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction. The Supreme Court cited differences in the 1935 and 1973
ISSUE:
Constitutions with regard to the Supreme Court’s power over COMELEC decisions – in 1935, the
W/N the election of Respondents as members of the Electoral Tribunal was valid or lawful.
Supreme Court may review Respondents decisions on either review or certiorari; 1973, Respondent’s
decisions may only be brought up on ground of certiorari alone. This highlights the 1973
HELD:
Constitution’s intent to strengthen Respondent’s independence. Consequently, errors of judgment that
No. “The application of the doctrine of contemporaneous construction is more restricted …
were based on substantial evidence are not reviewable in certiorari.
except as to matters committed by the Constitution itself to the discretion of some other department,
contemporary or practical construction is not necessarily binding upon the courts, even in a doubtful
LATIN MAXIM:
case.” Hence, “if the judgment of the court, such construction is erroneous and its further application is
6a, 9a, 25a
not made imperative by any paramount considerations of public policy, it may be rejected.”

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6b, 9b, 11a
In Re: Appointment of Valenzuela and Vallarta
Case No. 59
A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC (November 9, 1998)
FACTS:
Judges were appointed to the RTC by the President on May 12 1998, within 2 months before
the election. There are two conflicting provisions in the 1987 Constitution, the former validating this
action and the latter proscribing it. On the one hand, Art. 8, Sec. 4 requires that all vacancies in the
judiciary be filled within 90 days of such vacancy. On the other hand, Art. 7, Sec. 15 prohibits the
President from making any appointments two months before Presidential elections, except for
temporary appointments to executive positions when public interest is at stake.
ISSUE:
W/N the appointments were valid.
HELD:
No, the appointments were void. The general rule is that the President must fill in vacancies in
the Judiciary within 90 days, but this does not apply in the special circumstance of Presidential
elections, which occurs only once every six years. Temporary appointments to executive positions are
the only exception. The prohibition is for public policy purposes, to prevent “midnight appointments”
– which is more compelling than temporary vacancies in the judiciary.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a, 35, 36b, 38a, 50, b
Magtoto v. Manguera
Case No. 159
G.R. Nos. L-37201-02 (March 3, 1975)
Chapter XI, Page 457, Footnote No.79
FACTS:
The present cases involve the interpretation of Sec. 20 Art. 4 of the New Constitution which
took effect on Jan. 17, 1973. The provision reads: “… Any person under investigation…shall have the
right to remain silent and to counsel, and to be informed of such right…. Any confession obtained in
violation of this section shall be inadmissible.” Petitioner was accused in two criminal cases of murder
in two informations both dated Feb. 23, 1973. During the trial, his extrajudicial confession dated Nov.
15, 1972 was admitted in evidence over the objection that it was taken while the accused was in the
preventive custody of the PC without his having been informed of his right to remain silent and to
counsel.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the Petitioner’s extra-judicial confession dated on Nov. 15, 1972 is admissible as
evidence.
2. W/N Sec. 20, Art. 4 of the New Constitution can be applied retroactively.
HELD:
1. Yes. Petitioner’s confession is admissible. The court ruled that a confession obtained from
a person under investigation, who has not been informed of his right to counsel, is admissible in
evidence if the same had been obtained before the effectivity of the New Constitution, since no law
gave the accused the right to be so informed before that date. Conversely, such confession is
inadmissible if the same had been obtained after the effectivity of the New Constitution.
2. No. The constitutional guarantee of right to counsel only has prospective effect. Giving
such provision a retroactive effect would invite unwarranted hardship on the part of the prosecutor.
LATIN MAXIM:
12a, 46a
Filoteo v. Sandiganbayan Co v. Electoral Tribunal, House of Representatives
Case No. 106
Case No. 66
G.R. No. 79543 (October 16, 1996)
G.R. Nos. 92191-92 and 92202-03 (July 30, 1991)
Chapter XI, Page 457, Footnote No.80
Chapter XI, Page 457, Footnote No.82
FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioners were held guilty by Respondent Court for the crime of robbery of a postal delivery Respondents declared Jose Ong Jr., elected representative of Northern Samar, as a natural
van. Upon the capture of his co-accused, he was pointed out as the mastermind. When Petitioner was born Filipino citizen. Petitioners contend that based on the 1987 Constitution, Jose Ong, Jr. who was
captured, he admitted involvement in the crime and pointed his other confederates. On May 30, 1982, born on June 19, 1948 (during which the 1935 Constitution was operative), is not a natural born
Petitioner executed sworn statements (confessing what had happened), without the presence of a Filipino citizen having been born to a Chinese father, Jose Ong Chuan and a Filipina mother Agrifina
counsel. The 1987 Constitution provides that the right to counsel of the accused cannot be waived Lao.
except in writing and in the presence of a counsel. Petitioner claims that such proscription against an
uncounselled waiver is applicable to him retroactively, even though his custodial investigation took
ISSUE:
place in 1983.
1. W/N people who have elected Philippine citizenship under the 1935 Constitution are to be
considered natural born Filipino citizens.
ISSUE:
2. W/N this provision should be applied retroactively.
1. W/N the Petitioner’s extra-judicial confession is admissible even without the presence of a HEL
counsel. D: Yes. Under of Art. 4 Sec. 1 par. 3 of the Constitution, children born of Filipino
2. W/N the said provisions of 1987 Constitution can be applied retroactively. mothers before January 17, 1973 shall be accorded natural born status if they elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority. They need not perform any act of “election” granted that
HEL his father was naturalized and declared a Filipino citizen by 1957, when he was only 9 years old. The
D: 1. Yes, it is admissible under the 1973 Constitution. Accordingly, waivers of the provision in question must be
right to counsel during custodial investigation without the benefit of counsel during the effectivity of applied retroactively since it seeks to remedy the inequitable situation under the 1935 Constitution
the 1973 Constitution should, by such argumentation, be admissible. wherein people born of Filipino fathers and alien mothers were considered natural born while children
2. No. The specific provision of the 1987 Constitution requiring that a waiver by an accused born of Filipino mothers and alien fathers were not.
of his right to counsel during custodial investigation must be made with the assistance of a counsel
may not be applied to him retroactively or in cases where the extrajudicial confession was made prior LATIN MAXIM:
to the effectivity of the said constitution. 8a, 9a, 42a

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 46a
Sarmiento v. Mison Domingo v. Commission on Audit
Case No. 277
Case No. 37
G.R. Nos. 80519-21 (December 17, 1987)
G.R. No. 112371 (October 7, 1998)
Chapter XI, Page 458, Footnote No.84

FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioners question the validity of appointment of Respondent as Commissioner of the
Petitioner was endorsed with several government vehicles for the use of the personnel of the
Bureau of Customs on the ground that it was not confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The
entire Region V of DSWD. Respondent sent a communication to the Petitioner informing her that post-
Court favored the Respondent based on express provisions of the 1987 Constitution.
audit reports on the DSWD disbursement accounts showed that officials provided with government
vehicles were still collecting transportation allowances when they should not be. Petitioner asserted
ISSUE:
that even if she was assigned a government vehicle, she was entitled to transportation allowance on the
W/N Sec. 16, Art. 7 provides for officers other than the first group to be appointed with the
days she did not use a government vehicle.
consent of the Commission on Appointments.
ISSUE:
HELD:
W/N a commutable transportation allowance may still be claimed by a government official
No. Sec. 16 Art. 7 only provides for the appointment, by the President of “heads of executive
provided with a government vehicle, for the days the official did not actually use the vehicle.
departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, officers of the armed forces from the
rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in him in this
HELD:
Constitution” with the requirement of CA approval. Deliberations of the Constitutional Commission
The General Appropriations Act of 1988, 1990 and 1991 clearly provides that transportation
reveal that the framers of the 1987 Constitution deliberately excluded the position “heads of bureaus”
allowance will not be granted to officials who are assigned a government vehicles except as approved
from CA confirmation with the intent of reconciling the 1935 Constitution which turned the
by the President.
Commission into a venue for “horse-trading”, and that of the 1973 Constitution which placed absolute
power of appointment in the President. The word “also” in the second sentence of Sec. 16 Art. 7 must
not be construed as to suppose that officers in the second sentence shall be appointed “in a like LATIN MAXIM:
manner” as that of the first group. 6c, 7a, 24a

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 24b, 32, 39a, b
Globe-Mackay v. NLRC and Salazar
Case No. 112
G.R. No. 82511 (March 3, 1992)
Chapter IV, Page 124, Footnote No.3
FACTS:
Petitioner placed Respondent Salazar under preventive suspension because it appeared that
she had full knowledge of the loss and whereabouts of an air conditioner that Delfin Saldivar had
stolen from the company but failed to inform her employer. Respondent Salazar filed a complaint for
illegal suspension and for other damages. On appeal, the Respondent Court affirmed the decision of the
Labor Arbiter with respect to the reinstatement of Private Respondent but limited back wages to 2
years and deleted award for moral damages.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the Labor Tribunal committed grave abuse of discretion in ordering the reinstatement
of Respondent Salazar.
2. W/N there existed independent legal grounds to hold Respondent Salazar answerable as
well and, thereby, justify her dismissal.
HEL
D: The Labor Code clearly provides that an employee who is unjustly dismissed
from work shall be entitled to reinstatement and to his full back wages. An exception to this is when
the reinstatement may be inadmissible due to strained relations between the employer and the
employee. The position of Private Respondent as systems analyst is not one that may be characterized
as such. Moreover, Petitioner merely insinuated that since Respondent Salazar had a special
relationship with Saldivar, she might have had direct knowledge of Saldivar’s questionable activities.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c
Luzon Brokerage Co v. Public Service Commission
Case No. 76
G.R. No. L-37661 (November 16, 1932)
FACTS:
Petitioner has been operating a fleet of trucks utilized exclusively for the carriage of goods or
cargo of its particular customers. On May 9, 1932, Respondent required the Petitioner to file with the
commission within a period of thirty days an application for a certificate of public convenience for the
operation of his trucks since they were said to be devoted to the transportation of cargo with
compensation as provided in Sec. 13 of the Public Service Law.
ISSUE:
W/N the amendments introduced into Sec. 13 of Act No. 3108 by Act No. 3316 conferred
jurisdiction on the Respondents over the Petitioner’s business, although it is not a common carrier.
HELD:
The omission from Sec. 13 of the phrase “for public use” in the definition of a public service
does not mean that the Legislature meant to extend the jurisdiction of the PSC to private enterprises not
devoted to public use. Public service is a service for
public use. The insertion of the phrase “for hire or compensation” does not show the intent either. This
is a stock phrase found in most definitions of a common carrier and a public utility. Also,
notwithstanding the changes in the wording of the definition of the term “public service” introduced by
Act No. 3316, there were no alterations made in the basic provisions of the other sections. Respondent
has no jurisdiction over Petitioner.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 36b
ROUND 2
Aparri v. Court of Appeals
People v. Quijada
Case No. 15
Case No.
G.R. No. L-30057 (January 31, 1984)
G.R. Nos. 115008 (July 24, 1996)
Chapter IV, Page 124, Footnote No.4

FACTS:
R.A. 1160 created the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).
Said law also empowered its Board of Directors to appoint and fix the term of office of the General
Manager subject to approval of the President.
On January 15, 1960, the Board approved Resolution No. 13 appointing Petitioner as General
Manager of NARRA.
On March 15, 1962, the Board approved Resolution No. 24 wherein the President expressed
his desire to fix the term of office of the incumbent General Manager up to March 31, 1962.
FACTS:
Respondent killed Diosdado Iroy using an unlicensed firearm. He was convicted of 2
offenses, which were separately filed:
1) Murder under Art. 248 of the RPC
2) Illegal possession of firearms in its aggravated form under PD 1866
Par 2 of Sec 1 of P.D. 1866 states that, “If homicide or murder is committed with the use of an
unlicensed firearm, the penalty of death shall be imposed.”

ISSUE:
W/N Resolution No. 24 constitutes removal of Petitioner without cause.
HELD:
No, Petitioner’s term of office is deemed expired. R.A. 1160 expressly gives the Board the
power to appoint and fix the term of office of the General Manager. The word ‘term’ describes the
period that an office may hold office and upon expiration of such term, his rights, duties, and authority
must cease. In this case, the term of office is not fixed by law, but by the Board.
LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 6c
ISSUE:
1) W/N the trial court’s judgment should be sustained in conformity with the doctrine laid down
in People v. Tac-an, People v. Tiozon, People v. Caling, etc. OR to modify the judgment and
convict the appellant only of illegal possession of firearm in its aggravated form pursuant to
People v. Barros.
2) W/N the 2nd par of Sec 1 of PD1866 integrated illegal possession of firearm and the resultant
killing into a single integrated offense.
HELD:
1) The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
2) 2nd par of Sec 1 of P.D. 1866 does not support a conclusion that intended to treat said two
offenses as a single and integrated offense of “illegal possession with homicide or murder”. It
does not use the clause “as a result” or “on the occasion of ”to evince an intention to create a
single integrated crime, but rather it uses the clause “with the use of”.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c
Baranda v. Gustillo
Case No. 30
G.R. No. L-81163 (September 26, 1988)
Chapter IV, Page 125, Footnote No.5
FACTS:
Both parties claim that they own a parcel of land, Lot No. 4517. The Court,
after discovering that private respondent’s TCT was fraudulently acquired, ordered a writ of possession
against them and issued a resolution denying with finality a motion for reconsideration filed by Private
Respondents. Another group filed a separate civil case against Petitioners and applied for lis pendens
on the TCT of said lot, which the court found out to be privies of the Private Respondents tasked to
delay the implementation of the final decisions of the Court.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the pendency of the appeal in subsequent civil case with the Court of Appeals prevents
the court from canceling the notice of lis pendens in the certificate of titles of petitioners
which were earlier declared valid and subsisting by this Court.
2. What is the nature of the duty of the Register of Deeds to annotate or annul the notice of lis
pendens in a Torrens Certificate of Title?
HELD:
1. Respondent Judge abused his discretion in sustaining the Acting Register of Deed’s stand. He
forgot the 1st par of Sec. 77 of P.D. 1529 which provides: Cancellation of lis pendens –
“Before the final judgment, a notice of lis pendens may be cancelled upon order of the Court
after proper showing that … it is necessary to protect the rights of those who caused it to be
registered. …”
2. Sec 10 of PD 1529 states that, “It shall be the duty of the Register of Deeds to immediately
register an instrument presented for registration …. If the instrument cannot be registered, he
shall forthwith deny registration thereof and inform the presenter of such denial in writing,
stating the ground therefore, and advising him of his rights to appeal by consulta.”
LATIN MAXIM:
6c
Basbacio v. Office of the Secretary, Dept. of Justice
Case No.
G.R. No. 109445 (November 7, 1994)
FACTS:
RA 7309, among other things, provides for compensation of persons unjustly
accused, convicted, and imprisoned. Petitioner and his son-in-law Balderrama were charged with
murder and frustrated murder for killing Boyon and wounding his wife and son, due to a land dispute
and thus imprisoned. However, on appeal to the CA, Petitioner was acquitted on the ground that
conspiracy between him and his son-in- law was not proven. What was proven was that he was at the
scene of the crime with Petitioner when the shooting happened and left the place with his son-in-law.
Petitioner claims he was unjustly accused and is entitled to compensation.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is entitled to compensation pursuant to RA 7309.
HELD:
No, he is not. For one to be “unjustly accused” one must be wrongly accused from the very
beginning, unjustly convicted (when a judge knowingly and deliberately rendered an unjust judgment,
whimsical and capricious devoid of any basis for judgment) and imprisoned. In the case at bar,
Petitioner was acquitted because the prosecution was unable to prove beyond reasonable doubt that
Petitioner was guilty. Thus, he does not fall under RA 7309.
LATIN
MAXIM: 9a,
11a, 25a
Segovia v. Sandiganbayan
Case No.
G.R. No. 124067 (March 27, 1998)
FACTS:
Petitioners were designated as members of the Contracts Committee for NPC’s Mindanao
project. The lowest bidder, Joint Venture was disqualified after the PCAB verified that Joint Venture
as well as the 2nd lowest bidder, Urban Consolidated Constructors, were “downgraded” thereby
ineligible as bidders. Since all other bids exceeded the allowable government estimate on the project,
the committee declared a failure of bidding and directed a re-bidding. NPC Board approved, but for
reasons not on record. The project was eventually cancelled. Petitioners were charged under RA 3019
for in “one way or the other, extending undue advantage to Joint Venture through manifest partiality,
evident bad faith and gross inexcusable negligence.” For this, petitioners were suspended from office.
ISSUE:
W/N it is mandatory or discretionary for Sandiganbayan to place under preventive suspension
public officers who stand accused before it.
HELD:
Yes, it is mandatory. Under the act, one accused of any offense involving fraud upon
government public funds or property whether the crime is simple or complex, regardless of stage of
execution and mode of participation, shall be suspended from office. Jurisprudence is clear that upon
determination of the validity of the information, a court must issue a suspension order as held in
Gonzaga v. Sandiganbayan, Luciano, et al. v. Mariano, Socrates v. Sandiganbayan.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 7a
Tanada v. Yulo
Case No. 288
No. 43575 (May 31, 1935)
Chapter IV, Page 127, Footnote No.11
FACTS:
Petitioner is a Justice of Peace appointed by the Gov. Gen. with the consent by the Philippine
Commission, assigned to Alabat, Tayabas. Later in his service, he was transferred to Perez, Tayabas.
He reached his 65th birthday on October 35, 1934, subsequent to the approval of Act No. 3899 which
makes mandatory the retirement of all justices who have reached 65 years of age at the time said Act
takes effect on January 1, 1933. The judge of First instance, acting upon the directive of the Secretary
of Respondent Justice, directed Petitioner to cease holding office pursuant to Act No. 3899.
ISSUE:
1. W/N Petitioner should cease to hold office.
2. W/N his transfer is considered a “new transfer” and requires confirmation by the Philippine
Commission.
HELD:
No, Petitioner should not cease to hold office as Act No. 3899 clearly states that those who
will cease to hold office are those 65 yrs of age at the time the Act takes effect, not thereafter.
Therefore, Petitioner shall be a Justice of Peace for life as long as he stays in good behavior or does not
become incapacitated.
No, his transfer is not a new appointment. Hence, no confirmation is required as it is just an
enlargement of the jurisdiction grounded on original appointment.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
Eliseo Silva v. Belen Cabrera
Case No. 146
G.R. No. L-3629 (March 19, 1951)
FACTS:
Respondent filed an application with the Public Service Commission for a
certificate of public convenience, to be able to operate an ice plant in the City of Lipa. Petitioner,
owner of another ice plant already in the same area, opposed Respondent’s application, claiming that
public convenience did not need another ice plant. Atty. Aspillera was delegated by the Commissioner
to receive testimony and conduct hearing of the contest; thereafter the Commission en banc rendered a
decision that Respondent was allowed to operate the ice plant. After which, Petitioner claimed that
under the law, no one except the Commissioner may hear contested cases.
ISSUE:
W/N delegation to Atty. Aspillera to hear the case is lawful.
HELD:
No, the delegation is unlawful. Although Sec. 32 of Public Service Act allows the
Commission to delegate to any of their attorneys the right to receive evidence or take testimony, Sec. 3
of the same act provides that in (1) all contested cases and (2) cases involving fixing of rates, the
reception of evidence may only be delegated to one of the Commissioners.
Thus, though the law makes it inconvenient or cumbersome for the Commission to handle
contested cases, where the law is clear, the Commission nor the Court may not disregard, circumvent,
or interpret the law any other way. Plus, you have to look at the entire Act, and not just specific
provisions, in applying the law.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 8a, 36b
Radio Communications of the Philippines v. National Telecom. Com.
Case No. 129
G.R. No. L-68729 (May 29, 1987)
FACTS:
Petitioner was awarded legislative franchise in 1957 by RA 2036 to operate a
radio communications system, recognized by the Public Service Commission (PSC). Petitioner then
established services in Sorsogon, Mindoro, and Samar. In 1980, the Respondent, which replaced the
PSC, authorized Kayumanggi to set up radio systems in Mindoro and Samar too. Respondent, after
conducting a hearing upon a complaint by Kayumanggi, ordered Petitioner to stop operating, because it
didn’t have a certificate of public convenience, which is necessary under EO 546 for any public service
to operate.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner still needs a certificate of candidacy before it can validly operate.
HELD:
Yes, they need such certificates to validly operate.
Petitioner was created under RA 2036, governed by the Public Service Commission. Under it,
radio companies did not need a certificate of public convenience to operate. However, P.D. 1 abolished
the Public Service Commission and EO 546 created the Respondent Commission. Under EO 546,
Respondent must issue a certificate of public convenience for the operation of radio communications
systems. Petitioner did not avail of it when they should have.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6c, 30, 46a, 49
National Federation of Labor v. Hon. Eisma Pascual v. Pascual-Bautista
Case No. 84
Case No. 198
G.R. No. L-61236 (January 31, 1984)
G.R. No. 84240 (March 25, 1992)
Chapter IV, Page 127, Footnote No.16

FACTS:
Zambowood Union went on strike because of the illegal termination of their union leader and
underpayment of their monthly allowance. In the process, they blocked the roads and prevented
customers and suppliers from entering the premises. Thereafter, Respondent filed in court for damages
for obstruction of private property. Petitioners contended that jurisdiction over this case belongs to
Labor Arbiter and not for courts to decide.
ISSUE:
W/N courts may be labor arbiters that can pass on a suit for damages filed by an employer or
is it the Labor Arbiter of the NLRC?
HELD:
Yes, the Labor Arbiter has jurisdiction.
In the Labor Code, Sec. 217 vested Labor Arbiters with original jurisdiction. However, P.D.
1367 amended Sec. 217, vesting courts of first instance with original jurisdiction to award damages for
illegal dismissal. But again P.D. 1691 amended Sec. 217 to return the jurisdiction to Labor Arbiters.
Additionally, BP 130 amended the same section, but without changing original jurisdiction of LA over
money claims arising from employer-employee relations. Thus the law is clear, respondent Judge has
no jurisdiction to act on the case.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 7a
FACTS:
Petitioners are the acknowledged natural children of the late Eligio Pascual, the latter being
the full blood brother of the decedent Don Andres Pascual, who died intestate without any issue,
legitimate, acknowledged natural, adopted or spurious children.
ISSUE:
W/N Art. 992 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, which states that “An illegitimate child has
no right to inherit ab intestato from the legitimate children and relatives of his father or mother; nor
shall such children or relatives inherit in the same manner from the illegitimate child”, can be
interpreted to exclude recognized natural children from the inheritance of the deceased.
HELD:
In Diaz v. IAC, this Court ruled that “Art. 992 of the Civil Code provides a barrier or iron
curtain in that it prohibits absolutely a succession ab intestate between the illegitimate child and the
legitimate children and relatives of the father or mother of said legitimate child. They may have a
natural tie of blood, but this is not recognized by law for the purposes of Art. 992.”
Eligio Pascual is a legitimate child but petitioners are his illegitimate children. Petitioners
herein cannot represent their father in the succession of the latter to the intestate estate of the decedent
Andres Pascual, full blood brother of their father.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 7b, 36b
People v. Amigo People v. Santayana
Case No. 201
Case No. 115
G.R. No. 116719 (January 18, 1996)
No. L-22291 (November 15, 1976)
Chapter IV, Page 127, Footnote No.16

FACTS:
The Regional Trial Court rendered a decision finding the Accused guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of the crime of murder, and sentenced to the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
Accused-Appellant argues that error was committed by the trial court in imposing or meting
out the penalty of reclusion perpetua against him despite the fact that Sec. 19 (1), Art. 3 of the 1987
Constitution was already in effect when the offense was committed.
Accused-Appellant contends that under the 1987 Constitution and prior to the promulgation
of RA 7659, the death penalty had been abolished and hence, the penalty that should have been
imposed for the crime of murder committed by Accused-Appellant should be reclusion temporal in its
medium period to 20 years of reclusion temporal.
ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 19 (1), Article 3 of the 1987 Constitution means to require a corresponding
modification in the other periods as a result of the prohibition against the death penalty.
HELD:
In People vs. Muñoz, the Court held that “A reading of Section 19 (1) of Article III will
readily show that there is really nothing therein which expressly declares the abolition of the death
penalty.”
FACTS:
Accused was found guilty of the crime of illegal possession of firearms and sentenced to an
indeterminate penalty from one year and one day to two years, and to pay the costs.
ISSUE:
W/N the appointment of the Appellant as a special agent of the CIS, which apparently
authorizes him to carry and possess firearms, exempts him from securing a license or permit
corresponding thereto.
HELD:
Yes. At the time of appellant’s apprehension, the doctrine then prevailing was enunciated in
the case of People vs. Macarandang wherein it was held that the appointment of a civilian as “secret
agent to assist in the maintenance of peace and order campaigns and detection of crimes sufficiently
puts him within the category of a ‘peace officer’ equivalent even to a member of the municipal police
expressly covered by Section 879”.
LATIN MAXIM:
46a

LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 7b
National Marketing Corp. (NAMARCO) v. Miguel D. Tecson
Case No. 184
G.R. No. L-29131 (August 27, 1969)
Chapter 4, Page 127, Footnote No.18
FACTS:
On 14 November 1955, defendants were ordered by the Court of First Instance of Manila to
pay PRATRA, the sum of P7,200 plus 7% interest until the amount was fully paid until May 25, 1960.
On 21 December 1965, Plaintiff filed a complaint against the same defendants for the revival of the
judgment rendered in the initial case. Defendants moved to dismiss the said complaint, on the ground
of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter thereof and prescription of action. The complaint was
dismissed as having prescribed.
ISSUE:
W/N the date on which ten years from December 21, 1955 expired was considered to be
December 21, 1965.
HELD:
NO. "When the laws speak of years ... it shall be understood that years are of three hundred
sixty-five days each" according to Art. 13 of our Civil Code. 1960 and 1964 being leap years, the
month of February in both had 29 days, so that ten (10) years of 365 days each, or an aggregate of
3,650 days, from December 21, 1955, expired on December 19, 1965.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7b
Santiago v. Commission on Elections, et al.
Case No. 90
G.R. No. 127325 (March 19, 1997)
Chapter IV, Page 129, Footnote No.26
FACTS:
On December 6, 1996, Private Respondents filed with Respondent Commission a petition to
amend the Constitution through a system of initiative Sec. 2, Art. 17 of the 1987 Constitution.
Petitioners filed a special civil action for prohibition based on the argument that the constitutional
provision on people’s initiative can only be implemented by law to be passed by Congress and no such
law has been passed. RA 6735 provides for three systems of initiative: initiative on the Constitution, on
statutes, and on local legislation. However, it failed to provide any subtitle on initiative on the
Constitution, unlike in the other modes of initiative, which are specifically provided for in Subtitle II
and Subtitle III. This deliberate omission indicates that the matter of people's initiative to amend the
Constitution was left to some future law.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 6735 is an adequate statute to implement Section 2, Article 17 of the 1987
Constitution.
HELD:
NO. While the Act provides subtitles for National Initiative and Referendum (Subtitle II) and
for Local Initiative and Referendum (Subtitle III), no subtitle is provided for initiative on the
Constitution. This conspicuous silence as to the latter simply means that the main thrust of the Act is
initiative and referendum on national and local laws. If Congress intended R.A. No. 6735 to fully
provide for the implementation of the initiative on amendments to the Constitution, it could have
provided for a subtitle therefore, considering that in the order of things, the primacy of interest, or
hierarchy of values, the right of the people to directly propose amendments to the Constitution is far
more important than the initiative on national and local laws.
LATIN
MAXIM: 9a, 43
Villanueva v. COMELEC
Case No. 170
No. L – 54718 (December 4, 1986)
FACTS:
On January 25, 1980, Petitioner filed a certificate of candidacy for Vice Mayor of Dolores for
the January 30 elections in substitution for his companion Mendoza who withdrew candidacy without
oath upon filing on January 4. Petitioner won in the election but Respondent Board disregarded all his
votes and proclaimed Respondent Candidate as the winner on the presumption that Petitioner’s
candidacy was not duly approved by Respondent. Petitioner filed a petition for the annulment of the
proclamation but was dismissed by Respondent Commission on the grounds that Mendoza’s unsworn
withdrawal had no legal effect, and that assuming it was effective, Petitioner’s candidacy was not valid
since Mendoza did not withdraw after January 4.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner should be disqualified on the ground of formal or technical defects.
HELD:
No. The fact that Mendoza’s withdrawal was not sworn is a technicality, which should not be
used to frustrate the people’s will in favor of Petitioner as the substitute candidate. Also, his
withdrawal right on the very same day that he filed his candidacy should be considered as having been
made substantially and in truth after the last day, even going by the literal reading of the provision by
Respondent Commission. The spirit of the law rather than its literal reading should have guided
Respondent Commission in resolving the issue of last-minute withdrawal and substitution of other
persons as candidates.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 9a, 39c
Mario R. Melchor v. Commission on Audit
Case No. 177
G.R. No. 95398 (August 16, 1991)
Chapter IV. Page 133, Footnote No.35
FACTS:
On July 15, 1983, Petitioner, as school administrator of Alangalang Agro-Industrial School of Leyte,
entered into a contract with Cebu Diamond Construction for the construction of one of the school
buildings. The school accountant issued a certificate of availability of funds to cover the construction
cost but failed to sign as a witness to the contract, which was approved by the Minister of Education.
During construction, the contractor sought additional charges due to labor cost increase, but eventually
gave up the project to save itself from losses. Consequently, the matter was referred to Respondent
Commission who disallowed the payment in post- audit on the ground that the contract was null and
void for lack of signature of the chief accountant of the school as witness to it. For this reason the
petitioner was made personally liable for the amount paid to the contractor.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the contract was null and void.
2. W/N the petitioner should be held personally liable for the amount paid to the contractor.
HELD:
No. The chief accountant’s issuance of a certificate of fund availability served as substantial
compliance with the requirements of LOI 968 in the execution of the contract. The contract was also
valid and enforceable because it already bore the approval of the Minister of Education. Also, it was
highly inequitable for the Court to compel the Petitioner, who had substantially complied with the
mandate of LOI 968, to shoulder the construction cost of the building, which was being utilized by the
school when he was not reaping benefits from it.
LATIN MAXIM:
8a, 9a, 12a
Mateo Casela v. Court of Appeals, and Exequiel Magsaysay De Jesus v. City of Manila
Case No. 50
Case No. 86
G.R. No. L – 26754 (October 16, 1970)
G.R. No. L-9337 (December 24, 1914)
Chapter IV, Page 134, Footnote No.38
Chapter IV, Page 134, Footnote No.41

FACTS:
Petitioner was ordered, on Oct. 26, 1956, to vacate the premises and remove his house. Petitioner
refused to comply. Thus, the Court issued two more writs on May 6, 1958 and April 14, 1959. Instead
of obeying the writs, the Petitioner filed a case before the Court of First Instance of Zambales, asking
Private Respondent to pay him the value of his house in addition to damages. He also filed a motion
for suspension of the implementation of the writ of execution. The Court granted the motion for
suspension but the civil case was dismissed when it reached Respondent Court. For this reason,
Magsaysay filed a motion for execution of the writ dated Dec. 6, 1963 and another on Feb. 11, 1964.
CAR denied the motion holding that its decision dated Oct. 26, 1956 could no longer be executed on
mere motion for the reason that a period of five years has already elapsed from the said date.
FACTS:
In 1907, Petitioner bought from an original owner a piece of land in Manila which was under
the Torrens system. Apparently, the original owner incorrectly declared the size of the land. So, from
1901 – 1907, the original owner was paying lesser taxes than he should have and same for Petitioner
from 1907 – 1910. Upon finding out that he was not paying the correct amount of taxes, Petitioner paid
the taxes, fees, and interest of P2, 096.49 for the unpaid balance of the years 1901-1910.
Soon after, he protested and filed an action to recover the same amount.
Petitioner was awarded P1, 649.82.
Petitioner contends that the supposed taxes from before 1910 were not actually taxes because
they had not yet been assessed. Taxes may not be due and payable until they are assessed.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N the motion for execution which was filed beyond the reglementary W/N Petitioner should still pay the taxes which were not assessed before.
E:
period was time-barred.
HEL
HELD: D: Petitioner should only pay the taxes when he was the owner of the property.
No. From Dec. 17, 1956 when the decision in question became final and
executory, to Dec. 11, 1963, the date when Private Respondent’s motion for execution was filed, a LATIN MAXIM:
period of 6 years, 11 months and 24 days elapsed. From this period, the time during which the writs of 6, 9a, 38b, 43, 50
execution could not be served, or a period of 3 years, 9 months and 25 days must be subtracted.
Consequently, only 3 years, 1 month and 29 days can be charged against the reglementary period.
Hence Private Respondent’s motion for execution was not time-barred.

LATIN MAXIM:
8a, 9c, 11a, 11d, 11e
Federation of Free Workers v. Inciong Morales v. Paredes
Case No. 45
Case No. 83
G.R. No. L-48848 (May 11, 1988)
G.R. No. L-34428 (December 29, 1930)

FACTS:
In April 1977, PD 1123 was promulgated requiring all employers in the private
sector to pay their employees an extra P60/month as emergency allowance. The increase was set at
May 1, 1977, as well as the rules issued on the same day. Sec. 6 stated that Employers may apply for
exemption with the Secretary of Labor within 30 days from the effectivity of these rules. On
September 27, 1977, the company filed with the Wage Commission its application for exemption from
paying the increase. Respondent approved both applications granting exemptions for the company.
Petitioners argue that Respondent committed grave abuse of discretion, amounting to loss of
jurisdiction by approving both applications.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the first application was filed beyond the 30-day reglementary period.
2. W/N the petitioners were in a financial position to pay the additional emergency allowance.
HELD:
No, the application was not a strict rule. The purpose of the PD is to protect wages and
income. The law takes into consideration that there is a possibility that some employers are not
financially capable to pay such wages and such incapability may happen anytime within the year.
No, only the Department of Labor and Wage Commission can decide if the petitioner was in a
financial position to pay. The Department is in a better position to assess the matter. In absence of any
grave abuse of discretion, their recommendations will be respected by the courts. Moreover, the
company was able prove their financial situation by giving financial statements.
FACTS:
Petitioner claimed to own a parcel of land in Pangasinan wherein two other
people have already registered such land as their own.
Respondent Judge granted the registration of the land to the two claimants. Petitioner filed a
motion for reconsideration in the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan. While the Motion was still
pending, Petitioner brought the present action to the Supreme Court praying that the decision of
Respondent Judge be set aside and a new trial should be granted in accordance with Sec. 513 if the
Code of Civil Procedure.
ISSUE:
W/N a new trial should be granted in accordance with Sec. 513 of the Code of Civil
Procedure.
HELD:
Supreme Court cannot open a new trial. The Supreme Court does not have jurisdiction to
reopen judgments under Sec. 513 if there are other adequate remedies available. Petitioner still has a
pending Motion for Reconsideration case with the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan, therefore, that
action should be finished first.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c

LATIN MAXIM:
8, 9a, 42
Prasnik v. Republic of the Philippines
Case No. 125
G.R. No. L-8639 (March 23, 1956)
FACT
S: Petitioner seeks to adopt four children which he claims to be his and Paz
Vasquez’ children without the benefit of marriage. The Solicitor General opposed this stating that Art.
338 of the Civil Code allows a natural child to be adopted by his father refers only to a child who has
not been acknowledged as natural child. It maintains that in order that a natural child may be adopted
by his natural father or mother there should not be an acknowledgment of the status of the natural child
for it will go against Art. 335.
ISSUE:
W/N the Civil Code allows for the adoption of acknowledged natural children of the father or
mother.
HELD:
The law intends to allow adoption whether the child be recognized or not. If the intention
were to allow adoption only to unrecognized children, Article 338 would be of no useful purpose. The
rights of an acknowledged natural child are much less than those of a legitimated child. Contending
that this is unnecessary would deny the illegitimate children the chance to acquire these rights. The
trend when it comes to adoption of children tends to go toward the liberal. The law does not prohibit
the adoption of an acknowledged natural child which when compared to a natural child is equitable. An
acknowledged natural child is a natural child also and following the words of the law, they should be
allowed adoption.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 8a, 9, 12, 26, 36a, 37, 39b
De Guia v. COMELEC
Case No. 30
G.R. No. 104712 (May 6, 1992)
FACTS:
Petitioner contends that under Par (d) of Sec. 3 of RA 7166, members of the
Sangguniang Panlulungsod and Sangguniang Bayan shall be elected at large.
ISSUE:
W/N par (d) Sec. 3 of RA 7166 should be interpreted to mean that elective officials of the
Sangguniang Panlulungsod and Sangguniang Bayan shall be elected at large.
HELD:
No. Par (d) Sec.3 of the RA refers only to elective officials of the Sangguniang Panlulungsod
of single district cities and elective officials of the Sangguniang Bayan for municipalities outside
Metro Manila. The law specifically stated that provinces with only one legislative district should be
divided into two and therefore should necessarily be elected by districts. Par (d) should be interpreted
in line with the rest of the statute and to follow the interpretation of the petitioner there would have
been no reason for the RA to single out the single district provinces. The court realized that the
language of the law in this case seems abstruse and the key to determine what legislature intended is
the purpose or reason which induced it to enact the statute. The explanatory note in the proposed bill
provided that the reason for the division into two legislative districts is to reduce the number of
candidates to be voted for in the 1992 elections.
LATIN MAXIM:
2, 9c, 11a, 36b, 37, b2
Salenillas v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 68
G.R. No. 78687 (January 31, 1989)
Chapter IV, Page 135, Footnote No.47
FACTS:
On December 4, 1973, the property of Petitioners was mortgaged to Philippine National Bank
as security for a loan of P2,500. For failure to pay their loan, the property was foreclosed by PNB and
was bought at a public auction by Private Respondent. Petitioner maintains that they have a right to
repurchase the property under Sec.119 of the Public Land Act. Respondent states that the sale of the
property disqualified Petitioners from being legal heirs vis-à-vis the said property. Respondent also
maintains that the period for repurchase has already prescribed based on Monge et al. vs. Angeles.
ISSUE:
1. W/N petitioners have the right to repurchase the property under the said Act.
2. W/N the prescription period had already prescribed.
Held:
The provision makes no distinction between the legal heirs. The distinction made by
Respondent contravenes the very purpose of the Act. Petitioners’
contention would be more in keeping with the spirit of the law.
With regard to prescription, the Monge case involved a pacto de retro sale and not a
foreclosure sale and so the rules under the transaction would be different. For foreclosure sales, the
prescription period starts on the day after the expiration of the period of redemption when the deed of
absolute sale was executed.
LATIN MAXIM:
9b, 26, 27, 9b, 42a
Sarcos v. Castillo
Case No. 276
G.R. No. L-29755 (January 31, l969)
Chapter IV, Page 136, Footnote No. 48
FACTS:
Petitioner, the elected Mayor of Barobo, Surigao del Sur, was charged with misconduct and
dishonesty in office by Respondent, the Provincial Governor of Surigao del Sur. The act, constituting
the alleged dishonesty and misconduct in office consisted in the alleged connivance of Petitioner with
certain private individuals in the cutting and selling of timber or logs for their own use and benefit, to
the damage and prejudice of the public and of the government. And on the basis of such administrative
complaint, Petitioner was placed under preventive suspension by Respondent pursuant to Sec. 5, of RA
No. 5185, otherwise known as the “Decentralization Act of l967”.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent is vested with power to order such preventive suspension under the
Decentralization Act of l967.
HEL
D: The new law explicitly stated that the power of suspension was vested on the
Provincial Board. The purpose of this was to prevent partisan considerations by vesting the power on a
board where no one person may have monopoly over the power of suspension. The Provincial
Governor may no longer have the power of preventive suspension over a Municipal Mayor.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 6d, 7a, 9a, 36b, 49
Ala Mode Garments, Inc. v. NLRC Jose Comendador v. Renato S. De Villa
Case No. 7
Case No. 69
G. R. No. 122165 (February 17, l997)
G.R. No. 93177 (August 2, 1991) Chapter
Chapter IV, Page 138, Footnote No. 53
IV, Page 142, Footnote No. 61

FACTS: FACTS:
Respondents were both employees of Petitioner and holding position as line leaders, tasked to The petitioners are officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines facing prosecution for their
supervise 36 sewers each. On May 5 and 6, l993, all the line leaders did not report for work. On May 6, participation in the failed coup d’etat on December l to 9, l989.
l993, Private Respondents were not allowed to enter the premises of the Petitioner, and then required to In connection with their prosecution, a Pre-Investigation Panel and a Court Martial was
submit written explanations as to their absence. On May 10, l993, Private Respondents tendered their formed. During their trial, petitioners invoked their right to peremptory challenge. The same was
explanation letters. denied by the Court Martial on the ground that the right was discontinued when martial law was
Despite their explanation, they were not allowed to resume their work and were advised to declared under a Presidential Decree.
await the decision of the management whether or not the real reason for their absence was intended to
sabotage the operations of Petitioner. But other line leaders were allowed to resume their work despite
ISSUE:
their absence on May 5 and 6, l993.
1. W/N there was substantial compliance in the conduct of pre-trial investigation.
2. W/N there was a legal basis for the GCM No. 14 to deny the right of petitioners to invoke a
ISSUE:
peremptory challenge.
1. W/N the failure of Petitioner to allow Private Respondents from resuming their work
3. W/N there was a legal basis for the Regional Trial Courts to grant bail and order for the
constitutes dismissal from the service?
release of petitioners.
2. W/N the Labor Arbiter erred in limiting the award of backwages for only a period not
exceeding three 3 years?
HELD:
The right to peremptory challenge was suspended when Martial Law was declared. But when
HELD:
the same was lifted, the right to peremptory challenge was effectively revived. The reason being, the
Under the old doctrine, the backwages that can be awarded to illegally dismissed employees
right was suspended due to the creation of military tribunals to try cases of military personnel and other
was not to exceed a period of three years. However, a new doctrine allowed the awarding of “full” cases that may be referred to them, so when martial law was lifted and the tribunals were abolished, the
backwages and also prevented the company from deducting the earnings of the illegally dismissed
right to peremptory challenge was revived.
employees elsewhere during the pendency of their case. The Labor Arbiter was wrong in awarding
backwages for a period of not exceeding three years. LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 9a, 10
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 6a, 6c, 7a, 49
Matabuena v. Cervantes
Case No. 172
G.R. No. L-28771 (March 31, 1971)
Chapter IV, Page 143, Footnote No.69
FACTS:
Felix Matabuena cohabitated with Respondent. During this period, Felix Matabuena donated
to Respondent a parcel of land. Later the two were married. After the death of Felix Matabuena, his
sister, Petitioner, sought the nullification of the donation citing Art.133 of the Civil Code “Every
donation between the spouses during the marriage shall be void.”
The trial court ruled that this case was not covered by the prohibition because the donation
was made at the time the deceased and Respondent were not yet married and were simply cohabitating.
ISSUE:
W/N the prohibition applies to donations between live-in partners.
HELD:
Yes. It is a fundamental principle in statutory construction that what is within the spirit of the
law is as much a part of the law as what is written. Since the reason for the ban on donations between
spouses during the marriage is to prevent the possibility of undue influence and improper pressure
being exerted by one spouse on the other, there is no reason why this prohibition shall not apply also to
common-law relationships.
The court, however, said that the lack of the donation made by the deceased to Respondent
does not necessarily mean that the Petitioner will have exclusive rights to the disputed property
because the relationship between Felix and Respondent were legitimated by marriage.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a, 9c
Lopez & Sons, Inc. v. Court of Tax Appeals
Case No. 151
G.R. No. L-9274 (February 1, 1957)
Chapter IV, Page 144, Footnote No.76
FACTS:
Petitioner imported wire nettings from Germany. The Manila Customs Collector assessed the
customs duties on the basis of the suppliers invoice. The duties were paid and the shipment released.
Thereafter, the Manila Customs Collector reassessed the duties due on the basis of the dollar value of
the importation and imposed additional duties.
Petitioner appealed directly to Respondent Court but they dismissed it for lack of jurisdiction
citing Sec. 7 of RA 1125 creating said Tax Court. Provision says that “the Court has jurisdiction to
review decisions of Commissioner of Customs. However, under Sec. 11 of same Act, the Court has
jurisdiction to review rulings of the Collector of Customs when brought by persons affected thereby.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Court has jurisdiction to review the decisions of the Collector of Customs.
HELD:
Yes, there is indeed a disparity between Sec. 7 and 11 of same RA. The Supreme Court
concurred with the positions of the Solicitor General that a clerical error was committed in Sec. 11 and
the word Collector should read Commissioner. To support this, the Supreme Court cited that under the
Customs Law as found under Sec. 1137 to 1410 of the Revised Administrative Code, ‘the Collectors of
Customs are mere Subordinates of the Commissioner of Customs over whom he has supervision and
control.
In this ruling, the court did not engage in judicial legislation. It merely rectified an apparent
clerical error in the wordings of the statute to carry out the conspicuous intention of the Legislature.
Under the rule of statutory construction, it is not the letter, but the spirit of the law and the intent of the
legislature that is important.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 16a, 16c, 36a
Lamb v. Phipps
Case No. 143
G.R. No. L-7806 (July 12, 1912)
Chapter 4, Page 144, Footnote No.78
FACTS:
Petitioner contends that he had rendered a proper account of all the funds of the government
which came to his possession as a superintendent of the Iwahig Penal Colony and that all of his
accounts are balanced. Petitioner thus filed an action for mandamus to compel the acting auditor of the
Philippines to issue a clearance. However, it was contended that the action for mandamus cannot
prosper since there is no showing that, as provided by law, “there is no plain, speedy and adequate
remedy in the ordinary courts of law.”
ISSUE:
W/N the legislature intended to limit the jurisdiction to cases where there is no other adequate
and speedy remedy in the ordinary “courts” of law.
HELD:
There appears to be a typographical error in the wording of Sec. 222 of Act No. 190 which
reads in part: “When the complaint in an action in a court of First Instance alleges that any inferior
tribunal, … it may if there is no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary “courts” of
law.”
The phrase “courts of law” should read as “course of law”. Copied verbatim from the Code of
Civil Procedure of California, the said section in the California Code reads “course of law” instead of
“courts of law”. Spanish translation of said Sec. 222 more clearly indicates what the legislature
intended. In Spanish, the other remedy is not limited to the ordinary “courts of law”. On its face, this
evident typographical error, which, if uncorrected, would render the law nonsensical. It is therefore the
duty of the court to give the statute a sensible construction, such as will effectuate the legislative intent
and to avoid injustice or an absurd conclusion.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 9d, 11a, 11d, 12a, 36a, 36b, 36d, 36f, 37
Com. of Internal Revenue v. ESSO
Case No. 27
G.R. No. L-28502-03 (April 18, 1989)
FACTS:
Respondent overpaid its 1959 income tax. It was accordingly granted a tax credit by Petitioner
on August 5, 1964. However, Respondent’s payment for 1960 was found to be short. Thus, Petitioner
demanded payment of the deficiency tax together with interest for the period of April 18, 1961 to April
18, 1964. On August 10, 1964, Respondent paid under protest the amount alleged to be due. It
protested the computation of interest, arguing that it was more than what was properly due, claiming
that it should only be required to pay interest for the amount of the difference between the deficiency
tax and Respondent’s overpayment.
ISSU
E: 1. W/N Respondent shall pay the deficiency tax of P367, 994 with interest.
2. W/N Respondent is entitled to a refund.
HELD:
The government already had in its hands the sum of P221, 033 representing the excess
payment of Respondent. Having been paid and received by mistake, the sum belonged to Respondent
and the government had the obligation to return such amount, which arises from the moment that
payment is made, and not from the time that the payee admits the obligation to reimburse. Since the
amount of P221, 033 was already in the hands of the government as of July, 1960, whatever obligation
Respondent might subsequently incur in favor of the government would have to be reduced by that
sum, in respect of which no interest could be charged.
It is well established that to interpret words of the statute in such a manner as to subvert these
truisms simply cannot and should not be countenanced. Nothing is better settled than the rule that
courts are not to give words a meaning which would lead to absurd and unreasonable consequences.
Moreover, a literal interpretation is to be rejected if it would be unjust or lead to absurd results. Statutes
should receive a sensible construction, such as will give effect to the legislative intention and so as to
avoid an unjust or absurd conclusion.
LATIN MAXIM:
8a, 8b, 11a, 11d, 11e, 12a, 12b
People v. Villanueva
Case No. 116
G. R. L-15014 (April 29, 1961)
FACTS:
Defendant was accused of crime of serious and less serious physical injuries with damage to
property in amount of P2,362 through reckless imprudence in the Justice of the Peace Court of
Batangas. The case was considered beyond the court’s jurisdiction because of the fine imposable upon
the accused. The case was forwarded to the Court of First Instance, which also declared itself without
jurisdiction because the penalty for the more serious offense of physical injuries through reckless
imprudence is only arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods, and even applied to its
maximum degree. It should remain within the jurisdiction of the Justice of Peace.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the Court of First Instance has jurisdiction.
HELD:
Yes. Angeles et al vs. Jose, a similar case, held that jurisdiction was with the Court of First
Instance and not the municipal court. Also, since the Court of First Instance would have jurisdiction if
the only offense were the damage of property, it would be absurd to say that the graver offense of
serious and less serious physical injuries combined with damage to property through reckless
imprudence is in jurisdiction of the Justice of Peace.
Moreover, there is the possibility that the prosecution will fail to prove the physical injuries
aspect of the case and establish only the damage to property. The Justice of Peace, if given jurisdiction,
would find itself without jurisdiction to impose the P2,636 fine for the damage to property committed,
since such fine cannot be less than the amount of the damage.
LATIN MAXIM:
5, 11
People v. Duque
Case No. 106
G. R. 100285 (August 13, 1992)
Chapter IV, Page 149, Footnote No.97
FACTS:
Accused was charged with illegal recruitment because he was not licensed nor authorized by
the proper government agency, POEA. The Labor Code provides that the offense shall prescribe in 3
years but does not contain any provision of how to compute it. Sec. 2 of Act No. 3326 provides that
“prescription shall begin to run from the day of the commission of the violation of the law, and if the
same be not known at the time, from the discovery thereof and institution of judicial proceedings for its
investigation and punishment”. According to Accused, a literal reading suggests that the prescriptive
period would never begin to run.
ISSUE:
What is the prescription of the criminal offense of the Accused?
HELD:
Prescription began from the time the activities of the Accused were ascertained by the
complainants and by the POEA to have been carried out without any license or authority from the
government. There is absurdity in Sec. 2 but Accused does not benefit from a literal reading. It must
be construed in such a way as to give effect to the intention and avoid absurd results. “Institution of
judicial proceedings for its investigation and punishment” may be either disregarded as surplusage or
should be deemed preceded by the word “until”.
LATIN MAXIM:
9, 11a, 11d, 12, 15, 38
Bello v. Court of Appeals Cesario Ursua v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 15
Case No. 306
G. R. L-38161 (March 29, 1974)
G.R. No. 112170 (April 10, 1996)
Chapter 4, Page 152, Footnote No.112

FACTS:
Petitioners falsely appealed a case to the Court of First Instance, which should have been
taken directly to Respondent Court. The Prosecutor filed a petition to dismiss appeal. Petitioners
invoked an analogous provision (Rule 50, Sec. 3) directing the Court of Appeals in cases erroneously
brought to it to certify the case to the proper court. The Court of First Instance still ordered the
dismissal of the appeal. Petitioners then filed their petition for prohibition and mandamus to prohibit
the execution of judgment and elevate the appeal to Respondent Court. They dismissed the petition.
Although Respondent Court recognized that the Court of First Instance may have exercised its inherent
powers to direct appeal to Respondent Court, it held that Petitioners did not implead the Court of First
Instance as “principal party respondent” and thus it could not “grant any relief at all even on the
assumption that Petitioners can be said to deserve some equities”.
ISSUE:
W/N the case should be elevated to Respondent Court despite finality of judicial decision.
HELD:
Yes. The Court of First Instance acted with grave abuse of discretion. The Supreme Court
cautions against narrowly interpreting a statute, defeating its purpose and stressed that “it is the essence
of judicial duty to construe statutes as to avoid such a deplorable result of injustice or absurdity”. The
provision should also be taken within the context and spirit of Rule 50, Sec. 3 as an analogous
provision. The Supreme Court finds no reason as to why the court cannot act in all fairness and justice
to be bound by the same rule.
FACTS:
Petitioner was charged before the Office of the Ombudsman. He was requested by his lawyer
to personally procure the complaint from the Ombudsman because the law firm’s messenger, Oscar
Perez, had to attend some personal matters. At the Office of the Ombudsman, he wrote his name at the
logbook as “Oscar Perez.” Petitioner’s real identity was eventually discovered by the employees of the
Ombudsman. He was charged and convicted for violation of C.A. No. 142.
ISSUE:
W/N the acts committed by the petitioner were among the evils sought to be remedied by
C.A. No. 142
HELD:
Petitioner was acquitted. Statutes are to be construed in the light of the purposes to be
achieved and the evils sought to be remedied. The court may consider the spirit of the statute where the
literal meaning would lead to injustice and absurdity. Likewise, C.A. No. 142 is a penal statute that
should be construed strictly against the state, and in favor of the accused.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 11a, 12a, 41a

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 9d, 9e, 11a, 11g, 11h, 12, 36, 8b
Paat v. Court of Appeals Pritchard v. Republic
Case No. 95
Case No. 245
G.R. No. 111107 (January 10, 1997)
G.R. No. L-1715 (July 17, 1948)
Chapter 4.16, Footnote No.114, page 156

FACTS:
Petitioner questioned the legality of the forfeiture of the truck used in illegal logging
operations. He insists that only the Court can do so, citing Section 68 of PD 705 as amended by EO
277 which reads “The court shall further the order of confiscation in favor of the Government…as well
as the machinery, equipment… which are illegally used…”
ISSUE:
W/N the petition should be granted in light of Sec. 68 of P.D. 705.
HELD:
No. The above-quoted provision should be read together with Sec. 68a. Statutes should be
construed in the light of the object to be achieved and the evil to be suppressed, and they should be
given such construction as will advance the object, suppress the mischief, and secure the benefits
intended.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 36a
FACTS:
The Solicitor General opposed the claim of the Petitioner for exemption from filing a
declaration of intention on the ground that under the requirement for exemption, it is imperative that
Petitioner’s children should be enrolled during the entire period of residence, and that the Petitioner
having failed to enroll all of his children in school, he failed to comply with one of the conditions
required to entitle him to exemption from filing a declaration of intention.
Issue:
W/N the Petitioner should be allowed to avail of the exemption by invoking the
aforementioned provision.
HELD:
The provision of law invoked by appellant must be interpreted in the sense that the enrollment
required by law must be made at any time during the entire period of the residence of the applicant.
The drafters of the law could not have intended to create an absurd or impossible situation.
LATIN MAXIM:
11a, 19a
Salvacion v. Central Bank of the Philippines Demafiles v. Comelec
Case No. 245
Case No. 91
G.R. No. 94723 (August, 21, 1997)
G.R. No. L-28396 (December 29, 1967)
Chapter 4.16, Footnote No.114, page 156 Chapter 4.18, Footnote 126, page 159

FACTS:
An American tourist raped 12 year old girl. In order to pay for moral damages, the Deputy
Sheriff of Makati sent a notice of garnishment to China Bank in order to draw from the American’s
bank account to pay the fees. China Bank responded by invoking Sec. 113 of Circular 960 of Central
Bank, which states that “foreign currency deposits shall be exempt from attachment, garnishment or
any other process of any court. Respondent Bank states that though the law is harsh, such is the law
and stood firm on the policy.
ISSUES:
W/N Section 13 of Central Bank Circular 960 and Section 8 of RA 6427, as amended by PD
1246 should be made applicable to a foreigner.
HELD:
Central Bank contends that the reason for the exemption is to encourage the deposit of foreign
currency. RA 6424 was enacted during a period of economic crisis, where foreign investments were
minimal. As, some time has already passed since the crisis that enacted RA 6424, the economy has
now somewhat recovered from the financial drought.
Hence, the Court ruled that it is unthinkable that the guilty would be acquitted at the expense of the
innocent, stating that if Circular 960 is to be followed, justice would be undermined, stating Art. 10 of
the Civil Code, in case of doubt as to the interpretation or application of laws, it is presumed that the
lawmaking body intended right and justice to prevail.
LATIN MAXIM:
2, 14, 39
FACTS:
Respondent Galido won over Petitioner due to the Provincial Board voting to reject returns.
Petitioner challenged the right of 2 board members to sit, considering that they were reelectionists.
Respondent Commission ruled in favor of Petitioner. Galido then asked for reconsideration, stating that
the 2 board members in question were disqualified only when the board was acting as a provincial but
not as municipal. In light of this, Respondent Commission reversed its previous decision.
ISSUES:
1. W/N this case is moot and the board had the authority to reject the returns from Precinct 7.
2. W/N the board members who were candidates for reelection were disqualified from sitting in the
board in its capacity as a municipal board of canvassers.
3. W/N Respondent Commission can order the board of canvassers to count a return.
HELD:
RA 4970 reads “the first mayor, vice-mayor and councilors of the municipality of Sebaste
shall be elected in the next general elections for local officials and shall have qualified.” The Supreme
Court ruled that “and shall have qualified” is devoid of meaning. The term of office of municipals shall
begin in the 1st day of January following their election, despite the fact that Sebaste was a newly
created municipality.
No, a canvassing board may not reject any returns due to whatever cause. However, since
there is a possibility of fraud, the canvass made and proclamation should be annulled. The law states
“any member of a provincial board or of municipal council who is a candidate for office in any
election, shall be incompetent to act on the said body.” Since Respondent Commission has the power
to annul and illegal canvass and proclamation, there is no reason as to why it cannot order canvassing
bodies to count all returns which are otherwise regular.

LATIN MAXIM:
15, 35, 43, 26
National Housing Corporation v. Juco
Case No. 86
G.R. No. L-64313 (January 17, 1985)
FACT
S: For being declared guilty of stealing scrap iron owned by Petitioner, Private
Respondent was terminated. He filed a complaint with Respondent Court and Petitioner replied stating
that the Respondent Court is without jurisdiction as Petitioner Corporation is a government owned
corporation and the grounds for dismissal were for valid reasons. Respondent Court however, despite
past decisions, decided in favor of the Private Respondent.
ISSUE:
W/N employees of Petitioner are covered by the Labor Code or by the laws and regulations
governing the civil service.
HELD:
Petitioner is government owned as it never had any private stockholders. The 1935
constitution’s section 1 article 12 states that “A civil service embracing all branches and subdivisions
of the government shall be provided by law.” While the amendments in section 1 article 12b of the
1973 constitution states that “The civil service embraces every branch, agency, subdivision and
instrumentality of the government, including every government owned or controlled corporation.”
Clearly, the inclusion of government owned or controlled corporation carries out a message
that the coverage is broad and all-embracing. Furthermore, P.D. 807 Sec. 56 implements the said
provision. In addition to this, the Labor Code states that the mentioned corporations shall be governed
by the Civil Service Law.
LATIN MAXIM:
6, 7, 24, 26, 38b
People v. Mejia
Case No. 111
G.R. Nos. 118940-41 and G.R. No. 119407 (July 7, 1997)
FACTS:
Sec. 14 of the Anti-Carnapping Act reads:
 “Sec. 14. Any person who is found guilty of carnapping shall, irrespective of the value of the
motor vehicle taken, be punished by imprisonment for not less than seventeen years and four
months and not more than thirty years, when the carnapping is committed by means of
violence or in intimidation of persons or force upon things; and the penalty of reclusion
perpetua to death, when the owner, driver, or occupant is killed or raped in the course of the
commission of the carnapping or on the occasion thereof.”
ISSUE:
1. W/N the phrase “is killed” covers both homicide and murder.
2. If the crime was frustrated murder, would the penalty be life imprisonment or
reclusion perpetua to death?
3. W/N frustrated homicide would be treated as a separate offense.
HELD:
The words “is killed” make no distinction between homicide and murder. Whether it is one or
the other which is committed “in the course of carnapping or on the occasion thereof” makes no
difference in so far as the penalty is concerned. The killing, whether it is homicide or murder, cannot
be treated as a separate offense and only serves to qualify the carnapping.
The phrase “is killed” refers only to consummated murder, and not frustrated murder.
Frustrated homicide (or murder) is not treated as a separate offense as it is deemed to fall
under the clause of Sec. 14 “by means of violence or in intimidation of persons”.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 26, 38a, 43, 48
City of Manila v. Judge Gomez and Esso Philippines
Case No. 23
G. R. No. L-37251 (August 31, 1981)
FACTS:
The Revised Charter of Manila took effect on June 18, 1949. It fixes the annual realty tax at
one and one-half percent. The Special Education Fund Law (RA 5447), which took effect on Jan. 1,
1969, imposed an annual additional one percent tax and fixes the total realty tax at three percent. With
the three percent maximum limit set by RA 5447, the municipal board of Manila enacted Ordinance
No. 7125, effective beginning the third quarter of 1972, imposing an additional one-half percent realty
tax. Respondent Corporation paid the tax, but protested the Ordinance; the Court of First Instance of
Manila ruled that the tax ordinance is void as it is not authorized by the city charter or by any law, and
that the city of Manila should reimburse Respondent Corporation said tax.
ISSUE:
W/N the tax ordinance is valid.
HELD:
The Court holds that the doctrine of implications in Statutory Construction sustains the City
of Manila’s contention that the additional one-half percent realty tax is sanctioned by the provision of
the Special Education Fund Law that “the total real property tax shall not exceed a maximum of three
per centum”. While the 1949 Revised Charter of Manila fixed the realty tax at one and one-half
percent, the 1969 Special Education Fund Law fixed three percent as the maximum real property tax.
The obvious implication is that an additional one-half percent tax could be imposed by municipal
corporations. Inferentially, that law fixed at two percent the realty tax that would accrue to the city or
municipality. The fact that the 1974 Real Property Tax Code specially fixes the real property tax at
two percent confirms the prior intention of the lawmaker to impose two percent as the realty tax
proper. That was also the avowed intent of the questioned ordinance.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 20a, 38b, 43, 49
Chua v. Civil Service Commission
Case No. 60
G.R. No. 88979 (February 7, 1992) Chapter
IV, Page 164, Footnote No.146
FACTS:
RA 6683 provided benefits for early retirement and voluntary separation as well as for
involuntary separation due to reorganization. Section 2 covers those who are qualified:
 Sec. 2. Coverage. – This Act shall cover all appointive officials and employees of the
National Government. The benefits authorized under this Act shall apply to all regular,
temporary, casual and emergency employees, regardless of age, who have rendered at least a
total of two (2) consecutive years of government service as of the date of separation…”
Petitioner Lydia Chua, believing that she is qualified to avail of the benefits of the program,
filed an application on January 30, 1989 with Respondent Administration, which, however, denied the
same. Recourse by the petitioner to Respondent Commission yielded the same result.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner’s status as a co-terminus employee is excluded from the benefits of RA 6683
(Early Retirement Law).
HELD:
The petition is granted. The Early Retirement Law would violate the equal protection clause
of the constitution if the Supreme Court were to sustain Respondent’s submission that the benefits of
said law are to be denied a class of government employees who are similarly situated as those covered
by the said law. The court applied the doctrine of necessary implication in deciding this case.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 11e, 12a, 20a, 20b, 37
Solid Homes Inc. v. Teresita Payawal Richard Gordon v. Regino Veridiano II
Case No. 280
Case No. 116
G.R. No. 84811 (Aug. 29, 1989)
G.R. No. L-55230 (Nov. 8, 1988)
Chapter IV, Page 169, Footnote No.164
Chapter IV, Page 170, Footnote No.171

FACTS: FACTS:
The Court of Appeals sustained that the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City has jurisdiction Respondent Yambao owns a San Sebastian Drugstore and an Olongapo City Drugstore. A
over the case filed by the Respondent against Petitioner for failure to deliver a land title after payment ‘test buy’ operation at San Sebastian Drugstore, wherein agents were sold 200 tablets of Valium
of the agreed amount. Petitioner contends that the case should have been heard by the Housing and without a doctor’s prescription, gave rise to the closure ordered by the FDA. Before such order was
Land Use Regulatory Board and not the RTC. promulgated, the Mayor revoked the Mayor’s Permits issued to San Sebastian Drugstore and
subsequently, a signboard was posted by the Vice-Mayor at the drugstore announcing its permanent
ISSUE: closure. On May 7, 1980, FDA approved Respondent’s request to exchange the locations of the two
1. W/N the RTC has jurisdiction over the case. drugstores (which were 5m apart and in the same building). Upon knowledge of this, Petitioner then
2. W/N the applicable law is the general law (BP 129) or the special law (PD 1344) revoked the Mayor’s Permit issued to Olongapo City Drugstore.
HELD:
The RTC has no jurisdiction over the case since the respondent’s argument relies on the ISSU
general statute where in fact it is the special statute that should prevail. E: The conflict between the FDA’s and the mayor’s power to grant and revoke
licenses for the operation of drugstores.
LATIN
MAXIM: RULING:
1, 20c, 50 The FDA had the authority to order the closure of San Sebastian Drugstore, the Mayor
however did not. In the case of Olongapo City Drugstore however, the authority rested on the Mayor
(local jurisdiction).

LATIN MAXIM:
20c, 38b
Eufronio Llanto v. Mohamad Ali Dimaporo People v. Concepcion
Case No. 155
Case No. 205
G.R. No. L-21905 (Mar, 31, 1966)
G.R. No. 19190 (November 29, 1922)
Chapter IV, Page 171, Footnote No.178 Chapter IV, Page 176, Footnote No.202

FACTS:
The Provincial Board of Lanao del Norte reverted the ’60-’61 salary appropriation for the
position of Assistant Provincial Assessor to the general fund. The position, then held by the Petitioner,
was abolished. Petitioner came to the court on mandamus, wherein the Respondent’s motion to dismiss
was granted hence the current action.
ISSUE:
1. Was the dismissal order issued without hearing on the motion to dismiss?
2. Is it void?
RULING:
There is no need for a hearing and no, it is not void. The motion to dismiss is grounded on
lack of cause of action, which can be determined by reference to the facts in the averred pleading. The
question raised is purely one of law. The legal issue was fully discussed in the motion and opposition
thereto. Oral arguments are then reduced to unnecessary ceremonies. Further, petitioner contends that
the stamp of approval of the Secretary of Finance is needed in abolishing his position. Such action was,
however, done away with by the Local Autonomy Act (Sec. 3a of RA2264).
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 20a, 32, 37, 49
FACTS:
Defendant authorized an extension of credit in favor of Puno Y Concepcion,
S. en C, a co-partnership. Defendant’s wife was a director of this co-partnership. Defendant was found
guilty of violating Sec. 35 of Act No. 2747 which says that “The National Bank shall not, directly or
indirectly, grant loans to any of the members of the Board of Directors of the bank nor to agents of the
branch banks.” This Section was in effect in 1919 but was repealed in Act No. 2938 approved on
January 30, 1921.
ISSUE:
W/N Defendant can be convicted of violating Sections of Act No. 2747, which were repealed
by Act No. 2938.
HELD:
In the interpretation and construction, the primary rule is to ascertain and give effect to the
intention of the Legislature. Section 49 in relation to Sec. 25 of Act No. 2747 provides a punishment
for any person who shall violate any provisions of the Act. Defendant contends that the repeal of these
Sections by Act No. 2938 has served to take away basis for criminal prosecution. The Court holds that
where an act of the Legislature which penalizes an offense repeals a former act which penalized the
same offense, such repeal does not have the effect of thereafter depriving the Courts of jurisdiction to
try, convict and sentence offenders charged with violations of the old law.

LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 6b, 9a, 37, 38b
Tantuico, Jr. v. Domingo
Case No. 285
G. R. No. 96422 (February 28, 1994)
Chapter IV, Page 176, Footnote No.205
FACTS:
The petition questions the withholding of one-half of Petitioner’s retirement benefits.
Petitioner was Chairman of the COA from 1976 to 1986. On December 1985, he applied for and
obtained clearance, which covered the period from 1976 to 1985, from all money, property, and other
accountabilities in preparation for his retirement. After the EDSA Revolution, he submitted his
resignation and sought a second clearance for the period from January 1, 1986 to March 9, 1986.
Respondent, who took over as Chairman, created an inventory/audit of all equipment acquired during
the tenure of his 2 predecessors. After the committee recommended Petitioner’s clearance from
accountability and after another special audit, Respondent approved Petitioner’s application for
retirement but added that ½ of the money value of benefits due would be withheld subject to the
findings of the audit.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent can authorize that half of Petitioner’s retirement benefits may be withheld.
HELD:
No. Under Section 4 of RA 1568 providing for life pension to the Auditor General and
members of COMELEC, the benefits granted shall not be subject to garnishment, levy or execution.
Likewise, under Section 33 of P.D. 1146 (Revised Government Service Insurance Act), the benefits
granted “shall not be subject, among others, to attachment, garnishment, levy or other processes.”
Withholding Petitioner’s benefits is not allowed in this case. Well-settled is the rule that retirement
laws are liberally interpreted in favor of the retiree because the intention is to provide for the retiree’s
well-being.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9b, 9d, 11f, 11g, 11h, 11i, 38b, 42a
Alpha Investigation and Security Agency, Inc. v. NLRC
Case No. 12
G.R. No. 111722 (May 27, 1997)
Chapter V, Page 177, Footnote No.2
FACTS:
Petitioner provides security services. One of its clients is Don Mariano Marcos State
University (DMMSU). Security guards working in DMMSU filed before the Regional Office of the
DOLE a complaint against Petitioner for noncompliance with the current minimum wage order. The
Labor Arbiter rendered a decision holding Petitioner and DMMSU solidarily liable for the salary
differential owed to the security guards. Petitioner alleges that payment of the wage increase should be
borne by DMMSU.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner may be held jointly and severally liable with DMMSU for non- payment of
minimum wage.
HELD:
Yes, Petitioner is jointly and severally liable with DMMSU for the payment of wage
increases. Section 6 of RA 6727 (Wage Rationalization Act) provides that in case of wage increases
resulting in a salary differential, the liability of the principal and contractor shall be joint and several.
The same liability attaches under Articles 106, 107 and 109 of the Labor Code. Petitioner contends that
the matter involved in the case at bar hinges on wage differentials and wage increases, as prescribed in
Section 6 of RA 6727, and not wages in general as provided by the Labor Code. This interpretation is
not acceptable. It is a cardinal rule in statutory construction that in interpreting the meaning and scope
of a term used, a careful review of the whole law, as well as the intendment of the law, must be made.
Legislative intent must be ascertained from a consideration of the statute as a whole and not of an
isolated part or a particular provision alone.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 25a, 36a, 36c, 38b
 100 STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

Alfon v. Republic Espino v. Cleofe

Case No. 6 Case No. 102
G.R. No. L-51201 (May 29, 1980)
G.R. No. L-33410 (July 13, 1973)
Chapter V, Page 182, Footnote No.25

FACTS:
Petitioner files a petition to have her named changed from Maria Estrella Veronica Primitiva
Duterte to Estrella Alfon.
The reasons she gave on why she was petitioning to have her name changed are the following:
1. She has been using the name Estrella Alfon from infancy.
2. She has been enrolled from Grade school to College in the same name.
3. All acquaintances know her as Estrella Alfon.
4. She exercised her right to suffrage under the same name.
ISSUE:
W/N legitimate and legitimated children are required to use the surname of their father.
HELD:
No. The word "principally" as used in Article 364 is not equivalent to "exclusively" so that
there is no legal obstacle if a legitimate or legitimated child should choose to use the surname of its
mother to which he or she is equally entitled. Petitioner is therefore allowed to change her name from
Maria Estrella Veronica Primitiva Alfon Duterte to Estrella Alfon
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 17, 42a
FACTS:
Petitioners appeal a decision involving a petition for declaratory relief filed by 18
Respondents for a judicial declaration of their rights under RA 1862 as amended by RA 4902 in the
matter of conversion lump sum gratuity to annual retirement pension.
ISSUE:
W/N the provision applies to military personnel who retire even after its June 17, 1967.
HELD:
No. Looking at the legislative intent through the explanatory note the persons referred to are
those who had retired and received the gratuity in lump sum after June 22, 1957 but prior to the
approval of the act on June 17, 1967.
A contrary interpretation which would allow or authorize retired military personnel present or
future to convert lump sum gratuity to annual pension would virtually abolish the essential distinction
between the two types of retirement benefits and render the ‘option’ under the law meaningless and
nugatory.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 9a, 25a
Republic Flour Mills, Inc v. Commissioner of Customs Asiatic Petroleum Co. v. Collector of Internal Revenue
Case No: 258
Case No. 10
G. R. No. L-28463 (May 31, 1971)
G.R. No. 12687 (August 27, 1918)
Chapter V, Page 184, Footnote No.39
Chapter V, Page 187, Footnote No.47
FACTS: FACTS:
This is a petition for review of the decision of the Court of Tax Appeals in which they found The Defendant, under threat of penalty, compelled the Plaintiff to pay the Internal Revenue
in Sec. 2802 of the Tariff and Customs Code. Tax provided for under Sec. 17 of Act No. 2432 upon all such oils which the plaintiff had on hand on
Petitioner was assessed wharfage dues for the exportation of bran (ipa) and pollard (darak) the 1st day of January, 1915. The tax was paid under protest. The Plaintiff contends that the tax
under Sec. 2802 of the Tariff and Customs Code which states: collected was illegal. Sec. 17 Par 72a of Act No. 2432 provides that “no tax (imposed by this law) shall
“There shall be levied collected and paid on products of the Philippines… be collected on such articles which, before the taking effect of this Act, shall have been disposed of to
exported from the Philippines, a charge of 2 pesos per gross metric ton as a fee for consumers or persons other than manufacturers or wholesale dealers.” Said Act took effect upon the 1 st
wharfage” day of January, 1915.
ISSUE:
W/N the words “products of the Philippines” excludes bran and pollard on the ground that ISSU
they are from wheat grain, which is imported into the Philippines. E: W/N a dealer is required to pay the Internal Revenue Tax, provided for under
Sec. 17 Par 72a of Act No. 2432, upon mineral oils, composed of kerosene and gasoline which had
HEL been sold, but not delivered, prior to the 1st day of January 1915.
D: No. Even without undue scrutiny it does appear quite obvious that as long as
the goods are produced in the country, they fall within the terms of the above section. The law is clear; HEL
it must be obeyed. The Term “product of the Philippines” D: No. The Legislature evidently intended, by said phrase, to mean that
should be taken in its usual signification to mean any product produced in the country; hence, merchandise “dispose of” had been sold. The Legislature, by Act No. 2445, fully recognized that the
bran(ipa) and pollard(darak) produced from wheat imported into the country are “products of the phrase “disposed of” meant nothing more or less than a contract whereby the vendor was bound to
Philippines. furnish an article, because in said Act it provided that the purchaser, and not the vendor, was subject to
pay such tax in the absence of stipulations to the contrary. The phrase “disposed of” as used in Sec. 17
LATIN MAXIM: of Act No. 2432, should be given its commercial sense and not a technical interpretation.
6c, 6d, 7a, 24a, 24b
LATIN MAXIM:
3, 6c, 25a, 43
Wil Wilhemsen, Inc v. Baluyut Calder & Co v. The United States
Case No. 173
Case No. 44
G.R. Nos. L-27350-51 (May 11, 1978)
G.R. No. 2839 (August 15, 1907) Chapter
V, Page 187, Footnote No.46

FACTS:
Empty cargo vans were used by Plaintiffs to facilitate the carriage and sale storage of
merchandise loaded on their vessels for delivery from foreign ports of Manila among others. After the
merchandise had arrived at the port and the cargo vans had been emptied of their contents, they were
left along Muelle de San Francisco Stalag. The Defendant applied to the Surveyor of Port for the
transfer of these empty sea vans. The request was based on the Memorandum Order No. 19 and the
Memorandum Order dated April 20, 1964. The trial court held that the transfer of Appellants’ empty
cargo vans to the warehouse of Appellee was done by authority of Customs Memorandum of April 20,
1964 and Customs Administrative Order No. 22-64, and that the said objects were lawfully detained by
Appellee in his warehouse pending the payment of storage charges.
ISSUE:
W/N the decision of the trial court is legally valid.
HELD:
Yes. As plainly worded in the administrative order, it becomes necessary for all empty sea
vans to be removed from the pier premises by their owners or shipping agents within ten days after the
vans have been completely emptied of all their contents. This is in order to make available at all times
adequate space in all ports for the loading and unloading of cargoes. In addition, the administrative
order has no requirement similar to that found in Memorandum Order No. 130-63 whereby the owners
of the impounded vans should be notified in writing. The two customs regulations under consideration
are in pari materia so far as both operate under the flexible cargo system.
FACTS:
The following were imported into the Philippines "One steam turbine, condensing machinery,
hot well and pumps, complete with parts and accessories" the steam turbine was classified under Par
257b as other machinery and detached parts not otherwise provided for". The trial court reversed the
classification made by customs authorities and classified it under Par 250 as "Dynamos, generators,
exciters, and all other machinery for the generation of power."
ISSUE:
W/N the machinery in question should be classified under Par 257b or Par 250.
HELD:
A turbine engine and generator, although intended for use as a power- generating device, does
not constitute a complete power generation machine. Component parts must still be added for that
purpose to be achieved it should be classified as "other machinery" under Par 257b.
LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 9c, 25a, 43

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 25a, 32, 35, 38a, 50
Manila Herald Publishing Co v. Ramos
Case No. 163
G. R. No. L-4268 (January 18, 1951)
Chapter V, Page 188, Footnote No.51
FACTS:
Respondent filed a libel suit, docketed as Civil Case No. 11531, against Aproniano G. Borres,
Pedro Padilla and Loreto Pastor, editor, managing editor and reporter, respectively, of the Daily
Record, a daily newspaper, asking damages aggregating P90,000. With the filing of this suit, the
Plaintiff secured a writ of preliminary attachment upon putting up a P50,000 bond. The Sheriff of the
City of Manila levied an attachment upon certain office and printing equipment found in the premises
of the Daily Record. Manila Herald Publishing Co., Inc. and Printers, Inc. commenced a joint suit
against the sheriff, Respondent Quirino and Respondent Corporation, in which the former sought (1) to
enjoin the defendants from proceeding with the attachment of the properties above mentioned and (2)
P45,000 damages. This suit was docketed as Civil Case No. 12263. Respondent Judge declared that the
suit, in case No. 12263, was "unnecessary, superfluous and illegal" and so dismissed the same. He held
that what Manila Herald Publishing Co., Inc., and Printers, Inc., should do was intervene in Case No.
11531.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Judge has authority to dismiss Case No. 12263 at the stage when it was
thrown out of court.
HELD:
Yes, the right to intervene, unlike the right to bring a new action, is not absolute but left to the
sound discretion of the court to allow.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 25a, 30, 36a, 36b
Malanyaon v. Lising et. al
Case No. 160
GR No. L-56028 (July 30,1981)
Chapter V, Page 188, Footnote No.52
FACTS:
A Municipal Mayor was charged with violation of RA 3019 (Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices
Act). He was suspended from office but he died during his incumbency, and while the case was
pending. The case was dismissed due to his death. Petitioner sought payment of his salary during his
period of suspension pursuant to Sec 13 of RA 3019 which provides, “Should he be convicted by final
judgment he shall lose all retirement or gratuity benefits under any law, but if he is acquitted, he shall
be entitled to reinstatement and to the salaries and benefits w/c he failed to receive during
suspension”.
ISSUE:
W/N the dismissal of the case due to death of the accused constitutes acquittal.
HELD:
No. It is obvious that when the statute speaks of the suspended officer being "acquitted" it
means that after due hearing and consideration of the evidence against him the court found that his
guilt has not been proven beyond reasonable doubt. Dismissal of the case is not equal to acquittal of
the accused. In People vs. Salico (84 Phil. 722), " Acquittal is always based on the merits but dismissal
does not decide the case on the merits or that the defendant is not guilty.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 25a
Rura v. Lopena
Case No. 139
G. R. No. L-69810-14 (June 19, 1985)
Chapter 5, Page 189, Footnote No.53
FACTS:
Petitioner was accused, tried and convicted of five (5) counts of estafa committed on different
dates. The counts were consolidated and tried jointly. Only a single decision was rendered. The
Petitioner then applied for probation but was denied by the fiscal on the ground that he had been
previously convicted by final judgment of an offense. The fiscal invoked Sec. 9 of the Probation Law,
which disqualifies persons who have previously been convicted by final judgment from applying for
probation. The trial court denied his application on the belief that since the crimes were committed on
different dates, he was guilty on each of those dates. Petitioner however contends that since there is
only one decision, he has not yet been previously convicted.
ISSUE:
How should the word “previously” be construed?
HELD:
The word “previously” refers to the date of the conviction and not to the dates of the crimes
involved. Although he was guilty of five counts of estafa, they were tried jointly and only one decision
was handed down. Hence, when Petitioner applied for Probation he had not yet had a final judgment of
conviction on his record. He is eligible for probation under such circumstances.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 48
Krivenko v. Register of Deeds
Case No. 139
G.R. No. L-360 (November 15, 1947)
Chapter 5, Page 190, Footnote No.60
FACTS:
Petitioner, an alien, bought a residential lot but its registration was interrupted by the war. In
1945, he sought to accomplish the registration but was denied by the register of deeds of Manila on the
ground that he cannot acquire land in this jurisdiction. Petitioner brought the case to the Court of First
Instance of Manila which ruled in favor of sustaining the refusal of the register of deeds.
ISSUE:
W/N “residential land” falls under the phrase “agricultural lands” as stated in Article XIII of the 1935
Constitution.
HELD:
Under the Constitution, aliens may not acquire private or public agricultural lands, which
includes residential lands. It may safely be presumed that what the members of the Constitutional
Convention had in mind when they drafted the Constitution was this well-known classification and its
technical meaning then prevailing. Soon after, the National Assembly revised the Public Land Law and
passed
C.A. No. 141 which permits the sale of residential lots to Filipino citizens or to corporations controlled
by such citizens. Such revision is equivalent to a declaration that residential lots are considered as
agricultural lands, for under the Constitution, only agricultural lands may be alienated. In addition, the
interpretation given by the Secretary of Justice (1939) also supports the claim that “residential land” is
part of “public agricultural lands”.
It is clear that the three branches of the Government have always maintained that “residential lots” are
included in “agricultural lands”. If the term "private agricultural lands" is to be construed as not
including lands not strictly agricultural, the result would not be in line with the conservative spirit of
the Constitution.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 2a, 5a, 9a, 25a, 30a, b
Chang Yung Fa, et al. v. Gianzon, etc. and De la Cruz, etc.
Case No. 19
G.R. No. L-7785 (November 25, 1955)
FACTS:
Petitioners were admitted to the Philippines on pre-arranged employment as immigrants under
C.A. No. 613 with the express condition that their stay shall be limited to two years. An amendatory
law was then passed which changes the classification of pre-arranged employees from immigrants to
non-immigrants. Petitioners contend that having been classified as “non-quota immigrants”, they
should have been admitted for permanent residence in this country because the word “immigrant” is
defined to be a person who comes into a country for a permanent residence.
ISSUE:
W/N the word “immigrant” only refers to a person who comes into a country for a permanent
residence.
HELD:
The only definition given by our law to the term "immigrant" is: "any alien departing from
any place outside the Philippines destined for the Philippines, other than a nonimmigrant." The law
gives no definition to the term "nonimmigrant" from which we may imply that the term "immigrant" is
merely intended to include any alien coming to this country for permanent residence as now contended
by appellants. A review of the whole law would disclose no such intention which denotes that the
purpose of the law is to give broad power to the Commissioner of Immigration on matters pertaining to
the admission of immigrants into the Philippines.
LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 9a, 36b
Garcia v. COMELEC
Case No. 109
G.R. No. 111511 (October 5, 1993) Chapter V,
Footnote No.67, Page No. 192
FACTS:
In its Pambayang Kapasyahan Blg. 10, Serye 1993, the Sangguniang Bayan ng Morong, Bataan
agreed to the inclusion of the municipality of Morong as part of the Subic Special Economic Zone in
accord with Republic Act No. 7227. Respondent Commission issued two resolutions denying the
petition for initiative and referendum on the ground that its subject is merely a resolution and not an
ordinance. It contends through the Office of the Solicitor General that under the Local Government
Code of 1991, a resolution cannot be the subject of a local initiative. The same is being asserted by the
respondent Sangguniang Bayan ng Morong.
ISSUE:
W/N a local resolution of a municipal council can be the subject of an initiative and
referendum.
HELD:
The petition to review and set aside the issued COMELEC resolutions is granted because
resolutions are appropriate subjects for initiative and referendum (Sec. 32 of Art. VI of the
Constitution). Also, RA 6735, the law providing for a system on initiative and referendum, includes
resolutions as among the subjects of initiative. Although the Local Government Code does not include
the word resolution in its definition, the court holds that the definition does not limit the coverage of
local initiatives to ordinances alone. Resolutions are still proper subjects of an initiative according to
the Constitution and RA 6735.
LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 9c, 11a, 50
Motoomull v. dela Paz
Case No. 180
People v. Nazario
Case No. 218
G.R. No. L-45302 (July 24, 1990)
G.R. No. L-44143 (August 31, 1988)
Chapter V, Footnote No.73, Page No. 195
Chapter V, Footnote No.81, Page No. 197
FACTS:
FACTS:
The Petitioners and the Respondents were the initial directors of the Sarkara Trading
Accused was charged with violating a municipal ordinance requiring him to pay municipal
Corporation. The Corporation issued a resolution authorizing the issuance of unissued stocks on a one
taxes worth P362.52 as a fishpond operator in spite of repeated demands. Sec. 1 Ordinance No. 4
is to one basis to its stockholders. The resolution was then amended authorizing the issuance of
Series of 1995 provides: “Any owner or manager of fishponds in places within the territorial limits of
unissued shares of stock on a two is to one basis to its stockholders payable on Aug. 31, 1974.
Pagbilao, Quezon, shall pay a municipal tax in the amount of P3.00 per hectare of fishpond on part
Petitioner sought issuance of a preliminary injunction by the Court of Appeals to stop the enforcement
thereof per annum.” He admits to the non-payment of the taxes but contends that the ordinance is
of the SEC decision pending resolution of the appeal. The Court however held that it had no
unconstitutional, or assuming its constitutionality that it does not apply to him as he is a lessee not an
jurisdiction according to RA 5434 which reads: Appeal shall not stay the award, order, ruling, decision
owner or manager.
or judgment unless the officer or body rendering the same or the court, on motion, after hearing, and on
such terms as it may deem just, should provide otherwise. The propriety of a stay granted by the officer
ISSUE:
or body rendering the award, order, ruling, decision or judgment may be raised only by motion in the
1. W/N the ordinance is null and void because it is ambiguous and uncertain.
main case.
2. W/N the ordinance applies to Accused.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the word “court” refers to a trial court and not the Court of Appeals
2. W/N the Court of Appeals can grant a stay in the execution of the decision. HELD:
No, the ordinance is constitutional. In no way may the ordinance at bar be said to be tainted
HELD: with vagueness. It is unmistakable from the above provision that the Accused falls within the coverage.
Yes, the word court refers to the trial court. “The law unequivocally stated its declared objection As the actual operator of the fishponds, he comes within the term “manager”. While it appears that the
that appeal shall not stay the appealed decision, award, order.” The exception is given where the officer National Government is the owner of the fishpond, the Government never shared in the profits they
or body rendering the same, or the court on motion, after hearing should provide otherwise. The law generated. It is therefore, logical that Accused alone shoulders the burden of the taxes under the
provides further that the propriety of a stay granted by the officer or body rendering the award, order, ordinance. And obviously, the word owner cannot be construed to include the Government because of
decision or ruling may be raised only by motion in the main case. More importantly where a particular the ancient principle that the government is immune from taxes.
word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of various meanings, its obscurity or
doubt may be reviewed by reference to associate words. Accordingly, an interpretation which leads to LATIN MAXIM:
patent inconsistency must be rejected as not in accordance with the legislative intent. 2a, 6c, 37

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 12a, 36a
People v. Evangelista Banco de Oro Savings and Mortgage Bank v. Equitable Banking Corporation
Case No. 106
Case No. 12
G.R. No. 84332-33 (May 8, 1996)
G.R. No. 74917 (January 20, 1988)

FACT
S: Private Respondent was charged and convicted of frustrated homicide.
Private Respondent filed a petition for probation. However, Chief Probation and Parole Officer
recommended denial of Private respondent’s application for probation on the ground that by appealing
the sentence of the trial, he had already waived his right to make his application for probation. The
RTC set aside the Probation Officer’s recommendation and granted Private Respondent’s application
on April 23, 1993.
ISSUE:
W/N the Respondent Judge committed a grave abuse of discretion by granting private
respondent’s application for probation.
HEL
D: Yes. Private Respondent filed his application for probation on December 28,
1992, after PD 1990 had taken effect. It is thus covered by the prohibition that “no application for
probation shall be entertained or granted if the defendant has perfected the appeal from the judgment of
conviction” and that “the filing of the application shall be deemed a waiver of the right to appeal.”
Having appealed from the judgment of the trial court and applied for probation only after the Court of
Appeals had affirmed his conviction, Private Respondent was clearly precluded from the benefits of
probation.
LATIN
MAXIM: 6, 26,
49
FACT
S: Respondent Bank filed a case against Petitioner Bank for reimbursement of
P45,982.23 as a consequence of six crossed Manager’s checks which turned out to have forged and/or
unauthorized endorsements appearing at the back of each check. Philippine Clearing House Corp.
(PCHC) ordered Petitioner Bank to pay the said amount. Petitioner Bank appealed saying that PCHC
had no jurisdiction because the checks involved were non-negotiable checks.
ISSUE:
W/N PCHC had jurisdiction over checks which are non-negotiable.
HELD:
Yes. As provided in the articles of incorporation of PCHC, its operation extends to “clearing
checks and other clearing items.” Clearly, the term “checks” refer to checks in general use in
commercial and business activities, including non-
negotiable checks. No doubt non-negotiable checks are within the ambit of PCHC’s jurisdiction.
There should be no distinction in the application of a statute where none is indicated for courts
are not authorized to distinguish where the law makes no distinction. They should instead administer
the law not as they think it ought to be but as they find it and without regard to consequences.
LATIN MAXIM:
24a, 24b, 25a, 25b, 26
Robles v. Zambales Chromite Mining Co., et. al. Velasco v. Lopez
Case No. 261
Case No. 308
G.R. No. L-12560 (September 30, 1958)
G.R. No. 905 (February 12, 1903)
Chapter V, Page 199, Footnote No.90

FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner and Respondent Company entered into a contract by virtue of which the latter
Santiago Velasco died in Namacpacan, La Union on December 4, 1895, leaving a last will and
delivered the possession of certain mining properties over which it had control to Petitioner who was to
testament. The Plaintiff seeks to declare such will void on several grounds, most importantly that the
extract, mine and sell ores from said properties upon payment of certain royalties. Upon violation of
hour is not stated.
the terms of agreement, the company filed a complaint for unlawful detainer. Petitioner filed a motion
to dismiss the complaint on the ground that the Justice of Peace was without jurisdiction in taking
ISSUE:
cognizance of the case for unlawful detainer involving mineral land.
W/N the will of Santiago Velasco is void because the hour of its execution is not stated.
ISSUE:
HELD:
W/N Sec. 1, Rule 71 of the Rules of Court includes any kind of land, including mineral lands.
Yes. Book III, Title II, Chapter I, Article 695 and 687 of the civil Code explicitly states that
said wills without necessary formalities will be void:
HELD:
“The testator shall express his last will to the notary and to the witnesses. After the testament has been
Yes. Any land spoken of in this provision obviously includes all kinds of land, whether
drafted in accordance with the same, stating the place, year, month, day and hour of its execution its
agricultural, residential or mineral. It is a well known maxim in statutory construction that where the
shall be read aloud,” (art 695)
law does not distinguish, we should not distinguish.
“Any will, in the execution of which the formalities respectively established in this chapter
have not been observed, shall be void.” (art 687)
LATIN
The law explicitly defines what shall consist in open wills (art 695) and what the sanctions
MAXIM: 24a,
shall be if such formalities aren’t met. (art 687)
26
It was stated that if the decision would be in favor of the Defendant (overlooking the absence
of the hour) the Court may disregard one formality after another until eventually they had to repeal the
entire system established by the code.

LATIN MAXIM:
6d, 7a
Colgate-Palmolive Phil, Inc v. Gimenez
Case No. 67
G.R. No. L-14787 (January 28, 1961)
Chapter V, Page 199, Footnote No.95
FACTS:
Petitioner Corporation engages in manufacturing toilet preparations and household remedies.
Importation of materials including “stabilizers and flavors” is among those Petitioner imports. For
every importation, Petitioner pays the Central Bank of the Philippines 17% special excise tax on the
foreign exchange used for the payment of the cost, transportation and other charges pursuant to RA
601, the Exchange Tax Law. Under such law, it was also provided that:
“Foreign exchanged used for the payment of cost, transportation and/or other charges incident to the
importation into the Philippines of … stabilizer and flavors … shall be refunded to any importer
making application therefore.”
The petitioner therefore seeks a refund of the 17% special excise tax
ISSUE:
W/N the imports of “dental cream stabilizers and flavors” are subject to a 17% transportation
tax exemption under the Exchange Tax Law.
HELD:
No. The refusal to deny refund was based on the following argument:
All the items enumerated for the tax exemption fall under one specific class, namely: food products,
books supplies/ materials and medical supplies. The “stabilizers and flavors” the petitions refer to are
items which must fall under the category of food products. Because such items will be used for
toothpaste, it is not a food product and therefore not subject to exemption
Petitioner’s arguments effected the grant of the refund:
RA 601 does not categorize the exceptions as stated above. Though “stabilizers and flavors” are
preceded by items that might fall under food products, the following which were included are hardly
such: fertilizer, poultry feed, vitamin concentrate, cattle, and industrial starch.
Therefore, the law must be seen in its entire context, not the parts and categorizations posited by the
respondent.
LATIN MAXIM:
26, 29, 36
Oliva v. Lamadrid
Case No. 191
G.R. No. L-23196 (October 31, 1969)
Chapter V, Page 200, Footnote No.96
FACTS:
Plaintiff was the owner of a parcel of land which he mortgaged as security for the payment of
a loan. Having defaulted in the payment of the loan, the property was foreclosed and sold to
Respondent. However, under RA 720, the land could be redeemed two (2) years after the sale, Feb. 4
1963. No redemption was made within that time. On May 31 1963, Plaintiff offered to repurchase,
claiming that under C.A. No. 141, he was entitled to repurchase the land, not two (2), but five (5) years
after the title was sold because he was a holder of a free patent and torrens title.
ISSUE:
W/N the period of redemption is governed by Sec. 119 of C.A. No. 141 of Sec.
5 of RA 720.
HELD:
No. Petitioner, as a former owner of land with a homestead patent and a torrens title, is not
included in those enumerated in RA 601 and therefore not subject to the two (2) year allotment for
redemption.
In July 30, 1951, the Court had already decided that Sec. 119 of C.A. No. 141 is applicable to
foreclosure sales of lands covered by a homestead or a free patent; therefore, the plaintiff may use its
provision of five (5) years.
Where the general law is the Commonwealth Act and the specific law is the Republic Act,
they should be unified, and should abide by the conditions of the times.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 30a, 38a, 39a, 50, b, b2
Escosura v. San Miguel Brewery, Inc. Philippine British Assurance v. Intermediate Appelate Court
Case No. 100
Case No. 234
G.R. No. L-16696 & L-16702 (January 31, 1962)
G.R. No. L-72005 (May 29, 1987)
Chapter V, Page 200, Footnote No.97
Chapter 5, Page 200, Footnote No.99
FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioners are employees of San Respondent Corporation who at various times during
Sycwin Coating& Wires Inc, filed a complaint for a collection of money against Varian
employment, fell ill. They were given sick leave pay pursuant to its Health, Welfare and Retirement
Industrial Corporation. During the pendency, Respondent attached some of the properties of Varian
Plan. Despite receipt of the sick leave pay from Respondent Corporation, the employees claimed for
Industrial Corp upon the posting of a supersedes bond. The latter in turn posted a counter bond through
sickness benefit allowances under the Social Security Act contending that their receipt of sick leave
Petitioner so the attached properties were released. Sycwin filed a petition for execution pending
pay of less than the full wage does not preclude them from claiming for the allowances provided in the
appeal against the properties of Varian, which was granted. However, the writ of execution was
law. Respondent Corporation countered that having already received sick leave pay, they cannot claim
returned unsatisfied as Varian failed to deliver the previously attached personal properties upon
benefits under the Social Security Act as these are exclusive to those not receiving any leave privileges
demand. Sycwin prayed that Petitioner Corporation be ordered to pay the value of its bond which was
at all from the employer.
granted.
ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioners were entitled to additional sickness benefit allowance under the Social
W/N the counter bond issued was valid.
Security Act.
HELD:
The counter bond was issued in accordance with Sec. 5, Rule 57 of the Rules of Court.
HEL Neither the rules nor provisions of the counter bond limited its application to a final and executory
D: To uphold the theory that as long as the employee receives any amount as judgment. It appllies to the payment of any judgment that may
sick leave pay by a private benefit plan, the employee cannot avail of the privileges under the Social be recovered by Plaintiff. The only logical conclusion is that an execution of any judgment including
Security Act, would be to enable the employer to defeat the purpose of the law. The Social Security one pending appeal if returned unsatisfied may be charged against such counter bond. The rule
Act, having been enacted for the welfare of the employees, cannot be given an interpretation that therefore, is that the counter bond to life attachment shall be charged with the payment of any
would defeat such purpose. judgment that is returned unsatisfied. It covers not only a final and executory judgment but also the
execution of a judgment of pending appeal.
LATIN MAXIM:
26, 2b, 3a, 38b LATIN MAXIM:
24a, 26, 36a
Ramirez v. Court of Appeals Pilar v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 251
Case No. 242
G.R. No. L-16696 & L-16702 (January 31, 1962)
G. R. No. 115245 (July 11, 1995)
Chapter 5, Page 201 , Footnote No.100
Chapter 5, Page 201, Footnote No.100

FACTS: FACTS:
A civil case was filed by Petitioner alleging that Private Respondent, in a confrontation in the On March 22, 1992, Petitioner filed his certificate of candidacy for the position of member of
latter’s office allegedly vexed, insulted and humiliated him. Petitioner produced a verbatim transcript the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Isabela. Three days later, he withdrew his certificate
of the event to support her claim. The act of secretly taping the confrontation was illegal. Thus, of candidacy. As a result, Respondent Commission imposed a fine of P10,000 pesos for failure to file
respondent and filed a criminal case. his statement of contributions and expenditures. Petitioner contends that it is clear from the law that the
candidate must have entered the political contest, and should have either won or lost.
ISSUE:
W/N the facts charged against him constituted an offense. ISSU
E: W/N Petitioner can be held liable for failure to file a statement of contributions
HEL and expenditures since he was a “non-candidate”, having withdrawn his certificate of candidacy three
D: The law makes it illegal for any person, not authorized by all the parties in any days after its filing.
private communication to secretly record such communication by means of a tape recorder. The law
makes no distinction as to whether the party sought to be penalized by the statute ought to be a party HEL
other than or different from those D: Yes. Sec. 14 of RA 7166 states that “every candidate” has the obligation to file
involved in the private communication. The statute's intent to penalize all persons unauthorized to his statement of contributions and expenditures. As the law makes no distinction or qualification as to
make such recording is underscored by the use of the qualifier "any". Where the law makes no whether the candidate pursued his candidacy or withdrew the same, the term “every candidate” must
distinctions, one does not distinguish. be deemed to refer not only to a candidate who pursued his campaign, but also to one who withdrew
his candidacy. Sec. 13 of Resolution No. 2348 categorically refers to “all candidates who filed their
LATIN MAXIM: certificate of candidacy”.
6a, 7a, 9a, 11a, 24a, B2
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 26, 37, b2
Sanciangco v. Roño Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 273
Case No. 38
G. R. No. 68709 (July 19, 1985)
G. R. No. 116356 (June 29, 1998)
Chapter 5, Page 203 , Footnote No.106

FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner was elected as Barangay Captain. Later, he was elected President of the Association
Davao Pilots Association elevated a complaint against Petitioner for a sum of money and
of Barangay Councils (ABC) of Ozamiz City by the Board of Directors of the said Association.
attorney’s fees alleging that DPA had rendered the pilotage services to Petitioner between January 14,
Petitioner then Petitioner then filed his Certificate of Candidacy for the May 14, 1984 elections for
1987 to July 22, 1989 with total unpaid fees of P703,290.18. Despite repeated demands, Petitioner
Misamis Occidental under the banner of the Mindanao alliance. He was not successful in the said
failed to pay and prays that the latter be directed to pay the amount with legal rate of interest from the
elections.
filing of the complaint; attorney’s fees equivalent to 25% of the principal obligation.
ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N an appointive member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod, who ran for the position of
W/N EO 1088 is unconstitutional.
Mambabatas Pambansa in the elections of May 14, 1984, should be considered as resigned or on
forced leave of absence upon filing of his certificate of candidacy.
HELD:
HELD: No. In Philippine Interisland Shipping Association of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, the
The legislative intent of Sec. 13(2) of BP 697 is clear that even appointive Barangay officials court upheld the validity of EO 1088 and it shall not depart from this ruling. The Court’s holding
are deemed also covered by the said provision. Since he is unquestionably an appointive member, he is clearly debunks Petitioner’s insistence on paying the pilotage fees based on the memorandum circulars
deemed to have ipso facto ceased to be such member when he filed his certificate of candidacy for the issued by the PPA. Administrative or Executive Acts, Orders and Regulations shall be valid only when
May 1984 Batasan elections. they are not contrary to the laws or the Constitution.

LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 9a, 37 49
6c, 7a, 9c, 28, 36b
Castillo-Co v. Barbers People v. Martin
Case No.
Case No. 214
G.R. No. 129952 (June 16, 1998)
G.R. No. L-33487 (May 31, 1971)
Chapter 5, Page 204, Footnote No.110
FACTS:
Congressman Junie Cua filed a complaint before the Office of the Ombudsman against FACTS:
Governor Castillo-Co and Provincial Engineer Virgilio Ringor alleging irregularities in the purchase of Respondents were charged with violating Sec. 46 of C.A. No. 613 or the Philippine
heavy equipment by the Governor and Provincial Engineer. The items purchased were “reconditioned” Immigration Act by the Court of First Instance of La Union, specifically in the act of bringing in and
instead of brand new and included other irregularities. Emilio A. Gonzales III, Director, and Jesus landing. The Court dismissed the charges on the ground of it being a continuous offense with Criminal
Guerrero, Deputy Ombudsman for Luzon, placed the Petitioners under preventive suspension for 6 Case 6258-M filed in Bulacan against other Respondents who were concealing and harboring the same
months. Petitioners contest that the Deputy Ombudsman has no power to sign the order of preventive Chinese Immigrants who were brought in therefore they had no jurisdiction.
suspension.
ISSUE:
ISSUE: W/N the act of bringing in and landing constitute a continuous offense with concealing and
W/N the deputy Ombudsman possessed the authority to sign the order for preventive harboring.
suspension.
HELD:
HELD: No. They are two separate offenses.
Yes. The deputy Ombudsman possessed the authority to preventively suspend the Petitioners. C.A. No. 613 clearly provides that the four acts are in fact four separate acts. Each act
There is nothing in RA 7975 which may suggest that the Ombudsman and only the Ombudsman may possesses its own distinctive, different, and disparate meaning. The word OR in C.A. No. 613 cannot
sign an order preventively suspending officials occupying positions classified as grade 27 or above. be given a non-disjunctive meaning signifying the separation of one act from the other. The words in
The word “or” is clearly disjunctive in this case signifying dissociation from one thing from the other. the information suggesting conspiracy are considered a mere surplusage.
LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a 6c, 7a, 37, 15b
GMCR v. Bell Telecommunications Inc. Magtajas v. Pryce Properties Corp., Inc.
Case No. 49
Case No. 158
G.R. No. 126496 (April 30, 1997)
G.R. No. 111097 (July 20, 1994)
Chapter V, Page 208, Footnote No. 130

FACTS:
NTC Commissioner Kintanar denied the request of Bell Telecommunications for a Certificate
of Public Convenience and Necessity for the installation of telecommunications equipment pursuant to
its congressional franchise to operate. The denial was promulgated despite the approval of the CCAD
of its feasibility and the endorsement of Deputy Commissioners Fidelo Q. Dumlao and Consuelo
Perez.
ISSUE:
Whether the NTC is a collegial body or under the direct and sole control of Commissioner
Kintanar.
HELD:
The NTC is a collegial body and its decisions should be reached by a majority vote. Executive
Order 146 creating the NTC clearly shows that the NTC shall be composed of a head commissioner
and 2 deputy commissioners suggesting its collegial nature. Therefore the acts of Chairman Kintanar
are void ab initio for being unabashedly contrary to law.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 15a, 24a
FACTS:
PAGCOR, created by P.D. 1896, leased a building belonging to Pryce in order to prepare to
open a casino in Cagayan de Oro City. Various civic organizations, religious elements, women’s and
youth groups, and even the local officials angrily denounced the project. The Sangguniang Panlungsod
swiftly enacted two ordinances disallowing the building of the planned casino. Petitioners argue that by
virtue of the Local Government Code (LGC), the Sangguniang Panlungsod may prohibit the operation
of casinos by passing ordinances to protect the general welfare of their citizens from the harmful
effects of gambling.
ISSUE:
W/N the two ordinances as enacted by the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Cagayan de Oro are
valid.
HELD:
The two local ordinances are not valid. In Basco v. Phil. Amusements and Gaming Corp., this
Court sustained the constitutionality of the decree. Under the LGC, local government units are
authorized to prevent or suppress “gambling and other prohibited games of chance.” Since the world
“gambling” should be read as referring to only illegal gambling which, like the other prohibited games
of chance, must be prevented or suppressed. On the assumption of a conflict between P.D. 1869 and
the LGC, the proper action is not to uphold one and annul the other but to give effect to both by
harmonizing them if possible. Casino gambling is authorized by P.D. 1869. This decree has the status
of a statute that cannot be amended or nullified by a mere ordinance.

LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 9c, 11e, 28, 37, 38, 50
Commissioner of Customs v. Philippine Acetylene Company
Case No. 72
G.R. No. L-22443 (May 29, 1971)
Chapter V, Page 210, Footnote No. 135
FACTS:
Charles Butler, manager of Respondent Company, imported a custom-built LPG tank which is
used to contain LPG from the refinery in Batangas and to transport it to the company’s plant in Manila.
RA 1394 provides a tax exemption for the importation of machinery and/or raw materials to be used by
new and necessary industries as determined in accordance with RA 901. The Tax Court held that the
term industry should be understood in its ordinary and general definition, which is any enterprise
employing relatively large amounts of capital and/or labor.
ISSU
E: W/N the Philippine Acetylene Co., Inc. may be considered engaged in an
industry as contemplated in Sec. 6 of RA 1394 and therefore exempt from the payment of the special
import tax with respect to the gas tank in question.
HEL
D: Philippine Acetylene is not exempt from the special import tax. Tax
exemptions are held strictly against the taxpayer. The obvious legislative intent is to confine the
meaning of the term “industries” to activities that tend to produce or create or manufacture, and not to
all ventures and trades falling under the ordinary and general definition. In granting the exemption, it
would have been illogical for Congress to specify importations needed by new and necessary industries
as the term is defined by law and in the same breath allowed a similar exemption to all other industries
in general.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 11a, 11d, 28, 43
People v. Santiago
Case No. 224
G.R. No. L-17663 (May 30, 1962)
Chapter V, Page 136, Footnote No. 211
FACTS:
The information alleges that Santiago has committed the crime of "libel." The accused
delivered false, malicious, and highly defamatory statements against Mayor Lacson through an
amplifier system before a crowd of around a hundred persons. Defendant moved to quash this
information upon the ground that the crime charged therein is not libel but oral defamation.
ISSUE:
Whether the crime charged in the information is oral defamation, under Art. 358 of the
Revised Penal Code, or libel, under Art. 355, in relation to Art. 353, of the same Code.
HEL
D: The facts alleged in the information constitute the crime of oral defamation.
The word "radio" should be considered in relation to the terms with which it is associated, all of which
have a common characteristic, namely, their permanent
nature as a means of publication, and this explains the graver penalty for libel than that prescribed for
oral defamation. Radio as a means of publication is the transmission and reception of electromagnetic
waves without conducting wires intervening between transmitter and receiver, while transmission of
words by means of an amplifier system is not thru "electromagnetic waves" but thru the use of
"conducting wires" intervening between the transmitter and the receiver. It has also been held in the
United States that slanderous statements forming part of a manuscript read by a speaker over the radio
constitute libel.
LATIN MAXIM:
11h, 25a, 28, b2
Caltex (Phil.), Inc. v. Palomar
Case No. 45
G.R. No. 19650 (September 29, 1966)
Chapter V, Page 137, Footnote No. 211
FACTS:
Petitioner conceived the “Caltex Hooded Pump Contest” where participants have to estimate
the actual number of liters a hooded gas pump can dispense during a specific period of time. There was
no fee or consideration required to be paid, nor any purchase of any Caltex products to be made in
order to join the contest. Foreseeing the extensive use of mail for advertising and communications,
Caltex requested clearance for Respondent Postmaster General but was denied citing said contest is a
“gift enterprise” deemed as a non-mailable matter under the anti-lottery provisions of the Postal Law.
Hence, Petitioner filed a petition for declaratory relief.
ISSUE:
W/N the “Caltex Hooded Pump Contest” falls under the term “gift enterprise” which is banned
by the Postal Law.
HEL
D: No, said contest is not a gift enterprise. The word “lottery” is defined as a
game of chance where the elements of which are (1) consideration, (2) chance, and (3) prize. The term
“gift enterprise” and “scheme” in the provision of the Postal Law making unmailable “any lottery, gift,
enterprise, or scheme for the distribution of money or any real or personal property by lot, chance, or
drawing of any kind” means such enterprise as will require consideration as an element. The intent of
the prohibition is to suppress the tendency to inflame the gambling spirit and to corrupt public morals.
There being no element of consideration in said contest, the spirit of the law is preserved.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 28
San Miguel Corp. v. NLRC
Case No. 272
G.R. No. 80774 (May 31, 1988)
Chapter V, Page 211, Footnote No. 138
FACTS:
Petitioner Corporation sponsored an Innovation Program which rewarded cash to SMC
employees who will submit ideas and suggestions beneficial to the corporation. Rustico Vega
submitted his proposal entitled “Modified Grande Pasteurization Process” and claimed entitlement to
the cash award. SMC denied utilizing such proposal but Vega alleged otherwise and filed a complaint
with the NLRC which arbitrated against the Petitioner.
ISSUE:
W/N the money claim of Vega falls within the jurisdiction of the labor arbiter and the NLRC.
HEL
D: No, said money claim falls outside the jurisdiction of said agencies. The
jurisdiction of the NLRC is outlined in Art. 217 of the Labor Code which includes in par.
3 “all money claims of workers, including those based on nonpayment or underpayment of wages,
overtime compensation, separation pay and other benefits
provided by law or appropriate agreement…” While par. 3 refers to “all money claims of workers,” it
is not necessary to suppose that the entire universe of money claims has been absorbed into the
jurisdiction of the NLRC. Par. 3 should not be read in isolation with the context formed by par. 1
(unfair labor practices), par. 2 (terms and conditions of employment), par. 4 (household services), par.
5 (prohibited activities). The unifying element of pars. 1-5 is that they refer to cases or disputes arising
out of or in connection with an employer-employee relationship. The scope of par. 3 is clarified by its
associated paragraphs wherein money claims falling within the original and exclusive jurisdiction of
the NLRC are those which have some reasonable causal connection with the employer-employee
relationship.
LATIN MAXIM:
28, 36b, 36e
Gotiaco v. Union Ins. Soc. Of Camilon
Case No. 114
G.R. No. 13983 (September 1, 1919)
Chapter V, Page 213, Footnote No. 141
FACTS:
The Gotiaco Brothers transported a cargo of rice from Saigon to Cebu. The rice was damaged
due to the inflow of seawater into the ship during the voyage because of a defect in one of its drain
pipes. Plaintiffs sought recovery from Defendant under maritime insurance that purports to insure the
cargo from: “Perils… of the seas, men of war, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieves, jettisons,…
barratry of the master and mariners, and of all other perils, losses, and misfortunes…” The trial court
ruled that the ship was unseaworthy and Defendant is not liable. Plaintiffs appealed hence this action.
ISSUE:
W/N the insurer is liable for the loss.
HELD:
No, the owners of the damaged rice must look to the shipowner for redress and not to the
insurer. The words “all other perils, losses, and misfortunes” are to be interpreted as covering risks
which are of like kind with the particular risks which are enumerated in the preceding part of the clause
in the contract. A loss which, in the ordinary course of events, results from the natural and inevitable
action of the sea, from the ordinary wear and tear of the ship, or from the negligent failure of the ship’s
owner to provide the vessel with proper equipment to convey the cargo under the ordinary condition is
not a “peril of the sea.” The insurer undertakes to insure against perils of the sea and similar perils, not
against perils of the ship. It was found that the cargo was improperly stowed and that the owners of the
ship were chargeable with negligence for failure to protect the pipe by putting a case over it. It was
appropriately held that the ship was not seaworthy.
LATIN MAXIM:
29
Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation v. Oil Industry Commission
Case No. 122
G.R. No. L-41315 (November 13, 1986)
FACTS:
Petitioner Corporation was contending that Respondent Commission had no jurisdiction over
the contractual disputes between them and a gasoline dealer in the name of Manuel Yap.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Commission had jurisdiction over the contractual disputes.
HELD:
The contention of the Petitioner is well founded. A detailed reading of the entire OIC Act will
say that there has not been an express provision providing for disputes involving the gasoline dealer
and the oil company.
Sec 6 of R.A. 6173 restricts the extent and scope the OIC prerogative of jurisdiction in sub
paragraph a to f.
What the law intend here is to be all embracing to the jurisdictional power of Respondent
Commission so anything not mentioned are not or cannot be presumed or indicated. Thus, the
jurisdictional power should be restricted to mere regulatory and supervisory power and not judicial.
The phrase, ”to set the conditions” means the right to prescribe rules and conduct. It only pertains to
rule making power and not adjudication. Such limitation is included in the provision in Sec. 7(4d)
LATIN MAXIM:
25, 30, 31, 36
Cagayan Valley Enterprises, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals
Case No. 43
G.R. No. 123248 (October 16, 1997)
Chapter V, Page 217, Footnote No.158
FACT
S:
La Tondeña registered with the Philippine Patent Office, pursuant to RA 6231,
the 350 c.c. white flint bottles it has been using for its gin popularly known as “Ginebra San Miguel”.
Thereafter, a case was initiated against Petitioner for using the 350 c.c., white flint bottles with the
mark “La Tondeña, Inc.” and “Ginebra San Miguel” stamped or blown-in therein by filling the same
with Petitioner’s liquor product bearing the label “Sonny Boy” for commercial sale and distribution,
without La Tondeña’s written consent, and in violation of Sec. 2 of RA 623 as amended by RA 5700.
ISSUE:
W/N La Tondeña was part of the protected beverages of RA 623 amended by RA 5700.
HELD:
The words “other lawful beverages” is used in its general sense, referring to all beverages not
prohibited by law. Beverage is defined as a liquor or liquid for drinking. Hard liquor, although
regulated, is not prohibited by law; hence, it is within the purview and coverage of RA 623, as
amended. To limit the coverage of the law only to those enumerated or of the same kind or class as
those specifically mentioned will defeat the very purpose of the law.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 26, 29
Rep. of the Philippines vs. Hon. Migrinio and Tecson
Case No. 257
FACT
Acting on information received, which indicated the acquisition of wealth
S:
beyond his lawful income, the Philippine Anti-Graft Board required Private Respondent to submit his
explanation or comment, together with his supporting evidence. Private Respondent, a retired lt.
colonel, was unable to produce his supporting evidence, despite several postponements, because they
were allegedly in the custody of his bookkeeper who had gone abroad. The anti-graft Board was
created by the PCGG to “investigate the unexplained wealth and corrupt practices of AFP personnel,
both retired and in active service.”
ISSUE:
W/N Private Respondent may be investigated and prosecuted by the Board, an agency of the
PCGG, for violation of RA 3019 and 1379.
HELD:
No. Applying the rule in statutory construction, the term “subordinate” as used in EO 1 and 2
would refer to one who enjoys a close association or relation with former President Marcos and/or his
wife, similar to the immediate family member, relative, and close associate in EO 1 and the close
relative, business associate, dummy, agent, or nominee in EO 2.
LATIN MAXIM:
28, 30, 36b, 38
Commissioner of Customs vs. Court of Tax Appeals United States vs. Sto. Nino
Case No. 71
Case No. 302
G.R. Nos. 48886-88 (July 21, 1993)
Chapter III, Page 101, Footnote No.133 Chapter V, Page 220, Footnote No.172

FACTS: FACTS:
Petitioner contends that the importation of the foodstuffs in question is prohibited and the articles thus Respondent was caught possessing a deadly weapon. He was prosecuted under Act No. 1780,
imported may be subject to forfeiture under Sec. 2530 (f) and 102 (k) of the Tariff and Customs Code. which stated that “it shall be unlawful for any person to carry concealed upon his person any bowie
The foodstuffs in question being articles of prohibited importation cannot be released under bond. knife, dirk dagger, kris or other deadly weapons, provide that this prohibition shall not apply to
firearms in the possession of persons who have secured a license therefore or who are entitled to carry
ISSUE: the same under the provision of this Act.
W/N the imported foodstuffs in question are not contraband, and are not as stated by The trial court ruled that, using the principle of ejusdem generis, the law will only apply to bladed
Respondent Court, among the prohibited importations enumerated in Sec. weapons
102 of the Tariff and Customs Code therefore these foodstuffs may be released under
bond as provided in Sec. 2301 of the same code. ISSUE:
W/N the trial court was correct in applying ejusdem generis.
HELD:
Yes. The imported foodstuffs are considered prohibited importation under Sec. HELD:
102 (k) of the Tariff and Customs Code. No. The trial court erred in applying ejusdem generis because the latter is only resorted to in
determining the legislative intent, such that if the intent is clear, the rule must give way. In this case,
LATIN MAXIM: the proviso provides that unlicensed revolvers were covered by the law and as such the law is not
29 limited to bladed weapons.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 29
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila vs. Social Security Commission Rep. v. Estenzo
Case No. 263 Case No.
G.R. No. L-15045 (January 20, 1961) G.R. No. L – 35376 (September 11, 1980)
Chapter V, Page 221, Footnote No.175

FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner filed with Respondent Commission a request that “Catholic Charities, and all religious
Private Respondents filed a petition to reopen a decision by the Cadastral Court to declare Lot
and charitable institutions and/or organizations, which are directly or indirectly, wholly or partially,
No. 4273 of the Ormoc Cadastre as public land. Petitioners filed an instant petition alleging that the
operated by the Roman Archbishop of Manila” be exempted from compulsory coverage of RA 1161,
trial court erred in assuming jurisdiction over the petition for reopening the cadastral proceedings.
otherwise known as the Social Security Law of 1954.
Petitioner contends that the term “employer” as defined in the law should— following the
ISSUE:
principle of ejusdem generis--- be limited to those who carry on “undertakings or activities which have
W/N RA 6236 applies to the reopening of cadastral proceedings on certain lands which were
the element of profit or gain, or which are pursued for profit or gain,” because the phrase “activity of
declared public lands.
any kind” in the definition is preceded by the words “any trade, business, industry, undertaking.
HELD:
No. RA 6236 does not apply to the reopening of cadastral proceedings on certain lands which
ISSU were declared public lands. The Respondent judge was wrong in interpreting that RA 6236 is
E: W/N the rule of ejusdem generis can be applied in this case. applicable; the job of the judiciary is to apply laws, not interpret it.

HEL
D:
No. The rule of ejusdem generis applies only where there is uncertainty. It is not controlling where LATIN MAXIM:
the plain purpose and intent of the Legislature would thereby be hindered and defeated. The definition 6d, 7a, 30, 32
of the term “employer” is sufficiently comprehensive as to include religious and charitable institutions
or entities not organized for profit. This is made more evident by the fact that it contains an exception
in which said institutions or entities are not included.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 29
In re estate of Enriquez and Reyes Empire Insurance Co. v. Rufino
Case No. 130
Case No. 97
G.R. No. 9351 (January 6, 1915) Chapter V,
G.R. No. L – 38268 (May 31, 1979)
Page 223, Footnote No. 180
Chapter V, Page 223, Footnote No. 181
FACTS:
FACTS:
Francisca Reyes died intestate and was survived by his 2 legitimate daughters, Petra and
Vicente A. Rufino died intestate and was survived by his widow and 7 children. They then
Pascuala. Petra had 2 legitimate children, Rafael and Josefa. Pascuala had 1 legitimate child, Aurea,
executed a Partition Agreement agreeing to pay for all liabilities or obligations of the decedent.
and had begotten a natural child by a priest, Vicente. Petra, Pascuala, and Aurea have since died. The
Almost 1 year later, Petitioner filed a Civil Case claiming liabilities and obligations from the Rufino
lower court held that Vicente was the owner of all the separate property of Aurea and half of the estate
estate. The trial court dismissed this claim stating the Petitioner did not file within the time limited in
of Francisca.
the notice to creditors in the intestate proceedings. A Petition for Review on Certiorari was filed by the
Petitioner on the decision of the trial court claiming that what was previously filed was not a money
ISSUE:
claim against the estate of the decedent, but a claim on the estates of the Respondents.
W/N Vicente was an acknowledged natural child.
ISSUE:
HELD:
W/N the petition has merit.
Yes. G. E. 68, which was promulgated on December. 18, 1899, repealed the law that
priesthood was a ground for declaring a marriage void. Since Vicente was born in 1905 after the said
HELD:
law was enacted, he is considered an acknowledged natural child.
The petition is dismissed for lack of merit. The liabilities claimed by Petitioner were not listed
in the obligations acknowledged by the Partition Agreement.
LATIN MAXIM:
30a, 35, 49 LATIN MAXIM:
29, 30a, 45a
Ching Leng v. Galang
Case No.
G. R. No. L-11931 (October 27, 1958)
FACTS:
Petitioner obtained judgment granting his petition for naturalization. He and his wife later
petitioned to the Court of First Instance in Rizal for the adoption of his five children who were all
minors and Chinese nationals. The petition was later granted. Petitioner then requested the
Commissioner of Immigration to cancel the alien certificate of registration of their children based on
the following grounds: (1) by virtue of their naturalization, the children are now considered as Filipino
citizens, (2) adoption gave the adopted children the same rights and duties as if they were the
legitimate children of the adopter, (3) since a legitimate child follows the nationality of the adopter, the
children are considered Filipino Citizens.
ISSUE:
W/N citizenship can be acquired by a child through adoption.
HELD:
Citizenship is not a right but a mere privilege. Art. 254 of the Civil Code enumerates the
rights of the legitimate child and acquisition is not a part of the said enumeration. Furthermore, Art.
341 of the Civil Code does not include acquisition of citizenship. Also, Art. 49 of a special law that
provides the character of naturalization enumerates the means of acquiring citizenship and adoption is
not part of it.
LATIN MAXIM:
30a
Acosta v. Flor
Case No. 5
G. R. No. 2122 (September 13, 1905)
Chapter V, Page 224, Footnote No. 187
FACTS:
The Plaintiff and the Defendant were candidates for the Office of the Municipal President of
Laoag, Ilocos Norte. Plaintiff alleged that he was duly elected to said office and that the Defendant had
usurped and unlawfully held the same. However, not a single witness presented by Plaintiff confirmed
the latter’s allegations that he had obtained a majority of 100 votes at the said election. Nor can it be
inferred from the evidence introduced by the Plaintiff that he, as a result of said election, or for any
other reason, was entitled to the office of Municipal President of Laoag, now held by Defendant.
ISSUE:
Can the Plaintiff maintain an action for the purpose of excluding the Defendant from the
exercise of said office?
HELD:
No. Art. 199, 200, and 201 of the Code of Civil Procedure has reserved to the Attorney-
General and to the provincial fiscals, as the case may be, the right to bring such action. If the
legislative had intended to give all citizens alike the right to maintain an action for usurpation of public
office, it would have plainly said so in the law in order to avoid doubt on a subject of such far-reaching
importance.
LATIN MAXIM:
30a
Lerum v. Cruz Central Barrio v. City Treasurer of Davao
Case No. 146
Case No. 55
G. R. No. L-2783 (November 29, 1950)
G.R. No. L-25811 (April 3, 1968)
Chapter V, Page 225, Footnote No. 192
Chapter V, Page 225, Footnote No. 193
FACTS:
FACTS:
This is an appeal for a petition for declaratory relief. Attys. Lerum and Fernando filed for this
On August 29, 1962, the City of Davao passed Resolution No. 732, pursuant to RA 2370,
petition in order to test the sufficiency and probative value of a testimony in a bigamy case by (former)
declaring as officially and legally existing several barrios of the city. Among these were barrios Agdao,
Judge Cruz regarding the issuance of a divorce decree.
Bucana and Poblacion. Subsequently, barrio Poblacion, also called barrio Central, asked for its alleged
10% share in taxes collected on real property located within the barrio, as provided in Sec. 3 of RA
ISSUE:
3590. Respondent refused to release the share on the ground that the amount pertaining to the said
Can the attorneys file a petition for declaratory relief regarding the sufficiency and probative
barrio, in relation to barrios Agdao and Bucana, cannot be determined because the respective
value of (former) Judge Cruz’s testimony?
boundaries of said barrios were not yet fixed as required by law. The Petitioner thus filed a case against
Davao City’s Treasurer, Council, Auditor and Mayor with the Court of First Instance (CFI) of Davao,
HELD:
which dismissed the case on the ground that the issue had been rendered academic by the passage of
No, the petition for declaratory relief cannot be granted. Under Sec 1, Rule 66 of the Rules of
RA 4354, amending the charter of Davao City.
Court, declaratory relief may only be granted to a person whose rights are affected by a statute or
ordinance, or who is interested “under a deed, will, contract or other written instrument.” The
ISSUE:
sufficiency and probative value of a testimony, which is the subject matter for declaratory relief in the
W/N the dismissal order was correct.
instant case, is not included in the enumeration. Thus, the assailed order is affirmed.
HELD:
LATIN MAXIM:
The dismissal was affirmed. Sec. 2 of RA 4354 enumerated the barrios comprising the City of
30a
Davao, which did not include the Petitioner. Thus, there prima facie arises the conclusion that said law
abolished Barrio Central as part of Davao City. A non-existent barrio or a barrio not situated in Davao
City cannot present a claim against it or its officials for a share in taxes under RA 3590.

LATIN MAXIM:
30
Vera v. Fernandez Villanueva v. City of Iloilo
Case No. 55
Case No. 312
G.R. No.L-31364 (March 30, 1979)
G.R. No. L-26521 (December 28, 1968)
Chapter V, Page 225, Footnote No. 193 Chapter V, Page 226, Footnote No. 197

FACTS:
This case is an appeal with regard to two orders promulgated by the CFI of Negros
Occidental, Branch V in relation to the intestate estate of Luis D. Tongoy. The cases were for the claim
and payment of deficiency income taxes in the total sum of P3,254.80 with 5% surcharge and 1%
monthly interest, as provided in the Tax Code. The Petitioners were denied the said claim and payment
as they were barred under Sec. 5, Rule 86 of the Rules of Court.
ISSUE:
W/N the statute of non-claims under Sec. 5, Rule 86 of the New Rules of Court bars claim of
the government for unpaid taxes.
HELD:
The order appealed from is reversed. A perusal of the aforequoted provision shows that it
makes no mention of claims for monetary obligations of the decedent created by law, such as taxes
which is entirely different from the claims enumerated therein. Par. 315 of the Tax Code states that
payment of income tax shall be a lien in favor of the government from the time the assessment was
made by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue until paid with interests, penalties, etc. Thus, before
the inheritance has been passed to the heirs, the unpaid taxes due the decedent may be collected, even
without its having been presented under Sec. 2 of Rule 36 of the Rules of Court.
LATIN MAXIM:
27, 30, 44
FACTS:
The case is an appeal questioning the lower court’s judgment declaring Ordinance No. 11 as
illegal. The Petitioners, Eusebio and Remedios Villanueva, are owners of 5 tenement houses
containing 43 apartments. By virtue of the ordinance, the city was able to collect P5,824 from the
spouses for the years 1960-1964.
ISSUE:
1. Is Ordinace 11 illegal because it imposes double taxation?
2. Is the City of Iloilo empowered by the Local Autonomy Act to impose tenement taxes?
3. Is it oppressive and unreasonable because it carries a penal clause?
4. Does it violate the uniformity of taxation?
HELD:
The judgment is reversed; the ordinance is valid.
1. No. The same tax may be imposed by the national government as well as by the local government.
2. Yes. RA 2264 confers on local governments’ broad taxing authority. It is clear that the intention of
the ordinance is to impose a tenement or apartment tax, which is not among the exceptions listed
in Sec. 2 of the Local Autonomy Act.
3. No. The lower court had in mind the constitutional provision that “no person shall be imprisoned
for a debt or non-payment of a poll tax”, which should not apply; the tax in question is neither a
debt nor a poll tax.
4. No. Taxes are uniform and equal when imposed upon all property of the same class or character
within the taxing authority.

LATIN MAXIM:
7a, 20c, 30, 35, 42
Santo To v. Cruz-Paño Samson v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 275
Case No. 270
G.R. No. L-55130 (January 17, 1983)
G.R. No. L-43182 (November 25, 1986)
Chapter V, Page 226, Footnote No. 199
Chapter V, Page 226, Footnote No. 200

FACTS:
Petitioner Santo To was convicted of estafa for a bouncing check and was sentenced with a
penalty of prision mayor. He appealed to the Court of Appeals, which reduced his sentence to the
penalty of prision correctional. He then filed a petition for probation but was denied by the Respondent
judge, Hon. Cruz-Paño, despite the favorable recommendation of the Probation Office, on the ground
that granting it would depreciate the seriousness of the offense, and that Santo To was not a penitent
offender. In a motion for reconsideration, the Solicitor General recommended the grant because the
Petitioner was not among the offenders disqualified to avail probation, as enumerated in the probation
law (P.D. 968) Sec. 9.
FACTS:
Petitioner Samson, the mayor of Caloocan, terminated the services of Respondent, Mr.
Talens, as Assistant Secretary, through Administrative Order No. 3, because of lack and loss of
confidence, and appointed Mr. Liwag, co-Petitioner, to said position. RA 2260 (Civil Service Act of
1959) Sec 5(f) declares that the position of secretaries to city mayors as non-competitive. Talens
asserts his position was not covered by the said act and, being permanently appointed, he can only be
removed for a cause and after due process. The Court of First Instance ruled in favor of Talens,
declaring the order null and void. The Court of Appeals also affirmed said decision.

ISSU ISSU
E: Can Petitioner To avail himself of probation? Was the termination of Talens illegal?
E:

HEL HEL
D: Yes. The law gives more importance to the offender than the crime. He is a Yes, Talens’ termination was illegal; his position is not among those expressly
D:
first-time offender and his offense has relative lightness. In addition, the Respondent judge cannot declared by law as highly confidential. The nature of functions attached to a position determines
assume that To had not shown repentance. Besides, where the Probation Law expressly enumerates the whether such position is highly confidential. Where the law provides that positions in the government
persons disqualified to avail of its benefits, the clear intent is to allow the benefits of probation to those belong to the competitive service, except those declared by law to be in the noncompetitive service and
not included in the enumeration. those which are policy- determining, primarily confidential or highly technical in nature, the legislature
is presumed to have intended to exclude those not enumerated, for otherwise, it would have included
LATIN MAXIM: them in the enumeration.
9a, 36b
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 30
Finman General Assurance Corp. vs. Court of Appeals
Case No. 107
G.R. No 100970 (September 2, 1992)
Chapter V, Page 228, Footnote No. 202
FACTS:
Carlie Surposa was insured with the Petitioner and had several relatives as his beneficiaries.
On October 18, 1988, Carlie Surposa died of a stab wound. After a written notice of claim by the
beneficiaries to the insurance company, the latter denied the claim, saying that murder and assault are
not within the scope of the coverage of the insurance policy. The insurance company was found liable
by the Insurance Commission to pay P15,000, and this decision was affirmed by the appellate court.
Petitioner contends that the CA was wrong in using “expressio unius exclusio alterius” in a personal
accident insurance policy since death resulting from murder and/or assault are impliedly excluded
therefrom.
ISSUE:
Did the CA make a mistake in using the said principle?
HELD:
No. The fact remains that the death of Surposa was pure accident on the part of the victim.
Furthermore, the personal accident insurance policy specifically enumerated only 10 circumstances
where no liability attaches to the insurance company. Failure to include death through murder or
assault meant it had not been intended to be exempt from liabilities resulting from such.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 30
Centano v. Villalon-Pornillos
Case No. 54
G.R. No. 113092 (September 1, 1994)
Chapter V, Page 228, Footnote No. 203
FACTS:
In 1985, the officers of Samahang Katandaan ng Nayon ng Tikay launched a fund drive for
the purpose of renovating the chapel of Barrio Tikay in Bulacan. Martin Centeno, chairman of the
group, approached Judge Angeles, President of Tikay, and the latter solicited P 1,500. However, this
solicitation was made without a permit from the DSWD and as a result, it was contended that Centeno
violated P.D. 1564, which states “Any person to solicit or receive contributions for charitable or public
welfare purposes shall secure a permit from the regional Office of the Department of Social services
and Development.”
ISSUE:
W/N the phrase “charitable purposes” in P.D. 1564 is meant to include religious purposes.
HELD:
No. Where a statute is expressly limited to certain matters, it may not, by interpretation or
construction, be extended to others. The 1987 Constitution treats the words “charitable” and
“religious” separately and independently from each other. Since P.D. 1564 merely states that charitable
or public welfare purposes need a permit from DSWD, this means that the framers of the law never
intended to include solicitations for religious purposes within its coverage. The term “charitable”
should be strictly construed to exclude solicitations for “religious” purposes. Moreover, since this is a
criminal case, penal law must be construed strictly against the State and liberally in favor of the
accused.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 11g, 11i, 25, 27, 30, 48
Escribano v. Avila Manabat v. De Aquino
Case No. 101
Case No. 161
G.R. No. L-30375 (September 12, 1978)
G.R. No. L-5558 (April 29, 1953)
Chapter V, Page 229, Footnote No. 205
Chapter V, Page 229, Footnote No. 208
FACTS:
FACTS:
Congressman Salipada Pendatun of Cotobato, filed a complaint for libel against Mayor Jose
Petitioners were ordered to pay P 1,261.74 plus interest for usury, wherein the couple failed to
Escribano of Tacurong before the Court of First Instance (now the RTC) to Judge David Avila.
appear in court and present evidence in the hearing. Notified of the decision on September 7, 1951,
Escribano questioned Judge Avila’s authority to conduct the preliminary investigation of the offense.
they filed for an appeal by registered mail on September 22 of that same year. However, the papers
He contended that the city fiscal of Cotobato is the only one empowered to conduct the preliminary
were actually received by the court on September 24. Thus, the Judge of First Instance declared that
investigation, pursuant of RA 4363 and Art. 360 of the RPC which does not empower the Court of
the appeal was late and dismissed it.
First Issuance to conduct preliminary investigations of written defamations due to an amendment made
for Art 360.
ISSUE:
ISSUE: 1. Whether the appeal was deemed filed on September 22, when they were deposited by
registered mail, or Sept 24, when they were actually received by the court.
Whether the Court of First Issuance is invested with the authority to conduct the preliminary
2. W/N the appeal has been perfected within 15 days.
investigation of the crime of libel or whether that power is lodged exclusively in the city attorney of
that city.
HELD:
Yes. The appeal was perfected within 15 days. Rule 27 Sec. 1 of the Rules of Court must be
HELD:
applied which will result to the date of deposit in the post office by registered mail of court papers as
Yes. The Court of First Issuance may conduct preliminary investigations because this power
the date of filing. Uniformity of rules is to be desired to simplify procedure. Thus, Petitioners filed
is not lodged exclusively in the city attorney. The enumeration in the law of the public officers and the
their appeal just in time.
courts that may conduct preliminary investigations was designed to divest the ordinary municipal court
of that power but not to deprive the Court of First Instance of that same power. The power of the CFT
to conduct a preliminary investigation is derived from the constitutional grant of power for a judge to LATIN MAXIM:
hold a preliminary examination and to issue warrants of arrest and search warrants. What is important 3a, 9c, 11d, 12a
to remember is that preliminary investigations by the CFT is the exception to the rule and not the
general rule.

LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 11e, 12, 37
Gomez v. Ventura and Board of Medical Examiners Primero v. CA
Case No. 115
Case No. 126
No. 32441. March 29, 1930
G.R. Nos. 48468-69. November 22, 1989
Chapter V, Page 229, Footnote No.209
FACTS:
FACTS: Petitioner carried a bladed weapon outside of his residence while PD 9, the prohibition against
Plaintiff had his license revoked on unprofessional conduct due to the administration of fan knives, “balisong” or clubs was in effect which thereafter resulted in his arrest.
opium. Petitioner claims that his administration of opium to patients was not a grounds for Petitioner answers in his defense that a bayonet, the bladed weapon he was carrying, was
unprofessional conduct because it has been repealed by subsequent Opium Laws. neither a blunt nor bladed weapon enumerated in PD 9 and therefore he was not guilty of violating the
law against bladed or blunt weapons.
ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N Plaintiff should have his license restored.
W/N a bayonet is not a bladed or blunt weapon that falls under the purview of PD 9.
HELD:
HELD:
No, Plaintiff should not have his license restored. The subsequent Opium Laws cannot be held
No, the bayonet is a bladed weapon that falls under PD 9. Petitioners defense of expressio
to have impliedly repealed prior ones as these did not conflict or remove said prior laws. The Opium
unius est exclusio alterius is weak and incomplete. It would make no sense if possession of a fan knife,
Laws are in fact in force and the ill-defined term of unprofessional conduct can include improper
which is less lethal than a bayonet, would be punishable while possession of a bayonet would not.
administration of opium to patients.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 30a
9a, 38b
SEC Legal Opinion re BIR Employees Association Inc. Roldan v Villaroman
Case No. 142
Case No. 262
Oct. 23, 1987
G.R. No. 46825 (October 18, 1939) Chapter
V, Page 234, Footnote No. 229
FACTS:
Petitioners inquired as to whether or not past presidents can run as board members or are FACTS:
merely ex-officio board members. Respondents were charged of murder. During the trial, Respondent Cuevas became ill and had
to be confined to a hospital. Judge Roldan, the Petitioner, denied the Respondents for postponement of
ISSUE: the trial on the ground of illness of Cuevas. The court also compelled the counsel of the accused to
W/N past presidents of the association can run again as members of the board or are present evidence and their witnesses and ordered to arrest the accused. Respondents then instituted a
automatically ex officio members. certiorari proceeding in the Court of Appeals against the Petitioner, impugning the decision of the
judge for proceeding with the case in the absence of Cuevas. The CA then issued a writ of preliminary
HELD: injunction ordering Judge Roldan from continuing with the trial.
Past Presidents may run again for positions in the board. There is nothing in the rules and
regulations of the association or the BIR that past presidents of the association may not run again for ISSUE:
board membership even as they are automatically made ex officio members of the board. W/N the CA has jurisdiction over the case.
LATN MAXIM: HELD:
9a No. The CA resolutions denying the motions of the Solicitor-General rely
principally upon the decision rendered in the case of Mujer vs. CFI of Laguna, which held that the
phrase “in aid of its appellate jurisdiction” only refers to its proximate antecedent and to “all other
auxiliary writs and process.” This ruling is in conjunction with the rule of interpretation that a
qualifying phrase should be understood as referring to the nearest antecedent. Moreover, the rule in the
interpretation applied is in fact the general rule in the interpretation of qualifying or conditional phrases
found in a law, but this rule is subject to the exception that where the intention of the law is to apply
the phrase to all the antecedents embraced in the provision, the same should be made extensive to the
whole.

LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6d, 9c, 33, 36b, b2
Herras Teehankee v. Director of Prisons
Case No. 122
G.R. No. L-278 (July 18, 1946)
Chapter V, Page 234, Footnote No. 230
FACTS:
Petitioner was apprehended by the US Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment under Security
Commitment Order No. 286 wherein she was specifically charged with (a) “active collaboration with
the Japanese,” and (b) “previous association with the enemy.” When she, along with her co-detainees
and co- Petitioners in that case, was delivered by the US Army to the Commonwealth Government
pursuant to the proclamation of General Douglas MacArthur of December 29, 1944, she was detained
by said Government under that charge. And under the same charge during all the time referred to, she
has remained in custody of the Commonwealth Government.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is constitutionally entitled bail.
HEL
D: Yes. The constitutional mandate laid down the rule that all persons shall
before conviction be bailable, except those charged with capital offenses when evidence of guilt is
strong. Since the People’s Court Act and the Constitution and other statutes in this jurisdiction should
be read as one law, and since the language
used in this court in construing the Constitution and other statutes on the matter of bail is substantially
the same as the language used by the People’s Court Act on the same subject, the most natural and
logical conclusion to follow in cases of capital offenses before conviction is that discretion refers only
to the determination of whether or not the evidence of guilt is strong. To hold that the People’s Court
has uncontrolled discretion in such cases and to deny bail even where the evidence of guilt is not
strong or there is absolutely no evidence at all, is to make the Act offensive not only to the letter but
also to the spirit of the Constitution, which is contrary to the most elementary rules of statutory
construction.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 6d, 11g, 12a, 26, 35, 37, 38b, 42a
Jose Antonio Mapa v. Hon. Joker Arroyo and Labrador Development Corporation
Case No. 170
G.R. No. 78585 (July 5, 1989)
Chapter V, Page 234, Footnote No. 231
FACTS:
Mapa bought lots from Labrador Development Corporation which are payable in ten years.
Mapa defaulted to pay the installment dues and continued to do so despite constant reminders by
Labrador. The latter informed Mapa that the contracts to sell the lots were cancelled, but Mapa invoked
Clause 20 of the four contracts. Said clause obligates Labrador to complete the development of the
lots, except those requiring the services of a public utility company or the government, within 3 years
from the date of the contract. Petitioner contends that P.D. 957 requires Labrador to provide the
“facilities, improvements, and infrastructures for the lots, and other forms of development” if offered
and indicated in the approved subdivision plans.
ISSU
E: W/N Clause 20 of the said contracts include and incorporate P.D. 957 through
the doctrine of last antecedent, making the cancellation of the contracts of sale incorrect.
HEL
D: No. Labrador has every right to cancel the contracts of sale, pursuant to
Clause 7 of the said contract for the reason of the lapse of five years of default payment from Mapa.
P.D. 957 does not apply because it was enacted long after the execution of the contracts involved, and,
other than those provided in Clause 20, no further written commitment was made by the developer.
The words “which are offered and indicated in the subdivision or condominium plans” refer not only to
“other forms of development” but also to “facilities, improvements, and infrastructures”. The word
“and” is not meant to separate words, but is a conjunction used to denote a joinder or a union.
LATIN MAXIM:
6d, 7a, 33
People of the Philippines v. Teodoro Tamani
Case No. 227
G.R. No. L-22160 and G.R. No. L-22161 (January 21, 1974)
Chapter V, Page 234, Footnote No. 232
FACTS:
Tamani was convicted of murder and attempted murder by the lower court on February 14,
1963. Upon receipt of a copy of this order, his counsel subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration
on March 1, 1963, which was denied. The lower court sent a copy of the order of denial to the counsel
by registered mail on July 13, 1963 through the counsel’s wife. Counsel filed his appeal only on
September 10, 1963, forty-eight days from July 24 th, which is the reglementary fifteen-day period for
appeal. Appellees contend that the case should be dismissed on the ground that the appeal was forty-
eight days late. They invoked Sec. 6, Rule 122 of the Rules of Court which states that an appeal must
be taken within fifteen (15) days from the promulgation or notice of the judgment or order appealed
from.
ISSUE:
W/N the fifteen-day period should commence from the date of promulgation of the decision.
HEL
D: Yes. Using the rule of reddendo singula singulis, the word “promulgation”
should be construed as referring to “judgment”, while “notice” should be construed as referring to
“order”. Tamani’s appeal is therefore 58 days late, not 47, as Appellees contend; he only had a day left
from the receipt of his wife of the notice on July 13. Nonetheless, the court decided to act upon the
appeal at hand “to obviate any possible miscarriage of justice”.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 8a 11g, 34
Andres Borromeo v. Fermin Mariano
Case No. 38
G.R. No. L-16808 (January 3, 1921) Chapter
V, Page 236, Footnote No. 240
FACTS:
Andres Borromeo was appointed and commissioned as Judge of the Twenty- fourth Judicial
District, effective July 1, 1914. On February, 25, 1920, he was appointed Judge of the Twenty-first
Judicial District, and Fermin Mariano was appointed Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial District.
Judge Borromeo has since the latter date consistently refused to accept appointment to the Twenty-first
Judicial District. The Attorney-General assails the validity of the later appointment by arguing on the
basis of Sec. 155 of the Administrative Code, which states that “nothing herein shall be construed to
prevent a judge of first instance of one district from being appointed to be judge of another district.”
ISSUE:
W/N Borromeo has the right to sit as the Judge of the 24th Judicial District.
HELD:
Yes. The concluding part of Sec. 155 of the Administrative Code used by the Attorney-
General should be construed as a proviso, although it did not start with the usual introductory word,
“provided”. The word “appointed” in the proviso should be
given its meaning in the ordinary sense, and thus, should mean “the nomination or designation of an
individual”. The provisions of the Judiciary Law are plain and unambiguous. Judges of First Instance
are appointed Judges of the Courts of First Instance of the respective judicial districts of the Philippine
Islands. They hold these positions of Judges of First Instance of definite districts until they resign,
retire or are removed through impeachment proceedings. The power to appoint lies on the appointing
officer, but the power to accept lies solely on the appointee. Hence, appointee’s consent is needed and
he has power to refuse an appointment. In upholding the independence of the judiciary and the state’s
separation of powers, the only way to remove Borromeo from power is by impeachment.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 9a, 9c, 12a, 24a, 37
ALU-TUCP v. NLRC
Case No. 2
G.R. No. 109328 (August 16, 1994)
Chapter V, Page 240, Footnote No. 250
FACTS:
Petitioners were employed by the National Steel Corporation for their five year expansion
program. The workers contend that they should be considered regular workers as opposed to project
workers, as the NSC and NLRC ruled. ALU-TUCP claims that they have been working in NSC for
more than 6 years and that their work is necessary for the business, and that would have been more
than enough to consider them as regular employees. Petitioners’ contentions stemmed from Art. 280 of
the Labor Code.
ISSU
E: W/N Petitioners should be considered regular employees.
HEL No. The provision calls for casual employees. Since Petitioners were
D:
considered project employees, this provision does not apply to them. Moreover, the fact that they have
been working in NSC for more than a year does not mean they are automatically converted into regular
employees. (They were hired as project employees for the 5-year expansion program. Once that
“project” is done, their services will no longer be needed.) In Mercado, Sr. vs. NLRC, the proviso in
par. 2 of Art.280 relates only to casual employees and is not applicable to those who do not qualify
under the definition of such workers in par. 1. The proviso is to be construed with reference to the
immediately preceding part of the provision to which it is attached, and not to other sections thereof.
LATIN
MAXIM: 1, 6,
33
Arenas v. City of San Carlos, Pangasinan
Case No. 20
G.R. No. L-34024 (April 5, 1978)
Chapter V, Page 240, Footnote No. 251
FACTS:
RA 5967 provides that second and third class judges would receive an annual salary of
P18,000. Arenas was receiving a monthly salary of P1000.00, P350 of which was from the national
government and the remaining P650 comes from the city government. Petitioner had repeatedly
requested the city to enact the said RA but the Respondent City refused.
ISSUE:
W/N Judge Arenas should be granted the increase in his salary from P12,000 to P18,000.
HELD:
Looking at the Senate deliberations, the intention in enacting the RA was that the salary of a
city judge should not be higher than the salary of the city mayor.
Moreover, exceptions, as a general rule, should be strictly but reasonably construed; they extend only
so far as their language fairly warrants, and all doubts should be resolved in favor of the general
provisions rather than the exception. In case there is repugnancy between the proviso and the main
provision, the latter provision, whether a proviso or not, is given preference because it is the latest
expression of the intent of the legislation, but more so because provisos are negatively written and
gives off a more mandatory tone.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 33, 43,48, b2
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance
Case No. 292
G.R. No. 115852 (August 25, 1994)
Chapter V, Page 243, Footnote No. 266
FACTS:
Petitioner assail the constitutionality of RA 7716 saying that S. No. 1630 did not pass three
reading on separate days as required in the Constitution because the second and the third readings were
done on the same day. The President had certified S. No. 1630 as urgent and the presidential
certification dispensed with the requirement not only of the printing but also that of reading the bill on
three separate days.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 7716, an act that seeks to widen the tax base of the existing VAT system and
enhance its administration by amending the National Internal Revenue
Code, has been constitutionally passed.
HELD:
There is no merit in the contention that presidential certification dispenses only with the
requirement for the printing of the bill and its distribution three days
before its passage but not with the requirement of three readings on separate days. The phrase
"except when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment, etc." in Art. VI,
Sec 26(2) qualifies the two stated conditions before a bill can become a law: (i) the bill has passed
three readings on separate days and (ii) it has been printed in its final form and distributed three
days before it is finally approved. In other words, the "unless" clause must be read in relation to
the "except" clause, because the two are really coordinate clauses of the same sentence. To
construe the "except" clause as simply dispensing with the second requirement in the "unless"
clause (i.e., printing and distribution three days before final approval) would not only violate the
rules of grammar but it would also negate the very premise of the "except" clause: the necessity of
securing the immediate enactment of a bill which is certified in order to meet a public calamity or
emergency.
LATIN
MAXIM: 33
ALDECOA v. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank
Case No. 126
30 Phil. 228, (March 23, 1915)
Chapter V, Page 245, Footnote No. 272
FACTS:
The mother of the Plaintiffs, Isabel Palet, was a general partner in the firm, Aldecoa &
Company. The said firm, however, was heavily indebted to the Defendant corporation. Isabel’s remedy
for this was to furnish certain securities and obligations to the Defendant Corporation, and to mortgage
certain real properties of her sons. In order to mortgage these properties, she emancipated her sons and
mortgaged their properties with her consent. The Petitioners now seek to cancel the instruments of
mortgage executed by them.
ISSU
E: W/N Isabel Palet can legally emancipate the Plaintiffs under the law in force
in this country in 1903, and in so doing, confer upon them the capacity to execute a valid mortgage on
their real property with her consent.
HEL
D: We must look at the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (American)
relating to guardianship and upon certain provisions of the Civil Code (Spanish) relating to the control
of the parents over the person and property of their minor children. The Code of Civil Procedure
impliedly repealed some parts of the old Spanish code. According to the Code of Civil Procedure, there
is no longer a need to be formally emancipated by the parents after attaining the age of majority. At the
time of the furnishing of the mortgage emancipation documents, Joaqin was already of legal age and so
his mortgage remained valid, while Zoilo’s mortgage was not valid even if he signed it with his mother
because he was a minor when he executed the mortgage.
LATIN
MAXIM: 49
Ocampo v. Buenaventura
Case No. 88
G.R. No. L-32293 (January 24, 1974)
FACTS:
On September 11, 1966 the Cebu Police Department arrested and detained Edgardo Ocampo
and other minors for an alleged violation of Ordinance No. 228 which fixed curfew hours. The minors
were then convicted for violation of said ordinance. On appeal, the minors were acquitted since the
reason they violated the ordinance was to attend a birthday, which is considered as a wholesome
assemblage, and therefore falls under the exception to the curfew rule. Roberto Ocampo filed a
complaint against the Respondents for serious misconduct, grave abuse of authority, and commission
of a felony. The Mayor issued an ordinance exonerating the policemen. On March 17, 1969 a
complaint was lodged with the Police Commission for the same grounds.
ISSUE:
W/N the Mayor can decide or investigate on administrative cases involving police service and
personnel.
HELD:
The Respondents’ argument is devoid of merit. The power of local officials to investigate and
decide administrative cases involving police service and personnel has been transferred to the
POLCOM under RA 4864. According to Commission v. Hon. Bello, Sec. 26 of the Police Act is a
mere saving clause and refers only to administrative cases involving police personnel and service
pending at the time of the effectivity of the Act (September 8, 1969). Sec. 26 may not be interpreted to
mean that the Board of Investigators and Police Commission could not legally function to carry into
effect the purpose of the Act until after the lapse of the 100 days.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 6c, 6d
Aisporna v. Court of Appeals and People
Case No. 6
G.R. No. L-39419 (April 12, 1982)
Chapter VI, Page 248, Footnote No. 8
FACTS:
Petitioner Mrs. Aisporna was charged with violation of Sec. 189 of the Insurance Act for
allegedly acting as an insurance agent without first securing a certificate of authority to act as such
from the office of the Insurance Commissioner. Mrs. Aisporna, however, maintained that she was not
liable because she only assisted her husband, and that she did not receive any compensation.
ISSUE:
W/N the receipt of compensation is an essential element for violation of Sec.
189.
HELD:
Receipt of compensation is essential to be considered an insurance agent. Every part of a
statute must be considered together with the other parts, a kept subservient to the general intent of the
enactment, and not separately and independently. The term “agent” used in par. 1 of Sec. 189 is
defined in par. 2 of the same section. Applying the definition of an insurance agent in par. 2 to the
agent in par. 1 would give harmony to the aforementioned 3 paragraphs of Sec. 189. A statute must be
construed so as to harmonize and give effect to all its provisions wherever possible. Every part of the
statute must be considered together with the other parts and kept subservient to the general intent of the
whole enactment.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9c, 28, 36b, 36c, 36d, 37
Gaanan v. Indeterminate Appellate Court
Case No. 108
G.R. No. L-69809 (October 16, 1986)
Chapter VI, Page 249, Footnote No. 11
FACTS:
Atty. Pintor called Leonardo Laconico to discuss the terms of the withdrawal of his complaint
for direct assault against Laconico in the City Fiscal of Cebu. That same day, Laconico called the
Appellant, Atty. Edgardo Gaanan to come to his office and advise him on the settlement of the direct
assault case. When complainant Pintor called up, Laconico requested Appellant Gaanan to secretly
listen to the telephone call through the extension phone.
ISSUE:
W/N an extension telephone is one of the prohibited devices covered by Sec.
1 of RA 4200.
HELD:
Telephone party lines were intentionally deleted from the provisions of the Act. There must be either a
physical interruption through a wiretap or the deliberate installation of a device. An extension
telephone cannot be placed in the same category as the devices enumerated in Sec. 1 RA 4200. In order
to determine the true intent of the legislature, the particular clauses and phrases of the statute should
not be taken as detached and isolated expressions, but the whole and every part thereof must be
considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts. In the case of Empire Insurance Company v.
Rufino, held that the phrase “device or arrangement” in Sec. 1 of RA 4200, although not exclusive to
that enumerated therein, should be construed to comprehend instruments of the same nature, that is,
instruments the use of which would be tantamount to tapping the main line of a telephone.
Furthermore, it is a general rule that penal statutes must be construed strictly in favor of the accused.
Radiola-Toshiba Phils. Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate
Case No. 249
G.R. No. 75222 (July 18, 1991)
Chapter VI, Page 252, Footnote No. 20
FACTS:
The levy on attachment against the subject properties of spouses Carlos and Teresita
Gatmaytan was issued on March 4, 1980 by the Court of First Instance of Pasig. However, the
insolvency proceeding in the Court of First Instance of Angeles City was commenced more than four
months after the issuance of the said attachment. Under the circumstances, Petitioner Radiola-Toshiba
Phils. contended that its lien on the subject properties overrode the insolvency proceeding and was not
dissolved thereby.
ISSU
E: W/N the levy on attachment dissolved the insolvency proceedings against
Respondent spouses even though it commenced four months after said attachment.
HELD:
No. Sec. 32 of the Insolvency Law is clear that there is a cut off period – one month in
attachment cases and thirty days in judgments entered in actions commenced prior to the insolvency
proceedings. Also, there is no conflict between Sec. 32 and Sec. 79. Where a statute is susceptible to
more than one interpretation, the court should adopt such reasonable and beneficial construction as will
render the provision thereof operative and effective and harmonious with each other.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 36a, 37

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 11g, 29, 30a, 36c, 36d, 48, b2
Lopez v. El Hogar Filipino JMM Promotions v. NLRC
Case No. 152
Case No. 136
G.R. No. L-22678 (January 12, 1925)
G.R. No. 109835 (November 22, 1993)
Chapter VI, Page 251, Footnote No. 16
Chapter VI, Page 251, Footnote No. 21

FACTS:
Pursuant to a contract of loan and mortgage, El Hogar Filipino caused the mortgaged
properties to be sold publicly in an extra-judicial sale. Lopez and Javelona, in whose favor the loan
was made, sought to have the contract of loan and mortgage annulled on the ground that the agreement
was usurious. They contended that the court erred in holding that the word “void”, as used in the Usury
Law, was intended to make the entire transaction a nullity.
ISSUE:
W/N the meaning of the word “void”, as used in the Usury Law, was intended to make the
entire transaction a nullity.
FACTS:
JMM Promotions paid license fee amounting to P30, 000 and posted a cash bond of P100, 000
and a surety bond of P50,000, as required by the POEA Rules. When JMM Promotions appealed to
NLRC regarding a decision rendered by POEA, the NLRC dismissed the petition for failure to post the
required appeal bond as required by Art. 223 of the Labor Code.
ISSUE:
Is JMM Promotions still required to post the required appeal bond, as required by Art. 223 of
the Labor Code, considering it has already posted a cash bond and surety bond, as required by the
POEA?

HEL HEL
D: No. From the very context of the law, the legislature, in using the word “void”, Yes. The POEA Rules regarding monetary appeals are clear. A reading of the
D:
did not intend that the transaction should be a complete nullity. It was only with respect to the usurious POEA Rules shows that, in addition to the cash and surety bonds and the escrow money, an appeal
interest. The intention of the legislature must be ascertained, not from the consideration of a single bond in an amount equivalent to the monetary award is required to perfect an appeal from a decision of
word or a particular phrase of the law, but from the context of the whole law or from a portion thereof, the POEA.
as compared with the whole. Every part of the act should be read with the purpose of discovering the
mind of the legislature. LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 6d, 7a, 12a, 36a, 37
LATIN MAXIM:
9b, 25a, 37
Araneta v. Concepcion Lichauco vs. Apostol
Case No. 17
Case No. 147
G.R. No. L-9667, (July 31, 1956)
G.R. No. L-19628 (December 4, 1922)
Chapter VI, Page 252, Footnote No. 24 Chapter VI, Page 252, Footnote No. 23

FACTS:
The husband filed a case for legal separation against his wife on the ground of adultery. After
the issues were joined, Defendant therein filed an omnibus petition to secure the custody of their three
minor children, a monthly support of P5,000 for herself and said children, and the return of her
passport; to enjoin Plaintiff from ordering his hirelings from harassing and molesting her; and to have
Plaintiff therein pay for the fees of her attorney in the action. The judge rendered his decision
regarding the omnibus petition and granted the custody of the children to Defendant, a monthly
allowance of P2,300 for support for her and the children, P300 for a house, and P2,000 as attorney’s
fees. The judge refused to reconsider the order.
ISSUE:
W/N the parties are required to submit evidence before deciding the omnibus petition.
HELD:
No. If the parties are allowed to present evidences regarding the omnibus petition, it would
violate the intent of the law regarding the 6-month cooling period
contained in Art. 103 of the Civil Code. A recital of grievances in court may fan their grievances
against one another; the legislature’s intent is to give them opportunity for dispassionate reflection.
Note, however, that the case was filed after 6 months of the filing of the legal separation case. As such,
the determination of the custody and alimony must have been given force and effect, provided it did
not go to the extent of violating the policy of the cooling off period.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 27, 36a, 36c, 36d, 37
FACTS:
Petitioner is a corporation engaged in the business of importing carabao and other draft
animals. It now desires to import from Pnom-Pehn a shipment of draft cattle and bovine cattle for the
manufacture of serum. However, the Director of Agriculture refuses to admit said cattle, except upon
the condition stated in Administrative Order No. 21 of the Bureau of Agriculture that said cattle shall
have been immunized from rinderpest before embarkation at Pnom-Pehn.
Legislations involved in the case:
Sec. 1762 of the Administrative Code – prohibition against bringing of animals from infected foreign
country
Sec. 1770 of the Administrative Code – Bringing of diseased animal into islands forbidden
Sec. 1762 of the Administrative Code as amended by Act No. 3052 – Bringing of animals imported
from foreign countries into the Philippine Islands
ISSU
E: W/N Sec. 1762 of the Administrative Code, as amended by Act No. 3052, has
been repealed by the implication in Sec. 1770.
HELD:
No. Sec. 1762, as amended, is of a general nature, while Sec. 1770 deals with a particular
contingency not made the subject of legislation in Sec. 1762. Sec. 1770 therefore is not considered as
inconsistent with Sec. 1762 and it must be considered as a special qualification of Sec. 1762. Sec. 1770
of the Administrative Code remains in full force and effect, being a special law having special
contingency not dealt within Sec. 1762, which extends merely to the importation of draft animals for
purposes of manufacturing serum.

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 36a, 38b, 50
Cassion v. Banco Filipino People v. Palmon
Case No. 51
Case No. 220
G.R. No. L- 3540 (July 30, 1951)
G.R. No. L-2860 (May 11, 1950)
Chapter VI, Page 256, Footnote No. 31
Chapter VI, Page 257, Footnote No. 35

FACTS:
Plaintiffs mortgaged two parcels of land to PNB for P600. Plaintiffs defaulted and PNB extra
judicially foreclosed the mortgage and sold it to Cabatigan. After 1 year but before the expiration of 5
years, Plaintiffs offered to repurchase the land but PNB turned down the offer. PNB relied on RA 2938
and RA 3135, which created the PNB and authorizes it to have extra judicial foreclosure of mortgage
respectively, while Plaintiffs relied on RA 2874, known as the Public Land act, which provided that
every conveyance of land acquired under free patent or homestead provisions shall be subject to
repurchase by the applicant for a period of 5 years from date of conveyance
ISSUE:
Which of the conflicting statues should prevail?
HELD:
When two or more conflicting statues exist, as when general and special provisions are
inconsistent, the latter is paramount to the former and a particular intent will control a general one that
is inconsistent with it regardless of to the respective dates of passage. RA 2874 specially relates to
specific property, thus it is an exception to the coverage of RA 2938 and 3135.
LATIN MAXIM:
9, 38a, 38b, 40b, 50
FACTS:
Palmon was charged with serious physical injuries (prision correctional in med and max
period – 2 yrs, 4 mos. 1 day – 6 yrs) before the CFI of Capiz. Before the arraignment of the accused,
the judge motu proprio dismissed the case on the ground that under Sec. 87 of RA 296, the crime falls
under the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace. However, the solicitor general contended that CFI has
jurisdiction.
ISSUE:
Which court has jurisdiction to try the case?
HELD:
Sec 44(f) of the Judiciary Act of 1948 confers original jurisdiction on the CFI over all
criminal case in which the penalty provided is imprisonment for more than 6 months. Sec. 87 of the
same act also confers original jurisdiction on the justice of the peace and the judges of municipal
courts over all criminal cases relating to assaults where the intent to kill is not charged upon the trial.
Hence, the CFI and justice of the peace courts have concurrent original jurisdiction over the case.
LATIN MAXIM:
36c, 36d, 37
Chartered Bank v. Imperial and National Bank Montenegro v. Castañeda and Balao
Case No. 57
Case No. 179
G.R. No. 17222 (March 15, 1921)
G.R. No. L-4221 (August 30, 1952) Chapter
Chapter VI, Page 257, Footnote No. 35 VI, Page 258, Footnote No. 39

FACTS:
Umberto de Poli was declared to be in a state of insolvency at the instance of Plaintiff, and the
sheriff was ordered to take possession of all property of said Defendant. In an earlier case, the PNB
had obtained a writ by virtue of which the sheriff also seized certain goods owned by the insolvent.
Plaintiff asserted that since the insolvent had been declared as such, all civil proceedings against him
should have been suspended according to the last portion of Sec. 60 of the insolvency law.
FACTS:
Maximino Montenegro was arrested in Manila by agents of the Military Intelligence Service
of the AFP for complicity with a communistic organization in the commission of acts of rebellion,
insurrection or sedition. Maximino’s father then submitted an application for writ seeking the release
of his son. Three days after, Pres. Quirino issued Proclamation No. 210 suspending the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus.

ISSU
ISSUE:
E: Which provision is controlling upon the case? 1. W/N Proclamation No. 210 is erroneous since it included sedition, which is not under the
Constitution.
2. W/N the Bill of Rights prohibited the suspension of the privilege of the writ.
HEL To ascertain the meaning of the various provisions of the insolvency law, every
D:
section, provision and clause of a statue must be expounded in reference to every other. Thus, Sec. 60 HEL
should be understood in reference with the other provisions of D: There is no doubt that it was erroneous to include “sedition.” Art. 7 only
the same law, and as such the PNB falls under the exception to Sec. 60 as stated in the other provision provides invasion, insurrection, rebellion or imminent danger as grounds for suspension. “Sedition”
of the same law. should be deemed as a mistake or surplusage that does not taint the decree as a whole. Also, as posed
by Prof. Aruego, the Bill of Rights impliedly denied suspension in case of imminent danger, while Art.
LATIN MAXIM: 7 expressly authorized the President to suspend when there is imminent danger. Moreover, during the
9, 36c, 36d, 36e, 37, b2 Constitutional Convention, the debates voted down an amendment to add another cause, which is
“imminent danger of invasion, insurrection or rebellion.”

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 15a, 20b, 36f, b2
Arabay Inc. v. CFI of Zamboanga
Case No. 16
G.R. No. L-37684 (September 10, 1975)
Chapter VI Page 259, Footnote No. 43
FACTS:
The Municipality of Dipolog enacted Ordinance No. 19 that charged tax for the selling and
distribution of gasoline, lubricating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum- based products. Arabay Inc.,
distributor of gas, oil and other petroleum products, contested the validity of such on the ground that
the tax is beyond the power of a municipality to levy under Sec. 2 of RA No. 2264, which provides that
municipalities may not impose tax on articles subject to specific tax except gasoline.
ISSU
E: W/N Arabay Inc. is entitled to a refund.
HEL The ordinance levied a sales tax not only because of the character of the
D:
ordinance as a sales tax ordinance, but also because the phraseology of the provision reveals in clear
terms the intention to impose a tax on sale. It is evident from the terms that the amount of the tax that
may be collected is directly dependent upon to the volume of sales. Since Sec. 2 of the Local
Autonomy Act prohibits the municipality from imposing sales and specific tax, with the exception of
gasoline, there subsists the right of Arabay Inc. to a refund. The reasonable and practical interpretation
of the terms of the proviso in question resulted in the conclusion that Congress, in excluding gasoline,
deliberately and intentionally meant to put it within the power of such local governments to impose
whatever type or form of taxes.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 11e, 12a, 14, 20a
Paras v. COMELEC
Case No. 196
G.R. No. 123169 (November 4, 1996)
Chapter VI, Page 259, Footnote No. 50
FACTS:
A petition for recall was filed against Paras, who is the incumbent Punong Barangay. The
recall election was deferred due to Petitioner’s opposition that under Sec. 74 of RA No. 7160, no recall
shall take place within one year from the date of the official’s assumption to office or one year
immediately preceding a regular local election. Since the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) election was set
on the first Monday of May 2006, no recall may be instituted.
ISSU
W/N the SK election is a local election.
E:
HEL No. Every part of the statute must be interpreted with reference to its context,
D:
and it must be considered together and kept subservient to its general intent. The evident intent of Sec.
74 is to subject an elective local official to recall once during his term, as provided in par. (a) and par.
(b). The spirit, rather than the letter of a law, determines its construction. Thus, interpreting the phrase
“regular local election” to include SK election will unduly circumscribe the Code for there will never
be a recall election rendering inutile the provision. In interpreting a statute, the Court assumed that the
legislature intended to enact an effective law. An interpretation should be avoided under which a
statute or provision being construed is defeated, meaningless, inoperative or nugatory.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 11d, 25b, 27, 36b, 37, 38
Javellana v. Kintanar
Case No. 138
G.R. No. L-33169 July 30, 1982
Chapter VI, Page 262, Footnote No.55
FACTS:
Petitioner is the owner of a market (building and lot) in Crossing Bago, Bago City, which
consists of store spaces and of permanent and movable stalls leased to vendors. Said market has served
the general population of the City of Bago for more than twenty (20) years already when it was denied
the payment of Petitioner for a municipal license for the 3 rd quarter of 1968 on the ground that
Ordinance No. 150 had been enacted prohibiting the establishment, maintenance or operation of a
public market in the City of Bago by any person, entity, or corporation other than the local
government. Appellant claims that a public market is one that is not owned privately; whereas the
appellees say that is one that serves the general public.
ISSU
E: W/N the marketplace owned by Petitioner is a public market.
HEL The test of a public market is its dedication to the service of the general
D:
public and not its ownership. A scrutiny of the charter provision will readily show that by public
market, it is meant one that is intended to serve the general public. The Petitioner himself so declared
when he testified that his market is engaged in servicing the public, not only in Bago City, but also
those coming from other municipalities.
LATIN
MAXIM: 1, 2a,
6d, 40c
Niere v. CFI of Negros Occidental, Branch II
Case No. 188
G.R. No. L-30324 November 29, 1973
Chapter VI, Page 262, Footnote No.60
FACTS:
Petitioner is a Civil Service eligible and was appointed city engineer of La Carlota City by the
City Mayor pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 21 of RA 4858 (the City Charter). After the enactment of
the Decentralization Act, Private Respondent was appointed by the President of the Philippines as city
engineer of La Carlota City. Petitioner refused to turn over office and claimed that he was the one
legally appointed as city engineer under RA 4858. House Bill No. 9711, which became RA 4585,
originally expressly included city engineer as one of those whom the city mayor can appoint under Sec.
21 of said RA, but during the period of amendment in the Senate, the position of said engineer was
deleted in the final draft of Sec. 21.
ISSUE:
1. W/N deletion of the position of city engineer in Sec. 21 of RA 4585 an amendment purely of form
only or not.
2. W/N appointing authority for the post of city engineer belongs to the city Mayor or not.
HELD:
1. NO, it is a substantial amendment. Nothing could be more substantial than the vesting of a power to
appoint such an important city official as the city engineer. If Congress wanted to authorize the city
mayor to appoint all heads and employees of city department, it could have easily re-phrased Sec. 21 of
the City Charter to that effect. Such section expressly limits the appointing authority of the mayor.
2. NO. Since the city mayor under Sec. 21 is without authority to appoint the city engineer, this
prerogative can only be exercised by the President of the Philippines, who, under Sec. 10(3) of Article
VII of the 1935 Constitution, shall nominate with the consent of the Commission on Appointments “all
other officers of the government whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for…”
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 29, 30a, 32, 38b, b2
Uytengsu vs. Republic of the Philippines
Case No. 307
G.R. No. L-6379 (September 29, 1954)
Chapter VI, Page 263, Footnote No.61
FACTS:
Petitioner-appellee was born, of Chinese parents in Dumaguete, Negros Oriental n October 6,
1927. After finishing primary and secondary education here in the Philippines, he went to the United
States to further his studies from the year 1947-1950. In April of the same year he returned to the
Philippines for four (4) months vacation. On July 15, 1950, he filed for naturalization. Forthwith, he
returned to the United States and took a post-graduate degree which he finished in July 1951l but he
did not return to the Philippines until October 13, 1951. Hence, the original date of hearing the case,
originally scheduled to take place on July 12, 1951, had to be postponed.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the application for naturalization may be granted, notwithstanding the fact that petitioner left
the Philippines immediately after the filing of his petition and did not return until several months after
the first date set for the hearing thereof.
2. W/N domicile and residence are synonymous.
HELD:
1. No. Section 7 of C.A. No. 473 requires applicant for naturalization to “reside continuously in the
Philippines from the date of the filing of the petition up to the time of his admission to Philippine
citizenship.
2. No. Although the words “residence” and “domicile” are often used interchangeably, each has, in
strict legal parlance, a meaning distinct and different from that of the other. Actual and substantial
residence within the Philippines, not legal residence or domicile, is required. Residence indicates
permanency of occupation, distinct from lodging or boarding, or temporary occupation. Domicile is
residence with intention to stay.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7, 11a, 25a, 37
Manila Lodge No. 176 v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 165
G.R. No.L-41001 and G.R. No.L-41012 (September 30, 1976)
Chapter VI, Page 264, Footnote No. 63
FACTS:
The Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 1306 which authorized the City of Manila to
reclaim a portion of Manila Bay. The reclaimed area was to form part of the Luneta extension. The act
provided that the reclaimed area shall be the property of the City of Manila, and the city is authorized to
set aside a tract of the reclaimed land for a hotel site and to lease or to sell the same. Later, the City of
Manila conveyed a portion of the reclaimed area to Petitioner. Then Petitioner sold the land, together
with all the improvements, to the Tarlac Development Corporation (TDC).
ISSUE:
W/N the subject property was patrimonial property of the City of Manila.
HELD:
The petitions were denied for lack of merit. The court found it necessary to analyze all the
provisions of Act No. 1360, as amended, in order to unravel the legislative intent. The grant made by Act
No. 1360 of the reclaimed land to the City of Manila is a grant of a “public” nature. Such grants have
always been strictly construed against the grantee because it is a gratuitous donation of public money or
resources, which resulted in an unfair advantage to the grantee. In the case at bar, the area reclaimed
would be filled at the expense of the Insular Government and without cost to the City of Manila. Hence,
the letter of the statute should be narrowed to exclude matters which, if included, would defeat the policy
of legislation.
LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6c, 9a, 36b, 37, 43
Almeda v. Florentino Abellana v. Marave
Case No. 10
Case No. 3
G.R. No.L-23800 (December 21, 1965)
G.R. No.L-27760 (May 29, 1974)
Chapter VI, Page 265, Footnote No. 67
Chapter VI, Page 266, Footnote No. 71
FACTS:
FACTS:
RA183, the charter of Pasay City (enacted June 21, 1947), provides in its Sec. 14 that “the
Petitioner was prosecuted of the crime of physical injuries through reckless imprudence. The
Board shall have a secretary who shall be appointed by it to serve during the term of office of the
criminal case was filed with the city court of Ozamis City, which found Petitioner guilty as charged.
members thereof…” On June 18, 1960, RA 2709 amended Sec. 12 of RA 183. On the strength of Par. 2
Petitioner appealed such decision to the CFI. At this stage, the Private Respondents as the offended
of Sec. 12 of the Pasay City Charter, as amended, the Vice-Mayor of Pasay City appointed Petitioner
parties filed with another branch of the CFI of Misamis Occidental presided by Respondent Judge, a
Almeda as secretary of the Municipal Board of said City. The very next day, the Board refused to
separate and independent civil action for damages. Petitioner sought for the dismissal of such action
recognize Petitioner as its secretary and, in turn, appointed Respondent Florentino to the position,
principally on the ground that there was no reservation for the filing thereof in the City Court of
purportedly under Sec. 14 of the City Charter.
Ozamis Respondent Judge was not persuaded and issued the order to deny Petitioners’ motion to
dismiss.
ISSUE:
Which law applies on the matter of the appointment of the Secretary of the Municipal Board ISSU
of Pasay City? E: W/N the order was issued with grave abuse of discretion.

HEL HEL
D: The petition was dismissed. There is nothing in RA 2709 that indicates any Petition for certiorari is dismissed. Petitioner’s literal reading of the Sec. 1 of Rule
D:
intention on the part of the Legislature to repeal, alter, or modify in any way the provisions of Sec. 14 111 of the Rules of Court ignores the de novo aspect of appealed cases from city courts as provided in
of R.A 183. Repeals by implication are not favored, unless it is manifested that the legislature so Sec. 7 of Rule 123. Such interpretation, does likewise, give rise to a constitutional question that may
intended. trench on a substantive right in accordance to Art. 33 of the Civil Code. 2 As stated in Art. X, Sec. 5,
par.5 of the 1973 Constitution, the grant of power to this Court does not extend to any diminution,
LATIN MAXIM: increase or modification of substantive rights. Thus, it is a well-settled doctrine that a court is to avoid
9c, 37, 49, 50 construing a statute or legal norm in such a manner as would give rise to a constitutional doubt. Lastly,
in the case at bar, literal construction of the law is not favored. The law as an instrument of social
control will fail in its function if through an ingenious construction sought to be fastened on a legal
norm, particularly a procedural rule, there is placed an impediment to a litigant being given an
opportunity of vindicating an alleged right.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 12a, 37
Yu Cong Eng v. Trinidad City of Naga v. Agna
Case No. 317
Case No. 63
G.R. No. L-20479 (February 6, 1925)
G.R. No. L-36049 (May 31, 1976)
Chapter VI, Page 267, Footnote No. 78
Chapter VI, Page 268, Footnote No. 83
FACTS:
FACTS:
Act 2972 prohibited record books of Merchants from being written in a language other than
The City of Naga changed its tax system from graduated tax to percentage tax. Respondent
English, Spanish, or a local dialect. Yu Cong Eng, a Chinese merchant, was penalized for keeping
taxpayers insisted on paying the new taxes the following year, pursuant to the Revised Administrative
books written in Chinese. He and other Chinese merchants challenged the constitutionality of the law.
Code (Sec. 2309). It stated that tax enactments changing the current system prior to December 15
should take effect the following year. The Naga City government, on the other hand, claimed that
under the Local Autonomy Act (RA 2264), tax ordinances take effect 15 days after publication; this
ISSUE: allegedly impliedly repealed Sec. 2309 of the Admin Code.

Is Act 2972 constitutional? ISSUE:

HELD:
It is constitutional. The purpose of the Act is to prevent fraud in book keeping and evasion of
taxes for the protection of the public good. This decision is consistent with the ruling in Kwong Sing v.
City of Manila, where laundrymen were prohibited from issuing receipts written in Chinese. Class
legislation is thus allowed if it is for the public good. Instead of interpreting the Act as a blanket
prohibition against keeping books in Chinese, it may be interpreted as a directory measure that records
pertaining to taxes must be written or annotated in English, Spanish, or a local dialect, or have a
duplicate in any of these languages. This liberal interpretation is reasonable and it upholds
constitutionality.
LATIN MAXIM:
1a, 6d, 9c, 11e, 37
Did RA 2264 repeal Sec. 2309 of the Revised Administrative Code?
HELD:
No, it did not. There is a presumption against implied repeal; a subsequent provision only
repeals a prior provision clearly contradictory to it. If two laws can be harmonized, then the Courts
shall do so. Sec. 2309 of the Revised Admin Code applies in this case because the new tax changed a
prior tax system. RA 2264 only applies for entirely new tax provisions.
LATIN MAXIM:
37, 38a, 38b
Tan v. COMELEC Philippine Government v. Municipality of Binangonan
Case No. 152
Case No. 118
G.R. No. 112093 (October 4, 1994)
G.R. No. L-10202 (March 29, 1916)
Chapter VI, Page 268, Footnote No. 84

FACTS: FACTS:
BP 885 is an act creating the new province of Negros del Norte. The plebiscite for the Petitioner Municipality of Cardona challenged the constitutionality of EO 66 by the
approval of the act was only conducted in the municipalities prospectively composing the new Governor-General granting Binangonan municipal authority over 7 additional barrios. Petitioner
province. The parent provinces, which will get also affected, were not included in the plebiscite. claimed that the Governor-General has no legislative authority and that this legislation was not for the
public good.
ISSUE:
Is BP 885 unconstitutional? ISSUE:
Is EO 66 constitutional?
HELD:
It is unconstitutional. The Constitution provides that a plebiscite must be held in all units HELD:
affected, including the parent province, and not just the new areas. The draft bill provided that the It is constitutional. Every act of legislation is presumed to be constitutional and for the public
plebiscite be conducted in all units, and not just the areas constituting the new province, but the final good; facts need not be stated to prove it.
bill only limited it to the latter.
LATIN MAXIM:
12a, 37
LATIN MAXIM:

12a
People v. Del Rosario
Case No. 105
G.R. No. L-7234 (May 21, 1955)
FACT
S: On July 27, 1953, information was filed in the Municipal Court of Pasay
charging Paz M. del Rosario with slight physical injuries committed on May 28, 1953. The accused
presented a motion to quash the information on the ground that the offense charged had already
prescribed in accordance with Art. 90 and Art. 91 of the RPC. The municipal court sustained the
motion and dismissed the case. Hence, an appeal against the dismissal is made to the Supreme Court.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the prescriptive period should commence from the very day on which the crime was
committed, or from the day following that in which it was committed;
2. W/N the term “month” in the RPC should be understood to be a month of 30 days, instead of
the civil/calendar month.
HELD:
1. In computation of the period of time within which an act is to be done, the law has always directed
that the first be excluded and the last included (Art. 13, Civil Code). Art. 18 of the CC directs that any
deficiency in any special law must be supplied by its provisions. As the RPC is deficient in that it does
not explicitly define how the period is to be computed, resort must be had to Art. 13 of the CC.
2. By express provision of Article 13 on the new Civil Code, a month is to be considered as the
regular 30-day month. In accordance therewith, the term month used in Art. 90 of the RPC should be
understood to mean the regular 30-day month and not the solar or civil month. Hence, the Court held
that the offense charged had not yet prescribed because July is the 60th day from May 29.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 38b, 46a
Salvatierra v. Court of Appeals
Case No.
G.R. No. 107797 (August 26, 1996)
FACT
S: Enrique Salvatierra died intestate and was survived by his legitimate brothers,
Tomas, Bartolome, Venancio, and Macario, and a sister, Marcela. His estate consisted of 3 parcels of
land (Lots 25, 26, & 27). Macario sold the 405 sq. mts. out of the 749 sq. mts. total area of Lot 26 to
his son, Anselmo. Eventually, an “extrajudicial partition with confirmation of sale” was executed by
and among the surviving legal heirs of Enrique, which consisted of the aforementioned lots. Thereafter,
Venancio sold Lot No. 7 (which belonged to him by virtue of the said partition), and a 149-sq. m.
portion of Lot 26 to spouses Longalongs. It turned out, however, that Anselmo already obtained an
OCT covering the whole of Lot No. 26. The complaints for reconveyance were filed 5 years after the
issuance of such OCT to Anselmo.
ISSUE:
1. Which prescriptive period for actions for annulment should prevail, Art. 1391 of the new CC
or Art. 1144 of the same Code?
2. W/N there was a double sale.
HELD:
1. Art. 1144 of the CC prevails. The prescriptive period for such actions is 10 years, as held in
previous cases. Hence, the action for reconveyance had not yet prescribed. There is no ambiguity in the
terms and stipulations of the extrajudicial partition. Thus, the literal and plain meaning thereof should
be observed. What Anselmo bought from his father was only 405 sq. m of Lot 26. The registration of
the whole Lot 26 in the name of Anselmo was, therefore, done with evident bad faith.
2. There was no double sale. Both parties did not dispute the contents of the extrajudicial partition.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 6c, 7a
Pasno v. Ravina and Ravina
Case No. 199
G.R. No. 31581 (February 3, 1930) Chapter
VI, Page 273, Footnote No. 104
FACTS:
Labitoria, during her lifetime, mortgaged 3 parcels of land to the PNB. When Labitoria died, a
petition was presented for the probate of her last will and testament. During the pendency of the case, a
special administrator of the estate of the deceased was appointed by the court. The special
administrator failed to comply with the conditions of the mortgage, and the PNB asked the sheriff to
proceed with the sale of the parcels of land. The CFI ruled in favor of the special administrator
requiring the sheriff to abstain from selling the said lands.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the will is valid
2. W/N the PNB had the right to foreclose in its favor the mortgage which was executed by
Labitoria now that the mortgaged property is in custodia legis.
HELD:
1. The law does not require that the will shall be dated. Accordingly, an erroneous date will not defeat
a will.
2. Yes. The PNB had the right to foreclose the said mortgaged property. The mortgagee should
foreclose the mortgage in accordance with Sec. 708 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Since Act 3135
fails to make provision regarding the sale of the mortgaged property which is in custodia legis, it
would be logical to suppose Sec. 708 of the Code of Civil Procedure would govern latter contingency.
Act 3115 must be presumed to have been acquainted with the provisions of the Code of Civil
Procedure.
LATIN MAXIM:
38a, 38b
C & C Commercial v. NAWASA
Case No. 42
G.R. No. L-27275 (November 18, 1967)
Chapter VI, Page 274, Footnote No. 107
FACTS:
NAWASA conducted three separate bids for the three different waterworks projects in
Manila, Davao and Iloilo. However, C & C Commercial Corporation, one of those who participated in
the bidding but eventually lost, filed three corresponding supplemental complaints on each of the
aforesaid waterworks projects contending that NAWASA violated Sec. 1 of RA 912, which should
give preference to local materials that are available, practicable and usable. The said law also provides
that this nationalistic policy of preferring for locally produced materials is in relation to the
“construction or repair work undertaken by the Government.” NAWASA alleged that it should not be
included within the meaning of the term “Government” as used in the said law.
ISSUE:
W/N NAWASA falls under the term “government” under RA 912.
HEL
D: Yes. The NAWASA should be deemed embraced within the term
“government” found in RA 312, and in the construction of their works or purchase of materials thereof,
local material should be given preference whenever available, practicable and usable. Government-
owned or controlled corporations are not exempted from RA 912. Two laws are being considered in
this case: C.A. No. 138 and RA 912. Both relate to the same subject matter and have the same
nationalistic purpose or object which is to give preference to locally produced materials in purchases,
works or projects of the Government (referring to Filipino-First policy).
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 35, 36, 37, 38a, 38b
Butuan Sawmill, Inc. v. City of Butuan
Case No. 41
G.R. No. L-21516 (April 29, 1966)
Chapter VI, Page 277, Footnote No. 119
FACTS:
The Petitioner was granted a legislative franchise under RA 399 for an electric light, heat, and
power system in Butuan and Cabadbaran, Agusan, together with the issuance of a certificate of public
convenience and necessity by the Public Service Commission. However, the City of Butuan issued
Ordinances numbered 11, 131 and 148 imposing a 2% tax on the gross sales or receipts of any business
operated in the city. Butuan Sawmill, Inc. questioned the validity of the taxing ordinance which is
deemed to have impaired the obligation of contract thereby depriving the Petitioner of property without
due process of law. On the other hand, Respondent maintained that it was vested with the “power to
provide for the levy and collection of taxes for general and special purposes” as stipulated in its charter
which was granted in 1950.
ISSUE:
W/N the inclusion of the franchise business of Petitioners falls within the coverage of the
taxing ordinances pursuant to the city’s power of taxation.
HELD:
No. the inclusion of the franchise business of the Butuan Sawmill, Inc. by the City of Butuan
is beyond the broad power of taxation of the city under its charter. Neither could the latter’s power
therein granted be taken as an authority delegated to the city to amend or alter the franchise,
considering the absence of an express or specific grant of power to do so. Where there are two statutes,
the earlier special and the latter general – and the terms of the general are broad enough to include the
matter provided for in the special – the fact that one is special and the other is general creates a
presumption that the special is to be considered as a remaining exception to the general as a general
law of the land, while the other as the law of a particular case.
LATIN MAXIM:
25, 50, d
Manila Railroad Co. v. Rafferty
Case No. 168
G.R. No. 14205 (September 30, 1919)
Chapter VI, Page 279, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
The Defendant assessed and collected against Manila Railroad internal revenue taxes upon oil
and coal materials imported into the Philippine by virtue of an act of Congress in 1913. The latter
contended that the taxes had been illegally collected pursuant to a private charter granted by the
legislature in 1906. On the other hand, Rafferty asserts that the 1913 Act of Congress repealed the
1906 private charter.
ISSUE:
W/N the 1913 Act of Congress repealed the 1906 private charter.
HELD:
No. A special law (including private charters) having the character of a private contract,
supposes that the legislators intended to attend to the special facts and circumstances, the consideration
of such being embodied in the special law. A general law subsequently enacted by the legislature
cannot be taken to have modified or altered the charter, unless the intent to modify or alter is manifest.
Where the general act is later, the special statute will be construed as remaining an exception to its
terms, unless repealed expressly or by necessary implication.
LATIN MAXIM:
37, 50
De Jesus v. People of the Philippines US v. Almond
Case No. 87
Case No. 157
G. R. No. L-61998 (February 22, 1983)
G.R. No. 2517 (June 2, 1906)
Chapter VI, Page 277, Footnote No. 117

FACTS:
The Petitioner, COMELEC registrar of Casiguran, was charged by the Tanodbayan before the
Sandiganbayan with the violation of the 1978 Election Code. He filed a motion to quash the
information on the ground that the jurisdiction to investigate, prosecute and try the offense charged
against him is lodged with the COMELEC, and, coincidentally, the Court of First Instance (now RTC).
ISSUE:
W/N the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over election offenses with respect to public officers.
HEL
D: No. Sec. 2 of Art. XII [C] of the 1973 Constitution granted COMELEC the power
“to enforce and administer all laws relative to the conduct of elections,” while Sec
182 of the 1978 Election Code vested the Commission with authority to conduct preliminary
investigation and subsequently prosecute all election offenses punishable under the same Code. The
legislative intent in granting COMELEC the said power is to insure the free, orderly and honest
conduct of elections. To divest the COMELEC of its authority would seriously impair its effectiveness
in achieving the aforementioned constitutional mandate. At the same time, Sec 184 of the Election
Code, which deals specifically with election offenses, must be favored over provisions of P.D. 1606
which speaks generally of other crimes or offenses committed by public officers in relation to their
office. The former cannot be construed as impliedly repealed by the latter thereby continuing to be an
exception granted the more specific legislative intent it evinces.
FACTS:
The complaint alleges that R.W. Almond, master and in charge of the steamship Rubi brought
Tawas Tahan, is an alien of East India who is afflicted with trachoma. He permitted Tawas Tahan to
land in the Philippine Islands from the steamship at a place and time other than that designated by the
immigration officers. The evidence showed that Defendant adopted due precautions to prevent the
landing of Tawas Tahan, and that if the landing was made, it was made without the Defendant’s
knowledge or consent.
ISSUE:
W/N a conviction can be sustained when it appears that there was no consent, either tacit or
express, to the landing of the alien.
HELD:
Sec. 18 imposes upon one who has brought immigrant aliens into a United States port the duty
of adopting due precautions to prevent the landing of any such alien at any time or place other than that
designated by the immigration officers and fixes a penalty for permitting an alien so to land. The word
“permit” implies that the landing of the alien must be with the express or tacit consent of the owner,
officer, agent or person in charge of the vessel.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 11e, 41a, 48

LATIN MAXIM:
6, 9, 37, 38, 50
US v. Estapia U.S. v. Abad Santos
Case No. 298
Case No. 294
G.R. No. 12891 (October 19, 1917) Chapter
G.R. No. 12262 (February 10, 1917)
VII, Page 289, Footnote No. 23
Chapter VII, Page 290, Footnote No. 28

FACTS:
A case was filed against Defendants for having engaged in cockfighting, in violation of Sec. 1
of Act. No. 480. The Defendants held a cockfight on a clearing near a grove of buri palms. The
prosecution argued that the term “cockpit” should be construed to mean any place in which a cockfight
takes place.
ISSUE:
W/N the clearing where the cockfight was held by the Defendants is a cockpit within the
contemplation of the law.
FACTS:
The Appellant was accused of violating the provisions of the Internal Revenue Law by failing
to make an entry for the January 5, 1915 indicating whether any business was done on that day or not.
He had employed a bookkeeper with the expectation that the latter would perform all the duties
pertaining to his position, including the entries required to be made by the Collector of Internal
Revenue.
ISSU
E: W/N the Appellant is guilty of violating the Internal Revenue Law.

HELD:
The term “cockpit” as used in the statute has a limited meaning so it cannot
be construed to mean or include a clearing such as had been used by the Defendants. Penal provisions
of a statute are to be construed strictly and particular words used in the law should be construed in
relation to the context.
HEL The Appellant must be acquitted since it is undisputed that he took no part in
D:
the keeping of the book in question and that he never personally made an entry in it as he left
everything to his bookkeeper. Courts will not hold one person criminally responsible for acts of
another done without his knowledge or consent, unless the law clearly so provides.

LATIN MAXIM: LATIN MAXIM:

25, 37, 48 41a, 48
ROUND 3
 152
People v. Atop
Case No. 202
G.R. Nos. 124303-05 (February 10, 1998)
Chapter VII, Page 290, Footnote No. 29
FACTS:
Appellant was found guilty of 3 counts of rape. The trial court sentenced him to 2 terms of
reclusion perpetua for the first two counts, and to death for the third, holding that his common-law
relationship with the victim’s grandmother aggravated the penalty. Private complainant Regina Guafin,
12 years old, is the granddaughter of Trinidad Mejos, the common-law wife of the Appellant.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the trial court erred in appreciating the nighttime and relationship as aggravating the
penalty imposable for the rape allegedly committed.
2. W/N the trial court erred in finding Appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the
crimes charged.
HEL
D: 1. The trial court erred. Nocturnity must have been deliberately sought by the
Appellant to facilitate the crime or prevent its discovery or evade his capture or facilitate his escape.
Neither can we appreciate relationship as aggravating. The scope of the relationship under Art. 15 of
the RPC encompasses only “the spouse, ascendant, descendant, legitimate, natural or adopted brother
or sister, and relative by affinity in the same degrees.” Outside these enumerations and consistent with
the doctrine that criminal laws must be liberally construed in favor of the accused, no other relationship
between the offender and the victim may aggravate the imposable penalty for the crime committed.
2. The Appellant was found guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The offended party’s
straightforward and unequivocal statements show indelible badges of truth.
LATIN MAXIM:
30a
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
People v. Padilla
Case No. 113
G.R. No. 47027 (February 4, 1941) Chapter
VII, Page 291, Footnote No. 30
FACTS:
Appellants Padilla, a Filipino citizen, and Von Arend, a German citizen, acting jointly and
conniving with each other, voluntarily, illegally, and criminally evaded the provisions of Art. 4 of C.A.
No. 138, which requires Philippine or U.S. citizenship before the exercise or enjoyment of the privilege
established in said article. It is contended, however, that notwithstanding the infringement of Sec. 4. of
Act No. 138, the Appellants cannot be punished therefore since the said Act imposes no penal sanction
whatsoever.
ISSUE:
W/N a violation of C.A. No. 138 may be prosecuted under C.A. No. 108, entitled “An Act to
punish acts of evasion of the laws on the nationalization or certain rights, franchises or privileges.”
HELD:
Yes. Any citizen of the Philippines or of the United States who knowingly allows
his name or citizenship to be used so that a person not so qualified may enjoy the privilege granted to
domestic entities by C.A. No. 138, as well as any alien profiting thereby, is guilty of violation of C.A.
No. 108.
The very title of Act No. 108 gives unmistakable notice of the legislative intent and purpose
of punishing all acts of evasion of the laws of the nationalization of certain rights, franchise or
privileges. Sec. 1 of the same Act applies punishment provided therein to “all cases in which any
constitutional or legal provision requires Philippine or United States citizenship as a requirement for
the exercise or enjoyment of a right, franchise or privilege.” Under Act No. 108, any legal provision,
whenever existing at the time of the passage of said Act or promulgated thereafter, would fall within its
scope. One of such legal provision is Art. 4 of Act No. 138.
LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 6c, 9a
 153
People v. Salazar
Case No. 223
G.R. No. L-13371 (September 24, 1959)
Chapter VII, Page 292, Footnote No. 36
FACTS:
The Appellant was charged with the crime of malversation of public funds. The Appellant
being the then Deputy Provincial and Municipal Treasurer, and as such, accountable for the funds
collected and received by him, did willfully, feloniously and with grave abuse of confidence,
misappropriate, and convert to his own personal use and benefit, from said funds, the sum of
P13,897.77. Upon arraignment, the Appellant pleaded not guilty, which he later withdrew and changed
to guilty. He was sentenced to be imprisoned, to suffer the penalty of perpetual special disqualification,
to pay a fine, to indemnify the Government without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and
to pay the costs. The Appellant contends that the lower court committed an error in sentencing him to
suffer the aforementioned penalty on the ground of lack of malice in the commission of the crime, in
that, he did not apply the missing funds to his personal use and benefit but lost the same while he was
drunk.
ISSUE:
W/N the penalties imposed by the lower court were excessive given the contention of
Appellant.
HEL
D: No. There is nothing in the record that supports the claim that missing funds
were lost while the Appellant was drunk. When he entered the plea of guilty, he thereby admitted, not
only his guilt, but also all the material facts alleged in the information, namely, that he “willfully,
feloniously and with grave abuse of confidence, misappropriate, misapply, embezzle, and convert to
his own personal use and benefit, from said funds, the sum of P13,897.77,” thus clearly indicating
malice or evil intent on his part. His plea of guilt carried with it the acknowledgement or admission
that the willful acts charged were done with malice.
LATIN MAXIM:
7b, 11e, 41a, 43
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
People v. Garcia
Case No. 209
No. L-2873 (February 28, 1950) Chapter
VII, Page 293, Footnote No. 41
FACTS:
The lower court, ignoring the Appellant’s minority, sentenced him to an indeterminate penalty
of 4 years, 2 months and 1 day of prision correccional to 8 years of prision mayor for the crime of
robbery. RA 47 which amended Art. 80 of the RPC by reducing from 18 to 16 the age below which the
Appellant has to “be committed to the custody or care of a public or private, benevolent or charitable
institution,” instead of being convicted and sentenced to prison, has given rise to the controversy. The
Solicitor General believes that the amendment by implication has also amended par. 2 of Art. 68 of the
RPC, which provides that when the offender is over 15 and under 18 years of age, “the penalty next
lower than that prescribed by law shall be imposed, but always in the proper period.”
ISSUE:
W/N the Appellant, being 17 years of age at the time of the commission of the crime, was
entitled to the privileged mitigating circumstance of Art. 68, par. 2 of the RPC.
HELD:
Yes. We find no irreconcilable conflict between Art. 68, par. 2, as it now stands and Art. 80 as
amended. There is no incompatibility between granting Appellant of the ages of 15 to 18 a privileged
mitigating circumstance and fixing at 16 the
maximum age of persons who are to be placed in a reformatory institution. All parts of a statute are to
be harmonized and reconciled so that effect may be given to each and every part thereof, and that
conflicting interest in the same statute are never to be supposed or so regarded, unless forced upon the
court by an unambiguous language.
LATIN MAXIM:
37, 38b
People v. Terrada, et. al.
Case No. 229
G.R. No. L-23625 (November 25, 1983)
Chapter VII, Page 293, Footnote No. 42
FACTS:
On November 1951 and May 1952, Appellees Obo, Gundran, and Terrado applied for and
were issued free patents for contiguous parcels of land situated in Camarines Sur. These parcels of land
were forest land and as such are not disposable. On March 1962, three separate informations for
falsification of public document were filed against the Appellees for having conspired with one another
through false and fraudulent misrepresentations alleging that they had all the qualifications and had
complied with all legal requirements of the law to entitle them to a free patent. Appellees claim that the
crime has already prescribed according to the RPC, but the State argues that the crime has not
prescribed under Act No. 3585 where the crime of perjury prescribes in 8 years.
ISSUE:
W/N the prescriptive period to be applied should be 10 years under the RPC or 8 years under
Act No. 3585.
HEL
D: The 8 year prescriptive period should be applied. Penal statutes must be
strictly applied. Where a crime is punishable by both a special law and the RPC but with different
prescriptive periods, the one favorable to the accused or the shorter prescriptive period should be
applied.
LATIN MAXIM:
43, 48
US v. Toribo
Case No. 304
G.R. No. 5060 (January 26, 1910) Chapter
VII, Page 295, Footnote No. 48
FACTS:
Evidence suggests that Appellant slaughtered the carabao for human consumption, which is in
violation of Act No. 1147, “An Act Regulating the Registration, Branding, Slaughter of Large Cattle.”
It appears that in the town of Carmen in Bohol, there aren’t any slaughterhouses. Appellant suggests
that under such circumstances, the provisions of Act No. 1147 do not penalize slaughter of large cattle
without permit. Appellant also alleges that it is an infringement on his right over his property
(carabao).
ISSUE:
W/N Act No. 1147 applies only when there is a municipal slaughterhouse, and the slaughter
of a carabao is made therein.
HEL
D: No. As long as the slaughter of large cattle for human consumption is done
without a permit secured first from the municipal treasurer, the penalty under the Act applies. The Act
primarily seeks to protect the large cattle of the Philippine Islands, against theft and to make recovery
and return of the same easy. More importantly, it
is to protect the very life and existence of the inhabitants of the Philippines, imperiled by the continued
destruction of large cattle by disease, making it reasonable for the legislative to prohibit and penalize a
perfectly legal act utilizing personal properties of citizens (cattle) if not for the extraordinary
conditions/threat present. Well settled is the doctrine of the State’s legitimate exercise of the right of
eminent domain laid down in jurisprudence. Where the language of the statute is fairly susceptible of
many interpretations, that which stays true with the intent of the law must be observed.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 9a, 37
US v. Go Chico
Case No. 299
G.R. No. 4963 (September 15, 1909)
Chapter VII, Page 295, Footnote No. 49
FACTS:
Appellant is charged with the violation of Sec. 1 of Act No. 1696 or the Flag Law, displaying
in his store a number of medallions, in the form of a small button, upon the faces of which were
imprinted in miniature the picture of Emilio Aguinaldo, and the flag or banner or device used during
the late armed insurrection in the Philippine Islands against the U.S. Appellant claims that he is
ignorant of the law and consequently, had no corrupt intention to violate the law. He claims acquittal
on the ground that his guilt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt and that the law was referring to
“identical” banners, emblem, flag, etc.
ISSU
E: 1. W/N to be in violation of the Flag Law, Appellant must have acted with criminal intent.
2. W/N the wording of the law exempts the articles displayed by the Defendant.
1. No, criminal intent isn’t necessary for violation of the Flag Law.
2. The medallions, though not exactly identical, comes within the purview of
HEL
D:
the class of articles referred to by the law.
Jurisprudence has held that in crimes made by statutory requirement, criminal intent is not
necessary. Intention of the perpetrator is entirely immaterial because to hold otherwise would render
the statute substantially worthless, and its execution impossible. The statute did not include intent as an
element of a crime, and it is clear so no interpretation is required. Clearly therefore, ignorance of the
law is not a valid defense for violation thereof. The description in the law refers not to a particular flag,
but to a type of flag.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 7a, 9a, 9c, 11a, 43, a
Arriete v. Director of Public Works
Case no. 22
G.R. No. 37125 (September 30, 1933)
Chapter VII, Page 296, Footnote No. 52
FACTS:
Appellant Arriete, as legal guardian on behalf of minor Carmen Jagunap, sought to recover
the title and possession of three lots which were sold by the sheriff in a public auction to Appellee
Ledesma (and thereafter sold to Fermin Caram) to satisfy the judgment of a lien for nonpayment of
taxes, under the Irrigation Act No. 2152. However, it was found that the delinquent taxpayer was not
the owner of said lots, but Carmen Jagunap was.
ISSUE:
W/N Appellee Ledesma has any rights over the lots acquired in good faith
under the final deed of sale of the provincial sheriff.
HELD:
No, she acquired no right at all. Act No. 2152 provided that regarding expropriation of land,
the list of lands filed by the Director of Public Lands must be published, and notice should be given to
the owners to file answer or appear in the civil case. No such publication or notice was evident in this
case.
It is not sufficient that they had “actual” knowledge. Statutes in the derogation of rights are
construed strictly. This is because people in a republican
state like ours enjoy inherent rights guaranteed by the Constitution or protected by law, like the right
against undue deprivation of property. Thus, whenever there are statutes authorizing the expropriation
of private land or property, these statutes are construed strictly.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 43
Provincial Chapter of Laguna v. COMELEC
Case No. 246
G.R. No. L-53460 (May 27, 1983)
Chapter VII, Page 297, Footnote No. 57
FACTS:
Nacionalista Party (NP) filed a petition against Respondent San Luis of the Kilusang Bagong
Lipunan (KBL) for turncoatism. When Respondent San Luis ran as Governor of Laguna under Liberal
Party (LP) in 1972, he won. The normal expiry for the term was 1975, but it was extended lawfully by
the President. Now (1980) he is running for Governor again under KBL. Under the law, “No elective
public officer may change his political party affiliation during his term of office…or within six
months immediately preceding or following an election.”
ISSUE:
W/N COMELEC was correct in dismissing petition which contended that Respondent San
Luis should be disqualified from running due to turncoatism.
HEL
D:
No, he cannot be disqualified. He did not change affiliations during his term.
He was expelled from the LP in 1978 and this can’t be construed as a willful change of affiliation. At
that time, no one even knew when the next elections were, so Respondent could not have changed
affiliations simply to anticipate the next election.
The constitutional prohibition cannot be applied to the period beyond the frame-up (1971-
1975) term to which public officials were elected in 1971 because this would unduly impinge on
freedom of association guaranteed to all.
Between two constructions, one of which would diminish or restrict fundamental right of
people and the other of which would not do so, the latter construction must be adopted.
LATIN MAXIM:
11a, 37, 48
Genaro B. Reyes Construction Inc. v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 51
G.R. No. 108718 (July 14, 1994)
Chapter VII, Page 297, Footnote No. 57
FACTS:
Petitioners filed petition to stop Respondent DPWH from implementing the notice of pre-
termination in their contract for construction of the flood control facilities and land improvement
works in Butuan City. Petitioners won in a public bidding held for this purpose. Respondents claimed
that with a 9.86% negative slippage (delay in the infrastructure project), the government was either
authorized to take over the project or let another contractor finish it. Petitioners however claimed that
not only were the delays caused significantly by DPWH, but also termination of contract is only
appropriate if the negative slippage reaches 15%.
ISSU
E: W/N termination of contract with Petitioners is valid.
HEL
D: No, Respondents may not terminate contract with Petitioners and award the
contract to other bidders. The discretion of Respondent DPWH to terminate or rescind the contract
comes into play only in the event the contractor shall have incurred a negative slippage of 15% or
more, according to P.D. 1870 and DPWH Circular No. 102.
The intent of the law in allowing the government to take over delayed construction projects
with negative slippage of 15% or more is primarily “to save money and to avoid dislocation of the
financial projections and/or cash flow of the government.” Terminating the contract and awarding it to
Hanil, a previously disqualified bidder, would actually result in a financial loss to the government.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a, 12a
Tenorio v. Manila Railroad Co. City of Manila v. Chinese Community of Manila, et al.
Case No. 289
Case No. 61
G.R. No. L-6690 (March 29, 1912)
G.R. No. L-14355 (October 31, 1919)
Chapter VII, Page 297, Footnote No. 62 Chapter VII, Page 297, Footnote No. 64

FACTS:
Defendant company took possession of and occupied a small parcel of land without the
express consent of Plaintiff and without having made payment therefore, alleging that the land is a part
of certain lands described in condemnation proceedings.
ISSUE:
W/N Plaintiff has the right to maintain this separate action for damages for trespass on his
land on the ground that it was his duty to seek redress in the condemnation proceedings instituted by
Defendant company.
FACTS:
Appellant presented a petition in the CFI of Manila praying that certain lands, be expropriated
for the purpose of constructing a public improvement – the extension of Rizal Avenue. Appellee
denied that it was either necessary or expedient that the parcels of land be expropriated for street
purposes.
ISSUE:
W/N in expropriation proceedings by the Appellant, the courts may inquire into, and hear
proof upon, the necessity of the expropriation.

HELD:
As a general rule, the steps prescribed by the statute must be followed or the proceedings will
be void. Since these statutes are in derogation of general right and of common-law modes of
procedure, they must be strictly construed in favor of the landowner, and must be at least substantially
or ‘fully and fairly’ complied with.
In the absence of proof of a substantial compliance with the provisions of law touching such
proceedings, the Plaintiff was clearly entitled to institute any appropriate action to recover the damages
which she may have suffered as a result of an unauthorized and unlawful seizure and occupation of her
property.
The theory on which the trial judge correctly proceeded was that Defendant company having
unlawfully taken possession of a part of the tract of land in question, and by its operations thereon
rendered the whole tract worthless to the Plaintiff. Thus, Plaintiff is entitled to abandon the entire tract,
and recover damages for its full value.
LATIN MAXIM:
21a, 43
HELD:
In our opinion, when the legislature conferred upon the courts of the Philippine Islands the
right to ascertain upon trial whether the right exists for the exercise of eminent domain, it intended that
the courts should inquire into, and hear proof upon, those questions (of necessity).
It is alleged, and not denied, that the cemetery in question may be used by the general
community of Chinese, which fact, in the general acceptation of the definition of a public cemetery,
would make the cemetery in question public property. If that is true, the petition of the Plaintiff must
be denied, for the reason that the Plaintiff has no authority or right under the law to expropriate public
property.
Even granting that a necessity exists for the opening of the street in question, the record
contains no proof of the necessity of opening the same through the cemetery. The record shows that
adjoining and adjacent lands have been offered to the city free of charge, which will answer every
purpose of the Plaintiff.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 24a, 43
Velasco v. Republic of the Philippines Lee Cho v. Republic of the Philippines
Case No. 165
Case No. 72
G.R. No. L-14214 (May 25, 1960)
G.R. No. L-12408 (December 28, 1959)
Chapter VII, Page 299, Footnote No. 76 Chapter VII, Page 299, Footnote No. 76

FACTS: FACTS:
Petition for naturalization of Petitioner was denied for failure to meet the requirements of the Before an applicant may apply for Philippine citizenship, the law requires that he file a
law. declaration of intention to become a Filipino citizen one year prior to the filing of application unless he
is exempt from complying with said requirement. The law exempts one from filing a declaration of
ISSUE: intention in two cases: (a) if he is born in the Philippines and has received primary and secondary
W/N the trial court erred in denying the petition for naturalization. education in any school recognized by the government; and (b) if he has continuously resided in the
Philippines for a period of 30 years or more provided that he has given primary and secondary
HELD: education to all his children either in a public school or private schools recognized by the government.
No. Considering that “naturalization laws should be rigidly enforced and strictly construed in In the instant case, Petitioner has not filed any declaration of intention to become a Filipino citizen
favor of the government and against the applicant”, we are constrained to hold that the trial court did because, as he claims, he has resided continuously in the Philippines for a period of more than 30 years
not err in denying the petition for naturalization. and has given primary and secondary education to all his children in private schools recognized by the
government.
LATIN MAXIM:
43 ISSUE:
W/N the Petitioner has complied with the requirement of the law regarding his duty to afford
primary and secondary education to all his children.

HELD:
No. The government disputes that Petitioner has failed to give such education
to his daughters Angelita and Lourdes. The reason that Angelita was not able to complete her studies
because she got married is not only unsatisfactory but betrays the sincerity of Petitioner in embracing
our citizenship. It was further shown that in spite of Lourdes’s alleged sickness, she continued her
studies in a Chinese school which strictly employed a Chinese curriculum. Considering that the
provisions of the Naturalization Law should be strictly construed in order that its laudable and
nationalistic purpose may be fully fulfilled, the Supreme Court concluded that Petitioner has failed to
qualify to become a Filipino citizen and so his petition should be denied.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7b, 43
Co v. Republic of the Philippines
Case No. 24
G.R. No. L-12150 (May 26, 1960)
Chapter VII, Page 299, Footnote No. 76
FACTS:
Petitioner filed his petition for naturalization in the trial court. The court ordered that a
certificate of naturalization be issued to Petitioner after the lapse of two years from the date the
decision became final and all the requisites provided for in RA 503 were met. The government
appealed the decision contending that from the evidence itself introduced by Petitioner it would appear
that he failed to comply with some of the requirements prescribed by law in order to qualify him to
become a Filipino citizen. Thus, it is claimed, he has not stated that he believes in the principles
underlying the constitution, but rather stated that he believes in democracy upon cross-examination. It
is contended that such belief is not sufficient to comply with the requirement of the law that one must
believe in the principles underlying our constitution.
ISSU
E: W/N the trial court erred in finding that Petitioner had all the qualifications for
naturalization and none of the disqualifications mentioned in the law.
HELD:
Yes. In so stating that he believes merely in our laws, Petitioner did not necessarily refer to
those principles embodied in our constitution which are referred to in the law. He has also failed to
conduct himself in a proper and irreproachable manner in his relation with our government as
evidenced by his failure to register his family with the Bureau of Immigration and to file his income
tax return. Considering that "naturalization laws should be rigidly enforced and strictly construed in
favor of the government and against the applicant," the Supreme Court held that the trial court erred in
granting the petition for naturalization.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7b, 43
Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority v. Marcos
Case No. 157
G.R. No. L-120082 (September 11, 1996)
Chapter VII, Page 301, Footnote No. 85
FACTS:
Respondent Cesa, OIC, Office of the Treasurer of the City of Cebu, demanded payment for
realty taxes on several parcels of land belonging to the Petitioner, who objected to such demand
claiming in its favor Sec. 14 of RA 6958 which exempt it from payment of realty taxes.
Respondent City of Cebu alleges that as an LGU and a political subdivision, it has the power
to impose, levy, assess, and collect taxes within its jurisdiction. Such power is guaranteed by the
Constitution and enhanced further by the LGC. While it may be true that under its Charter the
Petitioner was exempt from the payment of realty taxes, this exemption was withdrawn by Sec. 234 of
the LGC.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner is a “taxable” person.
HEL
D:
Yes. Petitioner cannot claim that it was never a “taxable person” under its Charter. It was
only exempted from the payment of real property taxes. The grant of the privilege only in respect of
this tax is conclusive proof of the legislative intent to make it a taxable person subject to all taxes,
except real property tax.
Even if the Petitioner was originally not a taxable person for purposes of real property tax, in
light of the foregoing disquisitions, it had already become, a taxable person for such purpose in view of
the withdrawal in the last paragraph of Sec. 234 of exemptions from the payment of real property
taxes.
Since taxes are what we pay for civilized society, or are the lifeblood of the nation, the law
frowns against exemptions from taxation and statutes granting tax exemptions are thus construed
strictissimi juris against the taxpayers and liberally in favor of the taxing authority. Else wise stated,
taxation is the rule, exemption therefore is the exception.
LATIN MAXIM:
43
The Roman Catholic Apostolic Church in the Philippines v. A. W. Hastings, Assessor and Collector of Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court Of Appeals, Court of Tax Appeals and Ateneo de Manila
the City of Manila, and the City of Manila University
Case No. 136
Case No. 74
G.R. No. 1974 (March 15, 1906)
G.R. No. 115349 (April 18, 1997)
Chapter VII, Page 300, Footnote No. 79
Chapter VII, Page 300, Footnote No. 81
FACTS:
FACTS:
In 1901, Appellant imposed a tax upon the residence of the Roman Catholic archbishop of
Private Respondent is a non-stock, non-profit educational institution with auxiliary units and
Manila, overruling the claim that it was exempt from taxation as provided by Sec. 48 of Act No. 183 of
branches all over the Philippines, one of which is the Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC), which is
the Philippine Commission. The Appellant contended that the said property was not a parsonage and
engaged in social sciences studies of Philippine society and culture. In 1983, Petitioner issued a
not adjacent to the cathedral, being 80 to 100 meters distant from the church, and that the exemption
demand letter regarding the institution’s tax liabilities. Petitioner contended that private Respondent
privilege was already exhausted by its allowance to the parsonage of the adjoining chapel.
was an “independent contractor” within the purview of Sec. 205 of the Tax Code, and was conducting
studies for a fee, and therefore subject to 3% contractor’s tax.
ISSUE:
W/N the house of the archbishop of Manila should be exempted from tax.
ISSUE:
W/N Private Respondent, through its auxiliary unit or branch, the IPC, performing the work
HELD:
of an independent contractor and, thus subject to 3% contractor’s tax levied by Sec. 205 of the
In enacting its exemption laws, the Commission had in view not only the conditions peculiar to and
National Internal Revenue Code.
inherent in Roman Catholic parishes in the Islands, but their intent was to extend the exemption to the
parsonages appurtenant to all churches. And it is a general rule that statutes exempting charitable and
HELD:
religious property from taxation should be construed fairly and not unnaturally though strictly and in
No. The research activity of the IPC was done in pursuance of maintaining private Respondent’s
such manner as to give effect to the main intent of the legislators. Although separated from the
university status and not in the course of an independent business of selling such research with profit in
cathedral by an intervening block, and although a parsonage within the area was already exempt, the
mind. There was no evidence that the IPC ever sold its services for a fee to anyone or was ever
residence of the archbishop should still be exempted from taxation as a parsonage adjacent to the
engaged in business apart from the academic purposes of the university. Petitioner erred in applying
cathedral.
the principles of tax exemption without first applying a strict interpretation of the tax laws.
LATIN MAXIM:
8a, 9b, 43 LATIN MAXIM:
43
Manila Railroad Company v. Insular Collector of Customs Republic v. Intermediate Appellate Court
Case No. 167
Case No. 256
G.R. No. 30264 (March 12, 1929)
G.R. No. L-69344 (April 26, 1991)
Chapter VII, Page 301, Footnote No. 84
Chapter VII, Page 301, Footnote No. 84

FACTS:
Appellee Manila Railroad Company used dust shields made of wool on all of its railway
wagons to cover the axle box which protects from dust the oil deposited therein which serves as
lubricant of the bearings of the wheel. Under par. 141 of Sec. 8 of the Tariff Law of 1909,
manufactures of wool, not otherwise provided for are subject to 40% ad valorem. On the other hand,
under par. 197 of same law, vehicles for use on railways and tramways, and detached parts thereof are
subject to 10% ad valorem. Appellant Insular Collector of Customs classified dust shields as
“manufactures of wool, not otherwise provided for.” Upon appeal, however, the CFI overruled the
decision and classified dust shields as “detached parts” of vehicles for use on railways.
ISSUE:
Whether dust shields should be classified as manufactures of wool or as detached parts of
vehicles for use on railways.
HELD:
Dust shields are classified for the purposes of tariff as detached parts of vehicles under par.
197. It is a general rule in the interpretation of statutes levying taxes not to extend their provisions
beyond the clear import of the language used. In case of doubt, they should be construed strictly
against the government and in favor of the citizen. And when there is in the same statute a particular
enactment and a general one which in its comprehensive sense would include what is embraced in the
former, the particular enactment must be operative, and the general one must be taken to affect only
such cases within its general language as are not within the provisions of the particular enactment.
LATIN
MAXIM: 38a,
43, 50
FACTS:
Respondent spouses Antonio and Clara Pastor owed the Government P1,283,
621.63 for taxes from the years 1955-1959. A reinvestigation of their debt was made and the amount
was changed to P17,117.08. They applied for tax amnesty under
P.D. 23, 213 and 370. Due to this, their debt even decreased to about P12,000. They paid such debt to
the Government and had receipts as proofs of such.
The Government contended that the spouses could not avail of the tax amnesty under P.D.
213 because of Revenue Regulation No. 8-72 which stated that amnesty is not allowed for those who
had pending assessments with the BIR.
Respondent spouses then contended that Revenue Regulation No. 8-72 was null because P.D.
213 did not contain any exemption wherein one should not be allowed to amnesty.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent spouses were properly given tax amnesty.
HELD:
Yes, because Revenue Regulation No. 8-72 was null and void. If Revenue Regulation No. 8-
72 provided an exception to the coverage of P.D. 213, then such provision is null and void for being
contrary to the Presidential Decree. Revenue regulations shall not prevail over provisions of a
Presidential Decree.
LATIN MAXIM:
8, 26
Misamis Oriental Association of Coco Traders, Inc. v. Department of Finance Secretary Acting Commissioner of Customs v. Manila Electric Company
Case No. 82
Case No. 3
G.R. No. 108524 (November 10, 1994)
G.R. No. L-23623 (June 30, 1977)
Chapter VII, Page 301, Footnote No. 85
Chapter VII, Page 301, Footnote No. 85
FACTS:
FACTS:
Petitioner is a corporation whose members are engaged in buying and selling copra. Prior to
RA 1394 exempted payment of special import tax for spare parts used for industries and also
Revenue Memorandum Circular (RMC) 47-91, copra was classified as a food product under Sec.
insulators from all taxes of whatever nature. Respondent contends that their insulating oils are exempt
103(b) of the National Internal Revenue Code and therefore exempt from tax in all stages, including
from taxes.
distribution.
Under Sec. 103(a), the sale of agricultural NON-food products in their original state is exempt
from VAT only if the seller is the primary producer and the owner of the land which the same is ISSUE:
produced. Under Sec. 103(b), the sale of agricultural food products in their original state is exempt W/N insulating oil is an insulator making Respondent exempt from paying its
from VAT in all stages. taxes.
RMC 47-91 then reclassified copra as a non-food product.
HELD:
ISSUE: No, insulating oil is different from insulators. The Supreme Court looked into the definition
W/N copra is an agricultural food product which is exempt from VAT and thus not under the of “insulating oils” under Materials Handbook by George J. Brady, 8th Edition.
purview of RMC 47-91. The court found out that insulating oils are used for cooling as well as insulating. And there is
no question that the insulating oil that Respondent is importing is used for cooling instead of
HELD: insulating. The law frowns on exemption from taxation; hence an exempting provision must be
construed stictissimi juris.
No, it is not an agricultural food product, thus it is not exempt from VAT. The Commissioner
of Internal Revenue’s interpretation is entitled to great respect because it is the government agency
LATIN MAXIM:
charged with the interpretation and implementation of tax laws. In fact, although copra is from
9a, 43, b
coconut, and 80% of the coconut plant is edible, copra per se is not intended for human consumption.

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 42a, b
Collector of Internal Revenue v. Manila Jockey Club Inc.
Case No. 68
G.R. No. L-8755 (March 23, 1956)
Chapter VII, Page 304, Footnote No. 97
FACTS:
Respondents Manila Jockey Club Inc. and Philippine Racing Club Inc. are corporations
organized primarily for holding horse races. Petitioner is contending that payments for renting several
parts of the property that Respondents rent and lease are subject to the 20% amusement tax in the
National Internal Revenue Code.
ISSUE:
W/N rentals received by the Respondents from private horse owners or trainers, the PCSO,
the White Cross, the Philippine Anti-Tuberculosis Society are subject to the 20% amusement tax.
HELD:
The law refers to “gross receipts” and not “gross income”. This clause is plain demonstration
that the “gross receipts” refer to the collections on days when the race track is open to the general
public and admission fees are or are not charged. This necessarily excludes income of the Respondents
received on days when they do not legally and actually hold horse races. The lease by the Respondents
of the land clearly has nothing to do with horse racing. It is to be remembered that the law makes the
proprietor, lessee, or operator, of the amusement place liable for the amusement tax, the three tax
payers being connected by the disjunctive conjunction “or”, thereby positively implying that the tax
should be paid by either the proprietor, the lessee, or the operator, as the case may be, singly and not
all at one and the same time.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 27
People v. Castañeda Jr.
Case No. 104
G.R. No. L-46881 (September 15, 1988)
Chapter VII, Page 306, Footnote No. 102
FACTS:
Respondents were charged of 8 criminal cases for violating the National Internal Revenue
Code for manufacturing alcoholic products subject to specific tax without having paid the annual
privilege tax therefore. Respondents argued that they are exempt from taxes because they are entitled
to the benefits available under P.D. 370 which declares tax amnesty.
ISSU
E: W/N Respondent is entitled to the benefits of tax amnesty under the P.D.
HEL To be entitled to the extinction of liability provided by P.D. 370, the claimant
D:
must have voluntarily disclosed his previously untaxed income or wealth and paid the required 15%
tax on such previously untaxed income or wealth. Where the disclosure was not voluntary, the claimant
is not entitled to the benefits expressly excluded from the coverage of P.D. 370. In the instant case, the
violations with which the Respondents were charged had already been discovered by the BIR when
P.D. 370 took effect. It is necessary to note that the "valid information under RA 2338" referred to in
Sec. 1(a)(4) of P.D. 370 refers not to a criminal information filed in court by a fiscal or special
prosecutor, but rather to the sworn information or complaint filed by an informer with the BIR under
RA 2338 in the hope of earning an informer's reward.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 25a, 43
Zamora v. City of Manila
Case No. 175
G.R. No. 3433 (March 2, 1907)
Chapter VII, Page 306, Footnote No. 102
FACTS:
Act No. 975 is a remedial statute which provides for relief of persons who have paid an
excessive assessment on taxes prior to the creation of the Board of Tax revision.
Petitioner prays that the word “land” in the title and body of the statute be interpreted to mean
“land including buildings and improvements thereon”.
ISSUE:
W/N the word “land” should be interpreted liberally to mean land with the buildings and
improvements thereon.
HELD:
While the distinction does not appear to have been consciously made in Act No. 123, it is
disregarded in Act Nos. 82 and 551. The rule of strict construction of statutes granting exemptions
from taxation is not applicable in this case. This rule is not without its exceptions and limitations, and
the plain principles of justice suggest that the act under consideration should be construed with some
liberality. It is a remedial statute, providing for a refund of taxes which have been collected unjustly
and upon an unfair and inequitable valuation of land. While some of the Acts of the Commission have
consciously sought to give to the word land and real estate a special signification, nevertheless such
use has not been uniform and the deviations therefrom have been so frequent that it affords no safe rule
from interpretation.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9d, 9f, 27, b2
Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Case No. 259
G.R. No. L- 25602 31 (February 18, 1970)
Chapter VII, Page 306, Footnote No. 103
FACTS:
In 1957, Petitioner was granted tax-exemption privileges pursuant to RA 901. In 1958,
Petitioner imported a quantity of wheat grains, part of which was not used in the business that year.
The surplus of wheat grains were finally utilized into flour and sold in 1959. Petitioner paid sales tax of
P37,275.55, but the cost of wheat left over was treated as deductible item from gross sales in 1959.
Respondent Commissioner finally assessed the Petitioner of deficiency tax of P23,170.17 because
materials purchased from tax-exempt industries were not acquired from one enjoying tax- exemption
privilege under our laws.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Commissioner is correct in imposing the deficiency sales tax.
HELD:
No. Sec. 186-A of Internal Revenue provides that whenever a tax-free product is utilized in
the manufacture or production of any article, in the determination of the value of such finished article,
the value of such tax-free product shall be deducted. While It is true that tax exemptions (and
deductions) are not favored in the law, and are construed strictissimi juris against the taxpayer, it is
equally a recognized principle that where the provision of the law is clear and unambiguous, so that
there is no occasion for the court’s seeking the legislative intent, the law must be taken as it is, devoid
of judicial addition or subtraction.
LATIN
MAXIM: 6c,
7a, 43
Ajero v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 5
G.R. No. 106720 (September 15, 1994)
Chapter VII, Page 309, Footnote No. 117
FACTS:
Petitioners filed a petition for probate of holographic will left by the late Annie Sand. They
alleged that the decedent was of sound and disposing mind, and was capacitated to dispose of her
estate by will.
Private Respondent opposed the petition claiming the will or testament was not of the
decedent and the same was procured through improper pressure. It was also opposed by Dr. Jose Ajero
claiming that the decedent was not the sole owner of the property. The trial court granted and/or
admitted the decedent’s holographic will to probate. On appeal, said Decision was reversed by the CA
for its failure to comply with Art. 813 and 814 of the New Civil Code.
ISSUE:
W/N the CA is correct that the will did not comply with the law.
HELD:
No. Failure to strictly observe other formalities will not result in the disallowance of a
holographic will that is unquestionably handwritten by the testator. Art. 813 of the New Civil Code
affects only the validity of the dispositions in the will, but not its probate. A holographic will can still
be admitted to probate, notwithstanding non- compliance with Art. 814. In case of alterations,
cancellations or insertions, the lack of authentication will only result in disallowance of such changes,
but not its entirety. The CA, however, correctly held that Annie Sand could not dispose the other
property including the house and lot, which she shares with her father’s other heirs.
LATIN
MAXIM: 1, 6c,
7a, 9a
In re: Testate Estate of Tampoy
Case No. 61
G.R. No. L-14322 (February 25, 1960)
Chapter VII, Page 309, Footnote No. 117
FACTS:
In the matter of Petition for Probate Proceedings before the CFI of Cebu, the will consists of
two pages and the last page had been duly signed by the testatrix and the three testimonial witnesses
who also signed the first page but the testatrix failed to sign the left margin of the first page.
The lower court denied the petition because the will was not executed in accordance with law,
citing Sec. 618 of Act No. 190, as amended.
ISSUE:
W/N the probate court (CFI) is correct in denying the petition for the allowance of the will.
HELD:
Yes. Sec. 618 of Act No. 190, as amended, requires that the testator sign the will and each and
every page thereof in the presence of the witnesses, and that the latter sign the will and each and every
page thereof in the presence of the testator and of each other, which requirement should be expressed
in the attestation clause. This requirement is mandatory, for failure to comply with it is fatal to the
validity of the will. Thus, it has been held that “Statutes prescribing the formalities to be observed in
the execution of wills are very strictly construed. A will must be executed in accordance with the
statutory requirements; otherwise it is entirely void. All these requirements stand as of equal
importance and must be observed, and courts cannot supply the defective execution of the will.”
Accordingly, we cannot escape the conclusion that the same fails to comply with the law and therefore,
cannot be admitted to probate.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a
A.L. Ammen Transportation Company, Inc. v. Borja Lazo v. Employee’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 1
Case No. 70
G.R. No. L-17750 (August 31, 1962)
G.R. No. 78617 (June 18, 1990)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 123
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 123

FACTS:
Respondent filed an action against Petitioners in the CFI of Albay to recover compensation
for overtime work rendered, and damages. Pending this, Respondent filed the present proceedings on
the Court of Industrial Relations.
ISSUE:
1. W/N the scope of the term “action” falls under RA 1994.
2. W/N the Court of Industrial Relations has jurisdiction.
HELD:
1. The Petitioner contends that the phrase “action already commenced” employed in the
statute should be construed as meaning only actions filed in a regular court of justice. With this limited
and narrow interpretation, we cannot agree. The statute under consideration is undoubtedly a labor
statute and as such must be liberally construed in favor of the laborer concerned.
2. The allegation in the complaint filed by the Respondent employee that he was “separated
automatically from the said employment with Defendants, and notwithstanding pleas for reinstatement,
Defendants refused and still refuse to reinstate Plaintiff,” and his prayer for specific reliefs and other
reliefs justify the conclusion that said Respondent ought reinstatement aside from overtime wages. This
was within the jurisdiction of the Court of Industrial Relations.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a
FACTS:
Petitioner is a security guard of the Central Bank of the Philippines assigned to its main
office. His regular tour of duty is from 2pm to 10pm. On June 18, 1986, the Petitioner rendered full
duty. But, as the security guard who was to relieve him failed to arrive, the Petitioner rendered
overtime duty up to 5am the next day. On his way home, he met an accident and as a result, he
sustained injuries. For injuries sustained, he claimed for disability benefits under P.D. 626 but was
denied by the GSIS.
ISSUE:
W/N the denial of compensation under P.D. 626 was valid.
HELD:
No. In the case at bar, it can be seen that Petitioner left his station at the Central Bank several
hours after his regular time off, because the reliever did not come on time. There is no evidence on the
record that Petitioner deviated from his usual, regular homeward route. While presumption of
compensability and theory of aggravation under the Workmen’s Compensation Act may have been
abandoned under the New Labor Code, it is significant that the liberality of the law in general favor of
the workingman still subsists.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a
Villavert v. Employee’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 313
G.R. No. L-48605 (December 14, 1981)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
The Petitioner is the mother of the late Marcelino Villavert, who died of acute hemorrhagic
pancreatic, employed as a code verifier in the Philippine Constabulary. She filed a claim for income
benefits for the death of her son under P.D. 626, as amended, with the GSIS. The said claim was
denied by the GSIS on the ground that acute hemorrhagic pancreatic is not an occupational disease and
that Petitioner had failed to show that there was a causal connection between the fatal ailment of
Marcelino and the nature of his employment. The Petitioner appealed to the ECC which affirmed the
denial.
ISSUE:
W/N the ECC committed grave abuse of discretion in denying the claim of the Petitioner.
HELD:
From the foregoing facts of record, it is clear that Marcelino died of acute hemorrhagic
pancreatic which was directly caused or at least aggravated by the duties he performed as coder
verifier, computer operator and clerk typist of the Philippine Constabulary. There is no evidence at all
that Marcelino had a “bout of alcoholic intoxication” shortly before he died. Neither is there a showing
that he used drugs. All doubts in the implementation and interpretation of this Code, including its
implementing rules and regulations shall be resolved in favor of the labor.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a
Abella v. National Labor Relations Commission
Case No. 2
G.R. No. 71813 (July 20, 1987)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
Petitioner leased a farm land, Hacienda Danao–Ramona, in Negros Occidental for a period of
ten years. It is renewable at her instance, which she opted to do, for another ten years. During the
existence of the lease she employed the private Respondents. Upon expiration of the leasehold rights,
Petitioner dismissed the two Respondents.
ISSUE:
W/N the Respondents are entitled to separation pays.
HELD:
Yes. The applicable law on the case is Art. 284 of the Labor Code. Notwithstanding the
contention of the Petitioner that the aforementioned provision violates the constitutional guarantee
against impairment of obligations and contracts, because when she leased the farm land, neither she
nor the lessor contemplated the creation of the obligation to pay separation pay to the workers upon the
expiration of the lease. The court held such contention untenable as the issue had already been
adjudicated in the case of Anucension v. NLRC. It was stated in the said case that “the prohibition to
impair the obligation of contracts is not absolute and unqualified. The prohibition is general.” The
court further stated that the purpose of Art. 284 is for the protection of the workers whose employment
is terminated because of the closure of establishment. Without such law, employees like the
Respondents will lose the benefits to which they are entitled. Moreover, it is well settled that in the
implementation and interpretation of the provisions of the Labor Code, the worker’s welfare should be
the primordial and paramount consideration, and that all doubts shall be resolved in favor of labor.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 9a, 9d
Del Rosario & Sons v. National Labor Relations Commission
Case No. 36
No. L-64204 (May 31, 1985)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
Petitioner, a logging company, entered into a contract of services with Calmar Security
Agency to supply the Petitioner with security guards. The security guards, herein Respondents, filed a
complaint for underpayment of salary against the Petitioner and the security agency. The Labor
Arbiter found the security agency to be liable for the underpayment and dismissed the case against the
logging company.
The security agency appealed the case to the NLRC. The latter allowed the appeal even
though there were formal defects in the procedure by which the appeal was made. It was not under oath
and the appeal fee was paid late.
ISSUE:
W/N the formal defects of the appeal of the security agency should invalidate the appeal.
HELD:
No. According to Art. 221 of the Labor Code, “in any proceeding before the Commission or
any of the Labor Arbiters, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be
controlling and it is the spirit and intention of the Code that the Commission and the Arbiters shall use
every and all reasonable means to ascertain the facts in each case and proceed all in the interest of
justice.” The lack of verification could have easily been corrected by making an oath and even though
the payment was late, it was still paid.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9d, 40b
Manahan v. Employee’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 79
G.R. No. L-44899 (April 22, 1981)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
Nazario Manahan, Jr., died of Enteric Fever while he was employed as a teacher in the Las
Piñas Municipal High School. The claimant, the widow of the deceased, filed a claim in the GSIS for
she contends that the death of her husband was due to his occupation. However, GSIS denied such
claim. Claimant filed for a Motion for Reconsideration alleging that the deceased was in perfect health
prior to his employment and that the ailment of the deceased is attributable to his employment. Again
she was denied by the GSIS. She then appealed her case to the Employees Compensation
Commission which also denied her claim.
ISSUE:
W/N the widow of the deceased is entitled to claim benefits.
HELD:
Yes. The findings of the commission indicated that the deceased was in perfect health prior to
his employment as a teacher and that in the course of his employment, he was treated for Epigastric
pain- and ulcer-like symptoms. This was supported by his medical records and a medical certificate
issued by Dr. Bernabe. Epigastric pain is a symptom of Ulcer and Ulcer is a common complication of
Enteric Fever.
Pursuant to the doctrine of Corales v. ECC, the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation
Act shall be applied, thus the presumption of compensability should be in favor of the claimant.
Moreover, it is well settled that in case of doubt, the case should be resolved in favor of the worker and
that Labor laws should be liberally construed to give relief to the worker and his dependents.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 9a, 9d, 40b
Liwanag v. Workmen’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 75
G.R. No. L-12164 (May 2, 1959)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
Appellants Benito Liwanag and Maria Liwanag Reyes are co-owners of Liwanag Auto Suppy.
They hired Roque Balderama as a security guard, who was killed in the line of duty by criminals. His
widow and children filed a claim for compensation with the Workmen’s Compensation Commission,
which was granted in an award that ordered the Appellants to pay jointly and severally the amount of
P3,494.40 to the claimant in lump sum. Appellants did not question the right of Appellees to
compensation nor the amount awarded. However, they claim that because the Workmen’s
Compensation Act did not give an express provision declaring solidary obligations of business
partners, the compensation should be divisible.
ISSUE:
W/N the Commission erred in ordering the Appellants to pay jointly and severally.
HEL
D: No. Although the WCA does not contain any provision expressly declaring
that the obligation arising from compensation is solidary, other provisions of law show how their
liability is solidary. Art. 1711 and 1712 of the New Civil Code and Sec. 2 of the WCA reasonably
indicate that in compensation cases, the liability of business partners should be solidary. If the
responsibility were to be merely jointly, and one of them happens to be insolvent, the award would
only be partially satisfied, which is evidently contrary to the intent of the law to give full protection to
employees. The WCA should be construed fairly, reasonably and liberally for the employee and
dependents.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 9d, 36, 38, 40
Sibulo v. Altar
Case No. 279
G.R. No. L-1916 (April 30, 1949)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 125
FACTS:
Petitioner, owner of first class agricultural land, entered into a contract of tenancy with
Respondent. Petitioner was to furnish the work animals and farm implements and Respondent was to
defray all expenses of planting and cultivation. The net produce was to be divided equally. The
contract was disapproved by the Tenancy Law Enforcement Division of the Department of Justice
because the division contravenes with a provision of the Tenancy Law. It was taken to the Court of
Industrial Relations, which declared the contract illegal as against public policy as contemplated in
Sec. 7 of the Tenancy Law, for the reason that instead of receiving 60% of his total share, the tenant
shall receive 50% only. Petitioner claimed that the contract is not among those expressly declared to be
against public policy in Sec. 7 of the Tenancy Law, which he argues to be an exhaustive list.
ISSU
E: W/N the contract is against public policy as contemplated in Sec. 7 of the
Tenancy Law.
HELD:
No. In declaring certain stipulations to be against public policy, the legislature could not have
meant to sanction other stipulations which, though not specified, are similar to those expressly
mentioned. The purpose of the law might easily be defeated otherwise. The Tenancy Act is a remedial
legislation intended to better the lot of the share-cropper by giving him a more equitable participation
in the produce of the land which he cultivates. Being a remedial statute, it should be construed to
further its purpose in accordance with its general intent.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 12a, 36, 40
Guerrero v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 54
G.R. No. L-44570 (May 30,1986)
Chapter VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 126
FACTS:
Apolonio Benitez was hired by the Petitioners to work in their plantation. He was allowed for
that purpose to put up a hut within the plantation. He shared 1/3 of the proceeds with his coconut-
related responsibilities. Afterwards, the Petitioners and Benitez executed an agreement allowing
Benitez to continue working as tenant; the Agricultural Tenancy Act would govern their relationship.
Later the Petitioners ordered Benitez out. Benitez sued in the Court of Agrarian Relations, which
ordered his reinstatement. The Petitioners appealed to the CA, which affirmed the Court of Agrarian
Reform’s decision. The Petitioners then appealed to the Supreme Court. Pending appeal, the Code of
Agrarian Reforms was passed repealing the Agricultural Tenancy Act. The Petitioners then claimed
that since the basis of the suit was a share tenancy agreement, the decisions lost their validity.
ISSUE:
W/N share tenancy ended.
HELD:
No. An agreement is not abrogated by the subsequent repeal of the law. The phasing out of
share tenancy was never intended to mean a reversion of tenants into farmhands or hired laborers with
no rights. The Agricultural Tenancy Act and Agricultural Land Reform Code have not been entirely
repealed by the Code of Agrarian Reform. But assuming that they were, the rule that the repeal of a
statute defeats all actions pending under the repealed statute has the exception when vested rights are
affected and obligations of contract are impaired.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 12, 32, 38
Vicente v. Employee’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 168
G.R. No. 85024 (January 23, 1991) Chapter
VII, Page 310, Footnote No. 127
FACTS:
Petitioner was an employed nursing attendant. At the course of his employment, he had
several physical complications which forced him to retire. So at the age of forty-five, he availed an
optional retirement to entitle him to “income benefits” under the GSIS retirement program. The
application was supported by a physician’s certification that Petitioner was classified as under
“permanent total disability.” The significance of such classification was whether or not Petitioner could
avail of the full income benefits. GSIS contended that Petitioner was only “permanent partial
disability”. The ECC affirmed the GSIS decision.
ISSUE:
Whether Petitioner was under permanent total disability or permanent partial disability.
HELD:
Petitioner was under permanent total disability. The test of whether or not an employee
suffers from permanent total disability is a showing of the capacity of the employee to continue
performing his work notwithstanding the disability he incurred. The Court takes this occasion to stress
once more its abiding concern for the welfare of government workers, especially the humble rank and
file. It is for this reason that the sympathy of the law on social security is toward its beneficiaries and
requires a construction of utmost liberality in their favor.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 11b, 12a
Tamayo, et al. v. Manila Hotel Company Corporal v. Employee’s Compensation Commission
Case No. 283
Case No. 83
G.R. No. L-8975 (June 29, 1957)
G.R. No. 86020 (August 5, 1994) Chapter
Chapter VII, Page 311, Footnote No. 128 VII, Page 311, Footnote No. 131

FACTS:
265 employees of Appellee Manila Hotel Co., who had to be dismissed and paid the value of
their accumulated leave under Sec. 266 of the Administrative Code, as amended by RA 611, when the
hotel was leased to a private concern on June 30, 1954, brought the present action to recover from the
Appellee Manila Hotel Co. an additional amount for accrued leave alleged to be due them under the
same section of the Administrative Code, as later amended by RA 1081, approved on June 15, 1954,
that is to say, 15 days before they were separated from the company.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioners could avail of the alleged accrued benefits.
HELD:
No. Art. 4 of the New Civil Code provides that laws shall have no retroactive effect unless the
contrary is provided. As RA 1081 does not provide that it is to have a retroactive effect, it can only be
given effect from the date of its approval.
LATIN MAXIM:
46a
FACTS:
Norma Corporal was an employed public school teacher. During the course of her work, she
had several pregnancies. On her 4th pregnancy, she suffered complete abortion. On her 5th pregnancy,
she gave birth to a baby boy with the help of a “hilot”. An hour later, she was rushed to the hospital
due to profuse vaginal bleeding. She underwent hysterectomy but she died afterwards. Her husband,
herein Petitioner, filed a claim for compensation benefit with GSIS. But said agency denied. The
matter was elevated to ECC but the petition was also dismissed because the cause of his wife’s death
was non-work-related.
ISSUE:
W/N Petitioner could avail the compensation benefit.
HELD:
No. The determination of whether the prolapse of Norma’s uterus developed before or after
her 5th pregnancy is immaterial since this illness is the result of her physiological structure and changes
in the body. While as a rule that labor and social welfare legislation should be liberally construed in
favor of the applicant, there is also a rule that such liberal construction cannot be applied if the
pertinent provisions of the Labor Code are clear.

LATIN
MAXIM: 6c, 43
People v. Moran People v. Reyes
Case No. 216 Case No. 222
G.R. No. 17905 (January 27, 1923) Chapter G.R. Nos. 74226-227 (July 27, 1989)
VII, Page 320, Footnote No. 167
Chapter VII, Page 320, Footnote No. 168

FACTS:
Appellant was punished for violating the Election Law. When the decision was published, it
was increased to 6 months. Defendant alleges that the crime has already prescribed, pursuant to Sec. 71
of Act No. 3030, which was enacted by the Legislature on March 9, 1922.
ISSUE:
W/N Act No. 3030 is meant to apply to the Administrative Code and whether the said act
should be retroactive with respect to Art. 22 and 7 of the RPC.
HELD:
Act No. 3030 is intended to be amendatory to several sections of the Administrative Code.
Furthermore, Art. 22 of the RPC can only be invoked with reference to some other penal law. Hence
with regard to Art. 7, the SC contends that Art. 22 should still apply to special laws.
Also, the prescription of the crime is intimately connected with that of the penalty. A statute
declaring prescription of a crime has no other purpose than to annul prosecution of the offender. When
the statute makes no distinction, it makes no exception. Statutes are not construed to have retrospective
operation as to destroy or impair rights unless such was clearly the intention.
The new law shortening the time of prescription indicates that the sovereign acknowledges
that the previous one was unjust and enforcing the latter would be contradictory.
LATIN MAXIM:
26, 37, 46a, 48
FACTS:
On June 1983, the complainants allegedly discovered that the property of their deceased
parents was falsely transferred to Mizaph Reyes through falsified signatures and untruthful statements
in the deed of registration. However as the deed was registered on May 26, 1961, the lower courts held
that the period of prescription has long passed.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the lower courts erred in dismissing the case due to the passing of the
prescriptive period.
HELD:
The SC ruled affirmed the decision of the lower court, as the registration of land acts as a
notice to the whole world. Under this, it is also presumed that the purchaser has examined the
instruments of the record.
The court will not hesitate to apply rules of construction in civil cases to that of criminal ones,
should the circumstances warrant. Rights should not be left on a precarious balance, always susceptible
possible challenges. This should also apply to criminal cases.
Furthermore, as stated in People v. Moran, in the interpretation of the law and that of the
prescription of crimes, a liberal reading that is most favorable to the accused is the one to be adopted.
LATIN MAXIM:
48
Board of Administrators of the PVA v. Bautista Legaspi v. Executive Secretary and Agrarian Reforms
Case No. 37
Case No. 145
G.R. No. L-37867 (February 22, 1982)
No. L-36153 (November 28, 1975)
Chapter VII, Page 321, Footnote No. 170
Chapter VII, Page 322, Footnote No. 173
FACTS:
FACTS:
Respondent Gasilao, a veteran, failed to present all the necessary papers to receive his
Petitioner, an employee of the Department of Agrarian Reforms, sent a letter to the
pension. After finally complying with all the necessities, he was awarded with the full benefits of RA
Respondent Secretary of the Department, Conrado Estrella. Petitioner expressed his desire to be laid-
65, Sec. 9 and RA 1920, for P100 a month and an additional P10 per minor. Later, on June 22, 1969,
off under the provisions of RA 3844, as amended by RA 6389, on the condition that he would also be
RA 5753 was approved. However, due to the lack of funds, Respondent Gasilao only received a 25%
paid the gratuity benefits to which he might be entitled under C.A. No. 186, as amended by RA 1616.
increase and only after January 15, 1971.
GSIS approved his retirement gratuity under C.A. No. 186, as amended by RA 1616 but denied his
The lower court granted Respondent Gasilao his pension, starting from December 18, 1955 at
claim for gratuity under RA 3844, as amended by RA 6389.
the rate of P50, and then P100 plus P10 per minor, from June 22, 1957 up to August 7, 1968. To pay
the difference of P100 plus P30 per month and P20 per month for each minor from June 22, 1969 up to
ISSUE:
January 15, 1971, the difference of P75 plus P22.50 per month for his wife, and P20 per minor from
W/N Petitioner is entitled to both gratuity benefits under C.A. No. 186, as amended by RA
January 16, 1971 up to December 31, 1971.
1616, and RA 3844, as amended by RA 6389.
ISSUE:
HELD:
W/N the lower court erred in the retroactivity of Respondent Gasilao’s pension.
No. There is nothing in RA 3844, as amended by RA 6389, that would suggest that an
employee who is laid-off or prefers to be laid-off can receive two pension benefits, one under its
HELD:
provisions and another pursuant to C.A. No. 186.
Respondent Gasilao is a veteran of good standing and has complied with the prescriptive
This interpretation is more in line with the policy of the law embodied in C.A. No. 186
period for filing for his pension. The laws on veteran pension must be liberally construed as to grant
prohibiting an employer from paying double retirement benefits to an employee. Being the law
our veterans the proper recognition. Granting such pensions the earliest possible time is more in tune
governing the retirement of government employees, all other laws extending retirement benefits to
with the spirit of RA 65. But, as the government has yet to provide the necessary funds, the judgment
government employees should, in case of ambiguity, be construed in relation to C.A. No. 186 and in
of the lower courts is modified as, effective December 18, 1955 at P50 plus P10 per month for each
the light of its provisions. It is a rule of statutory construction that when the legislature enacts a
minor, increased to P100 from June 22, 1957 to August 7, 1968. The difference from June 22, 1969 to
provision, it is understood that it is aware of previous statutes relating to the same subject matter, and
January 14, 1972 is subject to the release of funds by the government.
that in the absence of an express repeal or amendment therein, the new provision should be deemed
enacted pursuant to the legislative policy embodied in prior statutes, which should all be construed
LATIN MAXIM:
together.
9a, 40b
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 38b
Re: Monthly Pension of Judges and Justices Re: Application For Retirement Under R.A. No. 910 of Associate Justice Ramon B. Britanico of the
Case No. 60
IAC
A.M. No. 09-9-019-SC (October 4, 1990)
Case No. 128
Chapter VII, Page 322, Footnote No. 174
A.M. No. 6484-Ret. (May 15, 1989)
Chapter VII, Page 323, Footnote No. 177
FACTS:
This matter was brought about due to two separate publications in the Official Gazette of the FACT
same amendment to RA 910 (Special Retirement Law of Judges and S: Justice Britanico requested that he be granted retirement benefits under RA
Justices). P.D. 1438 was published in Vol. 74 of the Official Gazette, No. 30, which did not provide 910 in addition to or in lieu of benefits he received under RA 1616 upon termination of his service in
how to compute the monthly pension starting from the sixth year of retirement. However, in Vol. 74 of the Judiciary by the acceptance of his courtesy resignation by President Aquino, pursuant to
the Official Gazette, No. 41 provided that the monthly pension starting from the sixth year of Proclamation No. 1 dated February 25, 1986, requiring all appointive public officials to submit their
retirement is equivalent to the monthly salary he was receiving on the date of his retirement. Since courtesy resignations beginning with the members of the Supreme Court. Justice Britanico served the
1978 however, GSIS computed the monthly pension as follows: 1) highest salary, plus 2) highest government for 36.23 years, of which 10 years, 2 months, and 27 days were served in the Judiciary. As
representation and transportation allowances (RATA), plus 3) longevity pay (which was considered provided in Sec. 1 of RA 910, the judges or justices who may enjoy retirement benefits with their
part of the salary starting in 1983 pursuant to Sec. 42, BP 129). The basis was the copy of P.D. 1438 lifetime annuity, should have rendered “at least 20 years service in the judiciary or in any other branch
which was published in Vol. 74 of the Official Gazette, No. 30. of the government or both.” They fall into three categories:
XXX
ISSUE: 2. those who resign by reason of incapacity to discharge the duties of their office and had
Which version of P.D. 1438 must be followed. rendered at least 20 years service in the judiciary or in any other branch of the government or
both
HEL XXX
D: The Court directed GSIS to continue implementing RA 910, as amended by
P.D. 1438, in the same manner as it has done since 1978. This is definitely more in keeping with and ISSU
gives substance to the elementary rule of statutory construction that, being remedial in character, E: Which category Justice Britanico belongs to.
retirement laws should be liberally construed and administered in favor of the persons intended to be
benefited and all doubts as to the intent of the law should be resolved in favor of the retiree to
achieve its HEL He belongs to the second category of Sec. 1. The acceptance of his
D:
humanitarian purposes. Retirement laws are intended to entice competent men and women to enter the courtesy resignation, not being a voluntary resignation (as held in Ortiz v. COMELEC), resulted in his
government service and to permit them to retire therefrom with relative security, not only for those incapacity to discharge the duties of his office, which he could have very well held until he reaches the
who have retained their vigor but, more so, for those who have been incapacitated by illness or mandatory retirement age of 70 years.
accident. Retirement laws should be liberally construed to and applied in favor of the persons intended
to be benefited thereby.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 40b LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 40b, 43c
Re: Gregorio G. Pineda
Case No. 132
A.M. No. 6789-RET (Jul 13, 1990)
Chapter VII, Page 323, Footnote No. 178
FACTS:
These are petitions or motions for reconsideration filed by six retired judges, namely Pineda,
Montesclaros, de Lara, Montecillo, Paredes and Gerochi, asking that they be granted gratuity and/or
retirement benefits under RA 910, as amended, in addition to or in lieu of the benefits under RA 1616
or P.D. 1146. They want to take advantage of the Plana and Britanico ruling.
ISSUE:
W/N they should be granted benefits under RA 910 pursuant to the Plana or Britanico ruling.
HELD:
No. A close scrutiny into the service records as well as the conduct of the judges is necessary
to determine their qualification to receive benefits under RA 910. The rule is that retirement laws are
construed liberally in favor of the retiring employee. When the court allows exemptions to fix rules for
certain judges, there are ample reasons behind each grant. The crediting of leaves is not done
indiscriminately. The court only allows the use of the Plana or Britanico ruling if the career of the
judge was marked by competence, integrity and dedication to the public service. Most of the judges
however retired bowing to policy considerations, id est courtesy resignations. The De La Llana ruling
is an essential factor in determining whether or not the judges should be granted the benefits they ask
for. It stated that if a judge was not recommended for reappointment following their courtesy
resignations then the relevant factors were considered and they were found wanting.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 9e, 37, 42a
Ramirez v. Arrieta
Case No. 130
G.R. No. L-19183 (Nov. 29, 1962)
Chapter VII, Page 325, Footnote No. 181
FACTS:
Petitioner filed an action against Apolinar Serina seeking the annulment of a transfer
certificate of title over a parcel of land alleging misrepresentation. The CFI dismissed the complaint.
The Plaintiff filed a notice of intent to appeal. The end of the 30 day period fell on a Sunday hence it
was moved to the following Monday but one of the two bondsmen was unable to sign the appeal bond.
The clerk of court suggested that the document first be completed by the Plaintiff before filing it.
Petitioner followed the suggestion and filed the complete document the next day. Defendant filed an
opposition to the approval of the appeal bond since it was filed one day after the end of the
reglementary period. The judge disapproved the bond and rendered the judgment final and executory.
Plaintiff interposed a petition for mandamus to the SC saying that the CFI committed a grave abuse of
discretion.
ISSUE:
W/N the CFI committed grave abuse of discretion in disallowing the appeal
bond.
HELD:
Yes, it did. The action of the CFI is harsh and improvident according to the SC. The bond
would have been filed on time if it had not been for the defect. According to the Rules of Court, a
personal appeal bond need not necessarily be subscribed by 2 sureties, it would suffice that the court
approves such. Furthermore, the Rules of Court also state that the appeal needs only one surety. So
long as the surety is solvent and acceptable to the court, it should suffice. Moreover, the defect in the
appeal bond, even if indeed 2 sureties were needed, the court would not have been deprived of
jurisdiction since it was filed within the reglementary period. Rules of procedure should be liberally
construed in order to promote their object and assist the parties in obtaining a just determination of
their cases.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9d, 9e, 11b
International Corporate Bank v. Intermediate Appellate Court Del Rosario v. Hamoy
Case No. 63
Case No. 35
G.R. No. L-6970 (Jan. 30, 1988)
No. L-77154 (June 30, 1987)
Chapter VII, Page 326, Footnote No. 181
Chapter VII, Page 326, Footnote No. 181

FACTS: FACTS:
Private Respondent secured a loan from Petitioner’s predecessor in interest by mortgaging her For want of a one-peso documentary stamp in a special power of attorney for pre-trial
properties. The amount approved for release was used to pay for her other obligations to Petitioner. purposes, in lieu of the personal appearance of Plaintiff, the Respondent Judge declared him non-suited
Thus, private Respondent claimed that she never received anything from the approved loan. Private and dismissed the complaint “for failure of the Plaintiff to appear for pre-trial conference.”
Respondent made a money market placement. Meanwhile, she allegedly failed to pay her mortgage so
the bank refused to pay the interest earned by the placement, applying the amount instead to the ISSUE:
deficiency in the mortgage. The mortgaged properties were auctioned. Private Respondent filed a W/N Respondent Judge erred in dismissing the case because the document did not have the
petition to release in her favor the amount earned in the money market investment which was required one-peso documentary stamp.
subsequently granted by the court. The court issued a writ of execution against Petitioner’s property.
Private Respondent filed an ex parte motion praying that five branches of the bank pay her the total
HELD:
amount of the money market interest, which was granted. Petitioner failed to comply with all the said
Yes. Had Respondent Judge been less technical and more sensible, the present proceedings
orders. The supplemental petition of the Private Respondent was marred by erasures, alterations,
and the consequent waste of time of this Court would have been avoided. By such rigidity, Respondent
and/or additions. Such bond was therefore rendered without force and effect. Private Respondent
denied the Petitioner substantial justice. He could have easily required counsel for Plaintiff to buy the
contends that the alterations were all made by the insurance company itself since there were no ready-
documentary stamp and affix it to the special power of attorney and it would not have taken ten
made forms available.
minutes. The Respondent Judge lost sight of the fact that even the Rules of Court themselves, fortified
by jurisprudence, mandate a liberal construction of the rules and pleadings in order to effect substantial
ISSUE:
justice.
W/N there can be legal compensation in the case at bar.
LATIN MAXIM:
HELD:
8c, 9d, 18a, 18b
Compensation is not proper where the claim of the person asserting the set- off against the
other is neither clear nor liquidated. Compensation cannot extend to unliquidated disputed claim
arising from breach of contract. Petitioner is indebted to private Respondent in the amount of the
money market interest. The debt of P6.81M of private Respondent to Petitioner is however in doubt.
This prevents legal compensation from taking place under Art. 1290 of the Civil Code. The filing of
insufficient or defective bond does not dissolve absolutely and unconditionally the injunction issued.
The decision of the CA is affirmed.

LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 9d, 11b
Lacsamana v. Intermediate Appellate Court Gimenez v. Securities and Exchange Commission
Case No. 69
Case No. 52
No. L-73146-53 (August 26, 1986)
No. L-68568 (December 26, 1984)
Chapter VII, Page 326, Footnote No. 181
Chapter VII, Page 326, Footnote No. 181

FACTS: FACTS:
A decision was rendered against Petitioner by the RTC, thus counsel for Petitioner filed a Gimenez Stockbrokerage filed a motion for reconsideration before the Commissioners of the
motion with Respondent court for 15 days extension to file a petition for review. However, a decision SEC 27 days after receiving their decision. The SEC denied their motion for reconsideration for being
was promulgated by the Respondent court ruling that the period for appealing or for filing a motion for filed out of time. The SEC ruled that the 30-day period provided for in Sec. 6 of P.D. 902-A was
reconsideration cannot be extended and declared the case terminated. The Respondent court cited a modified by Sec. 39 of the Judiciary Revamp Law (BP 129) which provides for a period of 15 days for
Supreme Court decision where the issue was regarding an extension to file a motion for appealing from final order, resolutions, awards of decisions of any court.
reconsideration of a final order or ruling and not the question of granting a motion for extension of
time to file a petition for review. ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 39 of BP 129 applies to the SEC.
ISSU
E: W/N Respondent court erred in terminating the case. HEL
D: No. Sec. 39 of BP 129 expressly refers to “courts”. The SEC is not a court. It is
HEL an administrative agency. Repeals by implication are not favored. The 30-day period fixed
D: Yes. The Court rules, for the guidance of Bench and Bar, that a motion for by P.D. 902-A, the organic law of the SEC, is still in force.
extension of time to file a petition for review under Sec. 22 of the Judiciary Reorganization Act and
Sec. 22(b) of the Interim Rules, may properly be filed with and granted by the IAC (now the Court of LATIN MAXIM:
Appeals). The Court further restates and clarifies the modes and periods as follows: … (6) Period of 6c, 7a, 24a, 37, 38b
extension of time to file petition for review: Beginning one month after the promulgation of this
Decision, an extension of only 15 days for filing a petition for review may be granted by the CA, save
in exceptionally meritorious cases. The motion for extension of time must be filed and the
corresponding docket fee paid within the reglementary period of appeal.

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 5b, 27
Blanco v. Bernabe and Lawyers Cooperatuve Publishing Co. Case and Nantz v. Jugo
Case No. 36
Case No. 49
G.R. No. L-44970 (March 31, 1936)
G.R. No. L-832 (October 14, 1946) Chapter
Chapter VII, Page 326, Footnote No. 183 VII, Page 327, Footnote No. 187

FACTS:
To comply with the requirements to file an appeal the Petitioners filed the notice along with a
money order for the sum of P16 to the Collector of Internal Revenue. However the Collector returned
the said money order to sender for the reason that he had no authority to be its depositary. With such,
the appeal was not deemed filed for failure to comply with the requirements.
ISSUE:
W/N the requisites were complied with and W/N the court should grant the remedy prayed for
by the Petitioners.
HELD:
Under Sec. 76 of Act No. 190 on how appeals are perfected, “… The bond to be given shall
be filed with the justice of peace …. In lieu of such bond the Appellant may file with the justice a
certificate of the proper official that the Appellant has deposited P25 with the municipal treasurer (In
Manila with the Collector of Internal Revenue). The Petitioners therefore have complied with said
requirements.
The non-presentation of this certificate was not due to the Petitioner’s failure or omission but
to the refusal of the Collector of Internal Revenue to receive the deposit tendered by the Petitioner. The
fact that the corresponding receipt therefore has not been issued or the failure to present the same in
due time should not affect the remedy.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 6d, 7a
FACTS:
Herein Defendants were to pay a counterbond to which they had complied with. They
furnished the Sheriff with a copy of the said counterbond to comply with the requirement. The Sheriff
is then tasked to furnish the Plaintiff with a copy. On the occasion when the Sheriff received the copy
of such, the counsel of the Plaintiff was present in his office. He asked the latter if there were
objections to the said counterbond and the counsel replied none. Due to unfortunate circumstances the
Sheriff failed to deliver a copy of such counterbond to the counsel to formalize the act of furnishing a
copy.
ISSUE:
W/N the Defendants complied with the requirement of filing a counterbond and W/N the
Plaintiff was furnished a copy of such.
HELD:
Yes to both issues. Negligence or unavoidable circumstances should not adversely affect the
Defendant under the circumstance of this case. The sole purpose of the counterbond is to enable the
Plaintiff to see that the bond is in the prescribed form and for the right amount. There was substantial
compliance with this when their attorney was shown in the Sheriff’s office the Defendant’s
counterbond.
LATIN MAXIM
6d, 9a, 9d
C. Viuda de Ordoveza v. Raymundo Javellana v. Mirasol and Nuñez
Case No. 91
Case No. 65
G.R. No. L-45155 (July 31, 1936)
G.R. No. 14881 (February 5, 1920) Chapter
Chapter VII, Page 327, Footnote No. 189 VII, Page 328, Footnote No. 192

FACTS:
Petitioner is the Respondent in another case and she contends that the opposing party failed to
file her brief within the 15-day period which makes her appeal ipso facto dismissed and the CA had no
authority to grant additional 5 days to file her brief.
ISSUE:
W/N the CA had authority to reinstate the appeal and to grant the Appellant an additional 3
days with which to file her brief.
HELD:
Yes. Under the Rules of Court “the court may, on motion to the Appellee and notice the
Appellant or on its own motion dismiss the bill of exceptions or the appeal.” The word “may” implies
that the matter of dismissing the appeal or not rests within the sound discretion of the court.
LATIN MAXIM:
9d
FACTS:
A redemption of property from an execution sale, which had been effected in behalf of a
brother of the execution debtor (Julio Javellana), was attacked in this case as void because of a
supposed collusive agreement between the redemptioner (Luis Mirasol) and sheriff (Geronimo Nuñez)
whereby the latter agreed to withhold the redemption money from the creditor and to return it to the
redemptioner if the latter should finally succeed in establishing his title to the same property in other
litigation.
ISSUE:
W/N the redemption has been effected in good faith and in accordance with the requirements
of law.
HELD:
A liberal construction will be given to statutes governing the redemption of property, to the
end that the property of the debtor may be made to satisfy as many liabilities as possible. Redemption
of property sold under execution is not rendered invalid by reason of the fact that the payment to the
sheriff for the purpose of redemption is effected by means of a check for the amount due. Any ordinary
creditor, or assignee as such, having a judgment subsequent to that under which the property was sold
may exercise the right of redemption. The act of the redemptioner in redeeming the property pending
the decision of those appeals was not an officious act in any sense. It was on the contrary necessary to
the reasonable protection of his right as a subsequent judgment-creditor of Maximino Mirasol.

LATIN MAXIM:
38b, 41
Del Rosario v. Equitable Ins. and Casualty Co., Inc.
Case No. 34
G.R. No. L-16215 (June 29, 1963)
Chapter VII, Page 328, Footnote No. 192
FACTS:
Defendant company issued Personal Accident Policy No. 7136 on the life of Francisco del
Rosario, binding itself to pay the sum of P1,000 to P3,000, as indemnity for the death of the insured.
Petitioner, father of the insured, filed a claim for payment with Defendant company when his son died
of drowning after being forced to jump off the motor launch “ISLAMA” on account of fire. Defendant
company refused to pay more than P1,000 since they alleged that their liability was only said amount
pursuant to Sec. 1, Part I of the provisions of the policy.
ISSUE:
How much the Defendant company should pay in indemnity for the death of Francisco del
Rosario.
HEL
D: The policy does not positively state any definite amount that may be
recovered in case of death by drowning. There is an ambiguity in this respect in the policy, which
ambiguity must be interpreted in favor of the insured and strictly against
the insurer so as to allow a greater indemnity. Petitioner is entitled to recover P3,000. The insurance
company has already paid the amount of P1,000 to Petitioner so that there still remains a balance of
P2,000 of the amount to which he is entitled to recover.
LATIN MAXIM:
11a, 38
De la Cruz v. Capital Ins. & Surety Co.
Case No. 156
G.R. No. L-16138 (April 29, 1961)
Chapter VII, Page 328, Footnote No. 192
FACTS:
Eduardo de la Cruz was the holder of an accident insurance policy underwritten by the Capital
Insurance & Surety Co., Inc. In a boxing contest participated into by the insured, Eduardo slipped and
was hit by his opponent on the left part of the back of the head, causing Eduardo to fall, with his head
hitting the rope of the ring. The cause of death was reported as hemorrhage, intracranial, left. Simon de
la Cruz, the father of the insured, filed a claim with the insurance company for payment of the
indemnity under the insurance policy. Defendant company set up the defense that the death of the
insured, caused by his participation in a boxing contest, was not accidental and, therefore, not covered
by insurance.
ISSUE:
W/N Eduardo’s death falls under the definition of the policy “against death or disability caused by
accidental means.”
HEL
D: The terms “accident” and “accidental”, as used in insurance contracts, have
not acquired any technical meaning, and are construed by the courts in their ordinary and common
acceptation. There is no accident when a deliberate act is performed unless some additional,
unexpected, independent and unforeseen happening occurs which produces or brings about the result
of injury or death. The failure of the Defendant company to include death resulting from a boxing
match or other sports among the prohibitive risks leads to the conclusion that it did not intend to limit
or exempt itself from the liability for such death.
LATIN MAXIM:
3, 25a, 30a
Ty Vs. First National Surety & Assurance Co., Inc.
Case No. 156
G.R. No. L-16138 (April 29, 1961)
Chapter VII, Page 328, Footnote No. 192
FACTS:
Plaintiff Diosdado C. Ty insured himself in 18 local insurance companies, among which being
the eight above named Defendants, which issued to him personal accident policies. On December 24,
1953, a fire broke out which totally destroyed the Broadway Cotton Factory. Fighting his way out of
the factory, Plaintiff was injured on the left hand by a heavy object which caused temporary total
disability of his left hand. Plaintiff filed the corresponding notice of accident and notice of claim with
all of the Defendants to recover indemnity under Part II of the policy but the Defendants rejected
plaintiff's claim for indemnity for the reason that there being no severance of amputation of the left
hand, the disability suffered by him was not covered by his policy.
ISSUE:
W/N it is necessary that there should be an amputation of the left hand of the Plaintiff before
he can recover on the insurance policies.
HELD:
The clear and express conditions of the insurance policies define partial disability as loss of
either hand by amputation through the bones of the wrist. There was no such amputation in the case at
bar. All that was found by the trial court, which is not disputed on appeal, was that the physical injuries
"caused temporary total disability of plaintiff's left hand." In addition, the agreement contained in the
insurance policies is the law between the parties. As the terms of the policies are clear, express and
specific that only amputation of the left hand should be considered as a loss thereof, an interpretation
that would include the mere fracture or other temporary disability not covered by the policies would
certainly be unwarranted.
Capati v. Ocampo
Case No. 46
G.R. No. L-28742 (April 30, 1982)
Chapter VIII, Page 330, Footnote No. 8
FACTS:
Plaintiff, a resident of Pampanga, entered into a sub-contract with the Defendant, a resident of
Naga City. The Defendant completed a construction job for the Plaintiff. However, the construction
was completed on a date later than what was agreed in their contract. Hence, Plaintiff filed in the CFI
of Pampanga an action for recovery of consequential damages due to the delay. Defendant filed a
motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that venue of action was improperly laid. The CFI of
Pampanga dismissed the Plaintiff's complaint on ground of improper venue.
ISSUE:
W/N the dismissal of the complaint on the ground of improper venue was correct.
HEL
D: No. The rule on venue of personal actions cognizable by the CFI is found in
Sec. 2(b), Rule 4 of the Rules of Court, which provides that such "actions may be commenced and
tried where the Defendant or any of the Defendants resides or may be found, or where the Plaintiff or
any of the Plaintiffs resides, at the election of the Plaintiff." The word "may" is merely permissive and
operates to confer discretion upon a party. Under ordinary circumstances, the term "may be" connotes
possibility; it does not connote certainty. "May" is an auxillary verb indicating liberty, opportunity,
permission or possibility.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 25a, b

LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 7a, 9c
Chartered Bank v. National Government Auditing Office Guiao v. Figueroa
Case No. 58
Case No. 121
G.R. No. L-38513 (March 31, 1987)
G.R. No. L-6481 (May 17, 1954)
Chapter VIII, Page 331, Footnote No. 10
Chapter VIII, Page 333, Footnote No. 17
FACTS: FACTS:
Iloilo city branch of Petitioner bank was accepting postal money order from the general public In the trial of People v. Gopez, the provincial fiscal introduced Porfirio Dizon and Emiliano
since 1946. These orders were presented to the Iloilo city office for payment and if said office could Manalo as witnesses for the State. After the reinvestigation, an amended information was filed, and
not pay in full, they would issue receipts for their remaining balance. On 1968, the Bureau of Posts two new accused were included, namely, Jesus Guiao and Eulogio Serrano. But Dizon and Manalo
issued an unnumbered circular: "Memorandum of Understanding Covering Cashing and Clearing of were not included. In view of the failure of the provincial fiscal to include these two persons, the action
Money Orders," effective October 1, 1968, involving the installation of a new postal money order for mandamus was filed by Jesus Guiao to compel the fiscal to include Dizon and Manalo as accused
system which requires that all commercial banks, regardless of location, must clear all postal money in his information.
orders they have received and paid with the Central Bank at Manila. Petitioner bank continued its
transactions with the post office under the old practice through the latter's Acting Cashier beyond ISSUE:
October 1, 1968. The post office said that the arrangements made by the acting cashier and the W/N a fiscal may be compelled by mandamus to include in an information persons who
Petitioner bank were private, unauthorized arrangements and any claim for settlement of any unpaid appear to be responsible for the crime charged therein.
money orders should be directed against the said cashier.
HELD:
Yes. Sec. 1 of Rule 106 of the Rules of Court taken from Act No. 2709 states that, “Every
ISSU prosecution for a crime shall be in the name of the United States against all persons who appear to be
E: W/N the unnumbered circular and the undated memorandum of responsible therefor, except in the cases determined in
understanding are directory and permissive in nature. Sec. 2 of this Act.” A perusal of Act No. 2709 discloses the legislative intent to require that all persons
who appear to be responsible for an offense should be included in the information. The use of the word
HELD: "shall" and of the phrase "except in cases determined" shows Sec. 1 is mandatory, not merely
Respondents are correct by saying that the purposes of the new postal money order system directory.
negate the contention that said circular and memorandum are not mandatory in nature and that they are
for the convenience of commercial banks operating in the Manila area only. LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a, 25a
LATIN MAXIM:
7a, 9a, 36a, 36b
Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners (South) Association, Inc. v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 153
G.R. No. 117188 (August 7, 1997)
Chapter VIII, Page 334, Footnote No. 22
FACTS:
The Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners Association Inc. (LGVHAI) was registered with
Respondent Home Insurance and Guaranty Corporation (HIGC) as the sole homeowners’ organization
in the said subdivision but it did not file its corporate by- laws. Later, it was discovered that there were
two other organizations within the subdivision: the North and South Associations. Respondent HIGC
then informed the president of LGVHAI that the latter has been automatically dissolved because of
non-submission of its by-laws as required by the Corporation Code. This resulted in the registration of
Petitioner association. LGVHAI complained and got a favorable result from Respondent HIGC
declaring the registration of Petitioner association cancelled and Respondent CA subsequently affirmed
the said decision. Hence, Petitioner association filed a petition for certiorari.
ISSU
E: W/N the failure of a corporation to file its by-laws within one month from the
date of its incorporation results in its automatic dissolution.
HEL
D: No. The legislature’s intent is not to automatically dissolve a corporation for its
failure to pass its by-laws. The word “must” in a statute is not always imperative but it may be
consistent with an exercise of discretion. The language of the statute should be considered as a whole
while ascertaining the intent of the legislature in using the word “must” or “shall”.
LATIN MAXIM:
9c, 25a, 36a, 38b, b
Director of Lands v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 95
G.R. No. 102858 (July 28, 1997)
Chapter VIII, Page 334, Footnote No. 23
FACTS:
Private Respondent Teodoro Abistado filed a petition for original registration of a land title.
During the pendency of the said petition, he died and his heirs were represented by Josefa Abistado as
a guardian ad litem in order to continue the petition. The trial court dismissed the petition “for want of
jurisdiction”. However, it was found that the applicant had been in open, continuous and exclusive
possession of the subject land since 1938. The reason for the dismissal is that the applicant failed to
publish the notice of Initial Hearing in a newspaper of general circulation pursuant to a law. The CA
set aside the decision of the trial court. Thus, Petitioner brought the case to the Supreme Court.
ISSUE:
Whether the newspaper publication of the notice of initial hearing in an original land
registration case is mandatory or directory.
HEL
D: It is mandatory. The law used the term "shall" in prescribing the work to be
done by the Commissioner of Land Registration upon the latter's receipt of the court order setting the time
for initial hearing. The said word denotes an imperative and
thus indicates the mandatory character of a statute. While such literal mandate is not an absolute rule
in statutory construction, as its import ultimately depends upon its context in the entire provision, it is
held that in the present case the term must be understood in its normal mandatory meaning in order to
uphold the norms of due process.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a
Bersabal v. Salvador Republic Planers Bank v. Agana Sr.
Case No. 34
Case No. 133
G.R. No. L-35910 (July 21, 1978)
G. R. No. 51765 (March 3, 1997)
Chapter VIII, Page 335, Footnote No. 25

FACTS:
FACTS:
Private Respondents filed an ejectment suit against the Petitioner. The subsequent decision
Private Respondents filed in court a quo, an action for specific performance to compel
was appealed by the Petitioner and during its pendency, the court issued an order stating that “…
petitioner to redeem 800 preferred shares of stock with a face value of P8,000.00 and to pay 1%
counsels for both parties are given 30 days from receipt of this order within which to file their
quarterly interest thereon as quarterly dividend owing them under the terms and conditions of the
memoranda in order for this case to be submitted for decision by the court.” After receipt, Petitioner
certificates of stock. The court a quo rendered judgment in favor of Private Respondents.
filed a motion ex parte to submit memorandum within 30 days from receipt of notice of submission of
the transcript of stenographic notes taken during the hearing of the case which was granted by the
ISSUE:
court. But the Respondent judge issued an order dismissing the case for failure to prosecute
W/N Respondent Judge committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to excess or lack of
Petitioner’s appeal. Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration citing the submitted ex parte motion
jurisdiction in compelling Petitioner bank to redeem Private Respondents’ preferred shares
but the court denied it.
HELD:
ISSUE: Yes. Respondent Judge, in ruling that Petitioner must redeem the shares in question, stated
W/N the mere failure of an Appellant to submit the mentioned memorandum would empower that, “On the question of the redemption by the Defendant of said preferred shares of stock, the very
the CFI to dismiss the appeal on the ground of failure to prosecute. wordings of the terms and conditions in said stock certificates clearly allows the same.” What
Respondent Judge failed to recognize was that while the stock certificate does allow redemption, the
option to do so was clearly vested in the Petitioner Bank. The redemption therefore is clearly the type
HELD:
known as "optional". Furthermore, the terms and conditions set forth therein use the word "may". It is a
The court is not empowered by law to dismiss the appeal on the mere failure of an Appellant
settled doctrine in statutory construction that the word "may" denotes discretion, and cannot be
to submit his memorandum. The law provides that “Courts… shall decide… cases on the basis of the
construed as having a mandatory effect.
evidence and records transmitted from the city… courts: Provided… parties may submit memoranda…
if so requested…” It cannot be interpreted otherwise than that the submission of memoranda is
LATIN MAXIM:
optional.
6c, 6b, 7a, 30b, 36a
LATIN MAXIM:
6c
Phil. Consumers Foundation , Inc. v. Nat’l Telecommunications Commission
Case No. 121
G.R. No. L-63318 (November 25, 1983)
FACT
S: Respondent Commission approved a revised schedule for Subscriber
Investment Plan (SIP) filed by Private Respondent. Petitioner states that SIP schedule presented by the
Private Respondent is pre-mature and, therefore, illegal and baseless, because the Respondent
Commission has not yet promulgated the required rules and regulations implementing Sec. 2 of P.D.
217 which provides, “The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications through
its Board of Communications and/or appropriate agency shall see to it that the herein declared policies
for the telephone industry are immediately implemented and for this purpose pertinent rules and
regulations may be promulgated ...”
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent Commission acted with grave abuse of discretion.
HELD:
Yes. P.D. 217 deals with matters so alien, innovative and untested such that existing
substantive and procedural laws would not be applicable. Thus, the SIP was so set up precisely to
ensure the financial viability of public telecommunications companies which in turn assures the
enjoyment of the population at minimum cost the benefits of a telephone facility. Without
promulgation of rules and regulation there would be confusion among the rights of Private Respondent,
the consumers and the government itself. The plan to expand the company program and/or improve its
service is laudable, but the expenses should not be shouldered by the telephone subscribers.
Considering the multi-million profits of the company, the cost of expansion and/or improvement
should come from part of its huge profits.
LATIN MAXIM:
8b, 9d, 11b, 12a
Phil. Consumers Foundation, Inc. v. NTC and PLDT (Resolution)
Case No. 94
G.R. No. L-63318 (August 18, 1984)
FACT
S: Respondent Commission filed a manifestation that it is joining Private
Respondent in its second motion for reconsideration and adopting it as its own. The decision
promulgated interprets the rule-making authority delegated in Section 2 of
P.D. 217 to the then Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications as mandatory,
which construction is not supported by the actual phraseology of said Section 2.
ISSUE:
W/N the previous decision rendered making it mandatory to set rules and regulations
implementing P.D. 217 should be reconsidered.
HELD:
Yes. The basic canon of statutory interpretation is that the word used in the law must be given
its ordinary meaning, unless a contrary intent is manifest from the law itself. Hence, the phrase "may
be promulgated" should not be construed to mean "shall" or "must".
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 6d, 9f, 30b, 24, 36, 39c
Diokno v. Rehabilitation Finance Corporation
Case No. 93
G.R. No. L-4712 (July 11, 1952)
Chapter VIII, Page 336, Footnote No. 32
FACTS:
Petitioner, the holder of a back pay certificate of indebtedness issued under RA 304, sought to
compel Respondent company to accept his back pay certificate as payment of his loan from the latter.
His basis was Sec. 2 of RA 304, which provides that “investment funds or banks or other financial
institutions owned or controlled by the government shall subject to availability of loanable funds …
accept or discount at not more than two per centum per annum for ten years such certificate” for certain
specified purposes. Respondent company contended however that the word “shall” used in this
particular section of the law is merely directory. The lower court sustained Respondent company.
ISSU
E: W/N Petitioner can use his back pay certificate to pay for his loan to
Respondent company.
HELD:
No. It is true that in its ordinary signification, the word “shall” is imperative. However, the
rule is not absolute; it may be construed as “may” when required by the context or by the intention of
the statute. The modifier, “at not more than two per centum per annum for ten years.”, the interest to
be charged, that the verb- phrase is mandatory because not only the law uses “at not more” but the
legislative purpose and intent, to conserve the value of the back pay certificate for the benefit of the
holders, for whose benefit the same have been issued, can be carried out by fixing a maximum limit for
discounts. But as to when the discounting or acceptance shall be made, the context and the sense
demand a contrary interpretation. If the acceptance or discount of the certificate is to be “subject” to
the condition of the availability of loanable funds, it is evident the legislature intended that the
acceptance shall be allowed on the condition that there are “available loanable funds.” In other words,
acceptance or discount is to be permitted only if there are loanable funds.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 25a, 26
Berces v. Guingona, et. al.
Case No. 33
G.R. No. 112099 (February 21, 1995)
Chapter VIII, Page 337, Footnote No. 34
FACTS:
Petitioner filed two administrative cases against Respondent mayor of Tiwi, Albay for 1)
abuse of authority; and 2) dishonesty, with the Sangguiniang Panlalawigan. Respondent mayor was
convicted, and accordingly, suspended in both cases. Respondent mayor appealed to the Office of the
President and prayed for stay of execution under Sec. 67(b) of the LGC. The Office of the President
stayed execution, citing Sec. 68 of RA 7160 and Sec. 6 of A.O. No. 18. According to Petitioner, the
governing law is RA 7160, which contains a mandatory provision that an appeal shall not prevent a
decision from becoming final and executory. Petitioner further contends that A.O. No. 18 was
repealed by RA 7160.
ISSU
W/N R.A. 7160 repealed A.O. No. 18.
E:
HEL
D: No. Sec. 530(f), RA 7160 did not expressly repeal Sec. 6, A.O. No. 18 because
it failed to identify or designate the laws on executive orders that are intended to be repealed. If there
was any repeal, it was by implication which is not favored. In the absence of an express repeal, a
subsequent law cannot be construed as repealing a prior law unless an irreconcilable inconsistency and
repugnancy exists between the two. There is none in this case. The first sentence of Sec. 68 provides
that “an appeal shall not prevent a decision from becoming final or executory.” It gives discretion to
reviewing appeals to stay execution. The term “shall” may be read mandatory or directory, depending
upon consideration of the entire provision where it is found.
LATIN MAXIM:
25a, 26, 50
Mers Shoes Manufacturing, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission, et al.
Case No. 81
G.R. No. 123669 (February 27, 1998)
Chapter VIII, Page 337, Footnote No. 35
FACTS:
Petitioner hired Respondent workers as piece rate workers. Alleging serious business decline,
Petitioner barred its workers from entering the company to work. The workers challenged the legality
of Petitioner’s stoppage of operations. The Labor Arbiter found the shutdown with cause but without
the required notice, and ordered Petitioner to pay indemnity and separation pay. Petitioner appealed to
Respondent NLRC but sought a reduction of the cash or surety bond. Despite the reduction granted,
Petitioner still failed to post bond within 10 days, resulting to the dismissal of appeal for failure to
perfect it.
ISSUE:
W/N Respondent NLRC committed grave abuse of discretion.
HELD:
No. Under Art. 223 of the Labor Code, an appeal by the employer may be perfected only
upon posting of cash or surety bond in an amount equivalent to the monetary award. Perfection of
appeal is jurisdictional and non-compliance with such legal requirements is fatal. The word “only”
makes it perfectly clear that the posting of bond is to be the exclusive means by which an employer’s
appeal may be perfected.
LATIN MAXIM:
25a, 26
Fule v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 48
G.R. No. L-79094 (June 22, 1988)
Chapter VIII, Page 337, Footnote No. 37
FACTS:
Petitioner, an agent of the Towers Assurance Corporation, issued and made out check No.
26741 in favor of Roy Nadera. Said check was dishonored for the reason that the said checking
account was already closed, thus in violation of BP 22, the Bouncing Checks Law. Upon the hearing,
prosecution presented its evidence and the Petitioner waived his right. Instead, he submitted a
memorandum confirming the Stipulation of Facts. He was convicted by the trial court, and on appeal,
the Appellate Court.
ISSUE:
W/N the CA erred in affirming the decision of the RTC based on the Stipulation of Facts that
was not signed by the Petitioner nor his counsel.
HELD:
The CA erred. Case is re-opened to receive evidence of Petitioner. Sec. 4 of the Rules on
Criminal Procedure provides, “No agreement or admission made or entered during the pre-trial
conference shall be used in evidence against the accused unless reduced to writing and signed by him
and his counsel”.
Because of the word “shall”, in its language, the rule is mandatory. Negative words and
phrases are to be regarded as mandatory while those in the affirmative are merely directory. Therefore,
the signature of the Petitioner and the counsel is mandatory. Also, penal statues are to be liberally
construed in favor of the accused.

LATIN MAXIM:
9d
McGee v. Republic
Case No. 174
G.R. No. L-5387 (April 29, 1954)
Chapter VIII, Page 337, Footnote No. 37
FACTS:
Petitioner, an American citizen married to Leonarda Crisostomo, wants to adopt her children
by her first husband. However, he is barred from doing so under Art. 335 of the old Civil Code which
states that “those who have legitimate, legitimated, acknowledged natural children, or natural children
by legal fiction” cannot adopt. Petitioner and Leonarda have one legitimate child. Despite Art. 335, the
trial court ruled in favor of the adoption, invoking Art. 338 which states that “a step-child, by the step-
father or step-mother” can be adopted.
ISSUE:
W/N a husband having a legitimate child may adopt a step-child.
HEL
D: No. One strong argument presented by the trial court in upholding the
adoption is that to hold otherwise would render Art. 338 meaningless and a surplusage. However, it
must be noted that Art. 335 and Art. 338 should be
considered in relation to each other. That a parent can adopt a step-child is limited by Art. 335 that said
parent cannot have a legitimate child in order to qualify as an adopter. One principle behind this is to
protect the successional rights of the legitimate child. In addition, under the laws of statutory
construction, negative words and phrases are to be regarded as mandatory while those in the
affirmative are merely directory. Art. 335 is phrased in a negative manner: cannot adopt. While Art.
338 is positive: the following may be adopted.”
LATIN MAXIM:
15a
Penid v. Virata
Case No. 101
G.R. No. L-44004 (March 25, 1983)
Chapter VIII, Page 338, Footnote No. 40
FACTS:
Confidential Information No. 28 of the BIR was filed by the Petitioners. It is a sworn
statement that listed the shipping companies and agents who had been falsely declaring their gross
earnings – on the basis of a parity rate of P2.00 to US $1.00
– defrauding the Philippine Government of millions of pesos in taxes. Further, Petitioners divulged
other cases of erroneous conversion not listed in the Confidential Information. One of these was Pan
Fil Co. Inc. Now the Petitioners seek their 25% reward taken from the total revenue collected from
shipping companies in payment for their deficiencies – as provided by RA 2338.
ISSU
E: W/N the Petitioners could claim reward from Pan Fil Co. Inc, a company
which is not included in the Confidential Information.
HEL
D: Yes. According to Sec. 4 of RA 2338, “In order to entitle an informer to a
reward, the information given by him must lead to or be instrumental in the discovery of the fraud or
violation … and results in the recovery of collection of revenues ….”
Not only did the BIR rely on the Confidential Information submitted by the Petitioners for
their investigation, but also on the categorical statement that other shipping companies falsely declared
their gross earnings, which led to further investigations and, consequently, recovery of collection.
Therefore, this information was instrumental in the discovery of the fraud or violation.
In jurisprudence, statues offering rewards must be liberally construed in favor of informers
and with regard to the purpose for which they are intended.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9d
Pahilan v. Tabalba, et al. Pimentel v. Festejo
Case No. 96
Case No. 124
G.R. No. 110170 (February 21, 1994)
G.R. No. L-2327 (January 11, 1949) Chapter
Chapter VIII, Page 342, Footnote No. 63
VIII, Page 342, Footnote No. 64

FACTS:
Petitioner and Respondent were candidates for Mayor of Guinsiliban, Camiguin. Respondent
Tabalba was proclaimed Mayor. Petitioner Pahilan filed an election protest although the docket fees he
paid were insufficient. The trial court dismissed the election protest for non-payment on time of the
required fees for filing an initiatory pleading. Within the 5-day period to appeal, Petitioner filed a
“verified appeal” brief. But the Clerk of Court said that his office did not receive any “notice of
appeal” from Petitioner. Petitioner’s appeal was then dismissed for failure to appeal within the
prescribed period.
ISSU
E: 1. W/N the “verified appeal” was validly dismissed.
2. W/N the trial judge validly dismissed the petition of protest of Petitioner for non-payment
on time of the required fees.
HEL 1. No. The notice of appeal can be validly substituted by an appeal brief. The
D:
filing and approval of the record on appeal necessarily involves the filing of the notice of appeal. The
RTC was sent copies by registered mail within the prescribed period, and is assumed to be received in
the regular course of the mail, filed as of the date of mailing.
2. No. The docket fee was paid although insufficient. Statutes providing for election contests
are to be liberally construed that the will of the people in the choice of public officers may not be
defeated by mere technical objections.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c, 9d, 40b
FACTS:
Festejo was proclaimed Mayor of Santa Lucia with Appellant protesting. Appellant contends
that the lower court erred in not crediting to him the 59 ballots which would have made him win.
Appellant’s name in the 59 ballots were written on different lines such as those corresponding to vice-
mayor, member of the provincial board or councilor. Appellant claimed that his name was only
misplaced but the intention to elect him as mayor was apparent.
ISSUE:
W/N Appellant can claim as votes in his favor ballots with his name which does not appear
written in the space reserved for mayor.
HELD:
No. For any ballot to be counted for a candidate for mayor, it is indispensable that his name
be written by the voter in the ballot and cannot be mistaken by a person who, as provided by the
Constitution, is able to read. A name can be counted for any office only when it is written within
the space indicated upon the
ballot for the vote for such office. It is impossible to count a ballot as vote for a candidate for mayor,
when his name is clearly written in the space reserved for another office.
Considering that in 59 ballots claimed by Appellant in this appeal his name does not appear
written in the space reserved for mayor, he cannot claim them as votes in his favor as candidate for
mayor.
LATIN MAXIM:
6d, 7b, 43
Roxas v. Rafferty Serfino v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 264
Case No. 145
G.R. No. L-12182 (March 27, 1918)
G.R. No. 40858 (September 15, 1987)
Chapter VIII, Page 345, Footnote No. 75 Chapter VIII, Page 345, Footnote No. 75

FACTS:
Plaintiffs owned a parcel of land. In the latter part of 1913, the construction of a reinforced
concrete building was begun. It was finished in all respects on February 15, 1915.
The city assessor and collector of Manila, under the date of December 1, 1914, sent Plaintiffs
notice, received by them on December 25, 1914, requiring them to declare the new improvements for
assessments for the year 1915. Plaintiffs paid the amount of the taxes, which amounted to P3,000,
under protest. Suit was begun in the CFI of Manila to recover this sum with interest at the legal rate
from the date of payment.
ISSUE:
W/N the assessment was legal.
HELD:
No. The assessor cannot make a valid assessment unless he has given proper notice. The law
requires that the assessor should have notified the Plaintiffs during November. His attempted
notification on December 25, 1914, was not given during the time fixed by statute, thus there was no
legal assessment of the Roxas Building for the year 1915.
Furthermore, the city assessor and collector were under the obligation to add any completed
improvements to the assessment list. The city assessor and collector could not prematurely perform this
duty on improvements not yet completed.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 19
FACTS:
A parcel of land, consisting of 21.1676 hectares situated in Sagay, Negros Occidental, was
patented in the name of Pacifico Casamayor, under Homestead Patent No. 44139. Upon registration of
said patent, OCT No. 1839 was issued by said office in the name of Pacifico Casamayor. In 1945,
Casamayor sold the land in favor of Nemesia Baltazar. Apparently, OCT No. 1839 was lost during the
war and upon the petition of Baltazar, the CFI of Negros ordered its reconstitution in the name of
Casamayor. On the same day, TCT No. 57-N was issued in the name of Nemesia Baltazar but after the
cancellation of OCT No. 14-R. In 1951, Baltazar sold the property to Respondent Lopez Sugar
Central, which did not present the documents for registration until December 1964 to the Office of
Registry of Deeds. Said office refused registration upon its discovery that the same property was
covered by another certificate of title, TCT No. 28985, in the name of Petitioner.
ISSUE:
W/N the purchase by Respondent Lopez Sugar Central of the lot in question was null and
void from the beginning.
HELD:
No, applying Sec. 118 of C.A. No. 141, which prohibits the alienation of homestead lots to
private individuals within 5 years from the date of the issuance of the patent, and not Sec. 121 which
governs sale to corporations. Since the grant was more than 5 years before, the transfer to Nemesia
Baltazar was valid and legal.
LATIN MAXIM:
37b, 43
Quijano v. Development Bank of the Philippines
Case No.
G. R. No. 26419 (October 16, 1970)
FACTS:
Petitioner filed an urban estate loan with respondent which was approved. The loan was to be
released in installments. The outstanding obligation of the petitioners with respondent, including
interests, amounted to P13,983.59. Petitioner wrote the respondent offering to pay in the amount of
P14,000 for his outstanding obligation, out of the proceeds of his back pay pursuant to RA No. 897
(RA 897). Respondent advised petitioners of the non-acceptance of the offer on the ground that the
loan was not incurred before or subsisting on June 20, 1953 when RA 897 was approved.
ISSUE:
W/N petitioner’s obligation is subsisting at the time of the approval of RA 897.
HELD:
No. The provision expressly provides that the obligations must be subsisting at the time of the
approval of RA 897. Hence, when such backpay certificates are offered in payment to a government-
owned corporation of obligation thereto which was not subsisting at the time of the enactment of said
Act on June 20, 1953, such corporation may not legally be compelled to accept the certificates. The
Court cannot see any room for interpretation or construction in the clear and unambiguous language of
the provision of law.
LATIN MAXIM:
28, 7a, 6c, 1
Romualdez-Marcos v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 137
G.R. No. 119976 (September 18, 1995)
Chapter VIII, Page 347, Footnote No.84
FACTS:
Petitioner filed her Certificate of Candidacy for the position of Representative of the First
District of Leyte. Private respondent Montejo, the incumbent Representative of the First District of
Leyte and a candidate for the same position, filed a “Petition for Cancellation and Disqualification”
with respondent COMELEC alleging that petitioner did not meet the constitutional requirement for
residency.
ISSUE:
W/N petitioner was a resident, for election purposes, of the First District of Leyte for a period
of one year at the time of the 1995 elections.
HELD:
Yes. Residency qualification pertains to domicile. As a minor, petitioner followed the
domicile of her parents in Tacloban, Leyte. As domicile, once acquired, it is retained until a new one is
gained. In spite of the being born in Manila, Tacloban was her domicile of origin by operation of law.
Parenthetically, when she married then Congressman Marcos, petitioner was obliged, by virtue of Art.
110 of the Civil Code, to follow her husband’s actual place of residence fixed by him. Although Mr.
Marcos has different places of residence, and even if he had designated one, what petitioner gained
upon marriage was actual residence. Therefore, she did not lose her domicile of origin.
LATIN MAXIM:
25a, 37, 39a
Portillo v. Salvani Querubin v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 243
Case No. 247
G.R. No. L-32181 (March 10, 1930)
G.R. No. L-2581 (December 2, 1948)
Chapter III, Page 101, Footnote No. 130 Chapter VIII, Page 332, Footnote No. 14

FACTS: FACTS:
Appellant Salvani won the elections in 1928 for the office of provincial governor of Antique. Petitioner defeated Felipe Mamuri in the election for the mayoralty of Ilagan. Mamuri filed an
Appellee Portillo, his nearest opponent, filed an election protest on July 9, 1928. Decision was election protest in the court, lost and filed an appeal thereafter. The appeal was not acted upon for three
rendered on August 15, 1929 declaring appellee Portillo the winner. months hence the petition to dismiss the case for the court had lost jurisdiction.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N the decision by the trial judge declaring appellee Portillo is valid. W/N the CA had lost their jurisdiction to decide the appeal.
E:

HEL HEL
D: No. Sec. 178 of the Election Code provides that appeals from decisions in
The decision is void for want of jurisdiction. The Election Law provides that all D:
proceedings in an electoral contest shall be terminated within one year. Legislative history of the said election contests should be decided within three months after filing. However, this provision is
legislation reveals that the shift of the tenor of the statute from silence to mild admonition to stronger directory in nature since to apply a mandatory character would defeat the purpose of due process of the
suggestion and finally to an emphatic and explicit provision suggests the legislative intent to make the law. The dismissal in such a case will constitute a miscarriage of justice. The doctrine in Portillo v.
provision mandatory. One year having already elapsed, the proceeding is deemed terminated and the Salvani should be abandoned.
court loses jurisdiction rendering any subsequent decision void for want of jurisdiction.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM: 1, 2, 5b, 18b, 39b
6c, 7a, 7b, 9a, 43, 45, b2
Nilo v. Court of Appeals Salcedo and Ignacio v. Carpio and Carreon
Case No. 189
Case No. 138
G.R. No. L-34586 (April 2, 1984)
G.R. No. L-4495 (June 6, 1951)
Chapter III, Page 89, Footnote No. 59

FACTS:
Private respondent Gatchalian is the owner of a parcel of Riceland at Bulacan with an area of
2 hectares. Petitioner elected to use the leasehold system. Private respondent then filed for ejection
citing “personal cultivation” on March 7, 1968. Private respondent won the case and petitioner filed an
appeal citing that RA 3844 was amended on September 10, 1971 removing “personal cultivation” from
the grounds for ejectment.
FACTS:
Petitioners were appointed members of the Board of Dental Examiners. RA 546 was approved
and Sec. 1 thereof amended Sec. 10 of the Reorganization Act No. 4007. By virtue of this law, a Board
of Dental Examiners was appointed by the President, whose terms directly overlapped and conflicted
with that of the petitioners.

ISSUE: ISSUE:
W/N the amendment of RA 6389 has retroactive effect. W/N it was the intention of Congress, in enacting RA 546, to abolish all the pre-existing
Boards of Examiners existing after the time of the enactment thereof.
HELD:
No. Art. 4 of the New Civil Code provides that laws shall have no retroactive effect unless it HELD:
is explicitly provided. The legislation involves social justice, however the landowners being holders of Appointment of the respondents is valid. It is obvious that it is the intention of Congress to do
only small parcels of land should also be entitled to social justice. Furthermore, to rule against the so, because the provisions of said Act are inconsistent with those of the Revised Administrative Code
small landowners would be thwarting legislative intent of creating independent and self-reliant as amended by Act No. 4007.
farmers. In the case of Camacho vs. Court of Industrial Relations it was held that it is a well
established rule recognized by all authorities without exception, that a retrospective or retroactive law
LATIN MAXIM: is that which creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty or attaches a new disability in respect to a
9a, 46a, 46b transaction already past; but that status is not made retrospective because it draws on antecedent facts
for its operation, or in other words part of the requirements for its action and application is drawn from
a time antedating its passage.

LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 9c, 46, 49
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Lingayen Gulf Electric Power Co., Inc. Gallardo v. Borromeo
Case No. 78
Case No. 50
G.R. No. L-23771 (August 4, 1988)
G.R. No. L-36007 (May 25, 1988)
Chapter IX, Page 355, Footnote No. 14

FACTS:
The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) assessed and demanded from respondent deficiency
franchise taxes and surcharges applying the franchise tax rate of 5% as prescribed in Sec. 259 of the
National Internal Revenue Code, instead of the lower rates as provided in the municipal franchises.
Pending the case, RA 3843 was passed, granting to the respondent a legislative franchise for the
operation of light, heat, and power. This law lowered the franchise tax rate to 2%.
FACTS:
Petitioner filed to terminate the leasehold of the respondent tenant so he (plaintiff) may
cultivate it himself as he had retired from his government job as a letter carrier. Upon appeal, the CA
applying Sec. 7 of RA 6389, held that the landowner’s desire to cultivate the land himself is not a valid
ground for dispossessing the tenant.

ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N the CA correctly gave retroactive application to Sec. 7 of RA 6389.
W/N RA 3843 is unconstitutional for being violative of the “uniformity and equality of
taxation” clause of the Constitution.
HELD:
No. The applicable law when petitioner filed his complaint was RA 3844 which provided a
HELD:
ground for the ejectment of the tenant should the landowner have a desire to personally cultivate the
It is valid. Sec. 259 of the Tax Code was never intended to have a universal application. RA
landholding. The newer law, R.A. 6389 eliminated this ground.
3843 did not only fix and specify a franchise tax of 2% on its gross receipts, but made it “in lieu of any
In applying Art. 4 of the New Civil Code, RA 6389 cannot be given retroactive effect in the
and all taxes, all laws to the contrary notwithstanding,” thus leaving no room for doubt regarding the
absence of a statutory provision for retroactivity or a clear implication of the law to that effect. Since
legislative intent.
Congress failed to express an intention to make said RA retroactive, it may not apply to ejectment
Charters or special laws granted and enacted by the Legislature are in the nature of private
cases then already pending adjudication by the courts.
contracts. They do not constitute a part of the machinery of the general government. The Legislature
considers and makes provision for all the circumstances of a particular case.
LATIN MAXIM:
RA 3843 specifically provided for the retroactive effect of the law.
6c, 46e
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9c, 46, 49
Cebu Portland Cement v. CIR Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Filipinas Compaňia de Seguros
Case No. 52
Case No. 76
G.R. No. 20563 (October 29, 1968) Chapter
G.R. No. 14880 (April 29, 1960)
IX, Page 355, Footnote No. 15
Chapter IV, Page 134, Footnote No. 41
FACTS:
FACTS:
The case involves petitioner’s claim for refund of sales tax paid from November 1954 to
Respondent, an insurance company, was engaged in business as a real estate dealer. RA 1612
March 1955, and ad valorem tax paid from April 1955 to September 1956 from the sale of APO
amended the National Internal Revenue Code and provided for a scale of graduated rates; this took
Portland cement produced by petitioner. Since 1952, however, petitioner had been protesting the
effect on August of 1956. Petitioner assessed against the respondent taxes (to which the insurance
imposition of the sales tax on its APO Portland cement, and on January 1953, it also protested the
company has already paid in full on January 1956) for the year 1956 based on RA 1612. Respondent
payment of the ad valorem taxes. Petitioner claimed for refund and brought its case to the Court of Tax
appealed to the Court of Tax Appeals the erroneous assessment of the petitioner and was granted a
Appeals. Petitioner contends that the percentage taxes collected by respondent are refundable since
decision in favor of it.
under RA 1229 (effective June 1955), producers of cement are exempt from the payment of said tax.
The Court of Tax Appeals ruled otherwise.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 1612 should be applied retroactively.
ISSU
E: Whether RA 1229 applies prospectively or retroactively. HEL
D: No. As a rule, laws have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided.
HEL The rule applies with greater force to the case at bar, considering that RA 1612, which imposes the
D: A statute operates prospectively only and never retroactively, unless the new and higher taxes, expressly provides that said Act shall take
legislative intent to the contrary is made manifest either by the express terms of the statute or by effect upon its approval.
necessary implication. In every case of doubt, the doubt must be resolved against the retrospective
effect. While the purpose of the amendment, as mentioned in the explanatory note to the bill, was not LATIN MAXIM:
only to “accelerate the collection of mining royalties and ad valorem taxes but also clarify the doubt of 46a, 46c, 46e
the tax-paying public on the interpretative scope of the two terms,” it certainly could not have been the
intention of the lawmakers to unsettle previously consummated transactions between the taxpayer and
the Government.

LATIN MAXIM:
46a, 46c, 46e
Laceste v. Santos Balatbat v. Court of Appeals and Passion
Case No. 140
Case No. 29
G.R. No. 36886 (February 1, 1932)
G.R. No. L-36378 (January 27, 1992)
Chapter IX, Page 351, Footnote No. 1
Chapter IX, Page 363, Footnote No. 73

FACTS:
Petitioner committed rape along with Nicolas Lachica. The crime took effect before the
effectivity of the RPC. However, Lachica married the victim, Magdalena de Ocampo, and was
accordingly relieved from criminal prosecution. The petitioner continued to serve his sentence but now
prays for the Court to set him at liberty through the writ of habeas corpus, pleading that there is no
sufficient legal ground for continuing his imprisonment any longer based on the last sentence of Art.
344 of the RPC.
ISSUE:
W/N the last paragraph of Art. 344 of the RPC has retroactive effect.
FACTS:
Petitioner has an agricultural land in Sta. Ana, Pampanga containing 18,490 square meters of
land owned by Garcia. Garcia sold the land to private respondent Pasion and had declared it for
taxation purposes under Tax Declaration No. 126. Private respondent Pasion claims that he will
cultivate the land pursuant to Sec. 36(1) of RA 3844. However, petitioner maintains that the case
should have been decided in light of Sec. 7 of RA 6389 since, in view of the appeal the respondent still
does not have the vested right to acquire the land.
ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 7 of RA 6389 should be given retroactive effect.

HELD: HELD:
Yes. The petition for habeas corpus was granted. The principle granting to the accused in No. Art. 4 of the Civil Code provides that there should be no retroactive effect unless
certain cases an exception to the general rule that laws shall not be retroactive when the law in question otherwise provided by law. In order for a law to have a retroactive effect it should have a provision
favors the accused applies. Conscience and good law justify this exception. stating its retroactivity, otherwise nothing should be understood which is not embodied in the law.
Furthermore the law is a rule established to guide our action with no binding effect until it is enacted,
LATIN MAXIM: thus laws have no effect in past times but laws look forward in the future.
48
LATIN
MAXIM: 20,
46b, 46e
People v. Zeta San Jose v. Rehabilitation Finance Corp.
Case No. 232
Case No. 271
G.R. No. L-7140 (December 22, 1955)
G.R. No. L-7766 (November 29, 1955)
Chapter VI, Page 266, Footnote No. 72
Chapter IX, Page 369, Footnote No. 104
FACTS: FACTS:
Appellant was found guilty of violating RA 145 for having collected fees in excess of 5% of Plaintiff presented this petition to recover the interest she supposedly has in her pre-war loan
the amount received by the claimant as compensation for services rendered. At the time the agreement with defendant. The basis of the suit was RA 671 amending RA 401, the former law condoning the
was made the law in force was C.A. No. 675 which allowed a person to charge not more than 5% of pre-war loans and the interest corresponding from January 1, 1946 to March 14, 1951. The lower court
any amount that the claimant would collect. The trial court in convicting appellant held that the decided for defendant to return the interest to the plaintiff.
agreement for the payment of a 5% fee on the amount collected was void and illegal.
ISSUE:
W/N the lower court was correct in imposing the return of interest to plaintiff by the
ISSU defendant.
E: W/N RA 145 has a retroactive effect.
HELD:
Yes. RA 671 is made to condone only the unpaid interest. It did not include within its term
HEL No. It does not appear in the language of RA 145 that it should be given completed payment and paid interest. Where a statute was amended
D:
retroactive effect. There is a need of a law to tell the retroactivity of RA 145 for it to act on cases under and reenacted, the amendment should be construed as if it had been included in the original act; but it
the old law. Laws cannot be given retroactive effect unless it is specifically stated in the provision. could afford no retroactive effect unless plainly made so by the terms of the amendment.
Furthermore, strict construction on the law was made so as not to prejudice the constitutional right of
the constructor and for the law not to have any retroactive effect. LATIN MAXIM:
20, 46e
LATIN MAXIM:
11b, 20, 46e
People v. Sumilang
Case No. 226
G.R. No. L-49187 (December 18, 1946)
Chapter IX, Page 371, Footnote No. 111
FACTS:
The petitioner was convicted of the crime of arson and sentenced to the indeterminate penalty
from 5 years and 4 months and 21 days of prision correctional to 10 years and 1 day of prision mayor.
On appeal, both the CA and the SC affirmed the sentence of the lower court.
Based on the records, a copy of the resolution of the Court denying the motion for
reconsideration was mailed to the petitioner’s attorney. However, the attorney alleges in his petition
that he did not receive the notice because then he was already hiding in the mountains of Laguna as a
guerilla officer of the Markings guerilla. The attorney prays that the reading of the sentence be
suspended and that petitioner be allowed to file whatever pleading that may be allowed by this
Honorable Tribunal necessary for the protection of the rights of the petitioner.
ISSUE:
W/N the petition to suspend reading of sentence and to file pleading or motion should be
granted.
HELD:
No. It is a well established rule of statutory construction that statutes regulating the procedure
of the courts will be construed as applicable to actions pending and undetermined at the time of their
passage. Procedural laws are retrospective in that sense and to that extent.
LATIN MAXIM:
46e
Palomo Building Tenants Association v. Intermediate Appellate Court
Case No. 97
G.R. No. L-68043 (October 31, 1984)
FACTS:
Petitioner filed an action for Declaration of Nullity of Sale and Damages with Preliminary
Injunction before the then Court of First Instance of Manila against respondents Government Service
Insurance System (GSIS) and Capitol Hills, as principal defendants, and the five (5) judges of the then
City Court of Manila in the injunction aspect of the case. Respondent GSIS and Capitol Hills filed
separate motions to dismiss on the grounds that the complaint states no cause of action and that there
are other actions pending between the same parties for the same cause. Respondent judge granted
private respondents' motion to dismiss.
ISSUE:
W/N the Intermediate Appellate Court (IAC) erred in sustaining the order of respondent,
denying petitioner's motion for approval of the record on appeal due to failure to amend the record on
appeal within the period granted them.
HELD:
Yes. Petitioners invoke Section 39 of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 (BP 129)
which dispensed with the record on appeal and claim that herein respondent IAC erred in not applying
retrospectively the said law. Ruled in Alday vs. Camilon, "[t]he reorganization having been declared to
have been completed, BP Big. 129 is now in full force and effect. A Record on Appeal is no longer
necessary for taking an appeal. The same proviso appears in Section 18 of the Interim Rules and
Guidelines issued by this Court on January 11, 1983. Being procedural in nature, those provision s may
be applied retroactively for the benefit of petitioners, as appellants. 'Statutes regulating the procedure
of the courts will be construed as applicable to actions pending and undetermined at the time of their
passage. Procedural laws are retrospective in that sense and to that extent' (People vs. Sumilang, 77
Phil. 764 [19461.] "
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 46e
MRCA, Inc. v. Court of Appeals Ocampo v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 78
Case No. 89
G.R. No. 86675 (December 19, 1989)
G.R. No. 7960 (December 8, 1989)

FACT
S: The petitioner prays to set aside the decision of the CA affirming the order of
the RTC dismissing the complaint for non-payment of the proper filing fees as the prayer of the
complaint failed to specify the amounts of moral damages, exemplary damages, attorney’s fees and
litigation expenses sought to be recovered by it from the defendants but left them to the discretion of
the Honorable Court.
ISSUE:
W/N the petition has merit.
HELD:
Yes. It is a well established rule of statutory construction that statutes regulating the
procedure of the courts will be construed as applicable to actions pending and undetermined at the time
of their passage. Procedural laws are retrospective in that sense and to that extent.
FACT
S: Petitioner began construction of his house without permit from the owner,
while being informed of P.D. 772. Petitioner never showed title to the land he claimed to have
purchased. Sec. 1 of P.D. 772, otherwise known as the Anti– Squatting Law has three elements:
(a) accused is not the owner of the land;
(b) he succeeded in occupying or possessing the property through force, intimidation, or threat or
by taking such advantage of the absence or tolerance of the owner;
(c) such occupation of the property is without the consent or against the will of the owner.
Sec. 15, Rule 119 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure states that “after prosecution has rested
its case, the court may dismiss the case on the ground of insufficiency of evidence.”
ISSUE:
1. W/N petitioner is guilty of the crime of squatting.
2. W/N a motion to dismiss bars a petitioner from presenting his evidence.

LATIN MAXIM: HELD:

46e
Yes on both counts. By moving to dismiss on the ground of insufficiency of evidence,
petitioner waives his right to present evidence to substantiate his defense and in effect submits the case
for judgment on the basis of the evidence for the prosecution.

LATIN MAXIM:
45a, 46b
Yakult Philippines v. Court of Appeals Aris (Phil.) Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission
Case No. 315
Case No. 21
G.R. No. 91856 (October 5, 1990) Chapter
G.R. No. 90501 (August 5, 1991) Chapter
IX, Page 372, Footnote No. 117
IX, Page 372, Footnote No. 119

FACTS: FACTS:
Petitioner argues that the civil action for damages for injuries arising from alleged criminal Petitioner assails the constitutionality of Sec. 12 of RA 6716 to Art. 223 of the Labor Code,
negligence, being without malice, cannot be filed independently of the criminal action under Art. 33 of and Transitory Provisions of the said Interim Rules on the basis of being in violation of due process
the Civil Code. and non retroactivity of laws, respectively.

ISSU
ISSU
E:
W/N a civil action instituted after the criminal action was filed may prosper E: W/N amendments introduced by Sec. 12 of RA 6715 to Art. 223 of the Labor
even if there was no reservation to file a separate civil action. Code, and Transitory Provisions of the said Interim Rules are constitutional.

HEL HEL
D:
Yes. Under the 1985 Rules of Criminal Procedure, the civil action for the D: Yes on both counts. The provision concerning the mandatory and automatic
recovery of civil liability is impliedly instituted with the criminal action unless the offended party reinstatement of an employee whose dismissal is found unjustified by the labor arbiter is a valid
waives the civil action, reserves his right to institute it separately or institutes the civil action prior to exercise of the police power of the state, and the contested provision “is then a police legislation”. The
the criminal action. questioned Interim Rules can be given retroactive effect for they are procedural or remedial in
character.
LATIN MAXIM:
38b, 46e LATIN MAXIM:
8a, 46e
Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Co. v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 25
G.R. No. L-54305 (February 14, 1990)
Chapter IX, Page 373, Footnote No. 124
FACTS:
Petitioner entered into an operating agreement with CUENCO-VELEZ whereby the said
petitioner was granted the right to operate 12 mining claims belonging to the latter located at Toledo
City, Cebu. Petitioner also entered into a similar agreement with BIGA COPPER; subject of this
Operating Agreement are 31 mining claims of BIGA-COPPER likewise located at Toledo City, Cebu.
However, of the total mining claims "leased" by petitioner from both CUENCO-VELEZ and BIGA
COPPER, 9 mining claims overlap. These 9 overlapping mining claims became the subject of
administrative cases where CUENCO-VELEZ won. During the pendency of this appeal, CUENCO-
VELEZ and BIGA COPPER, entered into a compromise agreement. This compromise agreement
enabled BIGA-COPPER to eventually lay claim over the 9 overlapping mining claims. Due to the
promulgation of P.D. 1281, a number of the defendants filed a supplemental motion to dismiss. They
alleged that the operating agreement which BIGA COPPER signed with petitioner had already been
revoked by a letter and that by reason of this rescission, the trial court is deemed to have lost
jurisdiction pursuant to Sec. 7(a)(c) and Sec. 12 of P.D. 1281.
ISSUE:
W/N P.D. 1281 prevails.
HELD:
P.D. 1281 prevails for special laws prevail over statutes or laws of general application.
LATIN MAXIM:
50
Government of the Philippine Islands v. Municipality of Binalonan
Case No. 117
G.R. No. L-8243 (December 24, 1915)
Chapter I, Page 12, Footnote No. 44
FACTS:
This is a registration proceedings instituted by the Director of Lands under Sec. 61 of Act No.
926, seeking to compel the registration of all private property within a prescribed area in the
municipality of Binalonan, Pangasinan on two parcels of land. Act No. 926 is not applicable to any
other than public lands, or, at most, lands claimed by the Government. The Act does not touch upon
the compulsory registration of private titles. Cadastral Act (No. 2259) authorizes the Director of Lands
to institute compulsory registration proceedings against all owners and claimants of property within
any area which has been regularly surveyed and platted under the procedure prescribed in the Act. Sec.
61 of Act No. 926 does not permit of similar proceedings. The title of the Public Land Act contains no
mention of compulsory registration proceedings. No reference is made in Act No. 2259 to the repeal or
amendment of Sec. 61 of Act No. 926.
ISSUE:
Whether Sec. 61 of Act No. 926 authorizes the institution of compulsory registration
proceedings against private owners or whether it is not confined exclusively to public lands.
HELD:
Act No. 2259 was enacted to remedy the shortcomings of existing legislation on the same
subject. The fact that the new Act does not expressly state that it amends or repeals Sec. 61 of Act No.
926 does not necessarily rebut this conclusion.
LATIN MAXIM:
46e
Development Bank of the Phil. v. Court of Appeals Briad Agro Development Corp. v. Hon. dela Serna, and dela Cruz, et al.
Case No. 92
Case No. 39
G.R. No. L-28774 (February 28, 1980)
G.R. No. 83225 (June 29, 1989)
Chapter IV, Page 175, Footnote No. 199
Chapter IX, Page 376, Footnote No. 136
FACTS:
FACTS:
The Board of Governors appropriated money to purchase land for a housing project for its
The case arose out of a complaint filed by Trade Union of the Philippines and Allied Services
employees who shall pay for them in monthly installments for 20 years. However, the area sold was
WFTU Local Chapter No. ROI-005 against respondent agricultural firm for alleged
then part of a bigger parcel of land and because the subdivision plan for the area was still pending
underpayment/non-payment of minimum wage, ECOLA, overtime pay, legal holiday pay, night shift
approval by the Bureau of Lands, the sales agreement between the DBP and the PHHC was not
differential pay, 13th month pay and service incentive leave pay. Respondent failed to submit
presented immediately for registration by the DBP. DBP expressed its doubts as to whether it could
controverting evidence despite due notice; Director Balbin thus ruled in favor of the employees and
acquire the property in question for the intended purpose of a housing project in the light of the then
ordered respondent to pay P5,369,909.30.
Sec. 13 of RA 85. However, without the knowledge of the DBP, a portion of the property including the
In its appeal to the NLRC, Briad Agro questioned the Regional Director’s authority to
159 lots sold to the DBP, were segregated and a separate certificate of title was issued for the
entertain the pecuniary claim of workers, which NLRC dismissed on the strength of E.O. 111
segregated portion in the name of PHHC wherein there was no annotation whatsoever to the title.
amending Art. 128(b) of the Labor Code, which granted to Regional Directors jurisdiction over
Then, RA 3147 was enacted, amending certain provisions of the DBP Charter (RA 85), among which
monetary claims.
was Sec. 13.
ISSUE:
ISSUE:
W/N the jurisdiction over money claims is exclusive to the Labor Arbiters, by force of Art.
W/N there is retroactivity of the amendment of Sec. 13 of RA 85, by RA 3147.
217 of the Labor Code.
HELD:
HELD:
Yes. One of the purposes of Congress when it enacted RA 3147, by amending Sec. 13 of RA
The Court held that E.O. 111 has the character of a curative law to remedy a defect that
85, was to erase any doubts regarding the legality of the acquisition by the DBP of the 159 lots from
attached to the provision subject of the amendment. This was clear from the proviso: “The provisions
the PHHC for the housing project which it intended to establish for its employees who did not yet have
of Art. 217 of this Code notwithstanding…” The intended effect was clearly to make the Secretary of
houses of their own. It is, therefore, a curative statute to render valid the acquisition by the DBP of the
Labor and the various Regional Directors have concurrent jurisdiction. E.O. 111 therefore has
159 lots from the PHHC.
retroactive effect.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM:
46e
6a, 9, 30b, 38b, 46e
Erectors, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission, Hon. Andres, Jr. and Burgos
Case No. 99
G.R. No. 104215 (May 8, 1996)
Chapter IX, Page 377, Footnote No. 140
FACTS:
Private respondent was recruited to work in Saudi Arabia as a service contract driver. Months
after, another contract was executed which changed his position into that of a helper/laborer. When
private respondent returned to the Philippines, he invoked his first contract and demanded that
petitioner pay the difference between his salary and allowance as indicated in the said contract and the
amount actually paid to him, plus his contractual bonus.
Private respondent filed the complaint with the Labor Arbiter but E.O. No. 797 was passed,
creating the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), vested with the original and
exclusive jurisdiction over money claims between employers and employees abroad. The Labor
Arbiter still proceeded with the case and rendered a Decision in favor of private respondent.
ISSUE:
W/N E.O. 797 should be given retroactive effect and thus divest the Labor Arbiter of
jurisdiction.
HELD:
No. E.O. 797 is not a curative statute and is therefore not included in the exception to the rule
on prospectivity. Laws should only be applied prospectively unless the legislative intent to give them
retroactive effect is expressly declared or is necessitated. Furthermore, the jurisdiction over the subject
matter is determined by the law in force at the time of the commencement of the action; in this case,
these were P.D. 1691 and 1391.
LATIN MAXIM:
35, 46a, 46c, 46e
Santos v. Duata and the Court of Appeals
Case No. 274
G.R. No. L-20901 (August 31, 1965)
Chapter IX, Page 376, Footnote No. 134
FACTS:
Duata and Aguilar bought a parcel of land which subsequently became a quarter part of Lot
No. 37. The lot was purchased by Santos, Gaanan and Aguilar. For convenience, the title was issued in
Santos’s name.
On August 3, 1955, private respondent Duata, the daughter of the Duata spouses, instituted an
action for reconveyance of ¼ of Lot No. 37. Santos denied the spouses’ ownership, claiming that the
land had been sold to her by Aguilar in a private document. The trial court pronounced the document
as a pacto de retro sale and ruled in favor of Santos. Upon appeal, the CA ruled that the transaction
was actually an equitable mortgage under Art. 1602 of the New Civil Code and set aside the decision
of the trial court.
ISSUE:
Whether Santos and Aguilar, in executing the said private document, intended a mortgage or
sale with pacto de retro.
HELD:
It is a mortgage. Art. 1602 was designed primarily to curtail the evils brought about by
contracts of sale with right of repurchase; it envisioned contracts of sale with right to repurchase where
the real intention of the parties is that the pretended purchase price is money loaned, and in order to
secure the payment of the loan, a contract purporting to be a pacto de retro sale is drawn up.
Said article is remedial in nature and can thus be applied retroactively to cases arising prior to
the effectivity of the New Civil Code.
LATIN MAXIM:
8c, 17, 21, 46e
Municipality of San Narciso, Quezon v. Mendez, Sr.
Case No. 182
G.R. No. 103702 (December 6, 1994)
Chapter IX, Page 381, Footnote No. 150
FACTS:
President C. Garcia, issued E.O. 353 creating the municipal district of San Andres, Quezon.
Then by virtue of E.O. 174, issued by President D. Macapagal, the municipal district of San Andres
was later officially recognized to have gained the status of a fifth class municipality by operation of
Sec. 2 of RA 1515. It was then attacked of its validity.
While petitioners would grant that the enactment of RA 7160 may have converted the
Municipality of San Andres into a de facto municipality, they contend that since the petition for quo
warranto had been filed prior to the passage of said law, petitioner municipality had acquired a vested
right to seek the nullification of
E.O. 353, and any attempt to apply Sec. 442 of RA 7160 to the petition would perforce be violative of
the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
ISSUE:
W/N the E.O. creating the municipality of San Andres was cured by Sec.
442(d) of RA 7160.
HEL
D: Yes. The de jure status of the Municipality of San Andres in the province of
Quezon must be conceded. Sec. 442(d) of the LGC of 1991, which provides that municipal districts
organized pursuant to presidential issuances or executives orders and which have their respective sets
of elective municipal officials holding office at the time of the effectivity of the code shall henceforth
be considered as regular municipalities, is also curative statute, as it validates the creation of
municipalities by executive orders which had been held to be an invalid usurpation of legislative
power.
LATIN MAXIM:
46e, 6c
Ortigas & Co. v. Feati Bank & Trust
Case No. 193
G.R. No. L-24670 (December 14, 1979)
Chapter VIII, Page 312, Footnote No. 133
FACTS:
Appellee began laying the foundation and commenced the construction of a building on Lots
Nos. 5 and 6, to be devoted to banking purposes. Appellant demanded that appellee stop the
construction of the commercial building on the said lots. The latter refused to comply, contending that
the building was being constructed in accordance with the zoning regulations, defendant having filed
building and planning permit applications with the Municipality of Mandaluyong.
ISSUE:
W/N the resolution of the Municipal Council of Mandaluyong declaring Lots Nos. 5 and 6,
among others, as part of the commercial and industrial zone of the municipality, prevailed over the
building restrictions imposed by plaintiff-appellant on the lots in question and if Resolution No. 27 s-
1960 is a valid exercise of police power.
HEL
D: The trial court held that the subject restrictions were subordinate to Municipal
Resolution No. 27. It upheld the classification by the Municipal Council of the area along EDSA
Avenue as a commercial and industrial zone, and held that the same rendered "ineffective and
unenforceable" the restrictions in question as against
defendant.
Resolution No. 27 was passed in the valid exercise of police power to safeguard or promote
the health, safety, peace, good order and general welfare of the people in the locality.
Even if the subject building restrictions were assumed by the defendant as vendee of Lots
Nos. 5 and 6, in the deeds of sale and in the TCTs the contractual obligations so assumed cannot
prevail over Municipal Resolution No. 27.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 46e
Billones v. Court of Industrial Relations
Case No. 35
G.R. No. L-17566 (July 30, 1965)
Chapter IX, Page 372, Footnote No. 119
FACTS:
Petitioners were allegedly employees of Luzon Stevedoring Corporation, which required them
to work 18 hours a day without giving them additional compensation. There was an amicable
settlement but petitioners disclaimed having knowledge stating they did not authorize the filing.
Respondent contends that petitioners are barred due to prescription under Sec. 7-A of C.A.
No. 144, as amended by RA 1993.
ISSUE:
W/N Sec. 7-A of C.A. No. 144, as amended by RA 1993 to the effect that any action to
enforce any cause under this Act shall be commenced within three years
after such cause of action accrued; otherwise it shall be barred forever.
HELD:
It would have applied, provided that actions already commenced before the effective date of
this act shall not be affected by the period prescribed. As the statute shortened the period of action
accrued, it was contended that to give it retroactive effect would impair vested rights since it would
operate to preclude the six years from their accrual. The court ruled that a statute of limitations is
procedural in nature and no vested right can attach thereto nor arise therefrom. Because the statute
shortened the period within which to bring an action and in order not to violate the constitutional
mandate concerning due process, claimants whose claims were injuriously affected thereby should
have a reasonable period of one year from the time the new statute took effect within which to sue on
such claims.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 46e
Philippine National Bank v. Asuncion
Case No. 237
G.R. No. L-46095 (November 23, 1977)
Chapter X, Page 387, Footnote No. 3
FACTS:
On January 1963, Philippine National Bank (PNB) granted Fabar Incorporated a loan secured
by joint signatures of Jose Barredo, Carmen and Tomas Borromeo and Manuel Barredo. By May, 1977
the outstanding balance was over P8 million. PNB filed a case against all 4 signatories. However,
before the case was decided, Manuel Barredo passed away. The case was dismissed pursuant to Sec. 6,
Rule 86 of the Rules of Court that the claim of PNB should be filed with the estate proceedings of M.
Barredo and cannot be brought against other surviving debtors.
ISSU
E: W/N the Courts interpretation of Sec. 6, Rule 86 prevents a creditor from
proceeding against the surviving solidary debtors is accurate.
HELD:
No. Art. 1216 of the New Civil Code gives the creditor the right to “proceed against anyone
of the solidary debtors, or some, or all”. Thus, the choice is left up to PNB to decide. Sec. 6 of Rule 86
simply provides the procedure if in case the creditor desires to go against the deceased debtor. To
require PNB to go against the estate would deprive PNB of his substantive rights provided by Art.
1216. In this case, the Rules of Court may not prevail over Art. 1216 because substantive law cannot
be amended by a procedural rule. Moreover, the 1987 Constitution states that rules promulgated by the
Supreme Court should not diminish, increase of modify substantive rights.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 9c
Ongsiako v. Gamboa Amandy v. People
Case No. 90
Case No. 7
G.R. No. L-1867 (April 8, 1950)
G.R. No. 79010 (May 23, 1988)

FACT
S: In 1946, Ongsiako (landowner) and Gamboa (tenant) entered into a contract
pursuant of Sec. 8 of Act 4054. This act provided that the palay would be divided equally by the 2
parties. However, later that same year, Act 4054 was amended by RA 34. During liquidation, Gamboa
sought application of the amendatory law which provided for crop division on a 55-45 basis in favor of
the tenants. Ongsiako insists that RA 34 is not remedial in nature and therefore cannot be given
retroactive effect. Because of this, the original contract starting an equal sharing of profits should be
followed.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 34 is remedial in nature and should be given retroactive effect.
HELD:
Yes. In the past, laws concerning this issue have been amended with the intent of being
remedial and therefore, producing retroactive effect. Moreover, it is clearly shown in the
recommendation of the President concerning RA 34 that “this bill seeks to amend the Rice Share
Tenancy Act in such a way to make the division of the crops more equitable to the tenants… The
principal feature of this bill is to increase the participation of the tenants in the production of the land
he is cultivating.”
FACT
S: Petitioner was arrested and tried for possession of 1.6 grams of marijuana.
Because he pleaded guilty in his trial, he was given a sentence of six years and 1 day (the minimum
time for his offense). Petitioner then filed for probation alleging P.D. 968. However, the petition was
denied because P.D. 1990 had repealed P.D. 968, no longer permitting petitioner to fall under those
eligible for probation.
ISSUE:
W/N the lower court erred in disapproving Amandy’s petition for probation.
HELD:
No. The law clearly declares who are entitled to probation and who aren’t. Petitioner does not
fall under those entitled because those who have been “sentenced to serve a maximum term of more
than six years” are excluded from the benefits of the Probation Law. Because P.D. 1990 was
promulgated after P.D. 968, the former prevails. Where the law is clear and unambiguous, it must be
taken as it is, devoid of judicial addition or subtraction.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 7b, 22a, 25a, 36a, 43, 49

LATIN MAXIM:
2a, 6b, 9a, 49
Parras v. Land Registration Commission Diu v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 197
Case No. 96
G.R. No. L-16011 (July 26, 1960)
G.R. No. 115213 (December 19, 1995)
Chapter X, Page 390, Footnote No. 16 Chapter X, Page 391, Footnote No. 28

FACTS:
Petitioner was required by the Land Registration Commissioner (LRC) to remit to the
Commissioner's office, pursuant to Special Provisions of RA 2300, otherwise known as the
Appropriations Act for the current fiscal year, the sum of P57.00 as estimated cost of publication in the
Official Gazette of the initial notice of the hearing of the case.
Petitioner refused to pay the said amount stating that such insertion is unconstitutional being
as it is revenue-raising. He prays that he be exempt from such a deposit and that the LRC and the
Director of Printing be ordered to publish the notice in the Official Gazette.
ISSUE:
1. W/N petitioner can be exempted.
2. W/N the law states that persons will be made to pay for the publication.
FACTS:
On several occasions, private respondent Pagba purchased on credit various articles of
merchandise from petitioners' store all valued at P7,862.55. Private respondents failed to pay despite
repeated demands.
Petitioners brought the matter before the Barangay Chairman and the latter set the case for
hearing, but private respondents failed to appear. When the parties met, they failed to reach an
amicable settlement.
Private respondents in their Answer, while admitting indebtedness, interposed two
counterclaims: (1) for P6,227.00 as alleged expenses for maintenance and repair of the boat belonging
to petitioners, and (2) another for P12,0000.00 representing the cost of the two tires which petitioners
allegedly misappropriated.
ISSU
E: W/N parties did not meet in presence of a Pangkat as required by law.

HEL
D: Petitioner was made to pay. The law that petitioner relies on was Sec. 114 of HEL Petition was granted without prejudice to the re-filing of the case by
D:
Act 496. The reenactment of the same law as RA 117 did not include the said provision of Act petitioners after due compliance with the provisions of P.D. 1508, otherwise known as the
496. "Katarungang Pambarangay Law".
It must be noted that P.D. 1508 has been repealed by codification in the LGC of 1991. The
LATIN MAXIM: basic complaint was filed by petitioners before the trial court before the effectivity of the LGC.
11, 32, 38b Nevertheless, Sec. 4 and 6 of the former law have been substantially reproduced in Sec. 410(b) and
412 respectively, of the latter law.

LATIN MAXIM:
4, 5b, 9a, 36b
Government v. Springer Mecano v. Commission on Audit
Case No. 119
Case No. 176
G.R. No. L-26979 (April 1, 1927)
G.R. No. 103982 (December 11, 1992)
Chapter I, Page 38, Footnote No. 166 Chapter X, Page 395, Footnote No. 45

FACTS:
The National Coal Company elected its board of directors via vote in accordance with its by-
laws. However, the respondents are stated as usurping and illegally occupying said positions since they
were not elected by the proper shareholders.
The National Coal Company was formed by the Philippine Government. The Government
intended to retain a majority stake in the said company; however, it ended up occupying almost 90% of
the stock. During the election of directors, three members of the government appeared, two from the
legislative and one from the executive.
ISSUE:
W/N the executive is the sole administrator of the Philippine Government.
HELD:
Yes. Sec. 4 of Act No. 2705, as amended by Sec. 2 of Act No. 2822, as purports to vest the
voting power of the government-owned stock in the National Coal Company in the President of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, is unconstitutional and void.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 9a, 30a, 38b
FACTS:
Petitioner seeks to nullify the decision of the Commission on Audit (COA) embodied in its
Endorsement denying his claim for reimbursement under Sec. 699 of the Revised Administrative Code
(RAC), as amended.
Petitioner is a Director II of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). He was hospitalized
for cholecystitis from March 26 to April 7, 1990, on account of which he incurred medical and
hospitalization expenses, the total amount of which he is claiming from the COA. However, the
reimbursement process was stalled because of the issue that the RAC Sec. 699 was repealed by the
Administrative Code of 1987.
ISSUE:
1. W/N petitioner can claim from the COA.
2. W/N Sec. 699 of RAC was repealed by the Administrative Code of 1987.
HELD:
Petition was granted. The question of whether or not petitioner can claim from COA is rooted
on whether or not Sec. 699 of the RAC has been repealed. The Court finds that that section although
not included in the reenactment of the Administrative Code of 1987 is merely under implied repeal,
and the Court considers such implied repeal as not favorable. Also the Court finds that laws must be in
accord with each other. The second sentence of Art. 173 of the Labor Code, as amended by
P.D. 1921, expressly provides that "the payment of compensation under this Title shall not bar the
recovery of benefits as provided for in Sec. 699 of the RAC … whose benefits are administered by the
system (SSS or GSIS) or by other agencies of the government.”

LATIN MAXIM:
30a, 32, 37, 38b, 49
Chin Ah Foo and Yee Shee v. Concepcion and Lee Voo Ynchausti & Co v. Stanley
Case No. 20
Case No. 174
G.R. No. 33281 (March 31, 1930)
G.R. No 12330 (January 25, 1917)

FACT
S: The accused, one Chan Sam, was acquitted of murder but was ordered to
be committed to an asylum. The court permitted accused to leave the hospital two years later on the
strength of doctor’s reports. In issuing the order of release the respondent judge relied upon Art. 8, par.
4, of the Penal Code. On the other hand, Sec. 1048 of the Administrative Code confers on the Director
of Health the authority to say when a patient may be discharged from an insane asylum.
FACT
S: The petitioner, a company engaged in the coastwise shipping business,
sought to prohibit the Insular Collector of Customs from enforcing the requirement, which states that
coastwise vessels shall carry third mate as one of the officers on each vessel. The petitioner relied upon
the ground that Act No. 2614 was not and could not have been repealed by the Administrative Code;
Act No. 2614 being specific with regard to the management of Philippine vessels.

ISSUE: ISSUE:
W/N the court which ordered the confinement of an insane person in an asylum possesses the W/N there is a conflict between Act No. 2614 and paragraph (e) of Sec. 1312 of the
power to permit said insane person subsequently to leave the asylum without the approval of the Administrative Code.
Director of Health.
HELD:
HELD: There is no express repeal of Act No. 2614. It is apparent that there was no specific intention
It is a well-known rule of statutory construction that when there is no express repeal, none is to repeal the statute. The Philippine Legislature could not have intended to repeal said Act within less
presumed to be intended. Likewise, when two portions of the law can be construed so that both can than three weeks after its passage and substitute in its place absolutely nothing except the uncontrolled
stand together, this should be done. Art. 8 of the Penal Code has not been impliedly repealed by Sec. judgment of the Insular Collector of Customs.
1048 of the Administrative Code. The powers of the courts and the Director of Health are
complementary with each other. Thus, any person confined in any asylum by order of the court in LATIN MAXIM:
accordance with Art. 8 of the Penal Code cannot be discharged from custody without the acquiescence 9a, 9c, 49, 50
of the Director of Health. The converse proposition equally holds true.

LATIN MAXIM:
38b, 49
U.S. v. Tantoco Fabros, et al. v. Laya
Case No. 164
Case No. 44
G.R. No. 11338 (August 15, 1916)
G. R. No. 70832 (December 18, 1987)

FACT
S: The defendant was charged with having illegally in his possession and under
his control a certain amount of opium. The trial court dismissed the complaint on the theory that Act
No. 2381 and all other laws had been repealed by the Act of the United States Congress. The
Government appealed.
ISSUE:
What the effect of said Act was upon local legislation dealing with the subject of opium.
HELD:
That the United States Congress did not intend to repeal any of the local laws dealing with the
subject of opium appears from the law itself. Whether or not an Act is impliedly repealed is a question
of legislative intent to be ascertained by an examination of both statutes, and in the light of the reason,
purpose, and object of both. The United States Congress never intended to relax the stringent
provisions relating to the smoking of opium or to its use in any of its forms whatever.
LATIN
MAXIM:
9a, 49
FACT
S: This is a consolidated case involving the allocation of the incremental
proceeds of authorized tuition fee increases of private schools provided for in Sec. 3(a) of P.D. 451,
and thereafter, under the Education Act of 1982 (BP 232). Then Minister of Education Jaime C. Laya
promulgated the disputed MECS Order No. 25, entitled Rules and Regulations to Implement the
Provisions of BP 232, The Education Act of 1982, relative to Student Fees for School Year 1985-1986.
Petitioners prayed for temporary restraining order on the Rules and Regulations, which was granted to
them. However, four schools prayed for the lifting of the TRO on the ground that their tuition fee
increase has already been approved pursuant to P.D. 451, which the Court thereby lifted.
ISSUE:
W/N BP 232 has repealed P.D. 451 which thereby makes MECS Order No. 25
valid.
HELD:
Yes. Under P.D. 451, the authority to regulate the imposition of tuition and other school fees
or charges by private schools is lodged with the Secretary of Education and Culture, where Sec. 42 of
BP 232 liberalized the procedure by empowering each private school to determine its rate of tuition
and other school fees or charges. P.D. 451 provides that 60% of the incremental proceeds of tuition fee
increases shall be applied or used to augment the salaries and wages of members of the faculty and
other employees of the school; while BP 232 provides that the increment shall be applied or used in
accordance with the regulations promulgated by the MECS. Hence, there was a repeal.

LATIN MAXIM:
4, 39b
Iloilo Palay and Corn Planters Association, Inc. v. Feliciano Brias de Coya v. Tan Lua, et al.
Case No. 127
Case No. 16
G.R. No. L-24022 (March 3, 1965)
G.R. No. 30756 (September 22, 1931)
Chapter X, Page 399, Footnote No. 61

FACTS:
Private respondent Feliciano, the Chairman and General Manager of the Rice and Corn
Administration, wrote the President of the Philippines urging the immediate importation of rice, thru a
government agency which the President may designate, pursuant to the recommendation of the
National Economic Council as embodied in its Resolution No. 70, series of 1964. It was approved. The
President designated the Rice and Corn Administration as the government agency authorized to
undertake the importation pursuant to which Chairman Feliciano announced an invitation to bid for
said importation and set the bidding date. Petitioners contend that the importation is contrary to RA
3452 which prohibits the government from importing rice and that there is no law appropriating funds
to finance the same.
ISSUE:
W/N RA 2207 was repealed by RA 3452.
HELD:
The importation may be illegal on the ground that such importation belong exclusively to
private parties, thereby prohibiting any government agency from doing so. RA 2207 provides that
should there be an existing or imminent shortage in the local supply of rice of such gravity as to
constitute a national emergency, and this is certified by the National Economic Council, the President
may authorize such importation thru any government agency that he may designate. The two laws,
although with a common objective, refer to different methods applicable to different circumstances.
The two laws can therefore be construed as harmonious parts of the legislative expression of its policy
to promote a rice and corn program. In order to effect a repeal by implication, the latter statute must be
irreconcilably inconsistent and repugnant to the prior existing law, hence there was no repeal.
LATIN MAXIM:
38b, 39a
FACTS:
Defendant-appellant Tan Lua was declared an insolvent in the Philippines while she was in
China. At this, she appointed her son to manage, sell and encumber her properties situated in the
Philippines. A certain Vicente Nepomuceno was appointed assignee of the involuntary insolvency.
Defendant-appellant executed a mortgage deed of a parcel of land to petitioner so as to secure a loan.
The assignee filed his appointment for the purpose of transferring the property to him.
ISSUE:
W/N the mortgage given by respondent to petitioner was valid and legal considering the fact
that the assignee recorded his appointment after the transfer has been made.
HELD:
The Insolvency Law and the Land Registration Act compliment each other and are both
intended to protect the rights and interests of creditors, according the latter a means for securing their
insolvent debtor's property, against which they may enforce their credits. Construing the Insolvency
Law together with the Land Registration Act, we reach the conclusion that in order that the assignment
of the insolvent debtor's real property made by the clerk of the proper court to the assignee may operate
to vest in said assignee all of said estate from the commencement of the insolvency proceedings, both
such proceedings and the assignment must have been recorded in the registry of deeds, the former from
their commencement. Petitioner is a mortgagee in good faith and therefore the mortgage upon the land
given to him by the latter, which was registered with a Torrens title, is legal and valid.
LATIN MAXIM:
38b, 39a
Villegas vs. Subido
Case No. 314
G.R. No. L-31711, (September 30, 1971)
Chapter X, Page 411, Footnote No.96
FACTS:
The Secretary of Finance authorized Jose R. Gloria of the Office of the City Treasurer of
Manila to assume the duties of Assistant City Treasurer. In an Administrative Order, series of 1968,
Petitioner, Mayor of the City of Manila, directed Gloria to desist and refrain from exercising the duties
and functions of the Assistant City Treasurer, saying that Romualdez is not empowered to make such
designation. Petitioner, appointed Manuel D. Lapid as Assistant City Treasurer. Respondent,
disapproved the appointment, basing his action, on an opinion of the Secretary of Justice, to the effect
that the appointment of Assistant Provincial Treasurers is still governed by Sec. 2088a of the Revised
Administrative Code, and not by Sec. 4 of the Decentralization Law, RA 5185.
ISSU
E: W/N the Decentralization Law should govern.
HEL
D: No. It has been the constant holding of this court that repeals by implication
are not favored and will not be so declared unless it be manifest that the legislature so intended. Such a
doctrine goes as far back as United States v. Reyes, a 1908 decision. It is necessary then before such a
repeal is deemed to exist that it be shown that the statutes or statutory provisions deal with the same
subject matter and that the latter be inconsistent with the former.
A subsequent statute, general in character as to its terms and application, is not to be
construed as repealing a special or specific enactment, unless the legislative purpose to do so is
manifest.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 9, 50
Jalandoni vs. Endaya
Case No. 137
G.R. No. L-23894, (January 24, 1974)
Chapter X, Footnote No. 62
FACTS:
Petitioner instituted a criminal complaint for libel against a Serafin Cruz in the Municipal
Court of Batangas presided over by the Respondent Judge. During the hearing of the libel case Cruz,
through counsel manifested in open court that under Art. 360 of the Revised Penal Code, (the court of
first instance of the province or city where the libelous article is printed and first published or where
any of the offended parties actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense), Respondent
Judge was devoid of jurisdiction to do so. There was, as noted, a negative response. Respondent still
tried the case.
ISSUE:
W/N Municipal Court of Batangas has jurisdiction over case at hand.
HEL
D: No. As is clear from his well-written memorandum, he did base his action on
what for him was the consequence of the Judiciary Act as amended by RA 3828, Sec. 87 of which
would confer concurrent jurisdiction on municipal judges in the
capital of provinces with court of first instance where the penalty provided for by law does not exceed
prision correccional or imprisonment for not more than six years or fine not exceeding six thousand
pesos or both. Libel is one of those offenses included in such category. He would thus conclude that as
the amendatory act came into effect on June 22, 1963, the provisions of Art. 360 as last amended by
RA 1289 conferring exclusive jurisdiction on courts of first instance, was thus repealed by implication.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 9, 49
CIR vs. Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corporation. Valdez v. Tuazon
Case No. 79
Case No. 111
G.R. Nos. 83583-84 September 30, 1991
G.R. No. L-14957 (March 16, 1920)
Chapter X, Page 400, Footnote No.64
Chapter X, Page 388, Footnote No. 9
FACTS:
FACTS:
Respondent Corporation filed with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue two separate
This is a petition for divorce filed by petitioner against his respondent wife. Act No. 2710
written claims for refund in the amounts of P974,978.50 and P424,303.33, respectively, representing
states that a petition of divorce due to adultery or concubinage cannot be granted except upon
25% of the specific taxes collected on the refined and manufactured mineral oils, motor fuel and diesel
conviction. The respondent has never been convicted of the offense of adultery. Petitioner contends
fuel oils that it had utilized in its operations as a mining concessionaire, using RA 1435 as basis. The
that he is entitled to divorce based on prevailing laws before the enactment of Act No. 2710.
Court of Tax Appeals decided that Respondent Corporation can no longer claim this due to P.D. 231,
436 and 711.
ISSUE:
W/N Act No. 2710 should be applied in the case.
ISSUE:
W/N Republic Act No. 1435 (An Act To Provide Means of Increasing the Highway Special
HELD:
Fund) or certain provisions thereof have been repealed by subsequent statutes.
Act No. 2710 should be applied. Even if the said Act has no repealing clause, when there is a
plain and unavoidable repugnancy between two laws, the later must be given effect. Negative statutes
HELD:
are mandatory, and must be presumed to have been intended as a repeal of all conflicting provisions.
Yes. We find that the disputed proviso found in Sec. 5 of RA 1435 was drafted to favor a
The situation in this case does not require the application of any of the artificial canons of
particular group of taxpayers-the miners and the lumbermen-because it was "unfair" to subject them to
interpretation, for the language of the statute is so plain that its meaning is unmistakable.
the increased rates and in effect make them subsidize the construction of highways from which they
did not directly benefit. Given the present concept of the general fund and its wide application, then the
LATIN MAXIM:
proviso in Sec. 5 of RA 1435 has truly become an anachronism. It is inevitable that, sooner or later, the
7a, 49
miners will stand to benefit from any of the government endeavors and it will no longer be correct to
asseverate that the imposition of the increased rates in specific taxes to augment the general fund for
government undertakings is "unfair" to the miners because they are not directly convenienced.
While we generally do not favor repeal by implication, it cannot be denied that situations can
and do arise wherein we are left with no other alternative but to concede the point that an earlier law
has been impliedly repealed or revoked by a later law because of an obvious inconsistency.

LATIN MAXIM:
49
Estate of Mota v. Concepcion
Case No. 42
G.R. No. L-34581 (March 31, 1932)
FACT
S: In 1919, Lazaro Mota and Salvador Serra entered into a partnership to
construct several kilometers of railroad in Occidental Negros. In 1920, Serra transferred his half
interest to Concepcion and Whitaker. In December of the same year, Mota also sold his half to the
same purchaser. On the last sale, only part of the price was paid, so Concepcion and Whitaker
mortgaged to Mota the railroad. Mota registered the contract as an unregistered real property.
ISSUE:
1. W/N a mortgage over an unregistered property is valid.
2. W/N enforcement of mortgage is fatal to right of rescission.
HELD:
1. According to Standard Oil Co. vs. Castro, Sec. 194 of the Administrative Code clearly
recognizes the validity of such a contract between the contracting parties.
2. The election to enforce the contract of mortgage is fatal to the right of rescission. Serra
foreclosed the mortgage given to him to secure the unpaid portion of the selling price of the railway.
LATIN MAXIM:
1 what the law actually is, it is entitled to respectful consideration, but it is not conclusive on the courts.
Torrente v. Grove
Case No. 155
G.R. No. L-2340 (December 21, 1905)
FACT
S: This case is an appeal from a habeas corpus proceeding, discharging the
petitioner from detention. It is alleged that the order of arrest is illegal on its face in that the Justice of
the Peace had no jurisdiction to issue the order directing the making of an arrest outside the Province
of Cebu. It is contended that the arrest and detention of petitioner, were illegal and void.
ISSUE:
W/N the Justice of the Peace can issue an order of arrest wherever he may be in the
Philippines.
HELD:
Under the provision of Sec. 13 of G.O. No. 58, a justice of the peace is vested with authority
to issue a lawful order of arrest, wherever he may be in the Philippines. Due to contrary provisions, the
general order has impliedly repealed the Spanish law. The contention of the petitioner that Act No. 59
is a proof that the Civil Commission deemed it necessary to make an express grant of such authority
and that they were of opinion that prior to the publication of the said law the processes of the justices
of the peace did not run throughout the province, much less the archipelago. The court however said
that the opinion of the law making authority as to the meaning and effect of the law does not determine
LATIN MAXIM:
4, 49
Pamil v. Teleron
Case No. 195
G.R. No. L-34854 (November 20, 1978)
Chapter I, Page 33, Footnote No. 148
FACTS:
Respondent Fr. Gonzaga was elected and proclaimed municipal mayor of Albuquerque,
Bohol. The petitioner, himself an aspirant for the office, filed for Gonzaga’s disqualification based on
Sec. 2175 of the Administrative Code which stated that in no case can ecclesiastics be elected to a
municipal office.
ISSUE:
W/N an ecclesiastic is eligible to be elected.
HEL
D: The vote was indecisive. Seven believed Sec. 2175 was no longer operative.
Five believed that the prohibition was not tainted with any constitutional infirmity. Though the five
were a minority, the votes of the seven were insufficient to render the provision ineffective, hence it
was presumed valid. Gonzaga was ordered to vacate the mayoralty.
Dissenting Seven: The challenged provision was superseded by the 1935 Constitution, the
supreme law, which mandated that no religious test shall be required for the exercise of political rights.
Sec. 2175 was also repealed by the Election Code for ecclesiastics are no longer included in the
enumeration of ineligible persons. Also, legislation that intends to repeal all former laws upon the
subject shows the legislative intent to repeal the former statutory law.
Minor Five: For a later provision to repeal a prior one there must be such absolute
repugnance between the two. No such repugnance is discernible. Sec. 2175 has neither been repealed
nor superseded. The section also admitted no exception, therefore there can be none. The Court cannot
rewrite the law under the guise of interpretation.
LATIN MAXIM:
Dissenting Seven: 9a, 30a, 32, 49 Minor Five: 6c, 7a, 7c, 37, 43
People v. Almuete
Case No. 200
G.R. No. L-26551 (February 27, 1976)
Chapter IV, Page 142, Footnote No. 61
FACTS:
Almuete, et. al. were charged with the violation of Sec. 39 of the Agricultural Tenancy Law
(ATL). The accused, tenants of Fernando, allegedly pre-threshed a portion of their respective harvests
without notifying her or obtaining her consent. The accused filed a motion to quash alleging that at the
time of the supposed offense, there was no longer any law punishing the act.
ISSU
E: W/N pre-threshing was still a crime at the time the act was committed.
HEL
D:
Sec. 39 was impliedly repealed by the Agricultural Land Reform Code which was already in
force at the time of the act. The ALRC suspended the ATL. It instituted the leasehold system and
abolished the rice share tenancy system. The prohibition against pre-threshing is premised on the
existence of the rice share tenancy system and is the basis for penalizing clandestine pre-threshing. The
evident purpose is to prevent the tenant and the landholder from defrauding each other in the division
of the harvests. The legislative intent not to punish anymore the tenant’s act of pre- threshing is evident
by not re-enacting Sec. 39 of the ATL. A subsequent statute, revising the whole subject matter of a
former statute operates to repeal the former statute. The repeal of a penal law deprives the courts of
jurisdiction to punish persons charged with a violation of the old penal law prior to its repeal.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 10, 47, 49
Smith Bell & Co. v. Municipality of Zamboanga Lechoco v. Civil Aeronautics Board
Case No. 148
Case No. 71
G.R. No. L-33318 (December 20, 1930)
G.R. No. L-32979-81 (February 29, 1972)

FACT
S: Municipality of Zamboanga imposed upon the plaintiff a license fee for its
machine for the baling of hemp in accordance with Ordinance No. 226. Plaintiff paid the license fee
under protest and contended that defendant had no authority to impose such tax and that the ordinance
in question is null and void. The defendant argues that the latter has no power to levy the tax in
question under Sec. 2625(d) of the Administrative Code but it does have such power under a
subsequent enactment of Act No. 3422.
FACT
S: Petitioner contends that by the enactment of RA 2677 amending Sec. 13(a)
and 14 of C.A. No. 146, jurisdiction to control rates of airships was taken away from the Civil
Aeronautics Board (CAB) and re-vested in the Public Service Commission (PSC) since RA 2677
impliedly repealed RA 776 which conferred to the CAB the power of control over air rates and fares.
On the other hand, respondents argue that jurisdiction over air fares and rates were, under
both statutes, exercisable concurrently by the CAB and the PSC.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N Act No. 3422 repealed Sec. 2625(d) the Administrative Code. Whether the authority to fix air carrier’s rates is vested in the CAB or in the PSC.
E:

HEL
D: Repeals by implication are not favored. If the legislature intended its repeal, it
would have made specific reference in the repealing clause as it did in expressly repealing Sec. 2407 of
the Administrative Code. A general affirmative act will not be construed to repeal a special or local
statute unless the intention is manifest.
HEL
Authority to fix air carrier’s rates is vested in both the CAB and the PSC. Under
D:
RA 776, the CAB can fix and determine reasonable individual, joint or special rates charges or fares
for air carriers but is subject to the maximum rates on freights and passengers that may be set by the
PSC under RA 2677. Furthermore, implied repeal of statutes is not favored.

LATIN LATIN
MAXIM: 37, 50 MAXIM: 37,
38b
Villegas v. Enrile Villegas v. Subido
Case No. 171
Case No. 172
G.R. No. L-29827 (March 31, 1973)
G.R. No. L-24012 & L- 24040 (August 9, 1965)

FACT FACT
S: It is the contention of the petitioner that if Sec. 4 of the Decentralization Act S: The Commissioner of Civil Service claims that RA 2260 impliedly repealed RA
be given effect, then the authority to appoint a City Fiscal is not lodged in respondent Secretary of 557and 409 providing for the removal and suspension of policemen. The City Mayor was ordered to
Justice but in him as Mayor of the City of Manila. cease from deciding administrative cases of officers and employees in Manila and submit to the
The defense of the respondents on the other hand is the continuing effectivity of the provision Commissioner of Civil Service all pending disciplinary cases.
of the Charter of the City of Manila, which negates the assumption of authority on the part of the
petitioner. ISSUE
W/N RA 2260 impliedly repeal RA 557 and Sec. 22 of RA 409 so as to vest in the
ISSUE: Commissioner of Civil Service the exclusive and original jurisdiction to remove, suspend and separate
W/N the Decentralization Act impliedly repealed the provision of the Charter of the City of policemen and employees of the City of Manila in the competitive service.
Manila.

HELD:
No. The issue in this case was already decided in previous jurisprudence in the case of HEL
Villegas v. Subido. Furthermore, petitioner ignored the provision that the City D: No. RA 2260 states that the removal and suspension by the City Mayor can be
Fiscal is not included in the enumeration made in the Decentralization Act. passed upon or reviewed by the Commissioner of Civil Service. It does not state that the power of
removal is conferred to the other body. RA 557 and 409 are special laws covering specific situations
LATIN of policemen and employees of the City of Manila, RA 557 and 409 subsists side-by-side with RA
MAXIM: 2a, 2260 and are not impliedly repealed by the latter which is a general law. RA 2260 contemplates appeal
5a, 37 from the decision of the City Mayor to the Commissioner of Civil Service, instead of to the President.
Repeal by implication is not favored and if two laws can be reconciled, the construction will be against
such repeal.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 38b, 50
U.S. v. Palacio Marin v. Nacianceno
Case No. 301
Case No. 171
G.R. No. 11002 (January 17, 1916)
G.R. No. 5939 (March 29, 1911)
Chapter X, Page 406, Footnote No. 77
Chapter X, Page 411, Footnote No. 100
FACTS:
FACTS:
Respondent was accused of violating Sec. 87 of Act No. 82 when he willfully omitted from
Felisa Hernandez died before the testatrix, but the testatrix did not alter her will in respect to
the tax lists real property which he knows to be lawfully taxable. He posits that Act No. 2238 repeals
this legacy after the death of the legatee. The petitioners are the surviving heirs of the devisee who
by implication Act No. 82 because of the clause in Sec. 18 that states “all acts or parts of Acts in
relies upon Sec. 758 of the Code of Civil Procedure which provides that “When a devise or a legacy is
conflict therewith are repealed.”
made to a child… and the devisee or legatee dies before the testator, leaving issues… such issue shall
take the estate so given as the devisee or legatee would have done… unless a different disposition is
ISSUE:
required by law.” The executor of the will opposes the payment upon the ground that such legatee had
W/N Act No. 2238 had repealed the penal effect of Act No. 82.
no interest therein, having died before the testator so as to pass to the heirs.
HELD:
ISSUE:
No. Act No. 2238 had done nothing but to change the method and procedure provided in Act
W/N the heirs of Felisa Hernandez become the heir to her legacy after her death even if the
No. 82. Repeals by implication are not favored, unless it is manifest that such is the intention of the
testator did not alter her will.
legislature. Act No. 2238 provides no penalty thus, Sec. 87 of Act No. 82 continues in force.
HELD:
LATIN MAXIM:
Yes. The construction by the respondent would repeal or annul the section absolutely. It is
9a, 38b
tantamount to saying that the legislature enacted a law and repealed it at the same time. If petitioners
are not entitled to the payment of this legacy, then Sec. 758 would have no value and might as well
have never been written which is an absurd interpretation.

LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 11
Velunta v. Chief, Philippine Constabulary Pacis v. Averia
Case No. 309
Case No. 194
G.R. No. L-71855 (January 20, 1988)
G.R. No. L-22526 (November 29, 1966)
Chapter X, Page 412, Footnote No. 102
Chapter X, Page 413, Footnote No. 105

FACTS:
Petitioner as patrolman and member of the Integrated National police (INP) apprehended a
motorcycle driver for violation of traffic rules. An altercation occurred which resulted in the shooting
and death of the driver Lozano. Anacorita, the widow of Lozano then filed for a criminal case where it
was found that there exists a prima facie evidence that petitioner, “with deliberate intent and with
intent to kill,” shot Lozano during the performance of duty. Petitioner contends that General Court
Martial has no jurisdiction since P.D. 1850 was repealed by E.O. 1040 & 1012.
FACTS:
Petitioner, the Acting Collector of Customs, commenced a seizure and forfeiture proceedings
pursuant to the Tariff and Customs Code referring to the incident wherein sailors were wounded in a
chase for boat loaded with untaxed cigarettes. On the same day, Marges, the alleged boat owner, filed a
Civil Case for replevin alleging that the boat was stolen. The fishing boat therein was transferred to the
Provincial Sheriff, and later on to Marges as commanded by respondent Hon. Averia.

ISSU ISSU
E: W/N the Court Martial has jurisdiction. E: 3. W/N Marges could recover the fishing boat.
4. W/N Provincial Sheriff may be held in contempt for failure to comply with the writ.
HEL Yes. It is specifically stated under E.O. 1012 that it is only the “operational
D:
supervision and direction” over all units of the INP that was transferred from the Constabulary to the HEL
city/municipal government. Under E.O. 1040, it is the exercise of D: 1. No. The jurisdiction of the Collector of Customs is provided for in RA
“administrative control and supervision” over units of the INP that was transferred to the President. 1937 which took effect much later than the Judiciary Act. It is axiomatic that the later law prevails over
The allegation that P.D. 1850 has been expressly repealed by clear and precise provision of E.O. 1040 the prior statute.
is inaccurate. Repeals by implication are not favored and will not be so declared unless the intent of the 2. Yes. The writ was received by respondent Sheriff. It has also caught the Supreme
legislators in manifested. Court’s notice that respondent sheriff has practically taken the cudgels for the boat owner. He went
beyond his official acts and proceeded to espouse the cause of the boat owner giving impression that
LATIN MAXIM: his interest in the subject is more than just the interest of a public official.
9a, 20c, 27, 37
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 20c, 49
Herman v. Radio Corporation of the Philippines Philippine National Bank v. Cruz, et al.
Case No. 123
Case No. 239
G.R. No. 26802 (July 15, 1927)
G.R. No. 80593 (December 18, 1989)
Chapter X, Page 414, Footnote No. 107 Chapter X, Page 414, Footnote No. 108

FACTS:
Two Philippine corporation attempting to develop the commercial radio business (Far Eastern
Radio Inc. and Radio Corp.) agreed to merge. The petitioner herein has been largely interested in the
respondent corporation, and in consideration of the cancelled contract for his services to the
respondent, it was agreed in the contract of merger that he should be offered the post of manager of the
traffic department.
ISSUE:
W/N Herman’s claim for salary has been expressly waived in the final agreement.
HELD:
Yes. In Sec. 333 of the Code of Civil Procedures, it mentions that whenever a party has, by his
own declaration, act or omission, intentionally or deliberately led
another to believe a particular thing is true and to act upon such belief, he cannot be permitted to
falsify it. Sec. 1815 of the Civil Code also does not apply since the transaction was more than a
compromise. The Code of Civil Procedures must prevail because it is a later expression of legislative
will than Art. 1815 of the Civil Code.
LATIN
MAXIM:
9a, 49
FACTS:
Aggregate Mining Exponents (AMEX) suffered huge financial losses and was unable to pay
its remaining employees. Two years after, AMEX entered into an operation contract agreement with
T.M. San Andres Development Corporation, thus enabling the latter to acquire on lease the equipment
of AMEX.
The unpaid workers filed for monetary compensation before the Labor Arbiter. The said
Arbiter awarded backwages and separation pay. AMEX did not appeal but PNB, as mortgage-creditor,
appealed and alleged that the workers should be given their unpaid wages only and not the termination
pay. The NLRC denied the appeal of PNB. Hence, this instant petition by the PNB on the grounds that
Article 110 of the Labor Code does not create lien in favor of the workers for unpaid wages upon the
properties of the employer.
ISSU
E: W/N Art. 110 of the Labor Code is to be construed as not favoring the unpaid
workers because of the order of preference provided in Art. 2241 to 2245 of the Civil Code.
HELD:
No. Art. 110 of the Labor Code provides for “worker preference in case of bankruptcy”. It
specifically states that “In the event of bankruptcy… of an employer’s business, his workers shall
enjoy FIRST preference as regards to their unpaid wages, any provision of law to the contrary not
withstanding… such unpaid wages shall be paid in FULL before claims of the government and other
creditors may be paid.”

LATIN MAXIM:
6a, 49
David v. Commission on Elections
Case No. 85
G.R. No. 127116 (April 8, 1997)
Chapter X, Page 413, Footnote No. 105
FACTS:
Barangay Chairman Alex David raised the question of when the barangay elections should be
held and questions the COMELEC’s schedule of holding such elections on the 2 nd Monday of May
1997. The COMELEC’s basis is R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code which mandates barangay
elections every 3 years. Petitioner David contends that an earlier law, R.A. 6679, should be the one
followed.
R.A. 6679 provides that barangay elections should be held every 5 years. He also contends that there is
a violation of Art. 10, Sec. 8 of the Constitution.
ISSUE:
1. What the term of office of barangay officials is.
2. W/N there was a violation of Art. 10, Sec. 8 of the Constitution.
HELD:
1. It is basic in cases of irreconcilable conflict between two laws that the later legislative
enactment prevails. Furthermore, the Supreme Court in Paras v. COMELEC had the opportunity to
mention when the next barangay election should be when it stated that “the next regular election
involving the barangay office is barely 7 months away, the same having been scheduled in May
1997”.
2. No. Art. 10, Sec. 8 of the Constitution provides that, ‘The term of office of elective local
officials, except barangay officials, which shall be determined by law, shall be three years…” It is not
to be construed as prohibiting a 3-year term of office for barangay officials.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 9a, 20a, 49
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals
Case No. 73
G.R. No. 95022 (March 23, 1992)
Chapter VII, Page 300, Footnote No. 81
FACTS:
This is a petition to reverse the Decision ordering the refund of the GCL Retirement Plan
representing the withholding tax on income.
RA 4917 exempted the GCL Retirement Plan, including all the retirement benefits given to
officials and employees of private firms, from income tax. Soon after, P.D. 1959 was promulgated
abolishing the exemption from withholding tax of interest on bank deposits previously given by P.D.
1739 if the recipient of the interest is exempt from income taxation. The GCL Plan is one of those
exempted from income tax under RA 4917.
Petitioner contends that P.D. 1959 impliedly repealed the provisions of RA 4917 and RA
1983, and that GCL Plan is subject to the final withholding tax.
ISSUE:
W/N GCL Retirement Plan retains its tax exemption after the promulgation of
P.D. 1959.
HELD:
Yes. The deletion in P.D. 1959 of the provisions regarding tax exemption under the old law
can’t be deemed to be applicable to the employees’ trusts. P.D. 1959 is a general law, hence, it can’t
repeal a specific provision impliedly.
It is known in statutory construction that a subsequent statute that is general in character can’t
be construed as repealing a special or specific enactment unless there is a legislative manifestation of
such effect. Also in Villegas v. Subido, such rule is upheld even if the provisions of the latter
legislation are sufficiently comprehensive to include what was set forth in the special act.
LATIN MAXIM:
1, 5a, 43, 50
People v. Leachon, Jr.
Case No. 108
G.R. No. 108725-26 (September 25, 1998)
FACT
S: The Provincial Prosecutor of Occidental Mindoro filed two separate
information for violation of P.D. 772, also known as Anti-Squatting Law before the RTC presided over
by respondent judge. After presenting the evidence, the prosecution rested the cases.
Almost a year after the prosecution has rested, respondent judge issued an order dismissing
the case motu proporio on the ground of lack of jurisdiction. Thereafter, the CA ordered the
continuation of trial of the subject case. A month after, the respondent judge dismissed the case again,
opining that P.D. 772 is obsolete and deemed repealed by Sec. 9 and 10 of Art. 13 of the 1987
Constitution, which provide that, “urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings
demolished except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.”
ISSUE:
W/N responded judge acted in grave abuse of discretion in dismissing the subject criminal
case.
HELD:
Yes. The Anti-Squatting law enjoys the presumption of constitutionality. Unless otherwise
repealed by a subsequent law or adjudged unconstitutional by this court, a law will always be
presumed valid. At the time the order was issued by respondent judge, P.D. 772 was still effective.
Neither has this court declared its unconstitutionality, notwithstanding the social justice provision of
the Constitution.
LATIN
MAXIM: 37, 50
Philippine Airlines Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission
Case No. 118
G.R. No. 114307 (July 8, 1998)
FACT
S: Private respondent Edilberto Castro was hired as manifesting clerk by petitioner
PAL. Respondent was apprehended by government authorities while about to board a flight en route to
Hongkong in violation of Central Bank (CB) Circular 265, as amended by CB Circular 383, in relation to
Sec. 34 of RA 265, as amended.
PAL placed Castro on preventive suspension for grave misconduct. Three years and six months after
his suspension, PAL issued a resolution finding respondent guilty of the offense charged but nonetheless
reinstated the latter. The said resolution likewise required respondent to affix his signature therein to signify
his full conformity to the action taken by PAL. Upon his reinstatement, respondent filed a claim against PAL
for backwages and salary increases granted under the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) covering the
period of his suspension.
ISSUE:
W/N Castro is entitled to backwages and salary increases granted under the CBA during his period
of suspension.
HELD:
Yes. The rules clearly provide that a preventive suspension shall not exceed a maximum period of
30 days, after which period, the employee must be reinstated to his former position. If the suspension is
otherwise extended, the employee shall be entitled to his salaries and other benefits that may accrue to him
during the period of such suspension.
LATIN MAXIM:
7a, 13b
Province of Misamis Oriental v. Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company, Inc. De Joya v. Lantin
Case No. 127
Case No. 31
G.R. No. 45355 (January 12, 1990)
G.R. No. L-24037 (April 27, 1967)

FACT
S: Respondent CEPALCO was granted a franchise under RA 3247, 3570, and
6020 to install, operate and maintain an electric light, heat and power system in Cagayan de Oro City
and its suburbs including the municipalities of Tagoloan, Opol, Villanueva, and Jasaan. The franchise
of CEPALCO expressly exempts it from payment of “all taxes of whatever authority” except 3% tax
on its gross earnings.
The Provincial treasurer of Misamis Oriental, however, demanded payment of the provincial
franchise tax from CEPALCO in accordance with the Local Tax Code (P.D. 231) and pursuant thereto,
the Provincial Revenue Ordinance No. 19.
FACT
S: Respondent Francindy Commercial purchased bales of textile from Cebu
Company Ernerose Commercial. However, the Bureau of Customs discovered that the goods to be
delivered by Ernerose were different from those declared. Customs took custody of the shipment.
Francindy Commercial filed a petition in the Court of First Instance for Customs to release the
goods. Francindy insisted that the CFI had jurisdiction – on the basis of the Judiciary Act – and not the
Bureau of Customs. RA 1937 and 1125, on the other hand, vest exclusive jurisdiction over seizure and
forfeiture proceedings to the Bureau of Customs.

ISSUE:
W/N CEPALCO is exempt from paying the provincial franchise tax. ISSU
E: Who has jurisdiction over the shipment.
HEL
D: No. No provision in P.D. 231 expressly or impliedly amends or repeals RA 3247,
HEL
D:
3570 and 6020. A special and local statute applicable to a particular case is not repealed by a later The Bureau of Customs does. RA 1937 and 1125 are special laws, whereas the Judiciary Act
statute which is general in its terms, provisions and application even if the terms of the general act are is a general law. In case of conflict, special laws prevail over general ones.
broad enough to include cases in the special law unless there is manifest intent to repeal or alter the
special law. Also, the Secretary of Finance made it clear that the franchise tax provided in the Local LATIN MAXIM:
Tax Code may only be imposed on companies with franchise that do not contain exempting clause. 50
LATIN
MAXIM: 2a, 50
Arayata v. Joya Sitchon, et al. v. Aquino
Case No. 9
Case No. 147
G.R. No. L-28067 (March 10, 1928)
G.R. No. L-8500 (February 27, 1956)

FACT FACT
S: Cecilio Joya was leasing six friar lots, and he started paying the Government S: Respondent Aquino, the City Engineer of Manila, demolished the houses of
for such. Because the number of lands he can hold is limited, he conveyed some of the lots to the six petitioners in this class suit, because their houses were “public nuisances” built on public streets
respondent F. Joya as administrator. and river beds.
Cecilio died before fully paying the Government for the lands. His widow, herein petitioner, Petitioners contend that under the Civil Code, Art. 701 and 702, it is the district health officer
was ruled to own only one-half of the lot based on the Civil Code provision on conjugal property. The who should remove public nuisances. Respondent, on the other hand, argues that RA 409, the Revised
court then sought to deliver the property to Florentino for liquidation and distribution. Charter of the City of Manila, grants the power to remove public nuisances to the City Engineer.
Petitioner claimed that under Act 1120, Sec. 16, the widow receives all deeds of her deceased
spouse upon compliance with requirements of the law. ISSUE:
Whose job it is to determine and demolish public nuisances, the health officer under the Civil
ISSU Code or the city engineer under RA 409.
E: Whether the Civil Code provision on conjugal property prevails or Act 1120’s
full conveyance of the property to the widow. HEL
D: The City Engineer, under RA 409, has jurisdiction. The Civil Code is a general
HEL law applicable throughout the Philippines, whereas RA 409 is a special law that pertains solely to the
D: Act 1120 prevails. It lays down provisions regarding acquisition, disposition, City of Manila. When a general and a special law are in conflict,
and transmission of friar lands, which are contrary to the Civil Code. The Civil Code is a general law, the latter prevails.
while Act 1120 is a special law. The special law must prevail.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM: 50
50
Bellis v. Bellis
Case No. 14
G.R. No. L-23678 (June 6, 1967)
FACT
S: Amos Bellis, a citizen of Texas USA, died. He had 7 legitimate and 3 illegimate
children, all surnamed Bellis. After the execution of the decedent’s will, which was executed in the
Philippines where the properties involved were situated, the executor divided the residuary estate into 7
equal portions for the benefit of the testator’s 7 legitimate children. Herein appellants filed their
respective oppositions on the ground that the partition deprived of their legitimes as illegitimate
children. Relying on Art. 16 of the New Civil Code which provides that the national law of the
decedent should apply (Texas Law), which did not provide for legitimes, the CFI of Manila denied
such oppositions.
ISSUE:
Whether Texas Law or the Philippine Law must apply in intestate and testamentary
succession.
HELD:
Texas Law should apply. Art. 16, par 2, and Art. 1039 of the Civil Code render applicable the
national law of the decedent, in intestate or testamentary
successions. It must have been the purpose of the Congress to make Art. 16, par. 2 a specific provision
in itself which must be applied in testate and intestate succession. As further indication of this intent,
Art. 1039 provides that the capacity to succeed is governed by the national of the decedent. It is thus
evident that Congress has not intended to extend our system of legitimes to the succession of foreign
nationals.
LATIN MAXIM:
6b, 9c
Philippine Trust Co. v. Macuan
Case No. 123
G.R. No. 32280 (March 24, 1930)
FACT
S: Defendant Macuan married F. Tormo, who became mentally incapacitated.
Defendant filed a petition to the Court asking that he be appointed guardian of the person and estate of
his wife, the latter consisting in undivided half in a certain land with improvements, which is claimed
to be conjugal property. Subsequently, M. Tormo, et. al., filed a motion, which was later granted by the
Court, praying that the guardian be instructed to file a complete inventory of all the property belonging
to his ward. A special guardian, Philippine Trust Co., was appointed for the recovery of the ownership
and possession of the property herein involved.
ISSUE:
1. W/N a married woman judicially declared mentally incapacitated is entitled to include in
the inventory of her property that which is conjugal.
2. W/N the defendant may be compelled to include in the inventory of his mentally
incapacitated wife’s property, her undivided half of the conjugal property.
HEL
D: 1. No. She is not entitled to include half of the legal conjugal partnership,
which still subsists, in the inventory of her property.
2. The defendant, being the guardian, cannot be compelled to include in the inventory of the
same, said half of the conjugal property. The Court relied on 1) the Code of Civil Procedure, which is
general in character; and 2) the Civil Code, which is more specific, referring to the management of the
property of a demented ward who is married. Thus, Civil Code takes precedence over the Code of Civil
Procedure.
LATIN MAXIM:
50
Tan Liao v. American President Lines, Ltd.
Case No. 153
G.R. No. L-7280 (January 20, 1956)
FACTS:
This is an action filed by plaintiff-appellant Tan Liao for the recovery of P92,755.00, with
interest from the damages allegedly suffered by plaintiff due to the wrongful and unauthorized delay
and careless handling in the transportation of a cargo of eggs undertaken by defendant for plaintiff
from the port of New York, USA to the port of Manila. The suit was brought more than a year from the
receipt of the goods, and thereby, claimed by the defendant to have already prescribed in accordance
with the prescription given by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act.
ISSUE:
W/N the action for damages had already prescribed, and thus, barred the appellant to receive
compensation for damages.
HELD:
Yes, it has already prescribed. The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act provides that loss or
damage suit must be brought within one year after the delivery of the goods. Relying on the ruling in
previous cases, the Court held that the prescriptive period of 1 year established by the Carriage of
Goods by Sea Act modified pro tanto the provisions of Act No. 190 as to goods transported in foreign
trade, the former being a special act while the latter is a law of general application.
LATIN MAXIM:
5a, 50
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Tax Appeal
Case No. 75
G.R. No. 44007 (March 20, 1991)
Chapter X, Page 415, Footnote No. 115
FACTS:
Private respondent, a British-owned foreign corporation was granted a legislative franchise,
pursuant to RA 808, which included a tax exemption from the payment of all taxes except a franchise
tax of 5% on the gross earnings and tax on its real property. The CIR assessed the corporation in the
amount of 7M pesos representing deficiency income tax maintaining that the franchise was inoperative
for failure to comply with Sec. 8, Art. 14 of the 1935 Constitution which limits the grant of franchise to
Filipino-owned corporations. The Court of Tax Appeals rendered the franchise unconstitutional while
declaring petitioner’s assessment without effect having been made beyond the prescribed period
stipulated in the Tax Code.
ISSUE:
W/N the provision in the franchise requiring the payment of only 5% of the gross receipts in
lieu of any and all taxes is unenforceable and without legal effect, for failure of the respondent
corporation to comply with the 1935 Constitution, the Corporation Law and the Public Service Act.
HELD:
No. The legislative franchise was valid. As a charter is in the nature of a private contract, the
imposition of another franchise tax on the corporation by the local authority would constitute an
impairment of the contract between the government and the corporation. RA 808 as a special statute
must be deemed an exemption to the general laws as it was meant to meet particular sets of conditions
and circumstances.
LATIN MAXIM:
9a, 50
NPVC v. Presiding Judge RTC Br. XXV
Case No. 87
G.R. No. 72477 (October 16, 1990)
FACTS:
The Province of Misamis Oriental filed a complaint with the Regional Trial Court of
Cagayan de Oro City, Branch XXV against NAPOCOR for the collection of real property tax covering
the period 1978 to 1984. Petitioner contends that the court has no jurisdiction over the suit and that it is
not the proper forum for the adjudication of the case pursuant to P.D. 242 which provides that disputes
between agencies of the government including GOCC’s shall be administratively settled or adjudicated
by the Secretary of Justice. On the other hand respondent invokes P.D. 464 which governs the
appraisal and assessment of real property for purposes of taxation by provinces, cities and
municipalities thereby justifying its position in favor of the concerned municipal corporations.
ISSUE:
W/N the respondent court has jurisdiction over the civil action.
HELD:
Yes. P.D. 242 must yield to P.D. 464 on the matter of which tribunal or agency has
jurisdiction over the enforcement and collection of real property taxes. granted that the latter is a
special law dealing specifically with real property taxes whereas
P.D. 242 is a general law that deals with a broad coverage concerning administrative settlement of
disputes, claims and controversies between or among government agencies and instrumentalities.
Special laws ought to be upheld and construed as exceptions to the general law in the absence of
special circumstances calling for a contrary conclusion
LATIN MAXIM:
50
Lopez, Jr. v. Civil Service Commission
Case No. 150
G.R. No. 87119 (April 16, 1991)
Chapter X, Page 415, Footnote No. 116
FACTS:
The Vice-mayor of Manila submitted to the Civil Service Commission the appointment of 19
officers in the Executive Staff of the Office of the Presiding Officer pursuant to the provisions of RA
409. However, the City Budget of Manila questioned whether the payroll of the newly appointed
employees may be paid out of city funds on the basis of the appointments signed by the Vice Mayor.
The City Legal Officer then rendered an opinion that the proper appointing officer is the City Mayor
and not the City Council.
ISSUE:
W/N the Charter of the City of Manila has been repealed by RA 5185 giving mayors the
power to appoint all officials entirely paid out by city funds and BP 337 empowering local executives
to appoint all officers and employees of the city.
HELD:
No. Regardless of their date of passage, a special law (RA 409) providing specifically for the
organization of the Government of the City of Manila prevails over a general law. RA 5185 and BP
337 as general laws were not meant to deprive the City Council of Manila of its appointing power.
Also, since repeals by implication are not favored, conflict between the statutes should be very clear to
favor the assumption that the latter in time repeals the other.
LATIN MAXIM:
37, 38b, 50
Manzano v. Valera Garcia v. Pascual, et al.
Case No. 80 Case No. 110
G.R. No. 122068 (July 8, 1998) G.R. No. L-16950 (December 22, 1961)
Chapter VI, Page 277, Footnote No. 118
FACTS:
A criminal complaint for libel was filed in the sala of herein petitioner, who initially FACT
recognized that the Regional Trial Court had jurisdiction over the case S: Petitioner, a junior typist civil service eligible, was appointed by the Justice of
thereafter forwarding the records to the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor. However, the latter opined Peace as clerk of the municipality of San Jose, Nueva Ecija. When vouchers were submitted to the
that the MTC should take cognizance of the case based on Republic Act 7691 which expanded the mayor, he did not want to approve them. His reason was RA 1551 has repealed Sec. 75 of RA 926,
jurisdiction of Metropolitan, Municipal Trial, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts to hear and decide otherwise known as the Judiciary Act.
criminal cases where the penalty does not exceed 6 years. Petitioner thus filed a motion to dismiss Sec. 75 of the Judiciary Act provides that justices of peace may have clerks of court at the
upon the respondent’s acceptance of the case for the MTC’s lack of jurisdiction over the offense expense of the municipalities and shall be appointed by respective justices. RA 1551 however, which
charged. is claimed to have repealed Sec. 75 of RA 296 provides that all employees whose salaries are paid out
of the general funds of the municipalities shall be appointed by the mayor.
ISSUE:
W/N the MTC has exclusive jurisdiction over complaints for libel. ISSU
E: W/N Sec. 75 of RA 926 has been repealed by RA 1551.
HEL
D: No. The applicable law is still Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code which
HEL
D:
categorically provides that jurisdiction over libel cases are lodged with the Courts of First Instance The judge ruled that said RA 1551 did not expressly repeal Sec. 75 of the Judiciary Act and
(now Regional Trial Courts). Although RA 7691 was enacted to decongest the clogged dockets of the that the two laws may be reconciled following the principle of law that a prior specific statute is not
Regional Trial Courts by expanding the jurisdiction of first level courts, the said law is of general repealed by a subsequent general law. Also, there being no specific grant of authority in favor of the
character and does not alter the provisions of Article 360 of the RPC, which is a law of special nature. mayor to appoint the clerk of court, the power to appoint should not be considered lodged in the said
Granted that there seems to be no manifest intent to repeal or alter the jurisdiction in libel cases from mayor. Lastly, the intent of the law in placing the appointment of the clerks in the justice of the peace
the provisions of R.A. 7691it must be maintained that a special law cannot be repealed, amended or is to prevent the importunities and pressure of prejudicial politics.
altered by a subsequent general law by mere implication.
LATIN MAXIM:
LATIN MAXIM: 6b, 9a, 32, 36d, 50, b2
37, 38, 50
Lagman v. City of Manila, et al. Bagatsing v. Ramirez
Case No. 141
Case No. 28
G.R. No. L-23305 (June 30, 1966)
G.R. No. L-41631 (December 17, 1976)
Chapter X, Page 420, Footnote No. 126 Chapter VI, Page 268, Footnote No. 83

FACTS:
Petitioner operates 15 auto trucks with fixed routes and regular terminal for the transportation
of passengers and freight.
The Municipal of Manila repealed RA 409 and enacted Ordinance No. 4986, entitled “An
Ordinance Rerouting Traffic on Roads and Streets within the City of Manila, and For Other Purposes.”
ISSUE:
W/N the enactment and enforcement of Ordinance No. 4986 is unconstitutional, illegal, ultra
vires, and null and void.
FACTS:
The Municipal Board of Manila enacted Ordinance No. 7522, “An Ordinance Regulating the
Operation of Public Markets and Prescribing Fees for the Rentals of Stalls and Providing Penalties for
Violation thereof and for other Purposes.”
Respondent were seeking the declaration of nullity of the Ordinance for the reason that a) the
publication requirement under the Revised Charter of the City of Manila has not been complied with,
b) the Market Committee was not given any participation in the enactment, c) Sec. 3(e) of the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act has been violated, and d) the ordinance would violate P.D. 7
prescribing the collection of fees and charges on livestock and animal products.

HEL
D:
No. RA 409 is a special law and of later enactment than C.A. No. 548 and the
Public Service Law, so that even if conflict exists between the provisions of the former act and the
latter acts, RA 409 should prevail over both Commonwealth Acts.
Moreover, the powers conferred by law upon the Public Service Commission were not
designed to deny or supersede the regulatory power of local governments over motor traffic.
LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 11a, 49, 50
ISSU
What law shall govern the publication of tax ordinance enacted by the
E:
Municipal Board of Manila, the Revised City Charter or the Local Tax Code.
HELD:
The fact that one is a special law and the other a general law creates the presumption that the
special law is to be considered an exception to the general. The Revised Charter of Manila speaks of
“ordinance” in general whereas the Local Tax Code relates to “ordinances levying or imposing taxes,
fees or other charges” in particular. In regard therefore, the Local Tax Code controls.

LATIN MAXIM:
6c, 7a, 11a, 17, 40b, 49, 50
 Latin
Maxims Chapter IV – ADHERENCE TO, OR DEPARTURE FROM, LANGUAGE OF STATUTE LITERAL
INTERPRETATION
Chapter II – CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION
6. Index animi sermo est.
B. POWER TO CONSTRUE Speech is the index of intention. Animus
hominis est anima scripti. The intention
1. Legis interpretation legis vim obtinet. of the party is the soul. Verba legis non
Judicial construction and interpretation of a statute acquires the force of law. est recedendum.
From the words of the statute there should be no departure.
Chapter III – AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION Maledicta et exposition quae corrumpit textum.
It is bad construction which corrupts the text.
C. CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION Littera scripta manet.
The written word endures.
2. Contemporanea exposition est optima et fortissimo in lege. Clausula rebus sic stantibus.
Contemporary construction is strongest in law. Things thus standing.
Optima est legum interpres consuetudo.
Custom is the best interpreter of a statute. Regula 7. Absoluta sentential expositore non indigent.
pro lege, si deficit lex. When the language of the law is clear, no explanation is required.
In default of the law, the maxim rules. Dura lex sed lex.
The law may be harsh but it is the law.
3. Optimus interpres rerum usus. Hoc quidem perquam durum est, sed ita lex scripta est.
The best interpreter of the law is usage. It is exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.
Communis error facit jus.
Common error sometimes passes as current law. B. DEPARTURE FROM LITERAL INTERPRETATION
Quod ab initio non valet in tractu temporis non convalescit.
That which was originally void, does not by lapse of time become valid. 8. Aequitas nunquam contravenit legis.
Equity never acts in contravention of the law.
4. Ratihabitio mandato aequiparatur. Aequum et bonum est lex legume.
Legislative ratification is equivalent to a mandate. What is good and equal is the law of laws.
Jus ars boni et aequi. Law
5. Stare decisis et non quieta movere. is the art of equity.
Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been settled.
Interest republicae ut sit finis litium. 9. Ratio legis est anima legis.
The interest of the state demands that there be an end to litigation. The reason of the law is the soul of the law.
 Littera necat spiritus vivificate. Ubi eadem est ratio, ibi est eadem legis disposition. Where
The letter kills but the spirit gives life. there is the same reason, there is the same law
Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inservice. 12. Ea est accipienda interpretation quae vitio caret.
Words ought to be more subservient to the intent, and not the intent to the words. That interpretation is to be adopted which is free from evil or injustice.
Benignus leges interpretandae sunt, quod voluntas eraum conservetur. Lex injusta non est lex.
Laws are to be construed liberally, so that their spirit and reason be preserved. An unjust law is not a law.
Qui haret in littera haret in cortice.
He who considers merely the letter of an instrument goes but skin deep into its meaning. 13. Fiat justitia, ruat coelum .
Quando verba statute sunt speciali, ratio autem generalia, statum generaliter est
Let right be done, though the heavens fall.
intelligendum.
Nemo est supra legis. Nobody
When the words used in a statute are special, but the purpose of the law is general, it should be
is above the law.
read as the general expression.
Nulla potential supra legis esse debet. No
power must be above the law.
10. Cessante rationi legis, cessat et ipsa lex.
When the reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases. 14. Jurae naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fieri
locupletiorem.
11. Interpretatio talis in ambiguis simper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum. It is certainly not agreeable to natural justice that a stranger should reap the pecuniary produce of
Where there is ambiguity, the interpretation of such that will avoid inconveniences and another man’s work.
absurdity is to be adopted.
Legis construction non facit injuriam. 15. Surplusagium non nocet.
The construction of the law will not be such as to work injury or injustice. Surplusage does not vitiate a statute.
Argumentum ab inconvenient plurimum valet in lege. Utile per inutile non vitiatur.
An argument drawn from inconvenience is forcible in law. The useful is not vitiated by the non-useful.
Verba nihil operari melius est quam absurde. )
It is better that words should have no operation at all than that they should operate absurdly. 16. Falsa demostratio non nocet, cum de corpore constat.
Lex simper intendit quod convenit rationi. False description does not preclude construction nor vitiate the meaning of the statute.
The law always intends that which is in accordance with reason. Nil facit error nominis cum de corpora vel persona constat.
Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem jus. Error in name does not make an instrument inoperative when the description is sufficiently
Like reason doth make like law. clear.
Argumentum a simili valet in lege. Certum est quod certum reddi potest.
An argument drawn from a similar case, or analogy, prevails in law. That is sufficiently certain which can be made certain.
De similibus idem est judicium.
Concerning similars, the judgment is the same. 17. Ibi quid generaliter conceditur, inest haec exception, si non aliquid sit contras jus
basque.
Where anything is granted generally, exemption from rigid application of law is implied; that
nothing shall be contrary to law and right.
 18. Summum jus, summa injuria. 23. Quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur et per obliquum.
The rigor of the law would be the highest injustice. What cannot, by law, be done directly cannot be done indirectly.
Jus summum saepe, summa est militia.
Extreme law is often extreme wrong. Chapter V – INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES
19. Nemo tenetur ad impossibilia. A. IN GENERAL
The law obliges no one to perform an impossibility.
Impossibilum nulla obigatio est. 24. Generalia verba sunt generaliter intelligenda.
There is no obligation to do an impossible thing. General words should be understood in their general sense.
Lex non cogit ad impossibilia. Generis dictum generaliter est interpretandum.
The law does not require an impossibility. A general statement is understood in its general sense.
Lex non intendit aliquid impossible.
The law does not intend the impossible. 25. Verba accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam.
A word is to be understood in the context in which it is used.
C. IMPLICATIONS Verba mere aequivoca, si per communem usum loquendi in intellectu certo sumuntur, talis
intellectus preferendus est.
20. Ex necessitate legis. Equivocal words or those with double meaning are to be understood according to their
By the necessary implication of law. common and ordinary sense.
In eo quod plus sit, simper inest et minus. The
Verba artis ex arte.
greater includes the lesser.
Words of art should be explained from their usage in the art to which they belong.
Cui jurisdiction data est, ea quoque concessa esse videntur sine quibus jurisdiction
Verba generalia restringuntur ad habilitatem rei vel personam.
explicari non potuit.
General words should be confined according to the subject-matter or persons to which they
When jurisdiction is given, all powers and means essential to its exercise are also given.
relate.
21. Ubi jus, ibi remedium.
26. Ubi lex non distinguit necnon distinguere debemus.
Where there is a right, there is a remedy for violation thereof.
Where the law does not distinguish, the courts should not distinguish.
Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum.
Where the law is uncertain, there is no right.
27. Dissimilum dissimilis est ratio.
22. Ex dolo malo non oritur action. Of things dissimilar, the rule is dissimilar.
An action does not arise from fraud.
Nullius commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria. No one B. ASSOCIATED WORDS
may derive advantage from his own unlawful act. In pari delicto
potior est condition defendentis. 28. Noscitur a sociis.
Where the parties are equally at fault, the position of the defending party is the better one. A thing is known by its associates.
29. Ejesdem generis.
Of the same kind or specie.
 30. Expressio unius est exclusion alterius.
The express mention of one person, thing or consequence implies the exclusion of all others.
Expressum facit cessare tacitum.
What is expressed puts an end to that which is implied.
31. Argumentum a contrario.
Negative-Opposite Doctrine: what is expressed puts an end to that which is implied.
32. Cassus omissus pro omisso habendus est.
A person, object or thing omitted from an enumeration must be held to have been omitted
intentionally.
33. Ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio nisi impediatur sentential.
A qualifying word or phrase should be understood as referring to the nearest antecedent.
34. Reddendo singular singulis.
Referring each to each, or referring each phrase or expression to its appropriate object, or let
each be put in its proper place.
B. STATUTE CONSTRUED IN RELATION TO CONSTITUTION AND OTHER STATUTES
C. PROVISOS, EXCEPTIONS AND SAVING CLAUSES
38. Pari materia.
35. Exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis.
A thing not being expected must be regarded as coming within the purview of the general
rule.
Chapter VI – STATUTE CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE IN RELATION TO OTHER STATUTES
A. STATUTE CONSTRUED AS A WHOLE
36. Optima statute interpretatrix est ipsum statutum.
The best interpreter of the statute is the statute itself.
Ex tota materia emergat resolution.
The exposition of a statute should be made from all its parts put together.
Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita indicare vel
respondere.
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular part of a law without examining the whole
of the law.
Nemo enim aliquam partem recte intelligere possit antequam totum interum atque interim
perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts together as one whole
and not of one part only by itself.
Ex antecendentibus et consequentibus fit optima interpretation.
A passage will be best interpreted by reference to that which precedes and follows it.
Verba posterima propter certitudinem addita ad priora quae certitudine indigent sunt
referenda.
Reference should be made to a subsequent section in order to explain a previous clause of
which the meaning is doubtful.
37. Interpretatio fienda est ut res magis valeat quam pereat.
A law should be interpreted with a view of upholding rather than destroying it.
Of the same matter.
Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus interpretandi modus. Every statute
myst be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to form a uniform system of law.
39. Distingue tempora et concordabis jura.
Distinguish times and you will harmonize law.
- Tempora mutantur et leges mutantur in illis.
- Times have changed and laws have changed with them.
Mutatis mutandis.
With the necessary changes.
Chapter VII – STRICT OR LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION Chapter VIII – MANDATORY AND DIRECTIONAL STATUTES
A. IN GENERAL A. MANDATORY STATUTES
40. Salus populi est suprema lex. 45. Vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura subveniunt.
The voice of the people is the supreme law. The law aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.
Statuta pro publico commodo late interpretantur. Potior est in tempore, potior est in jure.
Statutes enacted for the publc good are to be construed liberally. He who is first in time is preferred in right.
Privatum incommodum publico bono pensatur.
The private interests of the individual must give way to the accommodation of the public. Chapter IX – PROSPECTIVE AND RETROACTIVE STATUTES
B. STATUTES STRICTLY CONSTRUED A. IN GENERAL
41. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. 46. Lex prospicit, non respicit.
The act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. The law looks forward, not backward.
Actus me invito facturs non est meus actus. Lex de futuro, judex de praeterito.
An act done by me against my will is not my act. The law provides for the future, the judge for the past.
- Nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis.
42. Privilegia recipiunt largam interpretationem voluntate consonem concedentis. Privileges
- A new statute should affect the future, not the past.
are to be interpreted in accordance with the will of him who grants them.
Leges quae retrospciunt, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim janus
Renunciatio non praesumitur.
locatur in legibus.
Renunciation cannot be presumed.
Laws which are retrospective are rarely and cautiously received, for Janus has really no place
in the laws.
43. Strictissimi juris.
Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare formam negotiis, non ad facta praeterita
Follow the law strictly.
revocari, nisi nominatim et de praeterito tempore et adhuc pendentibus negotiis cautum
sit.
44. Nullum tempus occurit regi.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are expressly made
There can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on which the right
applicable to past transactions and to such as are still pending.
depends.
B. STATUTES GIVEN PROSPECTIVE EFFECT

47. Nullum crimen sine poena, nulla poena sine lege.

There is no crime without a penalty, there is no penalty without a law.

48. Favorabilia sunt amplianda, odiosa restringenda.

Penal laws which are favorable to the accused are given retroactive effect.
Chapter X – AMENDMENT, REVISION, CODIFICATION AND REPEAL TITLE OF THE ACT (INTRINSIC AID)
D. Nigrum Nunquam Excedere Debet Rubrum.
A. REPEAL
The black (body of the act printed in black) should never go beyond the red (title or rubric of
the statute printed in red).
49. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant.
Later statutes repeal prior ones which are repugnant thereto.
50. Generalia specialibus non derogant.
A general law does not nullify a specific or special law.

BINDING FORCE OF RULES OF INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION

A. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat.

Ignorance of the law excuses no one.

LANGUAGE OF STATUTE WHEN AMBIGUOUS

B. In obscuris inspici solere quod versimilius est, aut quod plerumque fieri
solet.
When matters are obscure, it is customary to take what appears to be more likely or what
usually often happens.
Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verificatione excluditur.
A patent ambiguity cannot be cleared up by extrinsic evidence.

PRESUMPTION AGAINST INJUSTICE AND HARDSHIP

C. Ad ea quae frequentibus accidunt jura adaptatur.
Laws are understood to be adapted to those cases which most frequently occur.
Jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum accidunt non quae ex inordinato. Laws
ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most frequently, and not to those
which are of rare or accidental occurrence.
Quod semel aut bis existit praetereunt legislatores. Legislators
pass over what happens only once or twice. De minimis non
curat lex.
The law does not concern itself with trifling matters.